net CV in GJ

Hardwood
energy density
Hardwood
GJ/m
chipGJ/m3
energy
density
GJ/m
Moisture content
Wood
% Net CV
Miscanthus
GJ/t
Wheat
Net CV
straw
GJ/t
Hardwood
Net CV GJ/t
Softwood
density kg/m3
density
kg/m3
Softwood
energy
density
Softwood
chip
Hardwood
energy
Softwood
log
density
(stacked)
GJ/m3
log
Hardwood
energy
(stacked)
Softwood
density
chip
energy
bulk
GJ/m3
density
chip
Moisture
bulk
GJ/m3
content
density %
Wet basis
Net CV
Net CV
Net CV
Density Density Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Bulk density
Bulk density
Dry basis
%
GJ/t
GJ/t
GJ/t
kg/m3
kg/m3
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
%
0%
19.00
18.00
16.50
580
430
11.02
8.17
4.08
3.03
7.40
5.48
215
159
0.0%
5%
17.93
16.98
15.55
594
441
10.66
7.90
3.95
2.93
7.15
5.30
220
163
5.3%
10%
16.86
15.96
14.61
609
452
10.27
7.62
3.80
2.82
6.89
5.11
226
167
11.1%
15%
15.78
14.93
13.66
625
464
9.87
7.32
3.66
2.71
6.62
4.91
232
172
17.6%
20%
14.71
13.91
12.71
628
465
9.23
6.85
3.42
2.54
6.20
4.59
232
172
25.0%
25%
13.64
12.89
11.76
670
496
9.13
6.77
3.38
2.51
6.13
4.54
248
184
33.3%
30%
12.57
11.87
10.82
717
532
9.02
6.68
3.34
2.48
6.05
4.49
266
197
42.9%
35%
11.49
10.84
9.87
773
573
8.88
6.58
3.29
2.44
5.96
4.42
286
212
53.8%
40%
10.42
9.82
8.92
837
620
8.72
6.47
3.23
2.40
5.85
4.34
310
230
66.7%
45%
9.35
8.80
7.98
913
677
8.54
6.33
3.16
2.34
5.73
4.25
338
251
81.8%
50%
8.28
7.78
7.03
1004
745
8.31
6.16
3.08
2.28
5.58
4.14
372
276
100.0%
55%
7.21
6.76
6.08
1116
827
8.04
5.96
2.98
2.21
5.40
4.00
413
306
122.2%
60%
6.13
5.73
5.13
1255
931
7.70
5.71
2.85
2.11
5.17
3.83
465
345
150.0%
65%
5.06
4.71
4.19
1435
1064
7.26
5.38
2.69
1.99
4.87
3.61
531
394
185.7%
17.28
16.43
13.21

603
616
688

447
456
510

10.43
10.11
9.09

7.73
7.50
6.74

8.7%
13.6%
37.0%

Biomass energy by weight and volume

Net calorific value of biomass vs. moisture

content
22

20.00

5.00

18.00

4.50

16.00

4.00

14.00

3.50

12.00

3.00

10.00

2.50

8.00

2.00

6.00

1.50

200

4.00

1.00

2.00

0.50

0.00

0.00

1600

20

1400
1200

14

1000

12

800

10
8

600

400

Wood Net CV GJ/t

Miscanthus Net CV GJ/t
Wheat straw Net CV GJ/t

Hardwood density kg/m3

Softwood density kg/m3

2
0
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Moisture content %

Page 1

Net CV GJ/t

16

Density kg/m3

Net calorific value GJ/t

18

Energy density GJ/m3

8%
12%
27%

net CV in GJ
VolumetricStacked
correction
hardwood
Stacked softwood
log bulk density
log bulk density
Bulk density
Bulk density
kg/m3
kg/m3
1.000
389
289
1.027
399
296
1.057
409
303
1.091
420
311
1.155
421
312
1.155
449
333
1.155
481
357
1.155
518
384
1.155
562
416
1.155
613
454
1.155
674
500
1.155
749
555
1.155
843
625
1.155
963
714
1.045
1.070
1.155

ht and volume
5.00
4.50

3.50
3.00
2.50

2.00
1.50
1.00

Energy density GJ/m3

4.00
Wood Net CV GJ/t

Hardwood chip energy

density GJ/m3
Softwood chip energy
density GJ/m3

0.50
0.00

Page 2

net CV in GJ

Heat demand pa
Oven
/kWh
dry wood
Ovenchips
dry wood
Wood
chips
chipsWood
@ 30%
chips
MC
Land
@ 30%
required
MC
Land required
Land required
Mixed hard Mixed
& softwood
hard Mixed
& softwood
hard Mixed
& softwood
hard Forest
& softwood
residues
SRC @
@ 30%
30%
Miscanthus
MC
MC
@ 25% MC
kWh
tonne
m3
tonne
m3
ha
ha
ha
20,000
3.79
20.26
5.73
24.77
2.01
0.64
0.43
140,000
26.53
141.82
40.10
173.36
14.04
4.46
3.01
400,000
75.79
405.21
114.58
495.31
40.10
12.73
8.59
660,000
125.05
668.60
189.07
817.27
66.17
21.01
14.18
360,000
68.21
364.69
103.13
445.78
36.09
11.46
7.73
600,000
113.68
607.82
171.88
742.97
60.16
19.10
12.89
1,000,000
189.47 1013.03
286.46 1238.28
100.26
31.83
21.48
4,200,000
795.79 4254.72 1203.14 5200.79
421.10
133.68
90.24
16,000,000 3031.58 16208.44 4583.40 19812.52 1604.19
509.27
343.76

Forestry residues
Forestry
outputresidues
per
SRC
ha output
/odt
output
SRC
per
perha
output
ha/odt
@Miscanthus
30%
per ha
MC
@/t20%
Miscanthus
output
MCper
/t Solid
ha
output
/odt
wood
per Solid
ha
to chip
@ wood
25%
conversion
MC
Swelling
to stacked
/t factor
factor
log conversion factor
oven dry tonnetonne @30%
oven dry tonne
tonne @30%
oven dry tonne
tonne @25%
ratio
ratio
2

2.86

12.86

Shrinkage Swelling
factor factors
Larch
11.4%
12.9%
Fir
11.5%
13.0%
Willow
11.5%
13.0%
Maple
11.5%
13.0%
Spruce
11.8%
13.4%
Scots pine
12.5%
14.3%
Ash
13.2%
15.2%
Poplar
13.4%
15.5%
Hazel
13.4%
15.5%
Birch
13.7%
15.9%
Oak
13.9%
16.1%
Alder
14.2%
16.6%
Beech
17.3%
20.9%
Common hornbeam18.8%
23.2%
Elm
Douglas fir
13.4%

13

17.33

2.7

1.49

Lignin
27.0%
28.0%
24.0%
23.0%
28.0%
28.0%
26.0%
22.0%
20.0%
25.0%
24.0%
22.0%
22.0%
29.0%

15.5%

Page 3

15.5%

Moisture content /%

net CV in GJ

Page 4

Hardwood
energy density
Hardwood
MWh/m
chipMWh/m3
energy
density
MWh/m
Moisture content
Wood Net
% CV
Miscanthus
MWh/t Wheat
Net CV
straw
MWh/t
Hardwood
Net CV MWh/t
Softwood
density kg/m3
density
kg/m3
Softwood
energy
density
Softwood
chip
Hardwood
energy
Softwood
log
density
(stacked)
MWh/m3
log
Hardwood
energy
(stacked)
Softwood
density
chip
energy
bulk
MWh/m3
density
chip
Moisture
bulk
MWh/m3
content
density %
Wet basis Net CV
Net CV
Net CV
Density Density Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Bulk density
Bulk density
Dry basis
%
MWh/t
MWh/t
MWh/t
kg/m3
kg/m3
MWh/m3 MWh/m3 MWh/m3 MWh/m3 MWh/m3 MWh/m3 kg/m3
kg/m3
%
0%
5.28
5.00
4.58
580
430
3.06
2.27
1.13
0.84
2.05
1.52
215
159
0.0%
5%
4.98
4.72
4.32
594
441
2.96
2.19
1.10
0.81
1.99
1.47
220
163
5.3%
10%
4.68
4.43
4.06
609
452
2.85
2.12
1.06
0.78
1.92
1.42
226
167
11.1%
15%
4.38
4.15
3.79
625
464
2.74
2.03
1.02
0.75
1.84
1.36
232
172
17.6%
20%
4.09
3.86
3.53
628
465
2.57
1.90
0.95
0.70
1.72
1.28
232
172
25.0%
25%
3.79
3.58
3.27
670
496
2.54
1.88
0.94
0.70
1.70
1.26
248
184
33.3%
30%
3.49
3.30
3.00
717
532
2.50
1.86
0.93
0.69
1.68
1.25
266
197
42.9%
35%
3.19
3.01
2.74
773
573
2.47
1.83
0.91
0.68
1.66
1.23
286
212
53.8%
40%
2.90
2.73
2.48
837
620
2.42
1.80
0.90
0.67
1.63
1.21
310
230
66.7%
45%
2.60
2.44
2.22
913
677
2.37
1.76
0.88
0.65
1.59
1.18
338
251
81.8%
50%
2.30
2.16
1.95
1004
745
2.31
1.71
0.86
0.63
1.55
1.15
372
276
100.0%
55%
2.00
1.88
1.69
1116
827
2.23
1.66
0.83
0.61
1.50
1.11
413
306
122.2%
60%
1.70
1.59
1.43
1255
931
2.14
1.59
0.79
0.59
1.44
1.06
465
345
150.0%
65%
1.41
1.31
1.16
1435
1064
2.02
1.50
0.75
0.55
1.35
1.00
531
394
185.7%
8%
12%

4.80
4.56

Biomass energy by weight and volume

6.00

Net calorific value of biomass vs. moisture

content

1000

800
600

400
1

Density kg/m3

1.40

4.00

1400
1200

1.60

Wood Net CV MWh/t

Miscanthus Net CV MWh/t
Wheat straw Net CV MWh/t

1.20
3.00

1.00

0.80
2.00

0.60

Hardwood density kg/m3

Softwood density kg/m3

0.40

1.00

0.20

200

0.00

0
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

0.00

60%

Moisture content %

Moisture content /%

Page 5

Energy density MWh/m3

1600

Net calorific value MWh/t

1.80
5.00

Net CV MWh/t

2.00

Wood Net CV MWh/t

Hardwood chip energy
density MWh/m3
Softwood chip energy
density MWh/m3

Forestry residues
Forestry
output
residues
SRC
peroutput
ha
output
/odt
SRC
per
perha
output
ha/odt
@Miscanthus
30%
per ha
MC
@/t20%
Miscanthus
output
MCper
/t Solid
ha
output
/odt
wood
per Solid
ha
to chip
@ wood
25%
conversion
MC
Swelling
to stacked
/t factor
factor
log conversion factor
oven dry tonne
tonne @30%
oven dry tonne
tonne @30%
oven dry tonne
tonne @25%
ratio
ratio
2

2.86

12.86

13

17.33

2.7

1.49

Page 6

15.5%

VolumetricStacked
correction
hardwood
Stacked softwood
log bulk density
log bulk density
Bulk density
Bulk density
kg/m3
kg/m3
1.000
389
289
1.027
399
296
1.057
409
303
1.091
420
311
1.155
421
312
1.155
449
333
1.155
481
357
1.155
518
384
1.155
562
416
1.155
613
454
1.155
674
500
1.155
749
555
1.155
843
625
1.155
963
714

Wood Net CV MWh/t

Hardwood chip energy
density MWh/m3
Softwood chip energy
density MWh/m3

Page 7