Subtopic Page

*Pressure *Pressure in Liquids *Gas Pressure and Atmospheric Pressure *Pascals Principle *Archimedes Principle *Bernoullis Principle

Pressure
Pressure is defined force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object Pressure=Perpendicular force/Area

*the SI unit of pressure is the pascal(Pa) or newton per square metre

The larger the area of surface, the lower the pressure exerted on an object. The greater the force, the higher the pressure exerted on an object.

Application of pressure:

When the area is small, a moderate force can create a very large pressure. This is why a sharp knife is good at cutting things: when you push the very small area of the sharp blade against something, it creates a really large pressure.

Supermodel can damage floors by walking on then in high-heeled shoes. This is because the area of the heel is small, so you can easily create enough pressure to cause a dent in the floor.

Camels have large feet to increase surface area of contact with sand. Pressure produced is small. This is why a heavy camel will not sink into sand while walking on dessert.

Liquid pressure is due to the weight of liquid acting on the surface of any objects in the liquid.

Water spurts out equally fast and reaches the same distance away from each hole This shows that a liquid acts equally in all directions Water spurts out furthest and fastest from lowest tube This shows that liquid pressure increases with depth Two liquids which has different density will have different pressure

P = Pressure h= depth = density of liquid g = Gravitational Field Strength

Applications of Pressure in Liquids

Constructing of dams Dams are built across rivers to stop the river flows and to form the lake for water supply .The high water pressure is used to drive water turbines to generate electricity .The water at the bottom of the dam is at the higher pressure than at the top. Hence, the wall of the dam has to be thicker at the base to sustain this higher water pressure.

Public water supply system The reservoir is placed at an elevated location so that the water will have sufficient pressure to flow to consumers located at lower grounds .Every home has water tank above the roof as storage and to have a constant water pressure.

Gas Pressure-molecules in gas always moving randomly and constantly colliding with the wall of its container,resulting change of momentum which exerts force on the wall of container.So,gas pressure is force per unit area.

Atmospheric Pressure-The weight of this mass of the atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of Earth and on the everything on Earth.

Instruments for Measuring Gas pressure Manometer

Bourdon Gauge

Instruments for Measuring Atmospheric Pressure Aneroid Barometer

Fortin Barometer

Units of atmospheric pressure: 1 atm = 105 Pa 105 Pa = 105 N m-2 0r 1 atm=1013 mb

Applications of Atmospheric Pressure

Drinking Straw

1. When drinking with a straw, one has to suck the straw. This causes the pressure in hte straw to decrease. 2. The external atmospheric pressure, which is greater, will then act on the surface of the water in the glass, causing it to rise through the straw.

Rubber Sucker 1. When the rubber sucker is presen onto a smooth surface, usually a glass or tiled surface, the air in the rubber sucker is forced out. This causes the space between the surface and the sucker to have low pressure. 2. The contact between the rubber sucker and the smooth surface is airtight. 3. The external atmospheric pressure, which is much higher, acts on the rubber sucker, pressing it securely against the wall.

Siphon 1. A rubber tube can be used to siphon liquid from a container at a higher level to another at a lower level. For example, we can remove petrol from the petrol tank of a vehicle or dirty water from aquarium. 2. The tube is first filled with the liquid and one end is placed in the liquid in the container A. The other end is placed at a level which must be lower than the surface of the liquid in container A.

3. The pressure in the rubber at the lower end is equal to atmospheric pressure plus the pressure due to h cm column of liquid. As the pressure at the lower end is greater than the atmospheric pressure, the liquid flows out

Vacuum Cleaner

1. vacuum cleaner applies the principle of atmospheric pressure to remove dust particles. When it is switched on, the fan sucks out the air from space inside the vacuum (space A). Space A then becomes a partial vacuum. 2. The atmospheric pressure outside, which is greater, then forces air and dust particles into the filter bag. This traps the dust particles but allows the air to flow through an exit at the back.

Common Pump 1. A lift pump is used to pump water out of a well or to a higher level. The greatest height to which the water can be pumped is 10 m. This is equivalent to the atmospheric pressure. 2. When the plunger is lifted, the upper valve closes and the lower valve opens. The atmospheric pressure, acting on the surface of the water, causes water to flow past valve B into the cylinder. 3. When the plunger is pushed down, the lower valve closes and the upper valve opens. Water flows above the plunger. 4. When the plunger is next lifted, the upper valve closes again and the lower valve opens once more. the atmospheric pressure, acting on the surface of the water, forces water past the lower valve into the cylinder. Simultaneously, the water above the plunger is lifted and flows out through the spout. 5. This process is repeated until sufficient water is obtained.

#hydraulic systems work by using liquids which are under pressure

#properties of liquids that were used for the system is: a)liquid cannot be compressed b)pressure of the liquid will be transfer to all parts of the liquids if a pressure is applied Simple Hydraulic System A simple hydraulic system such as that within a hydraulic jack consists of two different sized cylinders connected by a pipe. According to Pascal's Law, pressure exerted on the smaller piston is transmitted through the fluid to act on internal surface of the larger piston. Pressure is a property of the system (not the pistons) and is therefore experienced equally by each piston. Because each piston has a different surface area, the force exerted on each piston will be different, even though the pressure is the same. If the larger piston is twice the area of the smaller piston then the force on the larger piston will be twice as great. In order to create that extra force, the smaller piston has to be moved by twice the distance. It was this principle that was understood by Joseph Bramah when he patented the Bramah Press in 1795.

Applications of Pascals Principle in Everyday living Hydraulic Jack

The hydraulic jack work on a system of valves,pistons and reservoirs. When the small piston is lifted, liquid rushes in from the reservoir through the open valve P. In the meantime, valve Q is closed. The cylinder connected to the small piston is filled with fluid. When the small pirds, the pressure produced is transferred onto the liquid to the big piston. At the same time, valve P closes and valve 2 opens. A huge force is created depending on the area of the big piston. The, the lift on the big piston exerted is locked in position. With another lift from the small piston, the big piston is lifted higher and higher until the desired height is reached. The tyre can then be changed. Work on the undercarriage of the car can also be carried out

Hydraulic lift

In a hydraulic lift as shown in figure below two pistons are separated by the space filled with a liquid. A piston of small cross section A1 is used to exert a force F1 directly on the liquid. The pressure P = F/A in the first case. P is transmitted throughout the liquid to the larger cylinder attached with a larger piston of area A2, which results in an upward force of P A2. Therefore, the piston is capable of supporting a large force (large weight of, say a car, or a truck placed on the platform) F2 = PA2 =A2F1/A1 By changing the force at A1, the platform can be moved up or down. Thus, the applied force has been increased by a factor of A 2/A1 and this factor is the mechanical advantage of the device.This is shown with the help of the following diagram.

Hydraulic Brakes

The wheel cylinder of hydraulic drum brakes acts as a double hydraulic press, multiplying the force on the fluid by the ratio of the area of the cylinder to the area of the supply line.

Besides the muliplication of force achieved, Pascal's principle gaurantees that the pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the enclosed fluid system. This gives straight-line braking unless there is a fluid leak or something to cause a significant difference in the friction of the surfaces. A practical problem with four-wheel hydraulic brakes is that the front of the car will tend to "dive" upon braking. This means that the front of the car tends to drop because the braking force on the front wheels in particular acts to produce a torque that rotates the front of the car downward. This tendency is alleviated somewhat with "anti-dive" brakes which have more braking force exerted by the rear wheels than the front.

This is accomplished by making the rear wheel cylinders larger than those in the front wheels. This gives a larger force multiplication with those rear "hydraulic presses" with the same pressure, keeping the straight-line braking but exerting more of it with the rear wheels.

Archimedes' principle is a law of physics stating that the upward force (buoyancy) exerted on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the amount of fluid the body displaces. In other words, an immersed object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. This principle is named after its discoverer, Archimedes of Syracuse.[1] Archimedes' principle is true of liquids and gases, both of which are fluids. If an immersed object displaces 1 kilogram of fluid, the buoyant force acting on it is equal to the weight of 1 kilogram (technically, as a kilogram is unit of mass and not of force, the buoyant force is the weight of 1 kg, which is 9.8 Newtons.) It is important to note that the term immersed refers to an object that is either completely or partially submerged. If a sealed 1-liter container is immersed halfway into the water, it will displace a half-liter of water and be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of a half-liter of water, no matter what is in the container.

Archimedes' principle applies to all objects immersed in liquid regardless of whether they are floating or not The Law of flotation, however, only applies to floating objects.Both the Law and the Principle are concerned with weight of objects and fluids.However, when solving problems, one is often dealing with volumes. The connection between the weigh of a substance and its volume is : Mass = volume x densityWeight = mass x g Therefore, __________________________ |Weight = volume x density x g| These equations should be sufficient in determining the floating ability of objects

1. Submarine: A submarine has a large ballast tank, which is used to control its position and depth from the surface of the sea.

A submarine submerges by letting water into the ballast tank so that its weight becomes greater than the buoyant force (and vice versa). It floats by reducing water in the ballast tank.-thus its weight is less than the buoyant force. 2. Hot-air balloon The atmosphere is filled with air that exerts buoyant force on any object.

A hot air balloon rises and floats due to the buoyant force (when the surrounding air is greater than its weight). It descends when the balloon weight is more than the buoyant force. It becomes stationary when the weight = buoyant force.The weight of the Hot-air balloon can be controlled by varying the quantity of hot air in the balloon.

3. Hydrometer A hydrometer is an instrument to measure the relative density of liquids.

It consists of a tube with a bulb at one end. Lead shots are placed in the bulb to weigh it down and enable the hydrometer to float vertically in the liquid.

In a liquid of lesser density, a greater volume of liquid must be displaced for the buoyant force to equal to the weight of the hydrometer so it sinks lower. Hydrometer floats higher in a liquid of higher density. Density is measured in the unit of g cm-3.

4. SHIP

A ship floats on the surface of the sea because the volume of water displaced by the ship is enough to have a weight equal to the weight of the ship. A ship is constucted in a way so that the shape is hollow, to make the overall density of the ship lesser than the sea water. Therefore, the buoyant force acting on the ship is large enough to support its weight. The density of sea water varies with location. The PLIMSOLL LINE marked on the body of the ship acts as a guideline to ensure that the ship is loaded within the safety limit. A ship submerge lower in fresh water as fresh water density is lesser than sea water. Ships will float higher in cold water as cold water has a relatively higher density than warm water. 5. Fishes Certain group of fishes uses Archimedes principles to go up and down the water. To go up to the surface, the fishes will fill its swim bladder (air sacs) with gases. The gases diffuse from its own body to the bladder and thus making its body lighter. This enables the fishes to go up. To go down, the fishes will empty their bladder, this increases its density and therefore the fish will sink.

6. FLIP Floating instrument platform.

This is a research ship that does research on waves in deep water. It can turn horizontally or vertically. When water is pumped into stern tanks, the ship will flip vertically. The principle that is used in FLIP is almost similar with the submarines. Both ships pump water in or out of tank to rise or sink.

Bernoulli principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. Fluid can be in liquid or gaseous state

V2 > V3 > V1 P1 > P3 > P2

AppliCAtions of Bernoullis prinCiple

1. Aerofoil

- The flight of an aeroplane is based on the principle about the effect of the flow of air around its wings, which is, the aerofoil. - An aerofoil shape has a rounded front edge and pointed (sharp) trailing edge. The top surface is arched (curved) and the bottom is flat. -When a wing in the form of aerofoil moves through air, the flow of the air over the top has to travel faster to cover the longer distance (compares the lower portion) and creates a region of low pressure. The flow of air below the wing is slower resulting in a region of higher pressure. -The difference between the pressures at the top and the bottm creates a NET UPWARD FORCE..(remember! bottom part higher pressure..upper part lower pressure).This is called a Lift and helps the plane to take off. -In addition to that, inverted aerofoils are used in racing cars to create a donward force and stabilize the cars at high speed.

2. Bunsen Burner

- When a bunsen burner is connected to a gas supply, the gas flows at high velocity through a narrow passage in the burner, creating a region of low pressure. - The outside air, which is at atmospheric pressure, is drawn in an mixes with the gas. -The mixture of gas and air enables the gas to burn completely to produce a clean, hot fire.