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.4.
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Linear
algebra with applications Applied Linear algebra
Linear algebra
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CHAPTER 1 1
1.1
1.2
13
1.3
27
1.4
1.5
1.6
LU
41
57
66
CHAPTER 2 77
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Cramer
2.5
78
85
91
105
113
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.2.
CHAPTER 3 125
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
152
3.5
3.6
126
133
145
171
182
CHAPTER 4 191
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
192
199
211
223
CHAPTER 5 237
5.1
5.2
Cayley Hamilton
5.3
257
5.4
5.5
276
238
253
261
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5.6
Jordan
.3.
280
CHAPTER 6 287
6.1
288
6.2
301
6.3
Gram-Schmidt
6.4
310
318
331
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Chapter 2
.79.
S = 1 , 2 , 3 2 , 3 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 3
Ans(2, 1, 3)
A determinant det A
A A
A =
S = 1 , 2 , 3 n
0 k
k =
1 k
n n 2 3
A =
a11 a12
= a11a22
a21 a22
a12a21
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.80.
A =
a11 a12
a21 a22
A a11a22
a12a21
a11a22 1 , 2 0
a12a21 2 , 1 1
a11 a12
a21 a22
1 0 a11a22 +
1 1 a12a21 = a11a22
a12a21
a1_a2_a3_
an_ 1 , 2 , 3 n
1 2
3 4
1 2
=14
3 4
23=4
6=
2
0
1 3
,
3 2
A 3
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Chapter 2
.81.
A 3 3! = 6
k
1 , 2 , 3
1 , 3 , 2
2 , 1 , 3
2 , 3 , 1
3 , 1 , 2
3 , 2 , 1
Sarrus
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13 a11
a12
a22
a23
a21
a22
a32
a33
+
a31
+
a32
+
a31
Sarrus 3 4
Sarrus Pierre F. Sarrus
1798-1861
4 a11a24a33a42
Ans 1
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.82.
1 2 2
3 2 2 2
2 2 3
1 2 2 1
2 2 2 =2
2 2 3 2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
3 2
+ +
= 123+222+222
2
2
2
+
222 221 322
= 2
0
a
a
0
b
c = 0
0
4 A 5
a11 a23 a35 a41 a54
a11, a411
a35, a34 3
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Chapter 2
.83.
2-1
S ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}(a)13425 (b)34251
det (A)A 5
(a)a13 a41 a34 a25 a52
1
0
1
x
2
0
1
x
x
x
1
1
b
b
b
c
c
c
x
0 = 3 x
1
x
f x = 1
2
a
a
a
a
1
1
0
4
x
0
b
x
1
x
x
1
c
0 x2
x
a
0
0
e
b
0
f
g
c
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.84.
A 2
A 2
A=
A = 0 A
A =
a b
1
det (A) = ((tr (A))2
2
c d
tr (A2))
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Chapter 2
.85.
2.2
A n A j i n
Mij A aij
cofactor Aij
1
i+j
Mij
A = A i
A =
aik
k=1
i+k
Mik =
n
k=1
aik Aik
2 1 1
1 3 1
1 1 4
1 1
2 1
A =1
1 2+1
+3
1 2+2
1 4
1 4
2 1
+1
1 2+3
= 3 + 3 7 1 = 17
1 1
1 3
2 1
A =1
1 1+3
+1
1 2+3
1 1
1 1
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.86.
+4
3+3
0
m
n
p
x
1
0
0
2
1
1
=
3
y
0
1
0
1 + 4 5 = 17
z
0
0
1
0 x y z
m 1 0 0
n 0 1 0
p 0 0 1
x y z
=p
1 4+1 1 0 0 + 1
0 1 0
p
=
+y
=
pz
1
1
1+3
xm
3+2
0 x y
1 4+4 m 1 0
n 0 1
x z
+ x
1 0
1+2
m 0
n 1
m 1
n 0
ny
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Chapter 2
.87.
a
0
1
1
1
1
x
0
1
0
y
1
0
= xyz
0
0
a
0
0
1
0
0
a
xy + xz + yz
3 n
0
1
0
0
1
a 0
0
1
0 a
0
0
a
0
0
1+1
= a( 1)
0
a
0 0
a
0
n 1
1 0
a
= aan 1 = an
0
0 1
a
0 0
n+1
0
+ ( 1)
0
n
a 0
1
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.88.
= an + ( 1)n + 1 ( 1)1 +
= an + ( 1)2n + 1an + 2 = an
0
0
0
a2
b1
b2
b3
a3
0
0
a4
b4
2 = an
a1
an
1
a1 0 0 b1
a2 b2 0
0 0
0 a2 b2 0
= a1 b3 a3 0 b4 a2 b2
0 b3 a3 0
b3 a3
0 0 a4
b4 0 0 a4
a2 b2
a2 b2
= a1 a4
b4 b1
b3 a3
b3 a3
= a1 a4 (a2 a3
= (a1 a4
b2 b3)
b1 b4)(a2 a3
b4 b1 (a2 a3
b1
0
0
b2 b3)
b2 b3)
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Chapter 2
.89.
2-2
1
2
3
a
4
2
3
0
0
0
b
0
2
0
0
1
d
1
4
0
3
c
7
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
7
0
5
b
2
0
0
0
c
0
2
3
4
d
1
0
2
2
3
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
4 5
4 3
2 0
4 6
0 5
0 1 0 0 0 0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
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.90.
0 0 0 0 0 a
0 0 0 0 b 0
0 0 0 c 0 0
0 0 d 0 0 0
0 e 0 0 0 0
f 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 0 0 0 0
0 b 0 0 0 0
0 0 c 0 0 0
0 0 0 d 0 0
0 0 0 0 e 0
0 0 0 0 0 f
A n aij |i
j| > 1 aij = 0
B A11 a11
det (A) = a11 A11
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. .
, 2013.07
.
IISBN 978-957-11-7203-3()
1.
313.3
102013249
5B89
106 3 3 9 4
(02)2705-5066(02)2706-6100
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