1. Explain where the elements up to Helium came from.

Low mass stars, less than 40% the mass of the sun, burn hydrogen for billions of years through the fusion process. However, they do not have the gravitational forces required to form elements larger than Helium. 2. Explain where the elements larger than Helium came from. Main sequence stars, between 40 to 300% the mass of the sun, consume their hydrogen. After this is done their greater gravitational forces permit fusion of Helium to produce elements up to Carbon. Massive stars, greater than 300% the mass of the sun, form elements up to iron. They produce the smaller elements, but once these elements are depleted elements larger than carbon are produced. Supernova. A massive star will reach the end of its life. The gravitational fields will increase causing the star to contract. This contraction will increase the gravitational force, causing more gravity. Eventually, the star will implode. This will produce all elements larger than iron. 3. List the four basic forces important to the formation of the universe. A. Weak Explains the interaction among subatomic particles and acts at an extremely short range. This force dictates radioactive decay. B. Gravity Arises because matter creates a distortion in space time and has an infinite range. The first to split from the weak force. It is cumulative and increases with mass. C. Strong The force that holds nuclei together and operates over a very short range between protons and neutrons.

D. Electromagnetic The nuclei can now attract electrons to form proper neutral atoms with nuclei surrounded by electron clouds. 4. Explain and distinguish between Fusion and Fission. Fusion the combining of smaller nuclei to build larger nuclei. Fission the splitting of larger nuclei 5. Identify Physical and Chemical properties. Physical odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, boiling point, density Chemical corrosiveness, flammability, toxicity 6. Identify properties of metals and nonmetals Metals conductive, malleable, ductile, shinny, cations Nonmetals Nonconductive, brittle, solids or gases, anions