ch1

ch5

ch2

ch6

ch9

ch3

ch7

ch10

ch4
ch8

1.

2.

3.

4.
1992 0.3% 1/23

1.

2.
1)

2)
1

3)

1.17 ( 1600 )
2.17 19 ( 1900 )
3.20

.
1.

2000 (
478 392)

:
:

2.
( 20 ):
1):4000

2)

3)
2

3.
( 78 139 ) 111

4.

=3.1416

3072
(429500 ) 3.14159263.1415927

:
12288

5.
1979

6.

( 5 - 30 )

( 7 )

1.( 275- 195)

AOS=OS=0A

2.( 287- 212 ):

1):

1747 360
70
2):

3)

1000
17
4

1.
2.
3.

1.( 384- 322:18

342

2.

3.

(15 )
1.

1492 1519

2.:

3.
1):
2)1452-1519

1.
:

2. 1543

1.(1546-1601) 20

2.(1571-1630)
8

1548-16001592 1600

16

---

1. (1564-1642)
32
1633 69
1638
1979 300

2.:
: m M mM
?

3.

1.

2.

3.
1586
4.
8

1. 1642

2.1661 31 1664

3. 1665 1665
3

4. 1687

5. 1703
6. 1705
7. 1727

1.

2.

3.
4.
1687
9

1.
2.
3.
4.
1)
1682

(1656-1742)
1531 1607 1682
1758

1758
1759 3 12

2)
1781 1738-1822 28 84

()
1846 9 23 1

10

1.

---

---

---

---
2.
1)

2)

3)

4):

5)----

3.
:?
:By thinking on it continually.
11

1727 :

1)

2)

16
:

1.

2.

1.

2.

1747 1788

3.

12

 18 19

1.:
5
(Euclid 330-275
(C.Ptolemaeus, 100-170)
2.: 965-1038()

1601-1665

11299
21608 32
3

1666-1704

1704

1.

2.

13

3.

19

1)1773-1829
23

2)1788-1827
1818

1.:
1814>
1859>
1868>
2.1825-1898
?

1884 6 25 :

=B

n2
n 2 4 n345
14


1)
7

B3645.610
2) 9/54/325/219/8
4

n2
2
33445566 4 n 4

n 78
1890

~ =

1
1
= R 2 2

n n345
2
1

R=4/B

1.:

(1644-1710) 1675
13 I0 42
28 16 42 28 16

2.99810 /
15


1849 1819-1896 3.15 10 /
8

((1926)

1907

1.
( 1100- 771)
:

2.1544-1623
1600

3.1663
4.1720
5.1733
6.1745

1.(1706-1790):
17 15
10 12
:

2.
16

 40
?
1752 7

1753

3.:

4.

5.

-----

1.(1733-1804):
2.

17

:1687 :

1.(1736-1806):
2.
1785

3.

f =K

q1q 2
r2

f = G0

m1 m2
r2

4.

(1731-1810):
11

----
18

(1737-1798):
1780

1791

1737-1798
1.

2.
1800

3.

(1787-1854)

1826

1820

19

1.1751

2. (1777-1851):

:
1803 :

1812 :

1818-1819 :
1820 4 !

1820 7 21

3.

1. (1775-1836) :

1827

2.
1820 9 11
9 18 1820 12
4
20

k dx dy sin sin sin

r2

dxdy
3.

(1791-1867):
10
1821

1821

1.:

1831 8 29
5
1833

(1867 )
2.

21

3.

1.

2.:
3.

4.

1867

(1831-1879)
11 13
2 15 1854

49 100
22

1.1856

2.1860 70 30
:

1861 :

3.1865

4.1873

1874 1879 11 3
49

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

23

1770 41
1081

(1857-1894) :
1878
1880
1885 89
1894

1886
1888

(1901)(1906)
(1916)(1923)(1929)
(1933)(1935)

*1827-1931:

1.

1328 15

1877 12 6
1879 10
24

2.1929 10 21
:

1.
1593
1702
1724
1742 100

1779 19
1854
2.

1695
1705

1769

1785
1807 1825

25


3.
18

1744
1780
4.
1

2
1836

1830

1832 1878

(1814-1878)

26

1841 1842 1845

()
1847

16

1841 :

1845

1849
1878 423.85 /
400

27

1917

1 460- 371
21658

1857

1860

28

1902

19

:19

1.
19
1845-1923
1895 11 8 ,
1

29

2.
1895 12 28
:

1896 3
1897 3
3.

1901

JJ

19

JJ
JJ(1856-1940)
JJ

30

JJ 1897 4 30

1899 JJ

1.
2.
JJ 1906

1. (1852-1909)

60 43

2.

3.

1903

1.(1867-1934)
8
1891 1893 1894
1903 1911

31

2.
:?
400 !
1898 7
:

3.:1898 12 (radium)!
:??
1902
8 0.1
225!
4.
0.1 75 !

:
!
1906

1.1871-1937

32

2. X

!
1896-1932 1933

1895 1897

19
-

1.

2.

( , T ) = B 3 e A / T
T

3.

8 2
( , T ) = 3 KT
C
33

1. (1858-1947) :
1879

2.

( , T ) =

8h 2
1
k / KT
3
C
e
1

3.
:

1900 12 14 n
h

h
!

1918

34

1887

=h

1
m 2 + A
2

h =

1:1904
2JJ

1: 1871-1937 12
18
JJ

1907

35

2
JJ

1909

1/8000
: 15

1911 1913

(1885-1962):
1911

37

1913 123

1)

36

2 E n > E k

En Ek
h

3
P=n

h
2 (123)

1.
2.

3.
1924
1923 31
1925 24
1926 39
1926 24

1927

37


1.

n
A

x(t ) =

Ae

in t

n =

2.

3.

P = ih

1.
1)1892-1960:
1924 1932 1933 1929

38

2):

3):1923 910

h
P

G.P.

1937

2.
1(1887-1961):
17 1933
1944

2 1926 1-6

3.

1926

1933

39

19
1881 0

1879-1955
1879 3
12

1896

1902

1905

1913

40


1916

1921

1933

1955 4 18

1.
1905 9 , 26 ,

v
x
2
x vt
c
x =
,t =
1 2
1 2
t

2.

3.
:
1.
,,,

41


2.
16 ,:
c
:
!
1895
()

3.

1.
1910
JJ 1909
42

 1911
2. 20
!
3.
1906 1907

4.
1916 ,

1919 ,
!

1905 1936
400

1.
2..
2
3. E = mc

4.

43

1955 4 18

1896 1911 100

1. (18911974)

1908
1913
1918 1931
1935
2.

1919

1930

44

1932
1

3.
1
2
3
!

1.

2. (1901 -1954 ) :21 1938

3.:1942 12
2
:

4.

1941 12 6

1945 7 16

45

1945 8 6 8 9 78,150
23,700

1949 2 22
1952 10 3 1960 2 13 1964 10 16

1996 5
100
4.
1
1945 6 27 40 400
30%

18 5

()

1.
300
46


2.

1.

1/2
6 12

2.

1902-198425

1955 1956

1959

47

1995 LEAR) 9

3.
1964
1965

4. J/
1974 12
3 J/
1976

1994 6.4

48

-
1.
1922 9
1944
1926 11
1946 20

1946 1949
1951 1956 1957

2.-
1953

-
3.

49

4.
6060 0.01K

1982
2.710 2.710 W
11

11

1916

1.1954
2.1958

50


FP

3. 1960 1961
40

1.
2.
1
86
Kr = 4.7 10
7
< 10

3.
-3

10

VCDCD

1.
2.

1.1904
1929 1906
39
2.

1908 5
1910 2
51

PN
1902 2
1947 12 23
1999 9 20

3.

1959
2

70 /

1.1911 4.2K
2.1933
3.1935
4.1957 B.C.S

5.

52

 C60
6.
1) 500
2) 30%

21 C60
C60

1. 1948

2.

3.1993

()
1.
(1874-1937) :
1901 12 12 1933 6
33
2.

1)
3MHz30MHz 100 300MHz

53

3 10 5 MHz 1 10 5
14

10 Hz 10

2)1966

i > i0 = sin 1

n2
n1

1967 100
1970
20
1985 455.5 6500
36000
150 32 125

3)

1979 0.2

20 90 125
3.

1957 10 4
1958 1 31
1970 4 24

4.

1.
54

1)1912 1936
1945
1954

2)ENIAC

20
24
1946 1.8
30 3 30 170 150
7
20 2037

3)(1903 -1954 )
1945

1953
2.PC
PC 1971
1975 Altair PC

Basic 1975
PC

3.
60
70
90 90

4.

55

1.:1907

2.20
3. 1932 20
5
4.60 332 10
8 18
81
5.

1986 5
1987

18

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

.
1964
10 16
1967 6 17

56


1991 12
30

2.
1970 4 24

1975 11 26

3.
IBM 1986 Tc35K LaBaCuO
1987 2 24
YBaCuO 92.8

1988 TiBaCaCuO Tc125K Tc

130K Bi Pb Sb 1998

4.

9MeV

1988 BEPC 2.8 10 2.8 10

9

GeV 10 BEG
1989-1991 6 900 J/
0.31
1992 m = 1776 .96 0.21 ,

57

1.
1921 h6.556
-27

0.00910

1923 1925

23

1992 185

1932

2.
1924 1928
1936 1947 1952

3.

1907-1988
1930 1934
1950 1956
58

1978

~
1959 3 4

1964
1924-1986

1948
26
1950 10

1954

13

4.

43

59

 21

(Thales 625-547)
Democritus 460-370
Aristotle 384- 322
(Euclid 330-275
Archimedes 287-212
(C.Ptolemaeus, 100-170)
R . Bacon1214-1292
L . da Vinci1452-1519
N.Copernicus1473-1543
W.Gilbert1540-1603
T.Brahe1546-1601)
J.Kepler1571-1630
G.Bruno1548-1600
(Galileo Galilei1564-1642)
C.Huygens1629-1695
R.Hooke1635-1703
I.Newton1642-1727
W.Snell,1580-1626
S.Gray1670-1736
Du Fay1698-1739
E.G.Kleist1700- 1748
E.Halley1656-1742)
G.Daniel Fahrenheit1686-1736
A.Celsius1701-1744
B.Franklin1706-1790
J.Priestley17331804
60

A.Volta1745-1827
A.Galvani 1737-1798
CAdeCoulomb1736-1806)
H.Cavandish 1731-1810
C.Rumford1753 -1814
H.Davy1778-1829
T.Young1773-1829
J.Watt1736-1819
F.W.Herschel1738-1822
E.L.Malus1775-1812
(J.V.Fraunhofer1787-1826
A.J.Fresnel1788-1827
G.S.Ohm1787-1854
A.M.Ampre1775-1836
H.C.Oersted1777-1851
M.Faraday1791-1867
H.F.E.Leny1804-1865
J.P.Joule1818-1889
J.R.Mayer1814-1878
N.L.Sadi Carnot1796-1832
A.J. ?ngstr?m 1814-1874
E.W.Von Siemens1816-1892
(V.J.J.Le Verrier1811-1877)
J.C.Adams1819-1892
H.V.Helmholtz1821-1894
R.J.E.Clausius1822-1888
L.Paster1822-1895
W.Thomson1824-1907
J.J.Balmer1825-1898
J.C.Maxwell1831-1879
A.B.Nobel1833-1896
Ernst Mach1838-1916
E.W.Morley1838-1923
J.W.Gibbs1839-1903
J.W.S.Rayleigh1842-1919
L.E.Boltzmann1844-1906
W.K.R?ntgen1845-1923
61

A.G.Bell1847-1922
T.A.Edison1847-1931
A.H.Becquerel1852-1908
A.A.Michelson1852-1931
H.A.Lorentz1853-1928
J.J.J.J.Thomson1856-1940
(H.R.Hertz1857-1894)
(M.Planck1858-1947)
P.Curie1859-1906
P.Lenard1862-1947
W.Wien1864-1928
M.S.Curie1867-1934
J.Chadwick1891-1974
W.Kaufmann1871-1947
E.Rutherford1871-1937
G.W.Marconi1874-1937
J.H.Jeans1877-1946
A.Einstein1879-1955
C.J.Davisson1881-1958
A.S.Eddington1882-1944
M.Born-18772-1944
N.Bohr1885-1962
E.Schr?dinger1887-1961
A.H.Compton1892-1962
G.P.G.P.Thomson1892-1962
Lde Broglie1892-1987
W.Pauli1900-1958
-F.Joliot-Curie1900-1958
-I.Joliot-Curie1897-1956
(E.Fermi-1901 ---1954 )
W.K.Heisenberg1901-1976
P.A.M.Dirac1902-1984
J.V.Neumann-1903-1954)
C.D.C.D.Anderson1905-
L.Pasteur1822-1895
W.H.Brattain1902-
J.Bardeen1908-
62

W.B.Shockley1910-
L.Cooper1930-
J.Robert.Schrieffer1931-

1452-1519

1778-1829
1801
1807

1803 1820 1827

1839-1903
1858 1863
1871
14 1881
1897

63

1833-1896
350

1863
1875 1887

1868
1968

1214-1292

15

1908-
1936

BCS

64

1902-

1910-
1949 P-N

1956

1591-1626

65

1788-1827
1814
1823 1825

330- 275

300 13

1711-1765

1735
1736 1745
1755

1936 1 26

1961
1963
66

1972
1974 J/
1979
1976

100

Brenda Lansdown

PHYSICISTS AT WORK

Physics Through the 1990s

GREAT EXPERRIMENTS IN PHYSICS

physics survey
Committee(
Morris H.Shamos

67