Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover: All the Formulas You Need to Solve Drilling and Production Problems
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- Back-of-the envelope calculations that save time and money
- Easily evaluate the performance of your well
- Confidently design or redesign operations that will improve production
- Handle special production projects with ease
Thomas Carter
Mr. Carter has over fifty five years' experience in domestic and international engineering and management positions in the area of drilling, completion and E&P waste management with Conoco, Baroid, and several other drilling contractors. He has conducted seminars and schools on fluids, rig equipment, and drilling engineering related subjects associated with drilling optimization, cost reduction, and well control. Tom has served as Chairman of the API standardization committee (SC 13) on Drilling and Completion Fluid Materials. He was a SPE Distinguished Lecturer in 1993 and served as the Editor of the SPE reprint series book on drilling fluids. Currently, he is a member of the Chevron Clear Leader Center serving as a Technical Learning Advisor in Houston. He coordinates and has teaching participation in several subject areas such as Coiled Tubing Operations, Directional Drilling, Drilling Fluids, Drilling Practices, Fundamentals for Drilling and Completion, HPHT Drilling and Completions, and Solids Control and Waste Management. He is still active in several industry organizations and was President of the Houston chapter of the American Association of Drilling Engineers, Coordinator for the SPE North American Forum Series, Membership Chairman of the editorial committee for the Journal of Petroleum Technology and on the Board of Directors for the Ocean Energy Center Society (Ocean Star rig museum in Galveston). He has published 20 technical publications and holds five U.S. patents. He graduated with a BS in Geology from Centenary College in Shreveport, Louisiana in 1963.
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Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover - Thomas Carter
Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover
All the Formulas You Need to Solve Drilling and Production Problems
Third Edition
William Lyons
Tom Carter
Norton J. Lapeyrousse
Expanded and Updated Material
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Preface
Chapter One. Basic Equations
Publisher Summary
1.0 Terminology
1.1 Mud Weight MW (lb/ft³), Mud Weight MW (ppg), and Specific Gravity (SG) [USCS/British]
1.2 Density ρ (kg/m³ or kg/liter), Mud Weight MW (N/m³ or N/liter), and Specific Gravity (SG) [SI-Metric]
1.3 Hydrostatic Pressure (P) and (p) [USCS/British]
1.4 Hydrostatic Pressure (P) and (p) [SI-Metric]
1.5 Pressure Gradient ∇ (psi/ft), G (ppg) [USCS/British]
1.6 Pressure Gradient G (SG) [SI-Metric]
1.7 Equivalent Circulating Density
ECD (ppg) [USCS/British]
1.8 Equivalent Circulating Density
ECD (N/liter) and ECD (SG) [SI-Metric]
1.9 Mud Pump Output Q (bbl/stk) and q (gpm) [USCS/British]
1.10 Capacity Formulas
1.11 Annular Velocity Van (ft/min)
1.12 Strokes per Minute (SPM) Required for a Given Annular Velocity
1.13 Control Drilling
1.14 Buoyancy Factor (BF)
1.15 Decrease When Pulling Pipe Out of the Hole
1.16 Loss of Overbalance Due to Falling Mud Level
1.17 Circulating Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP)
1.18 Pump Pressure/Pump Stroke Relationship (the Roughneck's Formula)
1.19 Cost per Foot
1.20 Temperature Conversion Formulas
Chapter Two. Basic Calculations
Publisher Summary
2.0 Capacity, Volumes, and Strokes
2.1 Slug Calculations
2.2 Accumulator Capacity
2.3 Bulk Density of Cuttings (Using Mud Balance)
2.4 Drill String Design (Limitations)
2.5 Ton-Mile (TM) Calculations
2.6 Cementing Calculations
2.7 Depth of a Washout
2.8 Lost Returns—Loss of Overbalance
2.9 Stuck Pipe Calculations
2.10 Calculations Required for Placing Spotting Pills in an Open Hole Annulus
2.11 Pressure Required to Break Circulation
References
Chapter Three. Drilling Fluids
Publisher Summary
3.0 Mud Density Increase and Volume Change
3.1 Mud Weight Reduction with Base Liquid Dilution
3.2 Mixing Fluids of Different Densities
3.3 Oil-Based Mud Calculations
3.4 Solids Analysis
3.5 Solids Fractions (Barite-Treated Muds)
3.6 Dilution of Mud System
3.7 Evaluation of Hydrocyclones
3.8 Evaluation of Centrifuge
References
Chapter Four. Pressure Control: Kill Sheets and Related Calculations
Publisher Summary
4.0 Normal Kill Sheet
4.1 Calculations
4.2 Kill Sheet with a Tapered String
4.3 Kill Sheet for a Highly Deviated Well
4.4 Prerecorded Information
4.5 Kick Analysis
4.6 Pressure Analysis
4.7 Stripping/Snubbing Calculations
4.8 Subsea Considerations
4.9 Workover Operations
4.10 Controlling Gas Migration
4.11 Gas Lubrication
4.12 Annular Stripping Procedures
4.13 Worksheet
References
Chapter Five. Engineering Calculations
Publisher Summary
5.0 Bit Nozzle Selection—Optimized Hydraulics
5.1 Hydraulics Analysis
5.2 Critical Annular Velocity and Critical Flow Rate
5.3 The d
Exponent
5.4 Cuttings Slip Velocity
5.5 Surge and Swab Pressures
5.6 Equivalent Circulation Density (ECD)
5.7 Fracture Gradient Determination—Surface Applications
5.8 Fracture Gradient Determination—Subsea Applications
5.9 Directional Drilling Calculations
5.10 Miscellaneous Equations and Calculations
References
Chapter Six. Air and Gas Calculations
Publisher Summary
Appendix A
Tank Capacity Determinations
Appendix B
Appendix C. Average Annual Atmospheric Conditions
Index
Copyright
Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
The Boulevard, Langford Lane,
Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK
© 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies, and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods, they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Application submitted
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-1-85617-929-4
For information on all Gulf Professional Publishing publications, visit our website: www.elsevierdirect.com
13 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Printed in the United States of America
Preface
Over the past several years, hundreds of oil field personnel have told me that they have enjoyed this book. Some use it as a secondary reference source, some use it as their primary source for formulas and calculations, and some use it to reduce the volume of materials they must carry to the rig floor or job site. Regardless of the reason people use it, the primary purpose of this book is to provide a convenient source of reference to those people who don’t use formulas and calculations on a regular basis.
In the preface to the first edition, I mentioned a driller who carried a briefcase full of books with him each time he went to the rig floor. I also spoke of a drilling supervisor who carried two briefcases of books. This book should reduce the number of books each of them needs to perform his job.
This book is still intended to serve oil field workers for the entirety of their careers. I have added several formulas and calculations, some in English field units and some in metric units. I have also added the Volumetric Procedure, the Lubricate and Bleed Procedure (both Volume and Pressure Methods), and stripping procedures (both the Strip and Bleed Procedure and the Combined Stripping and Volumetric Procedure).
This book has been designed for convenience. It will occupy very little space in anyone’s briefcase. It has a spiral binding so it will lay flat and stay open on a desk. The Table of Contents and the Index make looking up formulas and calculations quick and easy. Examples are used throughout to make the formulas as easy as possible to understand and work, and often exact words are used rather than symbols.
This book is dedicated to the thousands of oil field hands worldwide who have to use formulas and calculations, whether on a daily basis or once or twice a year, and who have problems remembering them. This book should make their jobs a little easier.
Chapter One
Basic Equations
Publisher Summary
This chapter introduces the concept of density in oil field terminology, which refers to specific weight. Specific weight is in the units of lb/ft3 or lb/gallon (ppg). This chapter refers to the specific weight as mud weight. Density is used only when referring to the SI-metric values of kg/m3, kg/liter, and gram/cm3 (which are actual density values in that unit system) and for the term ECD. This chapter describes the mud weight, and specific gravity in USCS/British units and SI units. Following this, it provides an understanding of hydrostatic pressure using formulae and equations. It also explains pressure gradient in USCS/British units and SI units. Furthermore, it explains some capacity formulas for annular capacity between casing or hole and drill pipe, tubing, or casing. Finally, it illustrates some temperature and conversion formulas.
This chapter introduces the various units of weight that are used in the drilling profession. The use of the term density in the book is explained as it pertains to the calculations presented in the book. Basic equations for mud weight and specific gravity are presented.
Key Words: Mud weight, density, specific gravity, SI units, hydrostatic pressure, Rankine
1.0 Terminology
The term density as used in USCS/British oil field terminology is a slang term for a value that is actually specific weight. Specific weight is in the units of lb/ft³ or lb/gallon (ppg). Actual density in the USCS/British would be the specific weight term divided by 32.2 ft/sec² and would result in a USCS/British density of slug/ft³. Neither the density term nor the actual density term is used in this book. This book uses the term mud weight (MW) for specific weight (lb/ft³or ppg). Density is used only when referring to the SI-metric values of kg/m³, kg/liter, and gram/cm³ (which are actual density values in that unit system) and for the term ECD.
1.1 Mud Weight MW (lb/ft³), Mud Weight MW (ppg), and Specific Gravity (SG) [USCS/British]
Definition: Mud weight of fresh water MW (lb/ft³)
(1.1)
Example: Mud weight of fresh water MW (ppg)
(1.2)
where: 1 gal = 231 in.³
1 ft = 12 in.
Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG
(1.3)
or
(1.4)
Example: SG of a mud weight of 12.0 ppg
(1.5)
1.2 Density ρ (kg/m³ or kg/liter), Mud Weight MW (N/m³ or N/liter), and Specific Gravity (SG) [SI-Metric]
Definition: Mud density of fresh water ρ (kg/m³)
(1.6)
Example: Mud density of fresh water ρ (kg/liter)
where: 1 liter = 10−3 m³
Example: Mud weight of fresh water MW (N/m³)
where: g = 9.81 m/sec²
Example: Mud weight of fresh water MW (N/liter)
Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG (using density)
or
Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG (using mud weight)
or
Conversion: Mud weight of 12.0 ppg to mud weight MW (N/liter)
(1.7)
where: 1 ppg = 1.175 N/liter
Example: Mud weight of 14.1 N/liter to density ρ (kg/liter)
Example: SG of mud using density of 1.44 kg/liter
Example: SG of a mud with a specific weight of 14.1 N/liter
Table 1-1
Mud Weight and Density Conversion Factors Summary
1.3 Hydrostatic Pressure (P) and (p) [USCS/British]
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure P (lb/ft³) at a depth H (ft) below surface is
(1.8)
where: H (ft) is true vertical depth (TVD)
Example: Pressure (lb/ft²) in fresh water at a depth of 1000 ft
Example: Pressure (lb/ft²) in 12.0 ppg at a depth of 1000 ft
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure p (psi) at a depth H (ft) below surface is (using equation (1.8))
which reduces to
or
(1.9)
Example: Pressure (psi) in fresh water at a depth of 1000 ft
Example: Pressure (psi) in 12.0 ppg at a depth of 1000 ft
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure p (psi) at a depth H (ft) below surface is (using equation (1.8))
which reduces to
or
(1.10)
Example: Pressure (psi) in fresh water at a depth of 1000 ft
Example: Pressure (psi) in 12.0 ppg mud at a depth of 1000 ft
1.4 Hydrostatic Pressure (P) and (p) [SI-Metric]
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure P (N/m²) at a depth H (m) below surface is (using N/m³)
(1.11)
Example: Pressure (N/m²) in fresh water at a depth of 305 m (~ 1000 ft)
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure P (N/m²) at a depth H (m) below surface is (using N/liter)
(1.12)
Example: Pressure (N/m²) in fresh water at a depth of 305 m (~ 1000 ft)
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure P (N/m²) at a depth H (m) below surface is (using SG)
(1.13)
or
(1.14)
Example: Pressure (N/m²) in fresh water at a depth of 305 m (~ 1000 ft)
Example: Pressure (N/m²) in mud with an SGm of 1.44 at a depth of 305 m (~ 1000 ft)
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure p (N/cm²) at a depth H (m) below surface is (using SG)
(1.15)
Example: Pressure