Professional Documents
Culture Documents
tw
(02)2705-5066
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
USGS Denver Jenny M. Stevens
USGS-Menlo Park Chuck Wenger
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
2011 2012
2011 3 11 9.0 20,896
2012 6 24
5.7 25 53 3.8
4 100 14,864 9 7
11 19 12 16
5.7 5.6 81 821
6,650
2012 2 26 6.4
1999 9 21 7.3 2012 2 26
7.0 2 6+ 10 5+
2
2012 8 11 6.4
6.3 306 3,037 16,000
4 11 3 38
8.6 1900 11
2013
7.0
2 14 7.3
3 27 6 . 1
1999 921 30
4 6 7.0
4 16 7.7 40
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
4 20 7.0 2008 5
12 85 7.9
6 2 6.3
6+
Blind Thrust Fault
1,500
Parkeld
Puente Hills
blind thrust fault
7.0 12,000
7 2000 2000
30
6.7 99% 4/11/2012
30 63% 6.7
Hayward
fault
30
vi
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
2000 921
921
12 57
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
vii
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
15
23
2-1
24
2-2
33
2-3
36
2-4
39
43
3-1
44
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
3-2
48
3-3
53
59
4-1
60
4-2
65
4-3
68
73
5-1
74
5-2
88
5-3
95
5-4
105
115
6-1
118
6-2
125
6-3
133
6-4
136
6-5
167
6-6
179
6-7
182
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
II
195
7-1
196
7-2
198
7-3
203
7-4
222
7-5
231
7-6
236
239
8-1
243
8-2
244
8-3
248
8-4
253
259
9-1
260
9-2
263
9-3
269
9-4
272
9-5
276
9-6
290
297
10-1
300
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
10-2
323
10-3
328
339
11-1
340
11-2
347
11-3
354
11-4
359
11-5 CPT
369
11-6
374
383
12-1
384
12-2
389
12-3
404
12-4
407
12-5
409
12-6
413
12-7
415
421
455
461
463
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
2-1
lithosphere
parameterization
17
validation 10 s
-
-1
13 1
10 s s
-
Te
0-10
110120
Goetze and Evans1979
YSEs
AleutianBoninMariana
24
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
bathymetric
bending momentKuril
Burov,
2011
International Lithosphere Program, ILP
The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Programme,
1992-1999, GSHAP
2-1 18 M
7.0 1968 7.0
1986 1990 67 1970 1971 1992
2023 Prasad, 2011, p.26
1.1
77.9
18
66.9
120
55.9
180
44.9
6,200
33.9
49,000
22.9
300,000
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
25
1.
2-1(a)
footwallhangwall
strike
Orientation
0 180 90 270
dip
0
90slip
0
90 180
270 -90
(1) dip-slip
= 90
270Normal fault
2-1(b)
Reverse faultThrust
fault 2-1(c)
26
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
(a)
(d)
(b)
(e)
(c)
2-1
2000121-16
(2) strike-slip
2-1(d) = 0
180
left-lateral or left-handed
right-lateral or right-handed 2-1(d)
2-1(e)
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
27
(3)
2.
epicenterhypocenter focus
2-2
5 15
1989 Loma Prieta
11 1971 San Fernando 5
h 2-3
E =
G =
m =
n = G
d = E G
10
2-2
2000121-2(b)
28
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
E(m)
G(n)
h
r
2-3
n/m = h2/r2 = sin2
h h = dtan
3.
tremors
1906
1989
1939
60
1999 Izmit
1992 6 28 7.4
Salton SeaLanders
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
29
3
6.5 Big Bear
9 Hector Mine
2001
2003 2 22 5.4
USGSRoss S.
SteinStein, December 1999
Stein earthquake
conversationsStein, 2005 1992 Stein
Parsons et al., April, 2000 18
1905 7 9 M7.9Bulnay
1905 7 M8.4
1931 8 11 M8.0
1957 12 4 M8.1Mogod1967
M7.1 2-4(a)
M 8 strike-slip
5
400 Pollitz et
al.2003
viscoelastic relaxation
20
30
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
Russia
1950
52
1905
1905
48
1967
1931
1957
Mongolia
44
40
China
88
92
96
100
(a)
104
Russia
1950
52
108
1959
1991
1958
1967
48
1931
44
1975
1957
Mongolia
1965
M8
7.5 M 8
China
40
88
92
96
100
(b)
6.0 M 7.5
104
108
1905M7 (a)M
6 (b)(b)non-Baikal
Baikal 19501959
Pollitz et al., 2003, Fig. 1
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
31
f bar
20 M 6 f +0.5 bar
2-4(b) 1905
M 6 2-2 19791992
2-219791992
Somerville, et al., 1999, Table 1
1992.6.28
75
7.22
2.0
2.7
Tabas, Iran
1978.9.16
58
7.14
2.1
2.5
Loma Prieta, Ca
1989.10.17
30
6.95
1.5
2.7
Kobe, Japan
1995.1.17
24
6.9
2.0
2.8
1983.10.28
23
6.87
0.6
2.9
Nahanni, N.W.T., Cn
1985.12.23
15
6.75
2.5
2.75
Northridge, Ca
1994.1.17
11
6.66
1.25
3.0
Nahanni, N.W.T., Cn
1985.10.05
10
6.63
0.75
2.75
1971.2.9
6.53
0.8
2.8
1979.10.15
6.43
0.7
2.6
3.5
6.33
0.5
2.4
Imperial Valley, Ca
Dyne-cm
Mw
Landers, Ca
32
Mo1025
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
2-219791992
Somerville, et al., 1999, Table 1
Mo1025
Dyne-cm
Mw
Morgan Hill, Ca
1984.4.24
2.1
6.18
0.3
6.8
1986.8.7
1.8
6.14
0.4
3.0
Whittier Narrows, Ca
1987.10.1
5.97
0.3
2.5
Coyote Lake, Ca
1979.6.8
0.35
5.66
0.5
2.8
Ca: California
Cn: Canada
2-2
250
Wysession, 1995
CMB 1920
dislocation
transformfold
510
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
33
Phil
ip
Plat pine
e
Re
ykj
ane
rid
s
ge
Eurasia Plate
a tr
Marianas
trench
Pacific
Plate
Kermadec-Tonga
trench
Australia Plate
South E
ast Ind
ian rise
Eurasia
Plate
Caribbean
Plate
Mi
d-A
Mexico
trench
Cocos
Plate
New Hebrides
trench
enc
h
North
America
Pnate
East
Pacic rise
Indian
Plate Jav
Kuril
trench
Japan
trench
h
enc
n tr
utia
e
l
A
Juan
De Fuca
Plate
le-trench
Peru-Chi
tla
nti
cr
South America
Plate
Africa Plate
idg
e
Carlsberg
ridge
Nazca
Plate
Chil
e
rise
tic ridge
tar
An
c
aci
Macquarie
ridge
P
ge
rid
an
i
d
In
icnt
tla
Antarctic Plate
Antarctic Plate
2-5
Fowler, 1990Prasad 2011, Fig. 2.17
NazcaCaribbean
CaribbeanSomali
CoCos 2-5
Mohorovicic
Moho 612 3050
2,900 Gutenberg P
2,900 2,900
5,150 S
5,150 P S
5,150 2-6
34
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
400
650
2700
2890
5150
6371
(a) Beatty and Chaikin, eds.,, 1990
Prasad, 2011, Fig. 2.7(b)
40
400
670
100150
2900
5150
6371
(b)
Prasad, 2011, Fig. 2.7(c)
2-6
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
35
95%
5%
9
1
3010010 year Allmendinger et al., 2009
-
1 310
- 10
7
8
1
10 10 year Zoback, 1992; Talwani,
-
-9
9
1
4610 year
-
Mohanty, 2011
GPS
intraplateMohanty, 2011
2-3
1015
3
5
10 10 - m
36
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
1 50 -maseismic
2-7
C
U
l0
15
20
25
30
2-7 UC
LC
Gough, 1986, Fig. 1
0.01 - m 1,000,000 - m
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
37
host rock
20% rgzr
z g wgz
w
h
Rocky Mountains
Hh
Gough, 1986
10 20
LRZ LRZ 9
30 - m
20 80 - mChen and Chen, 1998
Chen et al.1998magnetotelluric
MTEM
EM
CO 2 HCO3
-
CO2
38
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
CO 2
CO2
HCO3 HCO3
-
2-4
7.1 N50
WSeno et al., 1993
Ryukyn
polarity 2-8 5
90%
Wang
and Lee2011
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
39
(N)
25.5
25
MIAOLI
24.5
24
TAICHUNG
CHANGHUA
YUNLI
23.5 MAKUNG
22.5
CHIA
CR
TAINAN
23
CHILUNG
TAIPEI
TAOYUAN
HSINCHU
KACHSIUNG
HR
BR
PULI
WF
KUBSHANTAD
ILAN
A'
HUALIEN
JUISUI
CR
B'
TAITUNG
LUTAO
PINGTUNG
8.2
cm
/yr
LIUCHIUHGU
LANHSU
22
21.5
21
20.5
119.5
120
120.5
121
121.5
122
BR
CP
CR
HR
WF
122.5
123
123.5 (E)
2-8
AA' BB' Wang & Lee, 2011, Fig. 1
40
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
-V0
-M0
2-9
V = -Vo M = -Mo foreland
deection
Wang & Lee, 2011, Fig. 4
2-9
Wang and Lee2011
Wang2007
segment
back slip
2-10(a)
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
41
(a)
(b)
2-10(a) (b)
aseismic
Wang, 2007, Fig. 17.1
stick-slipaseismic slip 1 2
3
2-10(b)
Wang, 2007, 541-542
42
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
3-1
3-2
3-3
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
100 90
ReservoirTriggered Seismicity RTS 1967
Koyna 1940 19401944
Lake Mead
normal stressHubbert and Rubey1959
3-1
HubbertandRubey1959 50
0.1
bar 20
bars Biots1941
consolidationtheory
1.
44
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
2.Compaction
3.Diffusion
(1)
(2)
4.
induced
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
45
Nurek Manic-3
Monticello
Oroville
KaribaAswan
Koyna 3-1
300
NUREK
250
5.7
OROVILLE
200
150
5.8
4.6
100
4.1
MANIC-3
50
2.8
KARIBA
MONTICELLO
ASWAN 5.3
6.5
KOYNA
3-1Simpson,1986
Leithetal.1984
46
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
20
Simpson,1986,pp.30-31
Maharashtra
1967 6.5
3-2
1730'
Koyna
Feb
1713'
Dec
Sep3
Aug28
Oct22
Warna
1700'
5.05.4
0
4.34.9
11.6km
1645'
7330'
7345'
7400'
7415'
Talwanietal.,1997Prasad,2011,Fig.2.19(b),p.65
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
47
3-2
SaltonTroughSAF
40
SAF
SAF SanJacintofault SJF
Imperial fault IF
Gulf of California
SAF
300 SAF SJF IF
Fennoscandian
GrollimundandZoback,2000
LakeCahuilla LC 3-3
2000 300 39
110 31
CoachellaImperial
MexicaliValleysBaja
48
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
Indio
SA
shorelinesites
[thisstudy]
shorelinesites
[Larson,1990]
SCIGNsites
33.5
SJ
33
la
uil
ah
C
ke
e
La relin
o
Sh
Sa
lto
n
Se
a
U.S.
Mexico
IF
ElCentro
Mexicali
32.5
CerroPrieto
-116.5
-116
-115.5
-115
3-3Lake Cahuilla 13
SAFSJFIF
Luttrelletal.,2007,Fig.1
1905 34 16 226
EI
CentroIndio1500
SAF 5 4
3-4
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
49
southernSanAndreasruptures
825
1231
982
1502
1676
southernSanJacintoruptures
ImperialValleyruptures
20
0
1940
-20
-40
1906Creation
ofSaltonSea
-60
-80
-100
600
Lakestands from
Waters(1983)
800
1000
1200
1400
A.D.
1600
Lakehistoryused
inthisstudy
1800
2000
c=c-fn
(3-1)
10 KPa
50
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
40
3-5
relaxation time
H
(a)
h
pc
pc
pc
c=fwgh
h
Z
c=0
(b)
3-5(a)
(b)
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
51
c
c
c
0
2
4
6
10
(c)
3-5(c) 10 m
5 Luttrelletal.,2007,
Fig.3
3-5a
5
SmithandSandwell2003,2004
Maxwell m=2/
SAF
0.2 0.6MPa SAF
0.1 0.2 MPa
52
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
Hydraulic head
Miller,
2008
3-3
1992 6 28
M7.3 3-6
1 SA
BasinandRangeProvince
8
1992 4 23 M6.1 JoshuaTree
20
60 5
M 5
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
53
1992 4 ~12
7.0+
el
en
da
le
F
M4.2
28June
1227
M5.1
4Dec.
M5.3
27Nov.
M5.2
28June
1240
NFFZ
20'
HV
au
lt
M4.7,4.4
29June
M5.3
28June
1443
SanA
340
M5.4
1July
JVF
M5.2
17Aug.
10'
lt.
ahF
BIGBEARM5.1
M6.2
28June
28June 1236
1505
BMF
M5.2
29June
20KM
LANDERS
M7.3
28June
1157
PintoMtn.Fault
M5.4
29June
EPF
M5.2
15Sept.
M5.8
28June
1200
M5.6
28June
1201
ndrea
sFau
ltZon
e
M5.4
5July
EF
30'
lt
au
6.0+
M4.1,4.2
28June
16328.33
ult
Fa
od
5.0+
oF
lic
Ca
4.0+
M4.3,4.1
30June
F
CR
MAGNITUDES
Pisg
40'
o
nw
Le
JOSHUA
TREE
M6.1
23April
M5.0
24July
50'
117
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
3-6 1992 4 8 M 4
M 5
CRE:CampRock
EF:Emerson
JVF:JohnsonValley
NFFZ:NorthFrontal
BMF:BurntMountain
EPF:EurekaPeak
HVF:HomesteadValley
Haukssonetal.,1993Scholz,2002,Fig.4.15,p.213
54
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
M6.2 3
20
3040
Scholz,2002,p.212
swarms 20
15
Mogi1963
heterogeneity
3-7
doubletsmultiplets
compound
Omori
(t)=/(c+t)p
(3-2)
(t) t p c
0 p 1
5%Scholz, 2002,
p.224
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
55
MS
(a)
MS
(b)
(c) swarm
MS
3-7 Scholz,2002,Fig.4.22,p.224
LomaPrieta
coseismic
nucleation
Matsushiro
Rangely
56
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
Nankai
684 1854
Ansei C D 32
B A 90
1944 Tonankai C 1946
Nankaido B C B A
1896 5 3
6 1939 1967
3-8
1943
300
Scholz,2002,224-234
43
1943
M=7.6
1967
M=7.1
Istanbul
9
5
1953
M=7.2
37
1999
M=7.8
1942
M=7.3
2
1939
M=8.0
6
1957
M=7.1
4
1944
M=7.6
Erzincan
1966
M=6.8
26
42
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
57
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
1.
Rio Pixcaya
1976 Rio Pixcaya 1976
2 13 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-165, Slide 32USGS geq
00032-10
2.
464
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
3.
Fort Funston
1989 10 17 Loma Prieta Fort Funston
2,830 30
U.S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-547, Slide IV, USGS
pdm 00003-21
4.
Santa Cruz
1989 10 17 Loma Prieta
New Brighton
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-547,
Slide XIII-12USGS tjc 00003-1
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
465
5.
7,000
1970 5 31 7,000 1
= 2,000 Huascaran
Ranrahirca RioSanta
1970 6-7
4 USGS plu 00014-4
6.
U.S. Geological
Survey Circular 1045, Fig.24BUSGS pla 00049-3
466
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
7.
1970 5 31 Chimbote
8.
Niigata
1964
10
15
T.L. Youd 1964 USGS
gesu 0453-4
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
467
9.
10.
1906 4 18 UnionStreet
Earthquake Information Bulletin, v.14, no.3, pp.94-95USGS eib 00469-1
468
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
11.
1964 3 27 Portage Turnagain Arm
The Alaska Railroad
Seward
U.S. Army U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper 541USGS aek 00138-2
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
469
12.
1964 3 27 Kenai Peninsula
Resurrection Bay
3
470
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
. .
, 2013.09
ISBN 978-957-11-7205-7 ()
1.
354.4
102013471
5G28
/6
(04)2223-0891(04)2223-3549
/290
(07)2358-702 (07)2350-236
2 0 1 3 9
6 5 0
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066