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    Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water: Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure
    Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water: Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure
    Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water: Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure
    Ebook471 pages2 hours

    Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water: Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure

    By John Colt

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    About this ebook

    Aquacultural, oceanographic, and fisheries engineering, as well as other disciplines, require gas solubility data to compute the equilibrium concentration. These calculations, for example, can affect the output of aquacultural production or assist in environmental consulting. Until now, published solubility information has not been available in a consistent and uniform manner in one location. This book presents solubility concentrations of major atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide), noble gases (helium, neon, krypton, xenon), and trace gases (hydrogen, methane, nitrous oxide) as a function of temperature, salinity, pressure, and gas composition in a variety of formats. Data, equations, and theory are explained so that the user is able to understand the calculations and problems. Furthermore, data and solubility information are presented in a range of units to make them accessible across disciplines. This book will help the reader to look at a problem from a quantitative viewpoint and better understand carbonate chemistry. Revised from the earlier edition to include more accurate carbon dioxide tables and separate sections on the solubility of noble gases, trace gases, and oxygen in brines to provide a single resource for gas solubility data. This book is essential for all students and practitioners working in aquatic fields.
    • A single source for highly accurate and comprehensive tables for gas solubility in aquatic systems
    • Information provided in tables, equations, and computer programmes
    • Theory is presented to better understand the equations and calculations
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateJan 17, 2012
    ISBN9780124159679
    Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water: Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure

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      Book preview

      Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water - John Colt

      Table of Contents

      Cover image

      Front-matter

      Copyright

      Guide to Gas Solubility Tables and Physical Properties

      Table and Page Index

      Example Problems Index

      Introduction

      1. Solubility of Atmospheric Gases in Freshwater

      2. Solubility of Atmospheric Gases in Brackish and Marine Waters

      3. Supersaturation of Gases

      4. Solubility of Noble Gases in the Atmosphere

      5. Solubility of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere

      6. Solubility of Gases in Brines

      7. Physical Properties of Water

      References

      Appendix A. Computation of Gas Solubility

      Appendix B. Computation of Physical Properties of Water

      Appendix C. Computer Programs

      Appendix D. Supplemental Information

      Front-matter

      Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water

      Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water

      Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure

      Second Edition

      John Colt Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service Seattle, WA, USA

      AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

      Copyright

      Elsevier

      32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY

      225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA

      First edition by American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland 1984

      Second edition 2012

      Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

      No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions

      This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

      Notices

      Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

      Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

      To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

      ISBN: 978-0-12-415916-7

      For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com

      This book has been manufactured using Print On Demand technology. Each copy is produced to order and is limited to black ink. The online version of this book will show color figures where appropriate.

      Guide to Gas Solubility Tables and Physical Properties

      Solubility in μmol/kg or nmol/kg

      Solubility in mg/L

      Solubility in mL/L

      Gas Tension (mmHg/(mg/L))

      Bunsen Coefficient (L/(L atm))

      Bunsen Coefficient (L/(L mmHg))

      Bunsen Coefficient (L/(L kPa))

      Physical Properties of Water

      Table and Page Index

      Example Problems Index

      Introduction

      Gas solubility data are required for a variety of oceanographic, limnological, fisheries engineering, aquacultural, and engineering applications. The maintenance of an adequate concentration of dissolved oxygen is a major problem in the culture of aquatic animals. Low levels of dissolved oxygen can reduce the growth of cultured animals, decrease feed utilization, increase disease problems, and result in massive mortality. In very high intensity culture systems, the buildup of carbon dioxide must be controlled. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations are also a problem in lakes, streams, and marine conditions due to both natural and man-made causes. Under certain conditions, supersaturation of dissolved gases can be lethal to aquatic animals. The effects of gas supersaturation depend on the degree of supersaturation, the gas composition, and the position of the animal in the water column. In the marine environment, information on the supersaturation of inert gases can be used as powerful tracers of physical and biological processes.

      Both the measurement and control of dissolved gas concentrations depend on an accurate knowledge of equilibrium concentrations. It is necessary to be able to compute the equilibrium concentration as a function of temperature, salinity, pressure, and gas composition. This book is divided into seven major sections:

      1. Solubility of major atmospheric gases in freshwater

      2. Solubility of major atmospheric gases in marine waters

      3. Computation and reporting of gas supersaturation levels

      4. Solubility of noble gases

      5. Solubility of trace gases

      6. Solubility of gases in brines

      7. Physical properties of water.

      The most accurate gas solubility relationships are computationally complex. This type of information is needed for some applications. For some engineering applications, however, the accuracy requirements are typically not as restrictive, so simpler solubility relationships can be used.

      Solubility data are presented in the text in both equation and tabular form. With this information, the equilibrium concentrations of pure gases, air, or mixtures of gases can be computed. In most cases, interpolation should not be needed. Sample problems are included in each section.

      Two additional stand-alone programs are provided to estimate gas solubility as a function of temperature, pressure, salinity, and gas composition. AIRSAT is an executable program for Windows computers that computes the standard air solubility concentration or air solubility of the 11 gases presented in this book. The second program, ARBSAT, computes the solubility of a gas as a function of an arbitrary mole fraction. Both programs can be downloaded from http://www.elsevierdirect.com/companion.jsp?ISBN=9780124159167.

      An errata and update file can also be found at this site listed above: if improved solubility information is published, revised tables will be listed. If you have any suggestions, questions, or corrections, I can be reached at one of the following e-mail addresses:

      john.colt@noaa.gov

      johncolt@halcyon.com

      1. Solubility of Atmospheric Gases in Freshwater

      Keywords

      gas solubility, freshwater, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, standard air solubility, air solubility, Bunsen coefficients, partial pressures

      This chapter presents tabular information on the standard air saturation concentration (moist air at 1 atm) for oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide gas in terms of μmol/kg, mg/L, and mL/L; and in terms of Bunsen coefficients L real gas/(L atm); mg real gas/(L mmHg); and mg real gas/(L kPa) for 0–40°C and freshwater conditions. Because the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is changing, solubility information is provided for 2010 (390 μatm) and for 2030 (440 μatm) based on projected atmospheric values. Tabular information is also provided to allow computation of standard air saturation concentrations of carbon dioxide gas directly as a function of atmospheric mole fraction. Conversion factors are presented to convert these concentrations to other commonly used units. Equations and tabular information are provided to compute air saturation concentration for moist air at local barometric pressure for the four atmospheric gases. Because of the importance of dissolved oxygen in biological processes, the air solubility concentration is also presented as a function of elevation for both metric and English elevations. Equations and tabular information are provided to allow conversion of concentrations in mg/L to partial pressures in mmHg. Sample problems are included for representative examples.

      Standard Air Solubility Concentration in μmol/kg ( )—Freshwater

      ) of the major atmospheric gases are presented in terms of μmol/kg for freshwater in the following tables:

      The carbon dioxide concentration is based on an assumed mole fraction of 390 μatm for 2010 and 440 μatm for 2030. A separate approach will be presented in the following section to allow computation of the standard air solubility of carbon dioxide gas as a function of mole fraction.

      Example 1-1

      Convert the standard air solubility concentration of oxygen in μmol/kg for 30.3°C to

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