ΕΙΚΟΣΙΔΩΔΕΚΑΕΔΡΟΝ 10

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10 22.

1 ( KARKAR) :
11, s s , 11,
s s
.

.
4 ( )
:
.. 917356 s = 9 + 7 + 5 = 21
sa = 1 + 3 + 6 = 10, s s = 21 10 = 11 = o11.
N=
: 917356 = 1183396.
2012
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
12 23 34
2012 2013
1
10 9876543210. 10
9.
8, 11 ( ; )
, , 8, 9, 10, 11
5 ( KARKAR) A ,
AB , AC . S , T B .
,
, ;
2 ( )
. !
6 ( )
5
2
a = 22 55

7 ( ) 1 .
ZE

3 ( )
.
8 ( ) ABC ,
a, b, c
:
a2 + c < 2a + b
b2 + a < 2b + c
c2 + b < 2c + a
ABC .
,
9 ( ) x2 + x + = 0 :
|| > 0
|| + || < ||
(1 )
(2).
,

13( )
: 2(sin t + cos t) = tan3 t + cot3 t.
10 ( )
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ,
a < b f (x) 0 x R.
P =
14 ( )
P(x), Q(x)
a+b+c
.
ba
Q(x2 ) = (x + 1)4 x(P(x))2 .
11 ( )
K AB. = 150 . AC , C ,
C , B AC

CD = AC . D
AB .
15 ( ) ABC
(C) .
BC T AB
AC S .
T Z, S E (C).
BE, CZ A .
12 ( )
xCy = 600 . B Cy
BA C x. ABD
C, D AB.
1) P CD AE
ABD, AC = PE .
16 ( KARKAR) (K) (O, R) . S T .
2) P M AB
C x S Cy T , T M = MP = PS .
4. |z w|
h
i z C
22 ( )

z2 + z + 1 = |z + 1| , : Re (z) 1, 31 .
, , ,
23 ( Mulder) f : R R , c R
f (x) = c .
24 ( )
,
1.
f (0, +)
f (x) > 0 x > 0,

1
g g (x) = f (x)
+ f x1
(0, +).
17 ( ) AB = 2,
.
18 ( ) A(a, b) a, b , 0 a , b
~ 2 , O
~ = OA
~ A
K(k, 0) (0, ) AK
.
1) K
(), OA.
2) () (1 ) : x y = 2 P,
(OP) = 2, A
() : y = x .
2. h (x) =
1
ex
+ e x ln x
3. e2x + e 2x
> ln 2 x + e
, ,
25 ( ) :ex +
ex + 2 cos x 4, x R
,
19 ( )
( xi ): 0, 1, 2, ..., n ,n N
2k + 1
d=
,k N.
2
1. n
26 ( ) f : R R
f (x) = f (x + 1) 1, x R . f .
2. n = 2k + 1
3. k = 2 .
, ,
4. yi = axi + b,ab < 0

x = y sy = sx a, b.
27 ( )
f : [0, 2] R .
20 ( ) A .
Z2

3
2
x + x f (x) + 2 x + 2 f (x) dx > 8 f (2) .
1
[P(A)] + [P(A )] .
2
2
28 ( ) 0 < a ,
1 f R,
:
, ,
21 ( ) z w
|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =
18
Z1
w = 2z 11 + 5i.
f (x) ln(1 + a
f (x)
)dx = ln a
Z1
f 2 (x)dx.
:
1. z
2. |z|
, ,

3. w
29 ( ghan) f : R R
2e x
x R : f (x) =
.
1 + f 2 (x)
36 ( )

x2010 2006 = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y.
) f (0)
) f
Juniors,
) ln f (x) > 0.
37 ( KARKAR) ABCD (O) S

AB CD T AC BD.
A, T, D B, T, C, P.
A, O, P, B O, P, S
.
30 ( )
(x2 )x , x , 0,
f (x) =
1, x = 0
,
.
38 ( erxmer) ABC ,
BAC = 30o ABC = 70o . M
MAB = MCA = 20o .
MBA.
, ,
31 ( )
Seniors,
- -
Rx 3 1 2
lim x et sin( t )x dt .
x+
39 ( ) a, b, c
,
a + b + c = 3. :
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc 4.
;
32 ( )
f, g :
[0, 1] (0, )
Z 1
Z 1
f (x) dx =
g(x) dx = 1 .
0
40 ( ) f : R
N
, [a, b] [0, 1] :
f (x) dx =
a
b
a
f (x +
1
g(x) dx = .
2
f (y)
) = f (y +
f (x)
x, y R. n N
f .

Seniors,
33 ( )
f : [0, +) [0, +)
x [0, +) f (x) = x
Z1
x+
41 ( )
2
ABCD P, AD
(O), P , A , D. PR k AD
R AB PT k AC T CD. S PB AD,
R, S , T .
f (t) dt.
34 ( parmenides51)
f
f (x)
42 ( .)
ABCD AB = a, BC = b a = b 2.
CD , . M, MA, MB,
CD K, L, . AD
D DZ = KC BC C
CE = DL. KLEZ
a.
(x + y) f (y)dy = x x R.
Juniors,
- -
35 ( )
n
x4 2011 x2 + n = 0 4 .
43 ( - 1995) A B
3 3, ,
50 ( ) f : R (0, +),
:
x Q, y R Q
.

. ,
.

.
f (x) f (y) |x y| .

51 ( ) f : R R
. h, g : R R
g( f (x)) = h( f (x)) = x,
44 ( - 3
1995)
P(x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0
an , an1 , . . . ,a1 , a0 R. a0 > 0, an > 0 a21 + a22 + + a2n1

4 min a20 , a2n
(1), P(x) 0 x R.
n1
x R,
g = h.
52 ( )
, .

53 ( ) n ,
22n 22n+1 1 .

45 ( IMC 2012)
na2n
1
a0 , a1 , . . . a0 = 1, a1 =
an+1 =
2
1 + (n + 1)an
54 ( )
12 22 + 32 42 + 52 62 +
X
ak+1

n 1.
ak
k=0
+ . . . + 20012 20022 + 20032 ?
(mod 2005).
46 ( IMC 2012) n n! + 1
(2012n)!,

55 ( )
R R.
47 ( )
56 ( )
S = {a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., a} (an ) 1 1
lim an = a.
G n
a, b G \ {e}, m N ab = bm a.
n
b (m,n) = e.
S 2
( ).
n+
48 ( ) G 2(2n + 1), ( n N),

2n + 1.
()
57 ( )
a, x1 , x2 , ..., xn R a 2.
A = cosx1 +
cosx2 cosx3
cosxn
+
+ ... + n1
a
a2
a
B = sinx1 +
sinx2 sinx3
sinxn
+ 2 + ... + n1 ,
a
a
a
49 ( )
X
n=1
arctan
n2 + 1
A2 + B2 > 0.
q
q
2+1
q 22+1
2
e
+
e
21
arctan tan
q
q
2
2+1
2+1
e 2 e 2
58 ( )
n,

.
8
sin(na) cos(na)
= n 1,
sin a
cos a
a ,
k
2
, k Z.
61 ( ) z
,
,
A = |z2 + z + 1| + |z2 z + 1|
59 ( erxmer) ABC (C 1 , R)
(C2 , r). d
, (Euler) R2 2Rr = d2 .
;
62 ( ) :
a1 ,
a2 , .....,
an
60 ( ) a,
.
c =
an
a2 .....
a1

:

c 2
11. 9 + m k n 11.
mkn = 2, k, m, n {1, 4, 3}
1 ( KARKAR) : 11, s s ,
11, s
s
.
2 :
98765kmn40, k, m, n {1, 2, 3}
11 9 + 7 + 5 + m + 4 8 6 k n
/ 11, 11 + m k n /
11 mkn = 0
m = 3, k = 2, n = 1 m = 3, k = 1, n = 2.

9876523140 9876513240.
10, 9, 11
8 9876513240
.. 917356 s = 9 + 7 + 5 = 21
sa = 1+3+6 = 10, s s = 2110 = 11 = o11.
: 917356 = 1183396.
10
9876543210.
10 9.
2 ( )

. !
8, 11 ( ; )
,
,
8, 9, 10, 11
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=20063
( ) .
8, 4. ,
2 4
, 4.
,
:
1 :
98765kmn, k, m, n {1, 4, 3}.
9 + 7 + 5 + m + 2 8 6 k n
7
F : 14.
G : , J : 24.
( )
H : .
A: .
B: 5.
I : 9012345678.
C : .
K:
13.
D : 7.
E : .
L:
.
3 ( )

.
,
,
10
22.

4 .
4 ( ) :
2012
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
12 23 34
2012 2013
.
N=
( )
10 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
( )

N=
22 , :
4, 5, 6, 7 ,
2012
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
+ + + ... +
1 2 2 3 3 4
2012 2013
2012
2012
=
= 2013, .
1
1
2012
1 2013
2013
5 ( KARKAR) A ,
AB , AC .
S , T B .
,
, ;
AB (O, R)
1
(AB) = 2R = R, .
2
[ BOS AOS
[
[
OBS , BS O,
[.
OBS
(AS ) =
( ).
(AT) =
R 2
180
2R
180
R
90
90

.
, , ,
.
6 ( )
2
5
a = 22 55
5
( ) : a = 22 55 = 232 525 =
225 27 525 = (2 5)25 27 = 1025 27 = 128 1025
(B, AC) 2R,
1
(AC) = 2 2R = R
4
128 25
, 28 .
10
7 ( ) 1 .
ZE
A ,K M
H AB ,ZE .
EH = K (1) 180 AB
AB A , B , H K, E .
KM
(2) Z AK (3) ZH =
2
AK M
1 ( )
A K M.
ZH//K M H AM.
K
ZE =
(4) AK
2
EZ//K Z AK (3).
ZE K.
ZH = ZE + EH
K A .
K =
KM
2
1
.
3
KM
2
K
2
+ K
3K
KM
K =
2
3
ZE =
1
ZE = .
6
(1),(2),(4)
K
2
KM
KM
6
1
6
8 ( )
ABC , a, b, c :
2(Parmenides51)
a2 + c < 2a + b
b2 + a < 2b + c
11
c2 + b < 2c + a
(c 1)2 = c2 2c + 1 a b.
ABC .
(a 1)2 + (b 1)2 + (c 1)2
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&p=103474#p103474
(b c) + (c a) + (a b) = 0.
, a = b = c = 1.
( )
(a 1)2 = a2 2a + 1 b c,
(b 1)2 = b2 2b + 1 c a,
, , 1.
12
9 ( )
x2 + x + = 0 :
1 ( )
|| > 0
ax2 + bx + c 0, x R
(1)
|| + || < ||

(a = b = 0 , c 0) a > 0, b2 4ac 0 .
(2).
a < b
0 < a < b b2 4ac 0 , c
b2
.
4a

( ) D 0 b2 4ac
2
P=
a +c +2|ac| < 4ac.
ba
b2
4a =
5
9a
b
b2 + 4ab + 4a2
+ +
=
=
4a (b a)
4a 4 4 (b a)
ba
3
9a
=
+
+
4a
4 (b a) 2
s
!
!
9a
3
ba
+ =3,
2
4a
4 (b a)
2
a, c 2
. a, c :
a2 + c2 + 2ac < 4ac (a c)2 < 0, .
2 .
. :
|a| + |c| < |b| 1 + |x1 x2 | < |x1 + x2 | < |x1 | + |x2 |
(1 |x2 |)(|x1 | 1) > 0
)
ba
9a
b2
=
a>0
c =
4a
4 (b a)
4a
b = c = 4a > 0.

1.
Pmin = 3.
2 ( )
:
,
c = 0
|ac| > 0.
0 < a < b c
10 ( )
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ,
P=
b+c+a
=
ba
b2
.
4a
!2
!2
c b 2 b
b
b
b c
+1
+ + 1 a 2a a + 2a + 1
2a
a a
=
b
b
b
1
1
1
a
a
a
a < b f (x) 0 x R.
P=
a+b+c
ba
a+b+
a+b+c
.
ba
13
b
= x > 1 :
a
2
2
x
x
+1
+1
2
2
=
x
x1
2 1
(y + 1)2
2(y + 1) 3
3
w=y+1,w>
2
w=3y+1=3y =2 x =4
1
y= ,y>
2
2 2 (y + 1)
=
2y 1
4a
c 16a2
c = 4a.
=
a
4a2
b
=4b=
a
3 ( ) :
b > a > 0 4ac b2 . :
w2
2w 3
(b c)2 0 b2 2bc + c2 0 b2 2bc c2
3
: (w 3)2 0, w >
w2 6w 9 =
2
3
w2
3
3(2w 3), w >
3, w >
2
(2w 3)
2
4ac 2bc c2 4a 2b c
2a + c 2(b a)
2a + c
2
ba
a+b+c
2a + c
+13
3
ba
ba
P3
b c = 0 b2 = 4ac b = c = 4a.
14
11 ( ) K AB. = 150 . C , BAC

AC , C ,
CD = AC .
D AB .
12 ( )
xCy = 600 . B Cy BA C x.
ABD C, D AB.
1) P CD AE
ABD, AC = PE .
2) P M AB C x S Cy T ,
T M = MP = PS .
( ) DD AB (D AB).
o
[
ACB
=
900
AC=CD
ABD
( BC ),
BD = AB = 2R
[
oo
15
BD =
BD =
[ BAC=
D[
2BAC
= D[
300
DD B ooo
o D
DD =
BD BD=AB=2R
DD = R
D AB .
b 60o
( ) 1) ACB
: AC =
15
BC
2
(1).
AE, CB
E BD P CD BC
: EP =
(2). (1) (2)
2
AC = EP.
T M = MP = PS .
2) DM AC
P CD, P MS ,
: MP = PS (3).
BMT AMP
AM = MB
, T M = MP (4).
(3) (4)
16
:
2 sin7 (2t) + 2 sin6 (2t) 36 sin4 (2t) + 96 sin3 (2t) 64 = 0
13 ( )
: 2(sin t + cos t) = tan3 t + cot3 t.
P(t) = 2t7 + 2t6 36t4 + 96t3 64, t [1, 1]
P(1) = 0
1 ( )
t .
sin t + cos t [ 2,
P(t) = (t 1)(2t6 + 4t5 + 4t4 32t3 32t2 + 64), t [1, 1]
2t6 + 4t5 + 4t4 32t3 32t2 + 64 =
2]
2t4 (t2 + 2t + 2) + 32(1 t3 ) + 32(1 t2 ) > 0 t [1, 1]
2(sin t + cos t) [2, 2]

3
, sin(2t) = 1 2t = 2k +
t = k + , k Z
4
2 tan t + cot t 2.
,
2, , ,
2, .
14 ( )
P(x), Q(x)
Q(x2 ) = (x + 1)4 x(P(x))2 .
tan3 t + cot3 t = 2 = tan t = 1 = t = k + , k Z,

4
3
tan t + cot t = 2 = tan t = 1 =
( ) deg Q = n
deg P = m.
t = k 4 , k Z,
2 , ,
k .
2 ( BAGGP93)

m 2
2n = 2m + 1, .
m = 0 m = 1
m = 0 P(x) = c, x R
:
t , k + , t , k , k Z
2
Q(x2 ) = x4 + 4 x3 + 6 x2 + (4 c2 )x + 1,

x.
tan3 t + cot3 t = (tant + cott)((tant + cott)2 3) = (tant +

cott)3 3(tant + cott)
m = 1 P(x) = ax + b, x R
:
tant + cott =
sint cost sin2 t + cos2 t

2
+
=
=
cost sint
sintcost
sin(2t)
Q(x2 ) = x4 + (4 a2 )x3 + (6 2ab)x2 + (4 b2 )x + 1

x
a2 = b2 = 4 4 (a, b).
tan t + cot t =
sin3 (2t) sin(2t)

96
36
64
+
2 sint + 2cos2 t + 2 sin(2t) =
6
4
sin (2t) sin (2t) sin2 (2t)

3
2 sin (2t) + 2 sin (2t) = 64 96 sin (2t) + 36 sin (2t)
P(x) = 2 x + 2 P(x) = 2 x 2
Q(x2 ) = x4 2 x2 + 1 Q(x) = x2 2 x + 1.
P(x) = 2 x 2 P(x) = 2 x + 2
Q(x2 ) = x4 + 14 x2 + 1 Q(x) = x2 + 14 x + 1.
17
. . Ceva 2 ( )
15 ( )
ABC (C) .
BC T AB AC S .
T Z, S E (C).
BE, CZ
A .
F, (O)
ABC,
AD A AZBFCE,
AF, BE, CZ, ,
.

(AZ)(BF)(CE) = (ZB)(FC)(EA) , (1)
(1) BF = FC
(AZ)(CE) = (ZB)(EA) , (2)
AZT, ZBT
1 ( )
AT
(AZ)2 AT
AZ ZT
=
=
=
=
BZ BT
ZT
(BZ)2 BT
[
[
[
sinCBE
sinCES
sinCES
CS
=
=
=
[
[
[
ES
sinABE
sinACE
sinECS
, AES , ECS
[
[ ZT
[
sinZBA
sinZBT
sinACZ
=
=
=
.
[
[
[
sinBCZ
sinT
ZB sinT
ZB BT
AS
EA ES
AS
(EA)2
=
=
=
=
2
CE CS
ES
CS
(CE)
, (3)
ES
S C S A BCkT S ES
SC
=
=
2
2
TB TA
ZT
ZT
T B2
CS ZT
= 1.
ES BT
(3), (4)

, (4)
AS
AT
=
, BC k T S , BT
CS
sin 2
sin A2
EA
AZ
(AZ)2 (EA)2
=
= (2)
=
=
2
2
ZB CE
(BZ)
(CE)
[
[ sinACZ
sinCBE
=1
[ sinBCZ
[
sinABE
, (2), (1)
.
18
1 ( ) P
(O), (K) Q AB
(K).
P Q
o.AS B, P, Q, S .
C S .
[ = 90o OQPC S[
OQ = QPC
.
p
S T = S Q S P = S O S C = 2R.
2 ( )
.
3 ( ) T Z 2 = T B T A,
S E2 = S C S A
S = S B2
(O) AB ,
AB (O) .
TZ S E TZ S E
=
,
=
,
TA S A TB S B
T Z ZB
=
,
T A ZA
ZB EC
S E EC
=
=
.
S A AE
ZA AC
(K)
,
S T 2 = = S B2 S T = R
2.
ZB BL
=
,
AC LC
ZB AC BL
BC CL
=
=
,
ZA LA
ZA BC AL
:
EC AB C M
LB MA CD
=
=1
EA BC AM
LA MC DB
(L AB ZC, M AC BE) .
.
3 ( .) H, P, S
.
16 ( KARKAR) (K) (O, R)

.
S T .
, :
S HP
= .
OS .. KPH
= 90
HPB

OPS
OS P = (1)
KHP
19
KH=KP=
(2)
90
OPS O=
o (1), (2) OHS :
T S 2 = 2 R2 T S =
OS =R
OH(= R) = OS S S
S (K, )
T S 2 = S P S H (3)
SH
PH
OS H KPH
= R S H = R PH (4)
(3), (4) T S 2 = S P HP
(5)
OPS LPH
= LPH
= 90 LHP
= OS P = )
(S OP
OS
HP
SP
LH
S P HP = 2 R (6)
(5), (6) T S 2 = 2 R
20
2 R o..
:
2

BC + 2CA BC = 0,
17 ( )
AB =
2, .

BC (BC + CA + CA) = 0

BC (BA + CA) = 0
2BC MA = 0, M BC.
1 ( ) :
, BC
, . h

4 ( ) cos C > 0 C 0, 2
a
2
BC = 2CD, AD A.
2 + a2 2
.
2a
.
5 ( ) = 2
, :
2 + a2 2
a
=
2
2a
~ = 2|A|
~
| B|
~ B
~
A
~ 2 = 2A
~ B
~
B
~ B|
~
|A||
~ AB)
~ (AB
~ ... |AB|
~ .
~ 2 = 2A
~ A)
~ = |A|
(A
a2 = 2 + a2 2
18 ( ) A(a, b) a, b , 0 a , b
K(k, 0) (0, )
~ 2 , O .
~ = OA
~ A
AK
1) K
(), OA.
2) ()
(1 ) : x y = 2
P, (OP) = 2,
A () : y = x .
2 = 2 = ,
.
2 ( ) a = b cos C + c cos B
( ), :
b cos C = c cos B
b cos B
=
c cos C
b < c, c < b
.
b = c.
3 ( )
( ) AK = (k , b),
A = (, b) OA = (, b)
2
AK A = OA k + 2 b + b2 = 2 + b2
k = b(1).
!
k
1) K : M , .
a2 = 2ab cos C,

2 2
2

BC = 2CA CB
x =
21
y =
x =
k
2
(1)
x =
b
2
x = by x + by = 0.
( + b) x = 2b x =
2b
+b
(2) y =
!
2
P
,
+b +b
(OP) = 2
2
.
+b
2b
() : x+by = 0
b
= . OA OA = .
b
OA = 1 OA.
42 + 4b2
( 2) P (
x + by = 0
x + by = 0
.
x y = 2 (2) b bx by = 2b
= 2 22 + 4b + 2b2 = 42 + 4b2
( + b)2
2 + 2b + b2 = 22 + 2b2 ( b)2 = 0 = b.
A A (, ),
() : y = x.
22
:
n+1
19 ( )
( xi ): 0, 1, 2, ..., n ,n N
2k + 1
d =
,k N.
2
1. n
d=
1+ n+2 1
2
2k+1
2
n
2
n = 2k + 1.
3. k = 2, n = 2 2 + 1 = 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2. n = 2k + 1
x =
3. k = 2 .
15
6
5
2
y= x
y = x + b (1 ) x = b(1)
yi :
sy =s x
1 ( )
sy = || sx || = 1 = 1 = 1
1. n + 1.
= 1 (1) b = 0
ab < 0
n , n + 1 ,
d ,
d N .
2k+1
2
4. yi :
4. yi = axi +b,ab < 0

x = y sy = s x a, b.
d =
0+1+2+3+4+5
6
= 1 (1) b = 2 x b = 5
< N , 2k + 1 .
= 1 b = 5.
n .
( ) 2. .
2. n + 1,
.
n+1

2
n+1
+ 1.
2
m
1)
1
m + 1, d = 2k+
= m+(m+
k=m
2
2

m m + 1 = k + 1
n + 1.
m + 1 = k + 1,
(n + 1) (k + 1) = n k.

1 = 0 = 1
= 1
n+1 =
n+1
1 n+1 +1 =
2
n+1
2
( )
23
2 xy

0, .
3 ( )
k + 1 = n k n = 2k + 1.
20 ( )
A
.
[P(A)]2 + [P(A )]2
, f (x) = 2(2 x 1) xo = 21
1
.
2
f (x) f ( 21 ) f (x) 21 , x [0, 1]

f (P(A)) = (P(A))2 + (P(A ))2 21 .
4 ( ) :
1 ( ) [P(A)]2 + [P(A )]2 =
P2 (A) + (1 P(A))2 = 2P2 (A) 2P(A) + 1 =

2P (A)
2
2
2
1
2
2(x2 + y2 ) (x + y)2 ...

5 ( ) P(A) = x , P(A ) = y
0 x, y 1
x+y =1
1
2
P (A) =
1
.
2

1
1
1
1
x = a y = + a, a
2
2
2
2
2 ( ) x = P(A), y = P(A ),
[P(A)]2 + [P(A )]2
(x + y)2 2 xy
1
2
x+y=1
1
2
1 2 xy
f (x) = x2 + (1 x)2 , x [0, 1]

1 2
2
1
1 y=1x
1
xy
x x2
2
4
4
:
1
2
1
2
1
2
x2 + y2 = ( a)2 + ( + a)2 =
24
1
1
+ 2a2 .
2
2
21 ( ) z w
|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =
18
w = 2z 11 + 5i.
:
1. z
2. |z|
2.
3. w
|z|
OK
4. |z w|
(OK) =
32 + 12 =
10
|z|min = (OA) = (OK) 1 =
( )
|z|max = (OB) = (OK) + 1 =
10 3.
10 + 3.
1. z = x + yi x, y R.
|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =

|1 + i||z
2|z
|z
2+4i
|
1+i
2(1+2i)(1i)
(1+i)(1i) |
2(1i+2i+2)
|
2
18 |(1 + i)(z
2+4i
)|
1+i
3. w = x + yi x, y R.
18
w = 2z 11 + 5i 2z 6 2i = w + 5 7i
2(z 3 i) = w + 5 7i
18
=3 2
|2(z 3 i)| = |w + 5 7i|
= 3 |z (3 + i)| = 3
|w + 5 7i| = 2 |z 3 i| |w (5 + 7i)| = 6.

z K(3, 1)
1 = 3.
w
(5, 7) 2 = 6.
25
4.
(K) =
p
(5 3)2 + (7 1)2 = 10.
p
|z w|min =
(K M) =
() = (K) 1 2 = 10 3 6 = 1
|z w|min = (EZ) = (K) + 1 + 2 = 10 + 3 + 6 = 19
(11 3)2 + (5 1)2 = 10
|z w|min = (MN) = (MK) 1 = 10 3 = 7
z w
,
|z w|max = (M) = (MK) + 1 = 10 + 3 = 13
|zw|
,
z w
i
h
1, 31 .
) z C
22 (

z2 + z + 1 = |z + 1| , : Re (z)
|z w|min = () = (K)1 2 = 10 3 6 = 1

(S T OPJOHN ) z2 + z + 1 = |z + 1|
|z w|min = (EZ) = (K) + 1 + 2 = 10 + 3 + 6 = 19

2
z2 + z + 1 = |z + 1|2
(zz)2 + zz2 + z2 z + z2 + z2 = 0
|z w| = |w z| = |2z 11 + 5i z| = |z 11 + 5i| =
|z (11 5i)|, (1)
|z|4 + 2|z|2 (Re(z) 1) + (Re(z) 1)2

(Re(z) 1)2 + 4(Re(z))2 = 0
z K(3, 1) 1 = 3
(1) M(11, 5) K(3, 1)
1 = 3.
3(Re(z) + 1)(Re(z) 31 ) = (|z|2 + Re(z) 1)

3(Re(z) + 1)(Re(z) 31 ) 0 1 Re(z)
26
1
3
23 ( Mulder)
f : R R ,
c R f (x) = c
.
24 ( )
1.
f (0, +)
f (x) > 0 x > 0,
g g (x) =
( )
f (x)
+f

1
(0, +).
2.
< f () = f ()
h (x) =
x (, ) f (x) < f ()
+ e x ln x
1
3. e2x + e 2x
f (x) > f ().
ex
> ln 2 x + e
http://mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=17360
m f , ,

( )
1. 0 < x1 < x2 f (x1 ) < f (x2 )
) m
c1 (, )
(, ), c2 (, ).
f (x1 )
>
f (x2 )
(1)
( f . f (x) > 0)
) c1 , c2 (, ) c1 < c2
0 < x1 < x2
) y (m, f ())

x1 (c2 , ) , x2 (, c1 ) , x3 (c1 , )

1
x1
> f

1
x2
x1
>
x2
(2)
(1) (2)
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = f (x3 ) = y,
g (x1 ) > g (x2 ) g .

(0, +).
c1 , c2 (, ) c1 < c2 f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = m
2. x > 0 0 < x1 < x2 ln x1 < ln x2
c (c1 , c2 ) y = f (c) ,
ln x1 > ln x2 (3)
x1 (, c1 ) , x2 (c1 , )
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = y
t (x) = ln x . (0, +).
( ) ,
.
27
3. e2x + e 2x
f (x) = e x . ,
1.
1
g (x) = f (x)
+f
(0, +).

1
e2x + e 2x ln 2 x >
e1x + e x .
h (2 x) > h (1)
h (x) = g (x) + t (x) .

h (x) =
ex +e
ln x . (0, +).
28
2x < 1 x <
1
2
0 < x <
1
2
> ln 2 x + e
1
x>0
+e
f R,
x > 0 f (x) > f (0) = 0
25 ( ) :e x + ex + 2 cos x 4, x R
x < 0 f (x) < f (0) = 0

(0, + ) f
( , 0) f .
1 ( ) 2
x = 0 f (0) = 0,
cosh(x) + cos(x) 2
f (x) f (0) = 0 x R .
4 ( ) :
x
: 2 + 12
+R
R ,
.
2 ( )
()
f (x) = e x ex 2 sin x, x R
.
g(x) = ex + ex + 2 cos x, x R.
A = [0, +).
g (x) = e x + ex 2 cos x 2 2 cos x 0,
f (x) 0, x A.
g R.
,

g(x) + g(x) 2g(0)
, g(x) = e x ex 2 x g (x) = e x + ex 2 0
x = 0,
Jensen
.
3 ( )
g(x) g(0) = 0, x 0.
f (x) = ex + ex + 2cosx 4, x R.
ex ex 2 x 2 sin x = f (x) 0 x 0.
f (x) = ex ex 2 sinx, x R
f (x) = ex + ex 2cosx, x R.
ex ex 2 sin x 0, x 0, , -
x R
ex
ex
ex ex 2 sin x 0, x 0.
2 2cosx 2
(I), (II)
[0, x], [x, 0], , .
e x + ex 2cosx 0, x R
f (x)
5 ( ) ,
:
0 x R.
29
x x,
x 0.
( ) f ,
f (x) 0, x R.
p + 1/p 2, p > 0
ey + ey 2 cos y 0.
f (x + 1) 1 x R,
0 t, t 0.
f (x) 1 x R.
et et 2 sin t 0.
a, f (a) > 1.
f (a) > f (a + 1) f (a).
0 x,
x 0.
,
b (a, a + 1), f (b) = f (a + 1) f (a),
26 ( )
f : R R
f (a) > f (b), , f . -
f (x) = f (x + 1) 1, x R .
f .
f (x) = f (x + 1) 0.
30
27 ( )
f : [0, 2] R
.
Z1
( ) :
f (x) ln(1 + a f (x) )dx.

1
x = t dx = dt
t1 = 1, t2 = 1.
(1)
(2)
x R.
f 2 (x)dx.
I=
|x| x,
Z1
x R
)dx = ln a
Z2

3
2
dx > 8 f (2) .
(x)
(x)
+
2
x
+
2
f
x
+
x
f

x2 + 1 2|x|,
f (x) ln(1 + a
f (x)
I=
f (t) ln(1 + a f (t) )(dt)
2

(x + 1)x f (x) + 2 f (x) = (x2 + 1) x f (x) + 2 f (x)

(1)
2|x| x f (x) + 2 f (x)

= 2 x2 f (x) + 4 x f (x)

= 2 x2 f (x)

(2)
2 x2 f (x) .
=
=
f (t) ln(1 + a f (t) )dt

!
1
f (t) ln 1 + f (t) dt
a
f (t) ln(1 + a
f (t)
)dt + ln a
f 2 (t)dt.
(3)
g(x) = f 2 (x).
g : (1, 1) R
[0, 2],:
g(x) = f 2 (x) = ( f (x))2 = f 2 (x) = g(x)
Z2
Z2

(x3 + x) f (x) + (2 x2 + 2) f (x) dx
2 x2 f (x) dx
0
, g ,
h
i2
= 2 x2 f (x)
= 8 f (2).
f (t)dt = 2
1
f 2 (t)dt.
(4)
(3) (4)
28 ( )
0 < a , 1 f R, :
2I = 2 ln a
31
f 2 (t)dt I = ln a
f 2 (t)dt.
< 0 (*)
29 ( ghan) f : R R
2e x
x R : f (x) =
.
1 + f 2 (x)
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) < 0 f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) f

R.
) f (0)
) f
) ln f (x) > 0 ln f (x) > ln 1
) ln f (x) > 0.
ln f (x) > ln f (0) f (x) > f (0) x > 0
ln x
(*) x2 + x + 2 + 1

x R = 2 4 2 + 1 =
( ) ) x = 0
f (x) =
f ( 0) =
2e x
1 + f 2 (x)
2
1+ f 2 (0)
(1) :
x = f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
f (x1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f 2 (x2 ) + 1
2
f 3 (0) + f (0) 2 = 0

2 42 4 = 32 4 < 0
30 ( )
(x2 )x , x , 0,
f (x) =
1, x = 0
( f (0) 1) f (0) + f (0) + 2 = 0

f (0) = 1 f 2 (0) + f (0) + 2 = 0
= 7 < 0
,
.
f (0) = 1
) (1) :
( )
f 3 (x) + f (x) = 2ex (2)

x1 , x2 R
ex
lim x ln(x2 ) = lim
x0
(2)
x1 < x2 2ex1 < 2ex2
ln(x2 )
x0
lim (2 x) = 0
x0
f 3 (x1 ) + f (x1 ) < f 3 (x2 ) + f (x2 )

( f (x1 ) f (x2 )) f 2 (x1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f 2 (x2 ) +
lim ex ln(x ) = e0 = 1
x0
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) < 0
f 0

( f (x1 ) f (x2 )) f 2 (x1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f 2 (x2 ) + 1
32
= lim
x0
x2
2x
x12
f (x) f (0)
x
x0
lim
= lim
x0
lim
ex ln(x ) (ln(x2 )+x

1
x0
( x2 )x 1
1
x2
2 x)
ex ln(x ) 1
x
x0
= lim
= lim ex ln(x ) (ln(x2 ) + 2) =

x0
33
lim x0+
31 ( )

sin(1/t)
> e2t
t3 sin(1/t)
dt >
et
sin(1/t)
x t3 sin(1/t)
e
dt
2
ex /x
ex
g(x) dx =
1
.
2
lim x0+
=e
i
h
f (t) dt , 0, 21 ,
h
1
>0=F
2
1
.
2
10
Z
f (t) dt =
1
.
2
[0 , 1 0 ] [0, 1] 0

0, 21
lim e
1
F (0 ) =
2
sin(1/x)
x2
x3 sin(1/x)x2

,

0 0, 21
x+ e (2 x2 1)
x2
x+
f (x) dx =
F(0) = 1 >
(2 x2 1)
lim
= 2 ,
x+
x2
3
g(x) dx = 1 .
0, 21
e x /x + .
lim
x + .
x+
( )
(2t2 /) + 1dt +
> 2t2 / + 1 .
dt + ,
F() =
Rx 3 1 2
lim x et sin( t )x dt = lim
x+
f (x) dx =
, [a, b] [0, 1] :
0 < 1/t < /2 .
t3 sin(1/t) > 2t2 /

et
( ) :
2y
1) sin y >
, 0 < y < /2 ( Jordan)
e1/6
32 ( ) f, g : [0, 1] (0, )
2) 2/ < 1 t x
DLH 1/6 .
Rx 3 1 2
lim x et sin( t )x dt .
x+
sin ww
w3
sin ww
w3
f (t) dt =
1
, a = 0 , b = 1 0 .
2
g .
34
34 ( parmenides51)
f
33 ( )

f : [0, +) [0, +) x [0, +) f (x) = x
Z1
x+
2
f (t) dt .
f (x)
f (x) = x
x+
R1
2
f (t) dt =
f (x)
R1 p
0 f (x)dx 2 x 0 f (x)dx.
Z 1p
f (x)dx 0.
,
0
Z 1p
f (x)dx > 0 f
f (x) =
a=
a=
2 ( )
a=
f (x)dx b =
Z1 p
f (x) =
f (x)dx
Z1
f (x)dx 2 x
a=
f (x)dx 0 b =
a=
Z1 p
f (x)dx = 2b x a
Z1 p
b=
f (x)dx 0
b=
f (y)dy + 1 x +
R1
0
y f (y)dy
R1
f (y)dy b =
R1
f (y)dy
R1
0
y f (y)dy
R1
0
f (x)dx a =
(a+1)x2
2
R1
0
"
R1
0
((a + 1) x + b)dx
1
+ bx a =
a+1
R1
0
+ b a = 2b + 1 (1)
y f (y)dy
x f (x)dx b =
(a + 1) x3
3
bx2
2
#1

R1
(a + 1) x2 + bx dx
0
b=
a+1
3
b
2
6b = 2a + 2 + 3b (2)
Z1

f (x)dx a =
2b x a dx
(1) (2)
3 1
2
4b
2b
2 x
a 2a =
a = 2b
a= 0
3
3
3
b =
Z1
a=
Z1
a=
R
(x + y) f (y)dy = x
f (x) = (a + 1) x + b
f (x)dx = 0 f .
c = c = c = 0 = f 0.
Z1
x.
.
R1
(x + y) f (y)dy = x x R.
(S tavroulitsa)
1 ( )
Z1
3b 2a 2 = 0
a 2b 1 = 0
3b 2a 2 = 0
4b + 2a 2 = 0
b = 4 a = 7 f (x) = 6 x 4
a = b = 0.
35
,
,
35 ( )
n
36 ( )

x2010 2006 = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y.
x4 2011 x2 + n = 0 4 .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=109&t=15584&start=960#p127711
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=109&t=15584&start=760#p106547
1 ( )
:
( )
m

x2010 = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y + 2006
m ,
, x
:
m4 2011m2 + n = 0 n = m4 + 2011m2
x2010 0(mod9) , x2010 1(mod9)

, x = 3k, k Z
x4 2011 x2 m4 + 2011m2 = 0
(x2 m2 )(x2 + m2 ) 2011(x2 m2 ) = 0

(x2 m2 )(x2 + m2 2011) = 0
x2010 = 32010 k2010 = o9
x2010 0(mod9)
x2 + m2 2011 = 0 x2 = m2
x = m x2 + m2 = 2011
x = 3k + 1
x2010 = (1 + 3k)2010 = [(1 + 3k)3 ]670 =
, x2 + m2 = 2011
(1 + 9k + 27k2 + 27k3 )670 =

= (1 + 9n)670 = 1 + 9n1 .
x2010 1(mod9)
:
1 :
m = 2k, kZ .
x2 + 4k2 = 2011 x2 x
x = 2t + 1 t.

4t2 + 4t + 4k2 = 2010
x = 3k + 2
x2010 = (2 + 3k)2010 = [(2 + 3k)3 ]670 =

(8 + 36k + 54k2 + 27k3 )670 =
= (1 + 9 + 9n)670 = (1 + 9n1 )670 =
(1)670 + 9n2 = 1 + 9n2 .
4 2010
2 :
x2010 1(mod9)
m = 2k + 1.
x2 + (2k + 1)2 = 2011 x2 = 2011 (2k + 1)2

x2 x .
x = 2t. :
2
A = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y + 2006,

(2t) = 2011 (2k + 1) 4t + 4k + 4k + 1 = 2011

4(t2 + k2 + k) = 2010
A 0(mod9), A 1(mod9)
, 2010 4.
A = 4y2 y2007 + 4yy2007 + 2007y + 2006 =

= 4yy2007 (y + 1) + 2007y + 2007 1 =
4yy2007 (y + 1) + 2007(y + 1) 1 = 4yy2007 (y + 1) + 9n 1
y = 3k + m, m 0, 1, 2. :
36
A = 4(3k + m)(3k + m)2007 (3k + m + 1)+ 9n 1. :
A 7(mod9)
m = 0 , :
m = 2 ,
2007
A = 4(3k + 2)[(3k + 2)3 ]669 (3k + 3) + 9n 1 =
A = 4(3k)(3k)
(3k + 1) + 9n 1 = 9n1 1 =
9n1 9 + 8 = 9n2 + 8
4(3k + 2)(8 + 9k1 )669 (3k + 3) + 9n 1 =
A 8(mod9)
= 4(3k + 2)(1 + 9k2 )669 (3k + 3) + 9n 1 =
m = 1, :
4(3k + 2)(1 + 9k3 )(3k + 3) + 9n 1 = ... = 9a 6k + 2
2007
A = 4(3k + 1)(3k + 1) (3k + 2) + 9n 1 =

4(3k + 1)[(1 + 3k)3 ]669 (3k + 2) + 9n 1 =
, 6k + 2 / 9
9 +1, () ,
= 4(3k + 1)(1 + 9k1 )669 (3k + 2) + 9n 1 =

4(3k + 1)(1 + 9k2 )(3k + 2) + 9n 1 =
A
0(mod9) 1(mod9).
= 4(3k+ 9k3 + 1)(3k+ 2)+ 9n 1 = 4(9k4 + 2)+ 9n 1 =

9k5 + 7
37
37 ( KARKAR)
ABCD (O) S AB CD T AC BD.
A, T, D B, T, C,
P.
A, O, P, B
O, P, S .
T AD + AT D = 180o BDA

BPA = BCA + BDA = 2BCA.
(2)
(2) BOA = 2BCA
BPA = BOA.
(3)
(3)
BPOA
.

CPD = CPT + T PD
[]
= CBD + CAD
= COD
CPOD (L).
, OP, (K), (L), S ,

(O), (K), (L)
.
( )
38 ( erxmer) ABC , BAC = 30o
ABC = 70o . M MAB = MCA = 20o .
MBA.
APT D, BPTC
BPA =
o
360 BPC CPT T PD APD =
360o BTC CBT T AD AT D
(1)
www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=110&t=27314
(1)
BTC + CBT = 180o BCA
1 ( )
38
QBM = QOM
= OAC + OCA
= 40o .
MBA = ABC QBM = 70o 40o = 30o

.
2 ( )
MAB = MAC = 20o ACB = 80o
MCB = 60o
(1)
BCO ABC, (1)

O, M, C OB = OC,
O BC.
,
BOC = 60o = 2BAC,

O ABC
OAC = OCA = 20o
ABC = 70o BAC = 30o = ACB = 80o

AMD,
AB C .
C MA, C MD
C M MA = MD
C MA = C MD = 150o CA = CD
MDC = MAC = 10o MCD = MCA = 20o .
E AB CD AED =
180o ADE EAD = 70o EBC = 70o = EDA,
ADE, CBE AD = AE CE = CB.
ACE, DCB
CA = CD CE = CB ACE = 40o = DCB
DB = AE = AD = DM.
DBM DBM = DMB = 70o .
(2)
MAC + ACB = BAC BAM + ACB

= 30o 20o + 80o
= 90o =
ANB = 90o N BC AM.
Q BC AO BAM = 20o
= QAN = NAC = 10o , (2) BAC = 30o .
, AQC AN
.
MQC , M AN MCQ =
o
60 , QMC = 60o = BOC
OB k MQ.
(3)
MBA = DBM DBA = 70o 40o = 30o ,
60o
(3) BOC =
= OBC,
BQMO
(K).
DBA = DAB = 40o .

39
, ,
() :
: P(a, b, c)
3.
39 ( ) a, b, c ,
a + b + c = 3. :
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc 4.
;
P(1, 1, 1) 0 P(a, b, 0) 0
a, b 0, P(a, b, c) 0 a, b, c 0.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=111&t=30086.
, Secrets in Inequalities - Vol. 2
. , 3
. 310-311 1.10.2 . 312.
( )

ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc
4(a + b + c)3
27
: a b, c.
bc2 + ca2 abc + c2 a
c(a b)(a c) 0
.
40 ( ) f : R N
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc ab2 + 2abc + c2 a = a(b + c)2 .
f (x +
f (y)
) = f (y +
f (x)
x, y R. n N
f .
4(a + b + c)3
,
a(b + c)2
27

3
(2a)(b + c)(b + c)
8(a + b + c)
,
27
( ) f .
n N An = {x R : f (x) = n}.
A R r R A + r
A + r = {a + r : a A}.
1: m, n N
Am + n1 Ak k N .
x, y Am z f (z) = n.
f (x + 1/n) = f (x + 1/ f (z)) = f (z + 1/ f (x)) = f (z + 1/m)
f (y + 1/n) = f (z + 1/m).
2: m N n N
x Am
Am + n1 Am .
f (x + 1/ f (x 1/m)) = f (x 1/m + 1/ f (x)) = f (x) Am .
f (x 1/m) = n, f (x + 1/n) Am
1 Am + n1 Am .
3: m N Am + 1
Am . 2 n N
- :
p
2a + (b + c) + (b + c)
3
2a(b + c)2 .
3
(a, b, c) (1, 1, 1), (a, b, c)
(2, 1, 0).
( ):

Algebraic Inequalities Vasile Cirtoaje, GIL, . 25, Inequalities with beautiful solutions, . 87, . GIL,
V.Cirtoaje, et. al. Secrets in Inequalities Vol. 2, Pham Kim Hung, . GIL, . 102-103,
( ) ()
40
Am + n1 Am . Am + n2 Am + n1 Am
Am + 1 Am .
6: m N A1 +1/m =
Am . x A1 y Am f (x + 1/m) =
f (x + 1/ f (y)) = f (y + 1/ f (x)) = f (y + 1) Am .
5 A1 + 1/m = Am .
5 n N
A1 + 2/3 = An . q = 2/3 + (n 1)/n. q q = s/t s, t t > 1.
r rq = k + 1/t k.
n1
1 n1
= An +
= A1 + q A1 = A1 + 1 = A1 + +
4: m N Am + 1 =
Am . x Am k x 1 Ak .
3 x Ak
k = m. Am + 1 Am
3 .
5: m, n N
Am + n1 = Ak k N . k (
1) Am + n1 Ak .
4 Am = Am + 1 Ak + nn 1 .
1 N
Ak + nn 1 A . = m.
4 Ak = Ak + 1 Am + n1
.
A1 = A1 +rq = A1 +k+ 1/t = At ,

.
: shortlist 6
2008.
41
(3), , R, S , T
.
41 ( ) ABCD P,
AD
(O), P , A , D. PR k AD R AB
PT k AC T CD. S PB AD,
R, S , T .
42 ( .)

ABCD AB = a, BC = b
a = b 2. CD , . M,
MA, MB, CD
K, L, . AD
D DZ = KC BC
C CE = DL. KLEZ
a.
1 ( ) R
CD RP T PD = DBS , -
, ( )
R PT, ABD,
PD, BS .
SD
DT
SD
DT
=
=
=
DR
SA
AR
SA
(1)
(1), , R, S , T
.
1 ( )
2 ( .)
Q AB DP L CD QS .
DA BQ BP DQ,
S DA BP
DBQ
QS QL BD = QL k PT
(2)
(2) PR k AD
LT
QR QP
=
=
RA PD T D
(3)
DK = x KL = y LC = z :
42
S AB MD T AB MC
P, AB
MT, D.
S A = x BT = y
AP = y.
DS P DA S P
(KLEZ) = (DCEZ) (DKZ) (CLE)

DZ + EC
=
(CD)
2
(KLEZ) =
x+y+y+z
2
(DZ)(DK)
(CE)(CL)
2
(x + y + z)
x(y + z)
2
z(x + y)
(DA)2 = (AS )(AP) =
(x + y + z)2 + y2 2 xz
b2 = xy =
(1)
2b2 = 2 xy =
, MC, MD KP k AD, LQ k
BC, :
a2 = 2 xy
DC k S T , , :
KP MK
ML QL KL
=
=
=
=
= PK = QL.
AD
MA
MB BC AB
, KLQP
DL KC DC
=
=
=l
SB
AT
ST
(KL)2 = 2(PK)2
(2)
y = 2 xz
KC = l(y + a)
(7)
(DL)2 + (KC)2 = l2 [(x + a)2 + (y + a)2 ] =

(4)
(DL)2 + (KC)2 = l2 [(x + y)2 2 xy + 2a2 + 2a(x + y)] =
(1),(4)
(KLEZ) =
DL = l(x + a)
DC = a = l(x + y + a)
(3)
(2)
(2),(3) (KL)2 = 2(DK)(CL) =
2
(6)
(6)
KDP, LQC (
KPD = LCQ,
) :
(KL)
DK PK
=
= (DK)(CL) = (PK)2 =
QL
CL
2
(5)
(DL)2 + (KC)2 = l2 (x + y + a)2 = a2 (8)
(x + y + z)2
(CD)2
a2
= ct
(7)
DLZ, CEK
2 ( )
KE = LZ KE LZ
(9)
ZDL = 90o =
KCE, .
, (8)
(10)
KE = LZ = a
(9),(10),
(KLEZ) =
(KE)(LZ)
43
a2
2
43 ( 1995)
A B 3 3,
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=128218
( )
:
, .

.

,
.

.

1 an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x
q

a2n1 + + a22 + a21 x2(n1) + + x4 + x2 (2) -
CauchySchwartz.
2 xk
kxn + n k
(3) n, k n
k n.
-:
k
kxn
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=105278
( )
1 9
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

. 5. .
:
+nk
n
nk
z
}|
{ z }|
{
n
n
n
x + x + + x +1 + 1 + + 1
n
p
n
xkn = xk
3 xm
(xm + 1)2
(4)
4

-.
4 (xn + 1)2 (n 1) 4
n1
X
x2k (5) n .
k=1
(A) 1. 9. ,
.
2X
m1
k=1
(B) 2. 8.

4. 6
.
xk

2m 1 m
x + 1 2 (6)
4
2X
m1
xm + xm + 1
k=1
44 ( 3 1995) P(x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 n

an , an1 , . . . , a1 , a0 R.
a0 > 0, an > 0
2 2
4 min a0 , an
(1),
a21 + a22 + + a2n1
n1
P(x) 0 x R.
xk
k=1
(3)
xm + xm + 1
xm +
(4)
44
X
m1
xk
m1
X kxm + m k
k=1
m1
xm + 1
2

2m 1 m
x +1 2
4
2
(6) x x2 2m n
(5).

P(x) = (an xn + a0 ) + an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x

(an xn + a0 ) an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x
q
(2)
min (a20 , a2n ) |xn + 1|

q

a2n1 + + a22 + a21 x2(n1) + + x4 + x2
q
(1)
(xn + 1) n 1 2 x2(n1) + + x2
min (a20 , a2n )
n1
(5)
45
:
(n!)2012 .
((n!)2012 , n! + 1) = 1 (n! + 1)|(2012n)!
45 ( IMC 2012) 1
a0 , a1 , . . . a0 = 1, a1 =
2
na2n
n 1.
1 + (n + 1)an
an+1 =
X
a
k+1
k=0
ak
(n!)2012 (n! + 1)|(2012n)!
n
Strirling :
n 2012n
22012n( 2012
(2012n)!
(2012n)!
e )
(n!)2012 (n! + 1)
(n!)2013
2n2013 ( ne )2013n
n 2012n
22012n( 2012
e )
=
2n2013 ( ne )2012n ( ne )n
22012n(2012)2012n
=
2n2013 ( ne )n
22012n
=
2013
2n
( 2012n2012 e )n
( )
nan (n + 1)an+1 =
an+1
an
(1)
n 1. n
an > 0. nan .
(1) = 0.
(1) n 1
Xa
n+1
n1
an
(2012n)!
1
(n!)2012 (n! + 1)
= a1 lim(nan ) = a1 .
0.

a1
a0 + a1 = 1.
2 ( ) (n! + 1)|(2012n!) n! + 1
(n + 1, 2012n).
p n! + 1 2011.
, n , 2013n/ log (2012n)
2012n
46 ( IMC 2012) n
n! + 1 (2012n)!,
2013n
(2012n)2011 log (2012n) = e20112013n > n! + 1 n 1 ( )

. :
Stirling.
(2n)!
(2012n)!

n!
(2011n)!
!
!
!
3n
2012n
2012 2n
= (n!)

n
n
n
(2012n)! = n!
46
47 ( )
G n a, b G \ {e}, m N
n
ab = bm a. b (m,n) = e.
1 : H, K
G, 2. , HK (2n + 1)2
,
G
|H K|
Lagrange 2(2n + 1) = |G|. ,
2n + 1
2, ,
|H K|
|H K| = 2n + 1 = |H| = |K|. , H = K .
( )
Lagrange xn = 1 x
G (a1 ba)m = a1 bm a = b.

n
.
(m, n)
48 ( ) G
2(2n + 1), ( n N), 2n + 1.
2 : HK G,
(2n + 1)2
2(2n + 1),
|H K|
1
, |H K| n + 1.
2
, Lagrange |H K|
|H| = 2n + 1. 2n + 1
n, 2n + 1,
|H K| = 2n + 1 = |H| = |K|. , H = K .
( )
H, K G |H| = |K| =
2n + 1.
|HK| =
|H K| n +
|H| |K| (2n + 1)2

=
.
|H K|
|H K|
47
:
+
X
49 ( )

tan1
k=1
= lim
n+
arctan
n=1
n2 + 1
(1)

.
8
( ) :
tan1 z =
tan1 x + tan1
lim
n+
i
2
ln
i+z
iz
(1 )
x > 0,
(2 )
z C r N0 ,
(3 )
z C r N0 ,
(4)
z C r Z0
(5)
n!nz
= (z)
z(z + 1) (z + n)
(z + 1) = z(z)
(1 z)(z) =
z C r {i},
sin(z)
: z := x + iy x , k + 21 ,
y , 0.
kZ
50 ( )
f : R
(0, +), :
eix ey eix ey
eix ey eix ey
x Q, y R Q
(eix + eix )(ey ey ) + (eix eix )(ey + ey )

=
(eix + eix )(ey ey ) + (eix eix )(ey + ey )
1 + i tan(x) coth(y)
.
sin(z)
sin(z)
z :=
k=1
k2 + 1
tan1
= tan1 (tan(x) coth(y))

8
!!
!!!
3
3
4
4
= tan1 tan 2 cos
coth 2 sin
.
sin(z) i tan(x) coth(y) 1

=
.
sin(z) i tan(x) coth(y) + 1
n
X
n
Y
i + (k2 + 1)1
= ln lim
n+
2
i (k2 + 1)1
k=1
n
Y
k2 (1 + i)
i
= ln lim
n+
2
k2 (1 i)
k=1
n
Y
k2 z2
i
= ln lim
2
2
n+
2
k=1 k z
n
Y
i
(k + 1)2 z2
= ln lim
2
2
n+
2
k=0 (k + 1) z
Qn
Qn
1
1
i
1z
k=0 (k + 1 z) n!n1+z
k=0 (k + 1 + z)
= ln lim n!n1 Qn
Qn
1
n+
2
(k
+
1
(k
+
1
+
z)
z)
k=0
k=0
n!n1z
n!n1+z
!
(1 z)(1 + z)
( 3) i
= ln
2
(1 z)(1 + z)
!
z sin(z)
(4),(5) i
ln
=
2
z sin(z)
!
!
3i sin(z)
i
= ln exp
2
4 sin(z)
!
i
sin(z)
3
+ ln
=
8
2
sin(z)
!
i
3
+ ln
===
8
2
!
i
i A1
A:=tan(x) coth(y),0 3
==============
+ ln
8
2
i + A1
!
1
(1) 3
+ tan1
=
8
A

A>0,(2) 3
tan1 A
=
q
q
2+1
q 22+1
2
+e
21 e
arctan tan
q
q
2+1
2+1
e 2 e 2
k2 + 1
2 exp
3i
8
f (x) f (y) |x y| .
1 ( ) fi
= x + iy
48
f fr f
.
, , q Q
lim fi (x) = 0. , r R Q lim fr (x) = 0.
xq
xn ,
y, f (xn ) 0. yn , x
f (yn ) 0.
h : R R
h(x) = f (x), x R Q h(x) = 0, x Q.

Q, , G ,
Q G .
xr
n N.
R In f (In ) (0, 1/n). An f 1 (0, 1/n)
.
, Baire, A =
T

nN An = , .
2 ( ) x Q y R Q,
49
:
x=g(y)
51 ( )
f : R R .
h, g : R R
g( f (x)) = h( f (x)) = x,
(2) f (g(y)) > y

(1)
h ( f (g(y))) h(y)
(4)
g(y) h(y)
x R,
(3) (4) g(y) = h(y).
g = h.
2. f (x) < y
3. x R , h > 0

(hsiodos) f
.
g( f (x)) = h( f (x)) = x
xR
x R ()
f (x) < y < f (x + h)
(5)
( 2 )
(1)
g, h .
g ( h)
(1)
(5) g( f (x)) g(y) g( f (x + h))
x g(y) x + h
x1 , x2 R x1 < x2 =
lim x lim+ g(y) lim+ (x + h)
h0+
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) =
h0
h0
x g(y) x
(1)
g(y) = x
g ( f (x1 )) g ( f (x2 )) = x1 x2 ,
.
h(y) = x g(y) = h(y).
f (R) = R (
)
g(x) = h(x) x R.
f (R) , R x f (R)
()
52 ( ) , .

g(y) = h(y) y R f (R).
y R f (R).
:
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?mode=edit&f=64&p=50975
1.
f (x) > y x R.
(2)
( )
x > y

({x} > {y}) ({x} = {y}) (x > y)
x x {x} = x x.
,
x x + 1 x
x 1.
x=h(y)
(2) f (h(y)) > y

(1)
g ( f (h(y))) g(y)
h(y) g(y)
(3)
50
53 ( )
n ,

22n 22n+1 1 .
54 ( )
12 22 + 32 42 + 52 62 +
+ . . . + 20012 20022 + 20032 ?
(mod 2005).
A = 22n 22n+1 1 , n = 1, 3, 5, ..

A = 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1 1 ,
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

2(2k+1)
2( 2k+1)+1
1 ( )
1 = 100 m + 28, m N.

k = 0 : A = 22 22+1 1 = 4 7 = 28.
A (k) = 2
2003
X
k=1

A (k) = 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1 1 = 100 m + 28,
1+
1002
X
k=2
m N,
(1)k+1 k2
[(1)k+1 k2 + (1)2005k+1 (2005 k)2 ]

1 mod 2005

A (k + 1) = 16 22(2k+1) 16 22(2k+1)+1 1

= 16 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1 1
(1)2005k+1 (2005 k)2 = (1)k+1 (2005 k)2
+ 16 15 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1
(1)k+1 k2 mod 2005.
= 16 (100 m + 28)
+ 16 15 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1

= 100 (16m) + 28 + 60 7 + 4 32 28k

2 ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
12
|2 + 3 4 + . . . 2000
{z + 2001 2002 + 2003} =
60 7 + 4 32 28k = 100 x
42 + 24 32 28k = 10 x
8k
21 + 12 32 2
8k
21 + 384 2
2002
1 + 20032 20022 + 20012 . . . 42 + 32 22 =
=5x
1 + 20032 22 20022 32 . . . + 10032 10022 =
=5x
1 + 2005(2003 2) 2005(2002 3)+
1 + 28k+2 = 5
.

A = 22n 22n+1 1 , n = 1, 3, 5, .. 28.
51
2005(2001 4) . . . + 2005(1003 1002)
(mod 2005).
S = {a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., a} (an )
55 ( )
R R.
1 1 lim an = a.
n+
S 2
(
).
( ) M R R
( )
S 1 , S 2 .
f M S f , card(S f ) 0
f : S 1 S 2
1 1, ,
X R card(X) 0 MX
f 1 1
S f X , card(S f ) 0 .
card(S 1 ) = card( f (S 1 )) = card(S 2 )

X Q
card(S 1 S 2 ) = cardS = 0

c.
card(S 1 ) = card(S 2 ) = 0
a S 1
card(MX ) c
S 1 {a}
bn
MX c.
S 2 { f (a)} f (bn )
M =
MX card(M) c
bn a f (bn ) f (a)
a , f (a) S 1 S 2 = ,
f (x) = x + a, a R
, card(M) c
an
,
card(M) = c
56 ( )
52
j {1, 2, . . . , n}
57 ( )
a, x1 , x2 , ..., xn R a 2.
z j := cos x j + i sin x j ,

z j = 1

zn
z2

2
2

A + B = |A + iB| = z1 + + + n1
a
a

1 n1
n
2
= n1 a z1 + a z2 + + azn1 + zn
a
cosx2 cosx3
cosxn
+
A = cosx1 +
+ ... + n1
2
a
a
a
B = sinx1 +
sinxn
sinx2 sinx3
+ 2 + ... + n1 ,
a
a
a
A2 + B2 > 0.
an1
> 0.
2 ( )
A = B = 0.
1 ( )
:
n N n 2,
a R a 2 z1 , z2 , . . . , zn C
|z1 | = |z2 | = = |zn | = 1. ,
A + iB = z1 + bz2 + + bn1 zn = 0,
1 1i
z j = cos x j + i sin x j ,
b = 0,
a
2

n1
a z1 + an2 z2 + + azn1 + zn 1.
bz2 + + bn1 zn = z1 =
: n.
|bz2 + + bn1 zn | = 1 =
1 b + b2 + bn1 =
n = 2,
1
|az1 + z2 | ||az1 | |z2 || = a 1 1
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + + n1 = 1 1 n1 ,
2 2
2
2
58 ( )
n,

n 2.
sin(na) cos(na)
= n 1,
sin a
cos a
k
a ,
, k Z.
, :
n

a z1 + an1 z2 + + a2 zn1 + azn + zn+1
n

a z1 + an1 z2 + + a2 zn1 + azn |zn+1 | =

a an1 z + an2 z + + az + z 1
1
2
n1
n
|
{z
}

1
1 ( )
a,
a 1 1,
k
2
, k Z
sin (na) cos (na)
=n1
sin a
cos a

n + 1 .
(1) a ,
53
(1)
k
2
, k Z
sin ((n 1) a) =
n1
2
sin (2a).
(2)
(1) a ,
.
(2)
a a ,
k
2
, k Z
, k Z ,
2 ( ) a = /4
sin(n/4) cos(n/4) = (n 1) 2/2
(n 1) cos ((n 1) a) = 4 (n 1) cos (2a),

sin((n 1)/4) = (n 1)/2.
h
i
lim (n 1)3 cos ((n 1) a) = lim [4 (n 1) cos (2a)]
a0
1 n {1, 0, 1, 2, 3}.
0, 2 1, 1, 3
.
a0
(n 1)3 = 4 (n 1)
n = 1 n = 1 n = 3
54
I ABC
( DB = DI =
DC , ),
BI

,

(
D).
ABC
I , r1 Euler :
OI 2 = R2 2Rr1 R2 2Rr = R2 2Rr1 r = r1 .
59 ( erxmer) ABC (C1 , R)

(C2 , r). d ,
(Euler) R2 2Rr = d2 .
;
OI 2 = R2 2Rr, :
1) R > OI,
2) R > 2r.
60 ( ) a,

.
C2 C1 .
B C1
BI C1
D.
(D, DB = DI) C1
C.
1 ( ) EB, AK .
EB

AKC ( 2)

AKC .

2
3
1
1
6
GH = CH =
=
.
3
3
2
6
A C1 DI ,
ABC .
55
.
2 ( ) O
AH BD
AH AC BD.
OM BD, AH .
CN AH
ACH
HN =
AH
: AM = MN = NH
OM
CN .
56
:
61 ( ) z
,
62 ( )
:
a1 ,
a2 , .....,
an
A = |z2 + z + 1| + |z2 z + 1|
c =
a1
a2 .....
an

:

c 2
( ) z = x + yi,
x, y R,
A = (x2 y2 + x + 1) + (2 xy + y)2
q
+ (x2 y2 x + 1)2 + (2 xy y)2 .
( ) n = 1. n = 2
:
Minkowski
4(x2
y2
1)2
4y2
=2
(x2
y2
1)2

2
2
2
2
~a1 + ~a2 + ~a1 ~a2 = 2~a1 + 2~a2 4,
y2 .
3
(x2 y2 + 1)2 + y2 ,
4
Amin =

~a1 ~a2 2.
n 3.
n.
n 1. ~a1 , ~a2 , . . . , ~an ,
1.

3.
, y2 > 1,
(x2 y2 + 1)2 + y2 > 1 >

~a1 + ~a2 2
3
.
4
~a1 , ~a2 , ~a3 , ~a1 , ~a2 , ~a3
y 1 1 y 0.
, ~a1 , ~a2 ,

60 . , ~a1 ~a2 1,

~a1 ~a2 , ~a3 , . . . , ~an i {1, 1},
i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1 ,
(x2 y2 + 1)2 + y2 (1 y2 )2 + y2 =
y4 y2 + 1 = (y2 21 )2 + 43 .

1 ~a1 ~a2 + 2~a3 + + n1~an =
1~a1 1~a2 + 2~a3 + + n1~an 2

3
min((x2 y2 + 1)2 + y2 ) =
4
x = 0 y =
2
.
2
57

ΕΙΚΟΣΙΔΩΔΕΚΑΕΔΡΟΝ 10

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ΕΙΚΟΣΙΔΩΔΕΚΑΕΔΡΟΝ 10

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

 @ & matha

   A#"  achilleas

Q(x2 ) = (x + 1)4 x(P(x))2 .

4. yi = axi + b,ab < 0

|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =

x2010 2006 = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y.

37 ( KARKAR) ABCD (O) S

an , an1 , . . . ,a1 , a0 R. a0 > 0, an > 0 a21 + a22 + + a2n1

+ . . . + 20012 20022 + 20032 ?

48 ( ) G 2(2n + 1), ( n N),

(a 1)2 + (b 1)2 + (c 1)2

a +c +2|ac| < 4ac.

a2 + c2 + 2ac < 4ac (a c)2 < 0, .

b > a > 0 4ac b2 . :

(b c)2 0 b2 2bc + c2 0 b2 2bc c2

11 ( ) K AB. = 150 . C , BAC

P(t) = 2t7 + 2t6 36t4 + 96t3 64, t [1, 1]

P(t) = (t 1)(2t6 + 4t5 + 4t4 32t3 32t2 + 64), t [1, 1]

2t6 + 4t5 + 4t4 32t3 32t2 + 64 =

2t4 (t2 + 2t + 2) + 32(1 t3 ) + 32(1 t2 ) > 0 t [1, 1]

2(sin t + cos t) [2, 2]

Q(x2 ) = (x + 1)4 x(P(x))2 .

tan3 t + cot3 t = 2 = tan t = 1 = t = k + , k Z,

tan t + cot t = 2 = tan t = 1 =

tan3 t + cot3 t = (tant + cott)((tant + cott)2 3) = (tant +

sint cost sin2 t + cos2 t

Q(x2 ) = x4 + (4 a2 )x3 + (6 2ab)x2 + (4 b2 )x + 1

2 sin (2t) + 2 sin (2t) = 64 96 sin (2t) + 36 sin (2t)

16 ( KARKAR) (K) (O, R)

o (1), (2) OHS :

4. yi = axi +b,ab < 0

f (x) f ( 21 ) f (x) 21 , x [0, 1]

1 ( ) [P(A)]2 + [P(A )]2 =

P2 (A) + (1 P(A))2 = 2P2 (A) 2P(A) + 1 =

2(x2 + y2 ) (x + y)2 ...

f (x) = x2 + (1 x)2 , x [0, 1]

|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =

|z|min = (OA) = (OK) 1 =

|z|max = (OB) = (OK) + 1 =

|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =

|2(z 3 i)| = |w + 5 7i|

|z w|min = (EZ) = (K) + 1 + 2 = 10 + 3 + 6 = 19

(11 3)2 + (5 1)2 = 10

|z w|min = (MN) = (MK) 1 = 10 3 = 7

|z w|max = (M) = (MK) + 1 = 10 + 3 = 13

|z w|min = (EZ) = (K) + 1 + 2 = 10 + 3 + 6 = 19

|z|4 + 2|z|2 (Re(z) 1) + (Re(z) 1)2

3(Re(z) + 1)(Re(z) 31 ) = (|z|2 + Re(z) 1)

f (x) > f ().

f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = f (x3 ) = y,

g (x1 ) > g (x2 ) g .

c1 , c2 (, ) c1 < c2 f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = m

2. x > 0 0 < x1 < x2 ln x1 < ln x2

t (x) = ln x . (0, +).

h (x) = g (x) + t (x) .

x < 0 f (x) < f (0) = 0

g (x) = e x + ex 2 cos x 2 2 cos x 0,

f (a) > f (b), , f . -

f (x) ln(1 + a f (x) )dx.

f (t) ln(1 + a f (t) )(dt)

f (t) ln(1 + a f (t) )dt

g(x) = f 2 (x) = ( f (x))2 = f 2 (x) = g(x)

f (x1 ) f (x2 ) < 0 f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) f

@ & matha

A#" achilleas

an , an1 , . . . ,a1 , a0 R. a0 > 0, an > 0 a21 + a22 + + a2n1