Estimator's Electrical Man-Hour Manual

ESTIMATOR’S ELECTRICAL MAN-HOUR MANUAL

Third Edition

JOHN S. PAGE

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Man-Hour Manuals and Other Books by John S. Page

Dedication

Copyright

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION: Production and Composite Rate

Composite Rate

Section 1: BRANCH, SERVICE, AND FEEDER ROUGH-IN

SQUARE BOXES, COVERS, AND RINGS

OCTAGON AND SPECIAL BOXES, ROUND COVERS, AND RINGS

OCTAGON BOXES, ROUND COVERS, AND RINGS

KNOCKOUT TYPE OUTLET GANG BOXES AND COVERS

HANDY AND SECTIONAL SWITCH BOXES

S.C. PULL AND HINGE COVERED BOXES

RIGID STEEL OR ALUMINUM

ELECTRIC METALLIC TUBING

PLASTIC CONDUIT

FS TYPE THREADED CAST DEVICE BOXES

FS TYPE DEVICE BOX COVERS

MOISTURE PROOF THREADED DEVICE BOXES AND COVERS

VAPOLET AND SEH TYPE THREADED CAST OUTLET AND JUNCTION BOXES

SINGLE AND DUPLEX CAST IRON AND STEEL K.O. TYPE FLOOR BOXES

CAST IRON JUNCTION AND GANG FLOOR BOXES

GALVANIZED RIGID STEEL CONDUIT

RIGID ALUMINUM CONDUIT

PLASTIC CONDUIT

ELECTRIC METALLIC TUBING (THINWALL)

FLEXIBLE STEEL CONDUIT

FABRICATED CONDUIT BENDS IN SHOP AND FIELD GALVANIZED RIGID STEEL OR ALUMINUM CONDUIT

STANDARD TYPES OF BENDS

CUTTING, REAMING, AND THREADING GALVANIZED RIGID STEEL OR ALUMINUM CONDUIT

CUTTING AND END PREPARATION OF PLASTIC CONDUIT, ELECTRIC METALLIC TUBING, AND FLEXIBLE CONDUIT

THREAD-ONS FOR STEEL AND ALUMINUM FITTINGS

MAKE-UPS FOR ELECTRIC METALLIC TUBING AND PLASTIC PVC CONDUIT

MAKE-UPS OF FLEXIBLE CONDUIT FITTINGS

Section 2: BRANCH, SERVICE, AND FEEDER WIRING

BRANCH CIRCUIT WIRING SINGLE CONDUCTOR—600 VOLTS

FIXTURE WIRING SINGLE CONDUCTOR—600 VOLTS

BOILER ROOM WIRING SINGLE CONDUCTOR—300 VOLTS

FLEXIBLE METALLIC ARMORED CABLE FOR BRANCH CIRCUITS

NONMETALLIC SHEATHED CABLE FOR BRANCH CIRCUITS

CONNECTORS FOR FLEXIBLE METALLIC ARMORED CABLE AND NONMETALLIC SHEATHED CABLE

LOW VOLTAGE THERMOSTAT AND LIGHTING CONTROL

MINERAL INSULATED CABLE AND TERMINATORS

ALUMINUM SHEATHED CABLE AND CONNECTORS

SERVICE AND FEEDER WIRING SINGLE CONDUCTOR—600 VOLTS

WIRE CONNECTORS AND LUGS

WIRE VERTICAL RISER SUPPORTS

SERVICE AND FEEDER WIRE GROUNDING MATERIALS

MINERAL INSULATED SHEATHED CABLE

600-VOLT INTERLOCKED ARMORED CABLE

5 KV INTERLOCKED ARMORED CABLE

15 KV INTERLOCKED ARMORED CABLE

NONWATERTIGHT AND WATERTIGHT FITTINGS FOR 600-VOLT INTERLOCKED ARMORED CABLE

COMPOUND FITTINGS AND CABLE SPLICING FOR 600-VOLT INTERLOCKED ARMORED CABLE

COMPOUND FITTINGS, POTHEADS, AND CABLE SPLICING FOR 5,000-VOLT INTERLOCKED ARMORED CABLE

COMPOUND FITTINGS, POTHEADS, AND CABLE SPLICING FOR 15,000-VOLT INTERLOCKED ARMORED CABLE

Section 3: WIRING DEVICES—SWITCHES, OUTLETS, AND RECEPTACLES

TUMBLER AND TUMBLER LOCK TYPE SWITCHES

WEATHER PROOF, MARK TIME, AND THERMAL SWITCHES

DOOR, MOMENTARY CONTACT, TUMBLER TYPE DIMMER, AND ROTARY DIMMER SWITCHES

SWITCH AND RECEPTACLE COMBINATIONS AND DUPLEX RECEPTACLES

SINGLE NONGROUNDING RECEPTACLES

SINGLE GROUNDING RECEPTACLES

MISCELLANEOUS RECEPTACLES

SWITCH, RECEPTACLE, AND COMBINATION

MISCELLANEOUS DEVICE PLATES

DESPARD DEVICES

DESPARD PLATES

Section 4: SURFACE METAL RACEWAY AND BRANCH BUSWAY

FITTINGS AND BOXES FOR SURFACE METAL RACEWAY

SURFACE METAL RACEWAY AND WIRE

SURFACE METAL RACEWAY AND MULTI-OUTLET ASSEMBLIES

BRANCH BUSWAY 50-AMP PLUG-IN TYPE

Section 5: LIGHTING FIXTURES

COMMERCIAL INTERIOR INCANDESCENT FIXTURES SURFACE MOUNTED

COMMERCIAL INTERIOR INCANDESCENT FIXTURES SURFACE SURFACE

COMMERCIAL INTERIOR INCANDESCENT FIXTURES—PENDANT MOUNTED

COMMERCIAL INTERIOR INCANDESCENT FIXTURES PENDANT MOUNTED

COMMERCIAL INTERIOR INCANDESCENT FIXTURES ROUND BODY RECESSED MOUNTED

COMMERCIAL INTERIOR INCANDESCENT FIXTURES SQUARE BODY RECESSED MOUNTED

INTERIOR LAMPHOLDER INCANDESCENT FIXTURES

COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL INCANDESCENT FIXTURES

INDUSTRIAL INTERIOR INCANDESCENT FIXTURES

INTERIOR INCANDESCENT VAPORTITE LIGHT FIXTURES AND ACCESSORIES

INTERIOR MERCURY VAPOR FIXTURES

INTERIOR MERCURY VAPOR FIXTURES RIGID VAPORTITE 1-LAMPHOLDER WITH GLASS COVER

INTERIOR MERCURY VAPOR FIXTURES RIGID EXPLOSION PROOF 1-LAMPHOLDER UNITS

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR SURFACE MOUNTED

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR CEILING SUSPENDED

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR RECESSED MOUNTED

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR WALL OR COVE MOUNTED

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR FLUSH MOUNTED AIR HANDLING

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR FLUSH MOUNTED

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR VAPORTITE

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR CLASS I EXPLOSION PROOF

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR CLASS II EXPLOSION PROOF

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES INTERIOR CLASS I EXPLOSION PROOF

FLUORESCENT LUMINOUS CEILING SYSTEMS

AUDITORIUM LIGHTING

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES

INCANDESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES

OUTDOOR FLOOR LIGHTING

Section 6: UNDERFLOOR DUCT

FIBER DUCTS

STANDARD STEEL DUCTS AND FITTINGS

STANDARD STEEL DUCT JUNCTION BOXES AND ACCESSORIES

STEEL TRENCH DUCT

STEEL TRENCH DUCT FITTINGS

STEEL INDUSTRIAL DUCT

DUCT WIRING DEVICES AND ACCESSORIES

LOW AND HIGH POTENTIAL DEVICES

Section 7: BUS DUCT

3-PHASE, 3-POLE BUS DUCT COPPER PLUG-IN TYPE

3-PHASE, 3-POLE BUS DUCT FITTINGS COPPER PLUG-IN TYPE

3-PHASE, 3-POLE BUS DUCT ALUMINUM PLUG-IN TYPE

3-PHASE, 3-POLE BUS DUCT FITTINGS ALUMINUM PLUG-IN TYPE

FUSIBLE AND NONFUSIBLE SWITCHES

PLUG-IN MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

3-PHASE, 3-POLE BUS DUCT COPPER—FEEDER TYPE

3 PHASE, 3-POLE BUS DUCT FITTINGS COPPER—FEEDER TYPE

3 PHASE, 3-POLE BUS DUCT ALUMINUM—FEEDER TYPE

3 PHASE, 3-POLE BUS DUCT FITTINGS ALUMINUM—FEEDER TYPE

Section 8: ELECTRIC HEATING AND VENTILATING

BASEBOARD CONVECTORS

RADIANT BASEBOARDS

BASEBOARD ACCESSORIES

INDOOR TYPE RADIANT HEAT CABLE

600-VOLT OUTSIDE HEATING CABLE

OUTDOOR MAT TYPE HEATING CABLE

SURFACE MOUNTED AND SUSPENDED CEILING MOUNTED RADIANT HEATING PANELS

ELECTRIC FLOOR AND WALL HEATERS

RECESSED AND RADIANT WALL HEATERS

RADIANT AND INFRARED CEILING HEATERS

RADIANT AND INFRARED COMMERCIAL CEILING HEATERS

DUCT INSERT HEATERS

ELECTRIC FURNACES

HYDRONIC HEATER ELEMENTS

FORCED AIR ELECTRIC HEAT ACCESSORIES

AIR TO AIR HEAT PUMPS

STANDARD UNIT HEATERS WITH BLOWERS

EXPLOSION PROOF UNIT HEATERS WITH BLOWERS

POWERED ROOF VENTILATORS

NONHEATING BLOWERS

EXHAUST FANS

ELECTRIC HEATING CONTROLS

Section 9: PANELBOARDS AND ACCESSORIES

BRANCH CIRCUIT PANELBOARDS

BRANCH CIRCUIT PANELBOARDS MISCELLANEOUS INSTALLATIONS AND CONNECTIONS

BRANCH CIRCUIT PANELBOARDS MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER OR SWITCH ADDER MANHOURS

BRANCH CIRCUIT PANELBOARDS SUB-FEEDER CIRCUIT BREAKER OR SWITCH ADDER MANHOURS

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER PANELBOARDS

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER PANELBOARDS CIRCUIT BREAKER TYPE

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER PANELBOARDS

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER PANELBOARDS SWITCH AND FUSE TYPE

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER PANELBOARDS

Section 10: SWITCHBOARDS AND ACCESSORIES

HANDLING LOW VOLTAGE SWITCHBOARD SECTIONS

MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER CONDUCTOR AND SWITCHBOARD BUSWAY STUB CONNECTIONS FOR AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS, POWER PROTECTORS, AND PRESSURE SWITCHES

SWITCH AND FUSE TYPE BRANCHES

SWITCH AND FUSE TYPE BRANCHES

MISCELLANEOUS SWITCHBOARD SECTIONS CONDUCTOR TERMINATIONS AND TERMINAL CONNECTIONS

METERS FOR SWITCHBOARDS 3-PHASE, 4-WIRE

REPLACE BLANK SPACES WITH BRANCH UNITS IN SWITCHBOARDS AND CONNECT CONDUCTORS

SWITCHBOARD PULL BOXES

Section 11: SWITCHES, STARTERS, CONTROLS, AND GUTTERS

EXTERNALLY OPERATED SAFETY SWITCHES GENERAL PURPOSE TYPE ENCLOSURE

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

MAGNETIC STARTERS

DRUM SWITCHES

CONTROL DEVICES

REDUCED VOLTAGE STARTERS

AUXILIARY GUTTERS AND FITTINGS

JUNCTION BOXES

1- and 2-DOOR TERMINAL CABINETS

CURRENT TRANSFORMER, METER TEST CABINETS, AND METER TROUGHS

METER SERVICE ENTRANCE SWITCHES AND METER SOCKET-CIRCUIT BREAKER COMBINATION

METER SOCKET-CIRCUIT BREAKER COMBINATION

INTERCONNECTING CONDUCTORS, SPLIT BOLT CONNECTORS AND LUGS

CONDUIT NIPPLES FOR SPLIT BOLT AND LUG CONNECTORS

Section 12: MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS

HANDLING MOTOR CONTROL MODULAR UNITS

MODULAR CONTROL UNITS

ACCESSORIES FOR MODULAR CONTROL STARTER

MODULAR CONTROL UNITS

MOTOR CONTROL CENTER PULL BOXES

Section 13: MOTOR CONTROLS AND MOTORS

MOTOR STARTING SWITCHES

MOUNTING & CONNECTING DIAL TYPE SPEED REGULATING RHEOSTATS

STARTING COMPENSATORS

30-AMP AC MAGNETIC SWITCHES

3-POLE 220-VOLT AC MAGNETIC SWITCHES

DC MOTOR SWITCHES

DC MOTOR RHEOSTATS & SWITCHES

DC MOTOR SWITCHES

MOUNTING MOTORS

Section 14: POWER TRANSFORMERS

AIR AND OIL COOLED TRANSFORMERS

Section 15: OUTSIDE OVERHEAD SYSTEMS

OVERHEAD STREET LIGHTING

MISCELLANEOUS OVERHEAD SERVICE ITEMS

POLE SETTING

POLE ANCHORS

GUYS

CROSS ARMS, PINS, AND SECONDARY RACKS

STRINGING WIRE

AERIAL CABLE

GROUNDING

PRIMARY & SECONDARY PROTECTIVE DEVICES

OVERHEAD STREET LIGHTING

POLE MOUNTED DISTRIBUTION LINE TRANSFORMERS

DISTRIBUTION LINE REGULATORS & CAPACITORS

Section 16: OUTSIDE UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS

UNDERGROUND FIBER DUCTS

UNDERGROUND ASBESTOS CEMENT DUCTS

UNDERGROUND CLAY DUCTS

LEAD COVERED AND DIRECT BURIAL CABLE

600-VOLT, TYPE RL WIRE CABLE SPLICES

Section 17: COMMUNICATION AND SIGNAL SYSTEMS

LOW VOLTAGE WIRE AND CABLE FOR CONTROL CIRCUITS AND COMMUNICATION AND ANNUNICIATOR SYSTEMS

LOW VOLTAGE WIRE AND CABLE FOR SOUND AND SHIELDED INSTRUMENTATION CIRCUITS

LOW VOLTAGE CABLE SHIELDED PAIR CABLES FOR SOUND AND INSTRUMENTATION

LOW VOLTAGE CABLE UNSHIELDED PAIR CABLES FOR INTERCOM AND SOUND

MISCELLANEOUS AUDIO CABLES COAXIAL, CLOSED CIRCUIT AND TV ANTENNA

WIRE AND CABLE TERMINAL CONNECTIONS

TELEPHONE AND BURGLAR AND CENTRALIZED RADIO SYSTEMS

CLOCK AND PROGRAM SYSTEMS

FIRE ALARM AND HOSPITAL SIGNALING SYSTEMS

NURSES CALL AND PAGING SYSTEMS

INTER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

MISCELLANEOUS SIGNAL SYSTEM DEVICES

POWER SUPPLY ITEMS

Section 18: ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION

LOCAL-MOUNTED FLOW INSTRUMENTS

FLANGED ELECTRICAL LIQUID-LEVEL TRANSMITTERS

ELECTRICAL LOCAL-MOUNTED LIQUID-LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LOCAL-MOUNTED LIQUID-LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LOCAL-MOUNTED LIQUID-LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LOCAL-MOUNTED LIQUID LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LOCAL-MOUNTED PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS

LOCAL-MOUNTED TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS

LOCAL-MOUNTED TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENT

CONTROL PANEL INSTALLATION

CONNECTING ELECTRICAL PANELBOARD INSTRUMENTS

Section 19: ANCHORS, FASTENERS, HANGERS, AND SUPPORTS

MISCELLANEOUS ANCHORS AND BOLTS

EXPANSION AND SELF-DRILL ANCHORS

CONCRETE INSERTS AND POWDER ACTUATED PINES AND STUDS

CHANNEL INSERTS, CONTINUOUS CHANNEL INSERTS, AND CHANNEL SUPPORTS CHANNEL INSERTS AND SUPPORTS

CONDUIT STRAP SUPPORTS

STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAM CLAMPS AND BOLTS

HANGER CHANNELS AND RODS

CONDUIT AND PIPE CLAMPS

CONDUIT, CABLE, AND RING HANGERS

CONDUIT SUPPORTS, STRAPS, AND HANGERS

BUS DUCT WALL BRACKETS

BUS DUCT HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

FIELD CUT KNOCKOUTS FOR PANELBOARDS AND CONTROL CENTERS

SUPPORTS AND FASTENERS FOR DISTRIBUTION CABINETS

GROUTING IN STEEL CHANNELS FOR EQUIPMENT

Section 20: DEMOLITION, EXCAVATION, AND CONCRETE

CHANNELING CONCRETE, BRICK & TILE CONSTRUCTION

CUTTING HOLES IN WALL

EXCAVATION FOR POLES

MACHINE EXCAVATION FOR DUCTS & MANHOLES

HAND EXCAVATION FOR DUCTS & MANHOLES

ROCK EXCAVATION FOR DUCTS AND MANHOLES

SHORING & BRACING TRENCHES

DISPOSAL OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS

MACHINE & HAND BACKFILL

DUCT ENCASEMENT & MANHOLE FORMS

DUCT ENCASEMENT & MANHOLE CONCRETE

Section 21: TECHNICAL INFORMATION

DEFINITIONS

MENSURATION UNITS

CONVERSION FACTORS

DECIMAL AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF COMMON FRACTIONS OF AN INCH

NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HEAT EQUIVALENTS

ELECTRICAL FORMULA FOR DETERMINING AMPERES, HORSEPOWER, KILOWATTS AND KILOVOLT-AMPERES

ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF INSULATED COPPER CONDUCTORS

ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF INSULATED ALUMINUM AND COPPER-CLAD ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS

CORRECTION FACTORS FOR ROOM TEMPERATURES OVER 30°C (86°F)

DERATING FACTORS FOR MORE CONDUCTORS

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS IN TRADE SIZE OF CONDUIT OR TUBING

CONDUIT SPACINGS

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

CONVERSION TABLE

JOB ESTIMATING FORM

Inside Back Cover

Man-Hour Manuals and Other Books by John S. Page

Conceptual Cost Estimating Manual

Cost Estimating Manual for Pipelines and Marine Structures

Estimator’s Electrical Man-Hour Manual/3rd Edition

Estimator’s Equipment Installation Man-Hour Manual/3rd Edition

Estimator’s General Construction Man-Hour Manual/2nd Edition

Estimator’s Man-Hour Manual on Heating, Air Conditioning, Ventilating, and Plumbing/2nd Edition

Estimator’s Piping Man-Hour Manual/5th Edition

John S. Page has wide experience in cost and labor estimating, having worked for some of the largest construction firms in the world. He has made and assembled numerous types of estimates including lump-sum, hard-priced, and scope, and has conducted many time and method studies in the field and in fabricating shops. Mr. Page has a B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Arkansas and received the Award of Merit from the American Association of Cost Engineers in recognition of outstanding service and cost engineering.

Dedication

To all electrical estimators who have spent many hours burning midnight oil and scratching heads trying to estimate reasonable labor units, I dedicate this manual.

Copyright

Copyright © 1959, 1979, 1999 by Butterworth-Heinemann.

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

Permissione may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department In

Oxford, UK. Phone: (44) 1865 843830, Fax: (44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage: http://www.elsevier.com by selecting Customer Support and then Obtaining Permissions.

Originally published by Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX.

For information, please contact:

Manager of Special Sales

Butterworth–Heinemann

An Imprint of Elsevier

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Woburn, MA 01801–2041

Tel: 781-904-2500

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For information on all Butterworth–Heinemann publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com

10 9 8 7 6 5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Page, John S.

Estimator’s electrical man-hour manual / John S. Page. — 3rd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-88415-228-6

ISBN-10: 0-88415-228-6 (alk. paper)

1. Electric engineering—Estimates. I. Title.

TK435.P3 1999

621.319′24′0299—dc21 99-18584

ISBN-13: 978-0-88415-228-6 CIP

ISBN-10: 0-88415-228-6

Printed in the United States of America.

).

PREFACE

This third edition is fully updated with the addition of a new section on electrical instrument installation consisting of eleven new tables.

The labor units, which are expressed in manhours throughout this manual, are for assisting the estimator in estimating electrical installation labor cost for an individual item of work or total project direct cost

The thousands of manhour units that follow, for the most part, are averages of many projects constructed in the Gulf Coast area. Most of these projects were petrochemical related.

After extensive time and method studies and production evaluation of individual electricians, it was determined that the average performing productivity for the Gulf Coast area was equal to 70%. The manhours throughout this manual are based on this percentage.

To correctly apply these manhours to a particular project, a productivity factor giving consideration to location and conditions should be established for application against these manhours. The reader should therefore carefully note the introduction on the following pages, because it outlines a method for obtaining such a productivity factor.

The following basic manhour units provide a separate time allowance for a particular labor operation under specific conditions and circumstances all in accordance with the notes as appears on the individual table pages.

To determine the direct labor dollar value of a project a composite labor rate should be established and applied against the various estimated manhours for the individual units or in total, whichever is desired. The introduction that follows outlines a method to establish the composite rate.

The Human Factor in Estimating

In this high-tech world of sophisticated software packages, including several for labor and cost estimating, you might wonder what a collection of manhour tables offers that a computer program does not. The answer is the human factor. In preparing a complete estimate for a refinery, petrochemical, or other heavy industrial project one often confronts 12–18 major accounts, and each account has 5–100 or more sub-accounts, depending on the project and its engineering design. While it would seem that such numerous variables provide the perfect opportunity for computerized algorithmic solution, accurate, cost-effective, realistic estimating is still largely a function of human insight and expertise. Each project has unique aspects that still require the seasoned consideration of an experienced professional, such as general economy, projects supervision, labor relations, job conditions, construction equipment and weather, to name a few.

Computers are wonderful tools. They can solve problems as no human can, but I do not believe construction estimating is their forté. I have reviewed several construction estimating software packages and have yet to find one that I would completely rely on. Construction estimating is an art, a science, and a craft, and I recommend that it be done by those who understand and appreciate all three of these facets. This manual is intended for those individuals.

John S. Page

INTRODUCTION: Production and Composite Rate

It is common practice to estimate labor operations in manhour units. However, it is obvious that a unit manhour and its dollar value would not be the same for all projects in all locations. Therefore, the following is offered for establishing productivity factors and composite rates for application against the following manhour units.

There should be sound reasoning and understanding to back up a monetary unit before it is applied to an item for labor value. The best reasoning is manhours based on what we call productivity efficiency coupled with production elements.

After comparison of many projects, constructed under varied conditions, we have found that production elements can be grouped into six different classifications and that production percentages can be classified into five different categories.

The six different classifications of production elements are:

1. General