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tw
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 www.wunan.com.tw
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Linux
Linux Linux
Linux
Linux

C/OS-II
Linux Linux
Linux
Linux

ARM Jean J.
Labrosse

Linux

1. Linux
Yes!

2.

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3. Linux Windows

Linux

4.Linux
Linux
Linux

Linux
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Yes!

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Linux Linux

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Linux
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C/OS-IIT-KERNEL

7. Linux

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renzhe71@sina.com

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2

Linux

1.1Linux

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11

1.4Linux

13

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23

Linux

41

2.1

42

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58

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67

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85

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91
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100

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118

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140

4.3Linux

142

4.4Linux

152

4.5

170

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180

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184

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189

5.4Ext2

194

5.5

203

5.6

206

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210

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226

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CLinux

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381

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1
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Chapter 1Linux

1.1Linux
0 0 Andrew S.Tanenbaum
UNIX MINIX Linus
Tovalds MINIX Linux
LinuxLinus Tovalds GNU
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Linux
Linux
Linux
IBMCOMPAQHPOracleSybaseInformix Linux
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Linux MMU

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Chapter 1Linux
Linux Linux

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Linux
Linux
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Linux
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1.1Linux
NFS
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Linux UNIX
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3. Linux
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Chapter 1Linux

1.2Linux
Linux

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Linux Linux
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1. Linux
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2. CLinux
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CLinux romfs romfs

romfs Ext


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1.2Linux
romfs Superblock romfs
RAMDISK
CLinux
NOR FLASH JFFS JFFS NAND FLASH
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Linux vfork() fork()
Linux CLinux
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Linux CLinux

CLinux

CLinux
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3. RT-Linux RTAI
Linux
RT-LinuxRT-Linux

Linux RT-Linux Linux

Linux
Linux Linux
RT-Linux 1-

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Chapter 1Linux

RTLinux

RTLinux

Linux

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Linux

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1.2Linux
Linux

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Linux
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Linux

4. Kurt-Linux
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Linux

Kurt-Linux Linux

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Chapter 1Linux

Kurt-Linux TD

KurtLinux

5. RED-Linux
RED-Linux Irvine Linux
Linux Time-DrivenPriority-Dirven
Share-Driven
RED-Linux RT-Linux
RED-Linux

Linux
RED-Linux Linux

RED-Linux

(1) Priority
() Start-Time
() Finish-Time
() Budget

RED-Linux
Schedule Allocator job Schedule Dispatcher

10
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1.3Linux C
job job

1.3Linux C
1. Linux C
Linux C gcc
C/C++ Linux C C++
inline
C
struct
struct student{
......
};

C
student S;

gcc C
struct student S;

Linux C
Linux

2. Linux
Intel gcc AT&T

(1)
(a)

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Chapter 1Linux
AT&T %%eax
(b)
AT&T Intel
Intel mov ebx,eax AT&T movl %eax,%ebx
(c)
AT&T $movl $_value,%ebx Intel
mov eax,_value _value eax
(d)
AT&T l
 w 1 b 
movw %ax,%bx
(e)
AT&T Intel
[]%eax
(f)
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AT&T: _variable(%eax) Intel: [eax + _variable]
AT&T: _array(,%eax,4) Intel: [eax*4 + _array]
AT&T: _array(%ebx,%eax,8)Intel: [ebx + eax*8 + _array]

(2) C
asm("statements")
asm("nop"); asm("cli")

asm __asm__ "\n\t"

12
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1.4Linux
asm("pushl %eax\n\t"
"movl $0,%eax\n\t"
"popl %eax");

gcc asm(...)

asm("movl %eax,%ebx");
asm("xorl %ebx,%edx");
asm("movl $0,_booga);

edx ebx gcc

GAS GAS
edx ebx edx ebx

(3) C
Watcom
asm ("statements": output_regs: input_regs: clobbered_regs);

clobbered_regs

1.4Linux

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Chapter 1Linux

1. Linux

struct student_struct {
student_struct *next, *prev;//
char name[NAME_SIZE]; //
int age;

//

int sex;

//

......

};

Linux

Linux linux/list.h
list_head 1-
struct list_head
{
struct list_head *next, *prev;
};

struct head_list
prevnext

1-3 Struct list_head

next prev
list_head
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1.4Linux
list_head student_struct
struct student_struct{
char name[NAME_SIZE];
int age;
int sex;
......
};

list_head
list
struct student_struct{
char name[NAME_SIZE];
int age;
int sex;
struct list_head list;

// list_head

......
};

student_struct student_struct 1-

struct student_struct
name[]
age
sex

list

prevnext

1-4student_struct

head_list

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Chapter 1Linux
1- head_list

struct student_struct

struct student_struct

struct student_struct

name[]

name[]

name[]

age

age

age

sex

sex

sex

prevnext

prevnext

prevnext

1-5student_struct

2.
student_struct
struct student_struct{
char name[NAME_SIZE];
int age;
int sex;
struct list_head list;

// list_head

......
};

student_struct student_list
(1) Linux LIST_HEAD()
Linux linux/list.h
LIST_HEAD()
#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) {&(name), &(name)}
#define LIST_HEAD(name) \
struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name)

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1.4Linux
LIST_HEAD(student_list) student_list
next prev 1-
struct list_head student_list
prevnext

1-6

LIST_HEAD() Linux
INIT_LIST_HEAD()
linux/list.h
#define INIT_LIST_HEAD(ptr) do { \
(ptr)->next = (ptr); (ptr)->prev = (ptr); \
} while (0)

(2)

static inline void list_add(

struct list_head *new, //
struct list_head *head //
)
{
__list_add(new, head, head->next);
}

__list_add()

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Chapter 1Linux
static inline void __list_add(
struct list_head *new,

//

struct list_head *prev,

//

struct list_head *next

// next

)
{
next->prev = new;
new->next = next;
new->prev = prev;
prev->next = new;
}

new
student_struct student_node student_list
list_add(&student_node.list, &student_list);

student_list student_node
list student_node
list student_node

static inline void list_add_tail (struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head);

3.
(1)
list list
list list list
Linux list_entry()

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1.4Linux
#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) \
container_of(ptr, type, member)

linux/kernel.h container_of()
#define container_of(ptr, type, member) ({

const typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr);

(type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) );})

ptr list_head
type member list_head
student_list student_struct

list_entry(student_list->next, struct student_struct, list);

list struct student_struct

list_entry

container_of() offsetof() ((type

*)0)->member 0 type type
member container_of typeof()typeof()
gcc sizeof() member offsetof()
member type member
offsetof(type,member) list_entry()
offsetof() 1-

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Chapter 1Linux
student_node
(struct student_struct *)0

name[]
age

offsetof(struct student_struct.list)
((struct student_struct *)0)->list

sex
prevnext

1-7offsetof()

(2) traversable
list_for_each()

include/linux/list.h list_for_each()
#define list_for_each(pos, head) \
for (pos = (head)->next; prefetch(pos->next), pos != (head); \
pos = pos->next)

for pos head

next pos headprefetch()

list_for_each() (struct
list_head *) i list_for_each(i,&student_list)
list_for_each(i, & student_list) {
struct student_struct *ops = (struct student_struct *)i;
......
}
......

20
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1.4Linux
list_for_each() list_entry() Linux list_for_each_
entry()
#define list_for_each_entry(pos, head, member)

......

list_for_each() pos (struct

list_head *)

4.
(1)

static inline void list_del (struct list_head *entry);

entry

static inline void list_del_init (struct list_head *entry);

(2)
list
head
static inline void list_move (struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head);

list
head
static inline void list_move_tail (struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head);

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Chapter 1Linux
(3)
0
0
static inline int list_empty (struct list_head *head);

(4)
list head
static inline void list_splice (struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head);

list head

static inline void list_splice_init (struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head);

5. hlist
Linux next prev HASH
HASH hlist
1-
head

(a)
head

(b)

1-8
22
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1.5Linux
hlist
HASH
include/linux/list.h hlist
struct hlist_head {
struct hlist_node *first;
};

struct hlist_node {
struct hlist_node *next, **pprev;
};

first
list_add() hlist prev
next first
struct list_head **pprev *(node>pprev) next first

1.5Linux
Linux

1.

Linux

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Chapter 1Linux
Linux C Hello.
c
#include<linux/module.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL") GNU

Makefile
Makefile
#Makefile******************************************
obj-m := hello.o
KERNELBUILD :=/lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build

1-

1-9 C Makefile
24
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1.5Linux
Linux make
$ make

C ko 1-10

1-10

insmod
$ sudo insmod hello.ko

insmod sudo hello.

ko
cat proc
modules 1-11

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Chapter 1Linux

hello

1-11

rmmod hello

$ sudo rmmod hello

Linux
module_init() module_exit()

module_init module_exit

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1.5Linux

__init __exit
1-1 hello_init()
hello_exit()
hello_init() Hello World!Bye World!
printk printf
(1)
#include<linux/module.h>
#include<linux/kernel.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
static int __init hello_init(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}
static void __exit hello_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Bye World!\n");
}
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);

() Makefile Hello_mod.c Makefile

#Makefile******************************************
obj-m := Hello_mod.o
KERNELBUILD :=/lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build

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Chapter 1Linux
() make Hello_mod.
ko insmod dmesg printk

$ dmesg |tail -10

|tail -10 printk 10

1-1

1-12

rmmod dmesg 1-1

1-13

28
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1.5Linux
modinfo

$ sudo modinfo Hello_mod.ko

filename:
license:
srcversion:

Hello_mod.ko
GPL
5AE1900EE1F1617C327CFC7

depends:
vermagic:

2.6.35-25-generic SMP mod_unload modversions 686

2.
Linux

(1)
Linux
insmod
module_param()
module_param(name, type, perm);

name type byte, short, ushort, int, uint,

long, ulong, charp, bool invbool perm sysfs
S_IRUGO
<linux/moduleparam.h>

1-2

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Chapter 1Linux
#include<linux/module.h>
#include<linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
static const char*str="default";
module_param(str, charp, S_IRUGO);
static int __init hello_init(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "%s\n",str);
return 0;
}
static void __exit hello_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Bye World!\n");
}
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);

$ sudo insmod Hello_mod.ko str=Hello!

dmesg 1-1

1-14

30
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1.5Linux
(2)
Linux
MODULE_AUTHOR() MODULE_DESCRIP
-TION() MODULE_VERSION
1-
#include<linux/module.h>
#include<linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
static const char*str="default";
module_param(str, charp, S_IRUGO);
static int __init hello_init(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "%s\n",str);
return 0;
}
static void __exit hello_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Bye World!\n");
}
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);

MODULE_AUTHOR("renzhe");

//

MODULE_DESCRIPTION("this is a module"); //

1-1
$ modinfo Hello_mod.ko

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Chapter 1Linux

1-15

3. Linux

1-1

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1.5Linux
export

extern

export
c

opf
jiffies

jiffies

adg

1-16

.
$ cat /proc/kallsyms | more

Linux
c010edf0 t intel_pmu_disable_all
c010eed0 t x86_pmu_read
c010eee0 t x86_pmu_start_txn
c010ef10 t x86_pmu_cancel_txn
c010ef40 t backtrace_warning_symbol
c010ef50 t backtrace_warning
c010ef60 t backtrace_stack
c010ef70 t backtrace_address
c010efd0 T perf_arch_fetch_caller_regs
c010f040 T perf_instruction_pointer

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Chapter 1Linux
c010f070 T perf_misc_flags
c010f0d0 t p4_pmu_disable_all
c010f140 t x86_pmu_enable_all
c010f1b0 t x86_pmu_disable_all
--More--

EXPORT_SYMBOL( );
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL( );

EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() GPL

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
int add_int(int a, int b)
{
return (a + b);
}
int sub_int(int a, int b)
{
return (a - b);
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(add_int);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(sub_int);

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1.5Linux
insmod
$ cat /proc/kallsyms |grep add_int
f9d70034 r __ksymtab_add_int

[modadd]

f9d7004c r __kstrtab_add_int

[modadd]

f9d70040 r __kcrctab_add_int

[modadd]

6ce40a9f a __crc_add_int

[modadd]

f9d70000 T add_int

[modadd]

$cat /proc/kallsyms |grep sub_int

f9d7002c r __ksymtab_sub_int

[modadd]

f9d70044 r __kstrtab_sub_int

[modadd]

f9d7003c r __kcrctab_sub_int

[modadd]

bb5e85f9 a __crc_sub_int

[modadd]

f9d70004 T sub_int

[modadd]

4.
strcut module strcut module

struct module include/linux/module.h

struct module
{
enum module_state state;

//

......
struct list_head list;

//

char name[MODULE_NAME_LEN];

//

......
const struct kernel_symbol *syms;;

//

......
const struct kernel_symbol *gpl_syms;

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Chapter 1Linux
......
int (*init)(void);

//

......
void (*exit)(void);

//

......
};

struct kernel_symbol
{
unsigned long value;

//

const char *name;

//

};

kernel/linux/module.c
static LIST_HEAD(modules);

modules
export
struct module state
MODULE_STATE_LIVEMODULE_STATE_COMING MODULE_
STATE_ GOING

insmod
MODULE_STATE_COMING

MODULE_ STATE_LIVE rmmod

delete_module MODULE_STATE_GOING
list
struct module *modules
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1.5Linux
modules->next name

Linux THIS_MODULE
#define THIS_MODULE (&__this_module)

__this_module struct module

1-3

Hello_mod.
c
#include <linux/module.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
static int hello_init(void)
{
unsigned int cpu = get_cpu();
struct module *mod;
printk(KERN_ALERT "this module:
%p==%p\n", &__this_module, THIS_MODULE );
printk(KERN_ALERT "module state: %d\n", THIS_MODULE->state );
printk(KERN_ALERT "module name: %s\n", THIS_MODULE->name );
list_for_each_entry(mod, *(&THIS_MODULE->list.prev), list )
printk(KERN_ALERT "module name: %s\n", mod->name );
return 0;
}

static void hello_exit(void)

{

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Chapter 1Linux
printk(KERN_ALERT "module state: %d\n", THIS_MODULE->state );
}

module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);

insmod dmesg

[ 33.764420] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro,commit=0

[ 349.247276] this module: e08a5160==e08a5160
[ 349.247621] module state: 1
[ 349.247630] module name: Hello_mod
[ 349.247642] module name: Hello_mod
[ 349.247651] module name: acpiphp
[ 349.247653] module name: binfmt_misc
[ 349.247655] module name: snd_ens1371
[ 349.247656] module name: gameport
[ 349.247658] module name: snd_ac97_codec
[ 349.247659] module name: ac97_bus
[ 349.247661] module name: snd_pcm
[ 349.247663] module name: snd_seq_midi
[ 349.247664] module name: snd_rawmidi
[ 349.247666] module name: snd_seq_midi_event
[ 349.247668] module name: snd_seq
[ 349.247669] module name: snd_timer
[ 349.247671] module name: snd_seq_device
[ 349.247672] module name: ppdev
[ 349.247674] module name: intel_agp
[ 349.247675] module name: snd
[ 349.247677] module name: vmware_balloon
[ 349.247678] module name: psmouse

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1.5Linux
[ 349.247680] module name: serio_raw
[ 349.247682] module name: parport_pc
[ 349.247683] module name: soundcore
[ 349.247685] module name: snd_page_alloc
[ 349.247686] module name: shpchp
[ 349.247688] module name: lp
[ 349.247689] module name: agpgart
[ 349.247691] module name: i2c_piix4
[ 349.247692] module name: parport
[ 349.247694] module name: mptspi
[ 349.247695] module name: mptscsih
[ 349.247699] module name: pcnet32
[ 349.247701] module name: mptbase
[ 349.247702] module name: floppy
[ 349.247704] module name: scsi_transport_spi
[ 349.247705] module name: mii
[ 349.247707] module name: vmw_pvscsi

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D
DMAZONE_DMA69, 71
M
MTDmemory technology device
7, 373, 374
N
NFSNetwork File System5,
117, 204, 205

Binutils380

page middle decretory,

PMD56
SIGINT142, 279
meta-data374

Real Time Clock

RTC164, 165, 167, 168

named pipe245, 270,

278

page decretory, PGD

55, 56, 57, 65, 67, 93, 364
page tablePTE49, 50,
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,
67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 93, 139,
188, 196, 243, 249, 251, 362, 364

socket244, 245
flash memory
3, 6, 21, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,
78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 92,
93, 94, 95, 97, 101, 89, 101, 92,
93, 97, 103, 107, 108, 110, 113,
115, 116, 117, 136, 157, 161, 176,
180, 184, 185, 187, 188, 193, 196,
206, 207, 210, 213, 215, 217, 218,
219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227,
236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 244, 245,
246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252,
253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259,
260, 265, 270, 271, 272, 276, 280,
301, 316, 317, 318, 319, 322, 323,
326, 327, 329, 330, 343, 348, 349,
350, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364,
365, 370, 372, 373, 374, 376, 377,
378, 379, 380
signal65, 95, 96, 97, 99,

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(02)2705-5066


136, 139, 142, 143, 153, 241, 244,
245, 246, 247, 248, 251, 260, 263,
264, 266, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282,
283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297,
298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304,
305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312,
313, 318, 323, 330, 337
semaphore244, 245,
246, 247, 248, 291, 292, 297, 298,
299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305,
306, 307, 308, 311, 312, 313
ZONE_HIGHMEM
69, 73
pipe245, 270, 271,
274, 276, 278

mount375
GPL, General
Public License2

POS-IX244

remote process call,

RPC205

In-Circuit Emulator
ICE4

FCB190, 193, 206,

209

critical section293
critical resource293

bad block372

ZONE_NORMOL69,
72
RAMDISK7
Superblock7, 193, 200,
201, 202, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,
219, 220, 227, 229, 230, 239, 366,
368, 370

micro second9

382
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(02)2705-5066

Linux,
. ., 2012.12

ISBN 978-957-11-6942-2 ()
1.
312.54

101025633

5DF8

Linux
Linux in Embedded System








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