Gi s hm uo(x) khai trin c di dng tch phn Fourier ta s c:

1
C1 (h ) =
u o ( ) cosh d
2
1
C 2 (h ) =
u o ( ) sinh d
2
T ta c:
2 2
1

u ( x, t ) =
u o ( )e h a t cosh( x )d dh

u ( x, t ) =

1 h 2a 2 t

e
cosh(

x
)
dh

u o ( ) d
0

(5)

ta tnh tch phn n bn trong bng phng php i bin: = ha t ; =

h 2a 2 t

cosh( x )dh =

1
a t

e cos d =
0

1
a t

x
a t

I()

Trong

I() = e cos d

(6)

Sau khi ly o hm ca (6) theo ri tch phn tng phn ta c:

2

I()
I() = I()
= I() = Ce 4
2
I() 2
Khi = 0 ta c:

C = I ( 0) = e d =
2
0

4
nn: I() =
e
2

h
e

2a 2 t

cosh( x )dh =

( x ) 2

exp
4a 2 t
a t

Thay vo ta c:
( x ) 2
(7)
u
(

)
exp
o
4a 2 t d
2a t

Cng thc (7) c gi l cng thc Poisson ca bi ton Cauchy.

i vi bi ton Cauchy trong khng gian n chiu ca qu trnh truyn nhit:
2
2u
2u
2u
2 u
= a 2 + 2 + L + 2
t 2
x n
x1 x 21
vi cc iu kin u :
u ( x1 , x 2 ,..., x n , t ) t =0 = u o ( x1 , x 2 ,..., x n )
Ngi ta chng minh c nghim ca phng trnh l:
u ( x, t ) =

170


1 n
2
L
u
(

,...,

)
exp
2 ( i x i ) d1...d n1
n
0 1 2
n
4a t i=1

2a t
i vi bi ton truyn nhit trong thanh na v hn ta xt cc bi ton nh
ng vi tng trng hp ring ri mi xt n bi ton tng qut.
2. Bi ton 1: Truyn nhit trong thanh na v hn, cch nhit u mt thanh bit
nhit ban u ca thanh bng khng:
Khi ny ta phi gii phng trnh:
2
2u
2 u
=
a
0 x , t 0
(8)
t 2
x 2
vi cc iu kin :
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x )
(9)

u ( x1 , x 2 ,..., x n , t ) =

u
=0
(10)
t t =0
gii bi ton ta ko di chn hm uo(x) sang phn m ca trc x v p dng cng
thc (7). Khi n s tho mn (8). Mt khc theo (7) ta cng s c:

( x ) 2
1
u
u
(

)(

x
)
exp
= 3

o
4a 2 t d
x x =0 4a t t

x =0
T suy ra:
( x ) 2
( x ) 2
1 0
1
u ( x, t ) =
u o ( ) exp 4a 2 t d + 2a t u o ( ) exp 4a 2 t d
2a t
0

Trong tch phn u ta i bin = - v do tnh cht chn ca u() ta s c:

( x ) 2
( x ) 2
1 0
1

u ( x, t ) =
u o ( ) exp 4a 2 t d + 2a t u o ( ) exp 4a 2 t d
2a t
0

( + x ) 2
( x ) 2
u ( x, t ) =
u o ( )exp 4a 2 t + exp 4a 2 t d
2a t 0

3. Bi ton 2: Truyn nhit trong thanh na v hn bit nhit ban u ca thanh
mt u mt lun lun gi 0 .
Khi ny ta phi gii phng trnh:
2
2u
2 u
=
a
0 x , t 0
t 2
x 2
vi cc iu kin :
u ( x ,0) t =0 = u o ( x )
1

u ( x , l) t = 0 = 0
gii bi ton ny ta ko di l hm uo(x) sang phn m ca trc x v p dng cng
thc (7) ta s c:

2
1
u ( x , t ) x =0 =
u o ( ) exp 4a 2 t d = 0
2at t

Tch phn ny bng 0 v uo() l hm l.

T suy ra:

171

 ( x ) 2
( x ) 2
1
u ( x, t ) =
u o ( ) exp 4a 2 t d + 2a t u o ( ) exp 4a 2 t d
2a t
0

Trong tch phn u ta i bin = - v do tnh cht l ca u() ta s c:

( + x ) 2
( x ) 2
1
u ( x, t ) =
u o ( )exp 4a 2 t exp 4a 2 t d
2a t 0

4. Bi ton 3: Truyn nhit trong thanh na v hn bit nhit u mt ca thanh v
nhit ban u ca thanh bng 0.
Khi ny ta phi gii phng trnh:
2
2u
2 u
=a
0 x , t 0
t 2
x 2
vi cc iu kin :
u ( x , t ) x =0 = q ( t )

u ( x , t ) t =0 = 0
Ta gii bi ton ny bng phng php bin i Laplace ca hm phc. Gi s
u(x, t) v q(t) l cc hm gc trong php bin i Laplace. p dng php bin i
Laplace cho u(x, t) v cc o hm ca n ta c:
u ( x , t )
2 u ( x, t )
u ( x , t ) U( x , p);
pU ( x , p);
p 2 U ( x , p)
2
t
t
Coi p l thng s v t cc biu thc trn vo phng trnh truyn nhit ta c:
2
2 U ( x , p)
pU( x , p) = a
(10)
x 2
Vy ta phi gii phng trnh (10) vi iu kin:
U ( x , p ) x =0 = Q ( p ) q ( t )
(11)
Nghim tng qut ca (10) c dng:
p

p
U( x , p) = C1 exp
x + C 2 exp
x
a
a

Hm U(x, p) l hm b chn khi x nn C1 = 0. T iu kin (11) ta suy ra:

C2 = U(0, p) = Q(p)
Vy nghim ca phng trnh (10) tho mn (11) s l:

p
x
U( x , p) = Q(p) exp
a

Ta vit li n di dng:

p
1
U( x , p) = pQ(p) exp
x
p
a

p dng cng thc Duhamel:

pF(p)G(p) g(0)f(t)+f*g
v tnh cht:
172


p
1
x
x
exp
x 1 erf
= Erf

p
a
2
a
t
2
a
t

Trong :
2 x
erf ( x ) =
exp( 2 )d

0
Ta s rt ra:
t
x
u ( x , t ) = q ( t )Erf () + Erf
q ( t ) d
2a
0
Mt khc ta bit rng:
2
Erf () = 1
exp( 2 )d = 0

x
Erf
2a

= 1
=0

x
2a

2
exp( )d

=0

x2
2
exp
3
4a
2a 2
x

T suy ra:
x2
x t q ( t )
u ( x, t ) =
3 exp 4a 2 d
2a 0

2
5. Bi ton 4: Truyn nhit trong thanh na v hn, bit nhit ban u ca thanh
v bit nhit ti u mt.
Khi ny ta phi gii phng trnh:
2
2u
2 u
=a
0 x , t 0
t 2
x 2
vi cc iu kin :
u ( x , t ) x =0 = u 1 ( t )

u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x )
gii bi ton ny ta dng kt qu ca bi ton 2 v bi ton 3 v nguyn l chng
nghim. C th ta tm nghim u(x, t) di dng:
)
u ( x, t ) = ~
u (x, t ) + u (x, t )
Trong ~
u ( x , t ) l nghim ca bi ton:
2~
2~
u
2 u
=a
t 2
x 2
vi cc iu kin:
~
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x ) ; ~
u ( x , t ) x =0 = 0
)
cn u ( x , t ) l nghim ca bi ton:
)
2)
2u
2 u
=a
t 2
x 2
vi cc iu kin:
173

)
)
u ( x , t ) t =0 = 0 ;
u ( x , t ) x =0 = u 1 ( t )
Theo kt qu bi ton 2 v bi ton 3 ta suy ra:
( + x ) 2
( x ) 2
1
~
u (x, t ) =
u o ( )exp 4a 2 t exp 4a 2 t d
2a t 0

)
u ( x, t ) =

x2
x t u1 ( t )
3 exp 4a 2 d
2a 0

V d: Gi s trong mt ng na v hn ti mt u ng x = 0 b chn bi mt tm
khng thm thu v ti x = l cng c mt tm nh vy. Trong on [0, l] c mt mi
trng vi h s khuych tn D1 = a-2 c cha y mt loi cht vi h s m c uo.
Trong phn cn li ca ng [l, ] c mt mi trng vi h s khuych tn D2 = b-2
v trong khng cha cht trong on [0, l].
Ti thi im t = 0 ta b tm chn ti x = l v khi bt u qu trnh khuych
tn. Gi nng cht khuych tn ti x thi im t l u(x, t). Trc ht ta thit lp
phng trnh khuych tn trong ng. Gi u1(x, t) l nng ca cht lng trong
khong 0 x l. Khi ta c:
u1 1 2 u1
=
0xl
(13)
t a 2 x 2
vi iu kin:
u1
u 1 ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ;
=0
x x =0
Gi u2(x, t) l hm nng cht khuych tn trong on [l, ] ta c:
u 2 1 2 u 2
= 2
lx
(14)
t
b x 2
vi iu kin:
u 2 ( x , t ) t =0 = 0; u 2 ( x , t ) x = = 0
Mt khc ti im x = l th u1(x, t) v u2(x, t) phi tho mn iu kin lin tc (kt
dnh), ngha l:
u 1 ( x , t ) x =l = u 2 ( x , t ) x =l

1 2 u1 (l, t ) 1 2 u 2 (l, t )
= 2
a 2 x 2
b
x 2
Gi s u1(x, t) v u2(x, t) v o hm ca chng l cc hm gc trong bin i
Laplace, ta s c cc hm nh l:
u 1 ( x , t ) U1 ( x , p )
u 2 ( x , t ) U 2 ( x , p)
u1( x , t )
u 2 ( x , t )
pU1 ( x , p) u o
pU 2 ( x , p)
t
t
2 u1( x , t )
2 U1 ( x , t )
2 u 2 (x, t )
2 U 2 ( x, t )

x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
T cc phng trnh (13) v (14) v cc h thc trn ta suy ra:
174

1 2 U1 ( x , t )
pU1 ( x , p) = 2
+ uo
a
x 2
1 2 U 2 ( x, t )
pU 2 ( x , p) = 2
b
x 2
Nghim tng qut tng ng s l:
U1 ( x , p) = C1chax p + C 2shax p +

u1
x

= 0 ta suy ra

uo
p

(15)

U 2 ( x , p) = C3 exp b p ( x l) + C 4 exp b p ( x l)
Mt khc t iu kin

x =0

C1a pshax p + C 2 a pchax p

x =0

(16)

dU1 ( x , p)
= 0 . T ta c:
dx
x =0

= C2a p = 0

Vy C2 = 0
Mt khc u 2 ( x , t ) x = = 0 nn nh ca u2(x, t) l mt hm b chn khi x v do
C3 = 0. Khi (15) v (16) tr thnh:
u
U1 ( x , p) = C1chax p + o
p

U 2 ( x, p) = C4 exp b p ( x l)
Xt n iu kin kt dnh ta c:
U1 (l, p) = U 2 (l, p)
1 dU1 ( x , p)
1 dU 2 ( x , p)
= 2
2
a
dx
b
dx
x =l
x =l
T ta c h phng trnh:
uo

C1chal p + p = C 4

1 C a pshal p = 1 C b p
4
a 2 1
b2
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
u oa

C
=

p achal p + bshal p

u o bshal p
C =
4 p achal p + bshal p
Vy:
u o achax p
u
U1 ( x , p ) = o
p p achal p + bshal p

) [

u o bshal p
exp b p ( x l)
p achal p + bshal p
Sau khi dng bin i Laplace ngc ta c cc hm u1(x, t) v u2(x, t).
U 2 ( x , p) =

175

7. BI TON TRUYN NHIT TRONG THANH V HN

V NA V HN C NGUN NHIT
1. Nguyn l Duhamel: Trc ht ta xt nguyn l Duhamel ca phng trnh truyn
nhit khng thun nht trong khng gian n chiu Rn. Nu H(, x, t) vi mi gi tr ca
tham bin l nghim ca phng trnh:
H
= a 2 H
(1)
t
vi iu kin:
H (, x , t ) t =0 = h ( x , )
(2)
khi hm:
t

u ( x , t ) = H(, x , t )d

(3)

l nghim ca phng trnh:

u
= a 2 u + h ( x , )
(4)
t
v tho mn iu kin:
u ( x , t ) t =0 = 0
Ta p dng vo cc bi ton sau y
2. Bi ton 1: Truyn nhit trong thanh v hn c ngun nhit vi nhit ban u
bng 0.
Khi ny ta gii phng trnh:
2
u
2 u
=a
+ f (x, t )
-< x < ; t 0
t
x 2
vi iu kin ban u:
u ( x , t ) t =0 = 0
S dng nguyn l Duhamel v kt qu cho bi cng thc Poisson ca bi ton
Cauchy ta c nghim l:
t
f ( , )
( x ) 2
u ( x , t ) =
exp 2
d d
4
a
(
t

2
a

(
t

y hm H(, x, t ) l tch phn:
( x ) 2
f (, ) exp 4a 2 t d

3. Bi ton 2: Truyn nhit trong thanh v hn c ngun nhit vi nhit ban u

bng uo(x).
Khi ny ta gii phng trnh:
2
u
2 u
=a
+ f (x, t )
-< x < ; t 0
t
x 2
vi iu kin ban u:
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x )
176

Dng phng php xp chng nghim v kt qu ca bi ton 1 ta c nghim:

t
f ( , )
( x ) 2
( x ) 2
1
u ( x, t ) =
u o ( ) exp 4a 2 t d + 2a ( t ) exp 4a 2 ( t ) d d
2a t
0

4. Bi ton 3: Gi bi ton truyn nhit:

2
u
2 u
=a
+ f (x, t )
-< x < ; t 0
t
x 2
vi iu kin ban u:
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x )

u ( x , t ) x =0 = u 1 ( t )
Dng phng php xp chng nghim v kt qu ca cc bi ton trn ta c nghim:
( x ) 2
( + x ) 2
1
u ( x, t ) =
u o ( )exp 4a 2 t exp 4a 2 t d
2a t 0

x2
1 t u1 ( t )
exp 2 d
+

2a 0 3 2
4a
( + x ) 2
x t f (, ) ( x ) 2
+
exp

exp 4a 2 ( t ) d d
2a 0 0 t 4a 2 ( t )

8. BI TON HN HP CA PHNG TRNH LOI HYPERBOLIC
TRUYN NHIT TRONG THANH HU HN V MIN HU HN
1. t bi ton: Ta xt bi ton truyn nhit trong khi lp phng ng cht, khng
c ngun nhit vi iu kin bit nhit ban u ca khi v nhit trn bin
lun lun bng khng. Bi ton ny a n phng trnh:
2
u
2u 2u 2u
2 u
(1)
= a 2 + 2 + 2 2 = a 2 u
t
y
z x
x

Trong min T t 0 v 0 < x < l1; 0 < y < l2; 0 < z < l3
vi iu kin :
u ( x , y, z, t ) t =0 = u o ( x , y, z)
u x =0 = u x =l = u y =0 = u y =l = u z =0 = u z =l = 0
1

Dng phng php tch bin ta tm nghim di dng:

u(x, y, z, t) = u*(x, y, z).T(t)
v ta c:
T ' ( t ) + a 2 T ( t ) = 0

(2)
(3)

(4)

u ( x , y, z) + u ( x , y, z) = 0
(5)
T (4) c nghim ring khng suy bin v km iu kin b chn ca u khi t
ta suy ra nghim ca n c dng:
T(t) = Cexp(-a2t)
Mt khc ta li dng phng php tch bin tm u*(x, y, z), ngha l:
177

u*(x, y, z) = X(x).Y(y).Z(z)
Sau khi o hm v thay vo phng trnh ta c:
X( x ) Y( y) Z(z)
+
+
+=0
X ( x ) Y( y) Z(z)
T ta rt ra h phng trnh vi phn tng ng l:
X(x) + X(x) = 0
Y(y) + Y(y) = 0
++=0
Z(z) + Z(z) = 0
i vi hm X(x), Y(y), Z(z) ta thy do iu kin bin (3) chng phi tho mn cc
iu kin sau:
X(0) = X(l1) = 0; Y(0) = Y(l2) = 0; Z(0) = Z(l3) = 0
Gii h phng trnh vi phn trn vi cc iu kin bit ta suy ra cc gi tr
ring (-):
k 22
m22
n 22
k = 2 ; k = 2 ; k = 2
l1
l2
l3
k 2 m2 n 2
k ,m ,n (l1 , l 2 , l3 ) = 2 + 2 + 2
l2
l3
l1
Cc hm ring tng ng khi s l:
8
k
m
n
u k , m , n ( x , y, z ) =
sin x sin
y sin z
l1
l2
l3
l1l 2 l3
Vy nghim tng qut ca bi ton l:

k 2 m2 n 2
k
m
n
u ( x , y, z, t ) = C k ,m ,n exp a 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 t sin x sin
y sin z
l2
l3
l1
l2
l3
k =1 m =1 n =1
l1

Trong Ck,m,n c suy ra t iu kin:

8 l1 l2 l3
k
m
n
C k ,m ,n =
u o (, , ) sin sin
sin ddd

l1l 2 l3 0 0 0
l1
l2
l3
2. Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh truyn nhit:
u
2u
= a2 2
t
x
Trong min T t 0 v 0 < x < l
vi iu kin :
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x )
u x =0 = u x =l = 0
Nghim l:
2 2 k2
k
u ( x , t ) = C k exp a 2 t sin x

l
l
k =1

Trong :
2l
k
C k = u o ( ) sin d
l0
l

178

3. Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh truyn nhit:

2
u
2 u
=a
+ f (x, t )
t
x 2
Trong min T t 0 v 0 < x < l
vi iu kin :
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x )

(6)

u ( x , t ) x =0 = u ( x , t ) x =l = 0
Ta tm nghim di dng:

k
u ( x , t ) = Tk ( t ) sin x
(7)
l
k =1
Gi s uo(x) c cc o hm lin tc trong khong (0, l) v uo(0) = uo(l) = 0 cn hm
f(x, t) c cc o hm ring cp 1 theo x lin tc trong khong (0, l) v:
f(0, t) = f(l, t) = 0
Khi ta c th thu c cc khai trin Fourier ca chng l:

k
f ( x , t ) = f k ( t ) sin x
(8)
l
k =1

k
u o ( x ) = k sin x
(9)
l
k =1
vi:
2l
k
f k ( t ) = f ( x , t ) sin xdx
l0
l
l
2
k
k = u o ( x ) sin xdx
l0
l
Sau khi ly o hm hai v ca (7) v ch n (8) v (9) ta c:
2

k
k
Tk ( t ) + l a Tk ( t ) f k ( t ) sin l x = 0
k =1

Nn:
2
k
Tk ( t ) + a Tk ( t ) = f k ( t )
(10)
l
Khi t = 0 ta c:

k
k
u t =0 = u o ( x ) = Tk (0) sin x = k sin x
l
l
k =1
k =1
nn:
Tk(0) = k
(11)
Sau khi gii (10) vi iu kin (11) ta c Tk(t), ngha l c nghim ca bi ton.
4. Bi ton 3: Gii phng trnh truyn nhit:
2
u
2 u
=a
+ f (x, t )
t
x 2
Trong min T t 0 v 0 < x < l

(12)

179

vi iu kin :
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x )
u ( x , t ) x =0 = 1 ( x ); u ( x , t ) x =l = 2 ( x )
Ta gii bi ton ny bng phng php chng nghim, ngha l tm nghim di
dng:
x
u ( x, t ) = u ( x, t ) + ~
u ( x , t ) + 1 ( t ) + [ 2 ( t ) 1 ( t )]
l
Trong u ( x , t ) l nghim ca phng trnh:
2
u
2 u
=a
+ f (x, t )
t
x 2
vi cc iu kin:
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x )

u ( x , t ) x =0 = u ( x , t ) x =l = 0

u ( x , t ) l nghim ca phng trnh:

Cn ~
2~
~
u
2 u
=a
+ f ( x, t )
t
x 2
vi cc iu kin:
~
u ( x , t ) t =0 = 0
~
u (x, t ) = ~
u (x, t ) = 0
x =0

x =l

u ( x , t ) c rt ra t bi ton 2.
R rng u ( x , t ) cc rt ra t bi ton 1 v ~

180