HEADQUARTERS

MEDITERRANEAN ALLIED AIR FORCES

THE HISTORY OF M.AAF.
DECEMBER 1943 - 1 SEPTEMBER 1944
Classification changed to
el,
2 WAY 1945
Nc
HEADQUARTERS
MEDITERRANEAN ALLIED AIR FORCES
-
A. P. O. 650
18 April 1945
Bri g. General R. 0. Candee
Di rect or, Air I ns t r uct i on
Command and General Staff School
For Leavenworth, Kansas.
Deer General Gandee:
As I promised i n ray l e t t e r of 12 Apri l , I send you
herewith a carbon copy of the narrat i ve sect i on of the
hi st or y of MAAF for t he peri od of 10 December 1943
through 1 September 1944, I hope i t wi l l be useful to
you and t o the Command and General Staff School. If you
can fi nd time, I would appreci at e any comments or sug
gest i ons you would care to make about i t . They wi l l be
hel pful i n the next i nst al l ment j on which I am now s t a r t
ing to work.
Sincerely
JAMES PAHTON,
Lt . ^Col . , A. CL,
HifcWrlan.
1 Inol s: "The History of M.A.A.F. "
18 April 1945
Bri g. Oeneral H. C. Gandee
Di rect or, Air I nst r uct i on
Oommand and General Stafi School
Leavenworth, Kansas.
Dear General Gandee:
As I promised i n my l e t t e r of 12 April, I send you
herewith a carbon copy ot the narrat i ve sect i on of the
hi st or y of MAAF for the peri od of 10 December 1943
through 1 September 1944. I hope i t wi l l be useful to
you and t o the Command and General Staff School. If you
can fi nd time* I would appreciate any comments or sug
gest i ons you would care to make about i t . They will be
hel pful i n the next i nst al l ment on which I am now s t ar t
ing to work.
Sincerely
JAMES PAHTON,
Lt . Col., A. 0. ,
Hi st ori an.
1 I nc l s : *The History of M,A.A.F.
H
r i
'<ri --h ..L ;'.! **.
DXTSRJUKEAN ALLIICD A1H FORCBtS

12. .Peoembor.
1, :'ertenber 1,9
Prepared by
The HIatorian
Hq. M.A.A.F.
Aoril 1945
rt K-r>H
J5
1. The following narrative ani the aooomnnnyinr t hl rt y
volumes or BupportlRg doouatnfca comprise the inte
< R as ooiapl0t aa oan be oom>ild In the f i el d of
the -.it-erranean <Llla Ur forces froa data of aotivati^rt,
10 Boomber 1045J to I tpttmber : :* It Is intended to o^iv
ry the story forward with sl si l l a* interim narratives unt i l the
<3O^
:
ol the
T
~;urwe&n ^at*. Aefieribled In Washington,
thBBd perl odl o narr^ti ve^ Ln eun wi l l form a oon&eout!ve hl . s-
t ory ox rXi tor) ai r oowpmn& In the -'ecll terrene an from Deoats^p
1 -43 onward.
3 the top (5c?B
fn
and, tt. AAi. was s l gni f icarit j r l
narl l y as a -olioy-makin organisation. The following hi story
therelore KIVQS '^flrtloular emphasis to ^olloy. leaving the
det ai l s of i t ? execution tn b narrated in the hi st ori es cf
HAAF
v
f
e subordinate ai r roreee and comimn*B. The supporting
. hav# been oho sen with Same conce^ticn in alnd*
. i/1 ve onp 1 e5 oi th 3,0 hi 9 to ry havtr ban r
:
P*PWf dj of
wtilch only the l i r s t Is Buprvort^d by (3DOumenti, This t hi rt y
jwvol\ iRftter oopy i s being AiapatelMi^ to the A^F Ilia
torl eal Archives in Washington. Retri buti on of the four
eaTbon oor:>ie of the narrativ? i s ai
3
f ol l ovs : - 1) Vic. , *,
g) Lt Oen. Ira 0. 2aker; 3) Oomnrnd & 0-annral Staff Bohocl*
rtt ^eavenw>rth# Kane,; 4) Air Ministry, London,
JAMES POT
Lt. Col.,
Hi a tori ail,
Hq. K,A,A.
Caerta# It al y
April 6
IX
**
THE HISTORY OF M.A.A.*\
roeoe-.nber 1943 1 September 1944
Chapter I
1
t er XV NATION - 37
Ghaptr VII OVEHALL OP E AAT I ONS
Chapter VIII AN ZIO
ter XI SITUATION
4
Cliapter XXI
14
V
x VI
It. A. Ai I . Page 94
Chapter IX THK ^XHIMBNT OF
Page 173
Chapter X ^STiUHaLli:
11
AH0 "DIADEM
11
!>ag* 186
THE INVASION OF SOUTHERN FRANCE Page 316
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J'\lly 21 700 31 '316 10 29j 53 19- "1- 7 523
11
6
377 t.> 62 7- 0- 0 534 0 1
6 1075 23 703 J 4lj 113 36- 2- 9 115 2 1
24 131
20 762
4 415 S7 16- /.i.-li hOI) 1
290 6tY3g 65 l'J4 '3 l,.66-68-200 3600 101 21L')'
res baaed on Inte11iQence es tOB of enerav order or
"-n fl'lUre.

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hi ole
.. -,', .
u
o
d
to,
111ed g un f es
ved rox1m
to-one uper10rl ty 1n 1n try ane on
t L1ne eo r of the
in front-
, Balno
d
tl
t1t r can 10 .I11ed lv1s1on t ced D
man D1v1
nt n d tb:rou h tb rln rou. thl reat dven 1n the
1r " 101ted by the n ar'l non- to
LW...' ......L.lF. 0 ffen ve
in t the nemy's B
11
11n e. u while the 11
1n strength, the resour w1 e below
"
lquet 11 d by

14.
'""1"0 onVEl 8 all throuh 11 I1n
(
th nt c nt nueu out b tllO l1ne t 1
t t1 n C ~ 8 It ne 0 t I1n '1e01n
Y -
t e oth r rou
y S tetano- ned t

Y.
00 1
2ft program of n1r taok n a1n t
d no rthern ,t ian rail y
cont 1 ut d to tb attnt1c'tn ot
up l1es.
ti t r ttaok
ln t Enemy un1 tlone and 5u 11 n
motor t
Intel11 enoe ection 0
It
If nI'1DnllI'8d b th 1
m th
f 1 on 8 tim
DI
.
,24

rt 0 Outl1ne 1
1
the
th
con
,000
ttI t 1 e stirn te t
of
con umotlon the
n1 . requ
tons pe r dRy va
tely 600 ton. on
t ooast; th 1'8
t ral1v 1 a 1
lnterd ct10n and a 1
lIStoc
tiona
10 day
lim1t1 t

tdth th A.
b 11 v d
fuel. It 1 ap
otor 18 the fu 1
24. !e!,A, Vol. I,
D.
,.
11
b
1
1 b
d
r 1n n 1 n r, r th
r h 1n ott n tv
( 0) "1'0 1 ttl
u art 0 _erat1on8. If
.I:n(, 88 0 , 0 v W
p . e '-
o
y h
1 t t t t b ttl ,
t r. h 1
'the tl r t po rtl not th

b n coo 11 h y t co tinu int 0 tl not
r 1 1 at ter til roh. ro. h I'll
Int 81tl tion ot th Int t o 1
-
UoU n In y
d tl

oth ot10 d
r '0 088 to b U 1n th1 Drul50,
low th In! n,
t v to J
St t 0 in ound.1n Itl i t
'l'b in rdl tory plan nvlsAJ:ren mul t1 ud1nou out 0" 1
rt
,
u nno rollIng to
, Y t e h vi in
11
. 1t

v
n my U l1 I in
Iv
un! tlon, 0 tb r.
110 n prior! ty
t t
n- t
nul lin an
t

-: :,
-
1
lstory, 01. ).
Vol.
, l'

(
28.
-1
~ , ' ~ - '
......... l
~ \ I " I .
...., \
h z
n 1 11
u 1t
here h bur tout in
enth
1.
,.
th
H U1 ,
, u t1l th t t 111
t ort and wl b 1 to 1
lin. .dOM, e
of
, but th
op t10
t
n t co olu d until Jun
in t uc.t d by
o
In t . 6. e
-
Y by a1r tt
10 0 H
,

1n
bUll din 8, eve
of bloh dl reotl,. h1
w 11 eu! ho v1 y. r1 the bal 08
,
tl th return (i to
on the 18
figh o nee tr t d 0
, mo e y a. und e t the It
T lr
orat1on rin" the
dow t r v rlety t
t n 1, ort, /"t, troo 10 s,
at - 1n 00 1 x p tt m or 0 1vi ty "'hi ch
1,300 - 1, 00 t r
,
ion t it n 1 convoy otlon, r/ :re au
1 aot1vi ty, bo hI trag rts 1n
""0 n n
on the ooa t. tl tl e
u o l1e r wn to nlatoon 1 Ith 110 COy r ot
t 1

ee b 1 t n 1"" tl
1
lr 0 IVity it n 11
t offens1v Ih e - uoh 0 er tl n
t vince of t e v lou air 0
the selves. L t
o ,t anov a1 a 01 on f r
CloUl.L.LQV mente
n tenn ! et ort, po n DII

OXl:;lOllls1
49 at otlv"
tu t 84, 30 n f 0

(') th
t
l'Ch to az June 1
n 843 n er

I
nom o
t
no
80
.0058 of
tt ot1v be n
STl1Al:n:K."o
d DIA, , t 1 tt r n tu
1y 1
n 0
the rt,
r
,Blrewlth th br

-'
3
8, ,103
72. 6 6
7,949 84,603
6. th r aly 18 t t tl tic
o n tlng t at n 1m b.. t!' t
"
t
Y
w
brunt the.
l'l
, uttlng
ort1 B an in 60, 95 ton t
1 ,7 4 and ,549 tons h gla d ; ~ , 5
by Co al. \tin Y nt.tl 1ty t 1
t.at
.,
xpen(led 76,88 tt otlve snrtl
an ,06 tn, lth5,36 rt 'an 15,0 n
b th j'
do 7,754
the 'mr'l.ntl
t
0 ..............
p
P
b
e
o
Q01I.Il" A' ,1l1l:I' U
84,
I ._
....
r ? it; .. ':"=-1.....
",. , ~ . , ~ I ~ : ~ I'
; .
,.
u n
t t tl tioal
t n
OU
th er () I
on
eaa.... y. t tl
o
t ........ ...
l1
O t troy by
1n to t l1ng toll
t
01.
,
'!l.
ed 31 July 1944
Vol. VII, T
Vol. I, '1'

tit i;J ,
, " ," , . . ill

proc
',;: '. M
I -.
! . . J !'!1
'i:
I,'

f m 1 0 t

r
n Jun


n rl ov r, T t etta. , wh r in
to f oon

.30

3. 1J!Y,
1. VII,

..
', r>
,
1'\ I
r J r-
Il
.' I.
....
'" '" 4
"
1
-
lpalon8. 1thin tb

t olnechao nent t th en ed
1"1 d, 10n 1 ion. Ju t 't
Plsa an t re bolo ,
00 onents ot etla w_ en oart n
Y. .. ....,nsl 111 ty. '1'h e n in the 19 arCh
lv 'or 1, he r r Foroe w 61 n d
1 e ru '1 I1no, the rn1 br1.ano 11ne,
I1n an th m1 U1J!lonfP.P8eo

r, 0 ents e 1
on v found t no 1 the el
o olnt of att ok. to e v...vn conoem d.... In
01 t oholae ot t t ntt ok d fUll con 14 r
t ven to t n o.t aOQU oy oh1
by d1um bo

8 ult th lectl n f
1y 0110 d
%'lor! 1e
Romben 1. Jor r1 e

....
1.
ettve
( )
(
train.
o.
1;1. Mum bomb!! r 9

n
"

nt :
t cUos 111
,
nence the
t 111
-
lfNo 1eIS valuable vas t
bel" to oontlnue 0 t1n
um bombel'8 were rounded by
th t trat10 weu1 d remain fro zen
look oreate by the medium bo
ur1n er10d of entoroed 1n tiv1 ty.
'In add1 tion th il
n y 1y by virtu
y on the' 1'0 d , an on
lnt diot1on h d be n
f tinl 00 1ement to
1t ul hay been 1
a standltill. "
34. Hea!y bo bers.
tr tag c r .01'08 was u d only
ur1ng
, usually when
thl'
e r. Th1s
even thou
er 19ht b
..
average nl.lD.bel"
hit on bn w s r
10 tons 1n ove b r
to
1
D in arob 1944.
or 18 ail\
.._n;<J out be en
88 to the lin.
'In 85 of the att ere 10

1n ,
t of
two
fUzed.1 no e and Two
1'8 made vi th 1000 lb. b mba wi th
but insuff10ient e erl 9 gain d to
n1 true co d'180n ot tlve merits ot
1 11
t e ot bo bs to be
3. 1'1shtel'=bomb8 operation,. ent:
IfF0 r m 0 nt th ii t bo b r t roe b d n
loy d m inly on a1088 BUpl' rt tS81ona, but when
W1 toh d on to nemy communioat1ons th y rapidl y roy d
th 1:r worth.
outs
:r1-
ttaoks
ainet higher priori ty t r t. Its
t I' north of lsa were 1n a 1"8 ort dated 11 Jun. 31
oct t:
31.
01. VII, TOO.
1y
th ra.11
bined.
the
oll61bl t brin
., 7
..
lr
It
l11t

rdo r
ditf10ul t in the
ot' Y' tr 10.
flo 1 oonslde
in 1'u""t : h , ~ ~ ' nn
th war ttort.
OOl:m1en :
done by t
1th l1ttle
the1r ettorte,
ov 1'-&1 1
loving up 1'0

~ . . ....~
r
a
m T po
V8'l!'1
,
~
, ~ j ~ 5 r ~ .', .' j i
~ . . - " ....) .... ' . . J . : ~ " " " - , ~
...
-
1 natu t
U W ! H ~ ~ e .
ran art tlon, en
t n1 ht d 11
1
-
.
1x t
11.
(1) ..
( ) ..
( ).

...
..
e ..
9
10
304
telllna
fro 18
L).
( >.
.
31'"
..
d<t.U)
ts w
nil, tr.
nt, 61
roh to
( ).
(oj.
()..
... :3
Cl 24
957
t
cent,
rob t 23
1
Bomb Tonn e. o. .
186
. . ...
. ..
d.ur1n
t va
h1ch
t tol
.3 1t! Ton
n
To 0
tt
t in
vnt
to t
'. .,.... lOto
-
:
Ho
t
uoc e Ul g un
tight,
hi
r
v r
38. d ibove thoe 1n nc1u 10ns the 1
th e n to be re ambo bombing olloy
1n 00 un10 t10na ust not be ov r- 1m 11 ld nnd 11 1
to t c e W1 WQS n ln hi
1n c u n qu .1y ron
o. tt ok th ex luslon
e b t otical t t h1ch
e r troc uoces 0 att 0 B on m
moo10 tl nB ........ .....""'ts 1 no' e u 1 t :JB ot t e t .10
ti0 0 r 1 f 11 t1 bu 1 t ,1 t tl not eBent
u 11 ohin t enomy. In B onses, uch .. 1 11y,
at b h1eved by t yin r 11 Y NS
t 111t s. In ot
,
uo It y, ,utrlght outtln t
b1"l
be , tcrabl. In all 0
,
bo 11
ab an
att
in t a v l"lety
.t ts t o h1o, on 10
I7 oiro
t 0 1ndio te.
3
e ov .... all ... f .ot1VenCu,:lB t 0.11" war 1n
d
e t
-
-
,
.'
.,""r.j
,
of ""
absolutely
orwal"
b
ag
l'
......
tanoe
1n country
ord rll
nt1
P .1'
xo

_.
) ,
.-""\ "',
, , '" '. "'" "f
t1. '
,
JJ*
" ',' j i, I
\ _
t
....
lilt y cl til 1
ntl nfir t the
t a1 r pow r 0 m.1 be
to do in a land
gn t this n ture:
t a highly
1. even when that

It oan not P:Yirt th v
strate 43 res rYes to t t e
t10al reserves from one t ot the front to
another, or ot fON rd trnops to ire h po t1 n
1n rear.
of t
"(d) In short, 1t oan mt lutely 1 1 t
b ttl f1eld from encay u 11 or re1ntol'O nt.
"() It OM not
e1th r ot ur
port 1n tall tiona,
vOy t a, eta.,
. tt c' or ro43onnai
t 1t can do, andh
1t DlU t be re mere ob,
o
t enaive on or out 1
for the most highly
e.r rolonged 1
on the round - ev n
d t nce; 1t can tum an
v1rtually ell tn t an
t1n roe.
l'fl'he nvers
y t8ol! oannot,
1ze and 01
3'
J... 7g4, 1 Jun 19 ,Ibid. Vo VII,

-
;. ' ~ ' . ' .;)
.t..
1
1. n 1 1 rne hibi u t p
m oe in he 6 y
at 9
ion th
t 1n t aoe
th
be n t ok in I
:'1' 10ft n be an on nl t ot 1/1
y 16 ust 1t
in! 11 , lib it 1 q 1 t1n
din 1 nee
c b10 ha en o
Qm!WI1ol 1nv s1 11 ndy which on 6 Jun b 1
? A y, ur und d t
1t on vrg c tur1n r1. Th1rd bio
b n th lve vi t t aeL ro at l' h hi
on '", June -- y 15 1 t tic t

wa n th bo n
t Pru 1 its f.
Thu th ne
,tn,,., .. ,..... out
08
1n h1n

th at to e vi :r h b n bvlou
Red GO,mums be 11 ob11 d to u11
p tl n t f, roe th y 00 t .
t
1. Only 10 z1 vls10ns
B uth 0 th
Lo
ut van "
tus.l y yed ong th
1.
.,
-.
-
at
, .'
."
!
- -""l "f " '
......
,.... .. ','
.. ""'-_..kII .....
p
t. Th 1 fig t1 q 1
c n ide In 1
1
very 1

If
v n 0 pl t ,
t
bin
'1
t EI, t
"
v 1n h rn
--I'
0
0
ot h1ah 130 111 d
an -8 p1n tt a

1 th un
1 to c to th 19 t Italy rn c
60
8Jl e in e-englned
t n , h
cen i t t dUl f d t
.,
t
mf'do bo tB and rh s 5 U-boats.
" .
plet and d1 p rs d t u 'h th e d t n
,
lr c \f re til- 0
00
gu 1
rug one, th y p
o n t
1 no had long
t 11 nllnb rot vell- 1 ted COil tal b tterles at
vlouB olntB. e th an 1no ed, while they
d 01 "e 450 he :vy &n 1, 0 11 tl- rc it in
, 1 r 11 t ly, there S9ED.e'd 11

tle ot ttl0 lno the 11 ul1
Co 10 s 0 'r1y vi lb :- to conn 1 sanoe

l' th in 8910 th III
ma..I.,:u,uJL.1.1
i'o rc

e Lutt t
1v! 1 n th
o the evon

oh dlv1sions u
f 0
t w 10
eM 0 fo

1n
u
nky Ge an na 1
t 50 r t1 I U ,
n :) b ttleah1p and
In 0 lleotln thl

loul t probl
) b
ir forces
b
1t ey
1 n Ii I
rl r
the Allie
nc
10 nt of th
t uthe
he.
'.
1n
I.
-..

6.
17
D 006 0
7.
s.
Vol.
Ie.
II, T
I \
o me d e n I-out nU ul t ()f he d1
n y unn e r1 y June wh n 0 ~ ORD b g ; 1t
01 arll
1n v1 1 tC'l t in the 9UOoe 1n
y
U oe.
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23. 1914, Vol.
, T L.
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'Vu.",ca...-WIClnts of airfields in he
tic bo b he on
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t 10
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factors
lnva 10n 0 t Ymo.n by h art 1
the uth, 2) conoa nt t 0 true intent10n 1
th and, 3) aotual 1 1 tlon area. a
t1
'0 roe Joined 1n n 6 A U f ~ 8 t by D-day y 0
t 1 'Way brldgos 01'0 the bone b 10 Lyon w OJ'
alngi track m e- hltt t v1gnon. ltD! at
tr t 1 from yon was blo ok d w the n")utes cl't>
noh- t lan frontier. 9 on yother route Cl ,en w e
11 ble- arae111e ..a5 Aooor tng to Hq, '1
~
1 th br1dg8-h d ltcontributed !llt rial .
ener.ty freedom ot ve !lnt 1n t'1 . tin
a t de lOW prine! ., faoto 1n reventin th
e or t ot
foroe in. uthem t ...-..-an......
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1 me 1n y uri Op
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18 two beaobe. to be ~ ~ . d over tJ1e1r entire l ..""'....~
depth of 0 y dB. t o ttem ()f"l onc1n ?'5
t t w t ~ l1ne o bi runs w
31.
-
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ob d and 1n m ny
0 stunned.
t ore tin ob
ItAll of these be ohe ere to hav Neelv d
h v concentr tl n lOo-lb....l. bombs, 1n tantan
au ly tuzed, for th 0 clearing W1 en-
undo
t Ie nts and mine f1elds. nly on ot th e
ebes were &lY lib tantlal n1Jllber ct bomb tr1
n the ban f urvey the tollonn
nolu lons were dr vn:
1. That bo bin ttaoks 1 th 1 Q-lb. G ,
in t taneou ly .l.uzed, bomb
et eot1ve 1n re
vlng wire ntangl enta.
li. That lOo-lb. bombs,
11 no t oau 8 ay thetl c
ce mine!l Ide 00 sed t 1
1n
ton
tant81lcously
tlon 0
r-m1n B I
oodenbox mine
w.. That to aohl eve fte tlv
a 01 aring teohn1que, bomb shoul b re
oon ntratod 1n the beach area. '
De 1 this , ot
lona1 dlssatl r tion by the r ld,
y
811 leased. Rq. y stated:
'The re-H-bour bombing 0
m cl1um bombers us1ng t
otlve. arb0 wire was b
tarioe. defending p sonnel kille
not cratered to the extent
whl 1m ,oded the adV cO 0 our own troo s. /I
g1"O und ttaou whi llow d this he vy

t10n had two hases - all
. 1
dln- 5 dur1n t e n1 t
ot y Co andoes end troo a th ever 1 reol
81
d the m n a ult t -hour by thre u. s.
1
,
slon d glider-borne ta torce. e omm do and
orce. lnvol ved 1n the ne ding h two t
1)
, 11 noe batteries on tho I le wh1 domln t
Tft>p % be oh
,
d Z>
"ut
th ne tal hi
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1. oted at reJu8, n th 1 of the II , by
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to D.RI\1.100IN, n tra1n! ,. an ('In in aomb t.
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ncem rther tmn
S 1 tivl tl 11 to s y; po
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177 rtl
70 so,rtl
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26 sortie.
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UpS ot d
In (1 tion, ''1fteonth
to 1y dutl 8. In e t bar an October th Y fiew 3
et 0 1ve 8ort108
d ull10a d 45G n of ombij, 485,671
011ne, 897,800 rounds
unl tiOR, to. ,
10
ron a.1 rfl e1d.
8 tort ow S, 0 t cours , in
1t
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D- ltnesBed e Ii11 t1 t air e 0 t everut out 1n
y in the 1 d1 tar nnean - 4, ':") t et.;t1ve so tiee, 0
'w oh:5, 9 ~ G were ln tot I>RAOCtON.

nee the ault dlV11'n ere as , t
01 SUOrt - 81i8Jrlt1
t ls, but tor the at t t v ou ot1 na 0
tiona were oC1nt rolled. tn1.ll1 arate 19hte r Cont
rlOllted for th t _UrcoS6 one. 'l'he Dace lty tor
nt d b en 11' 1 n 18
th rno d .z10 land1n G. Of' the vi re, "di t
0 vlatlon n 0 SBE.\ult vas e
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