Heather Hardman APUSH Essay Outlines 4/14/12 2.

) Analyze the reasons for the Anti-Federalists opposition to ratifying the constitution. Thesis: During the time of the creation of a constitution, different belief systems started to divide into two different groups which were the Federalists and the AntiFederalists and they Anti-Federalists did not want to ratify the Constitution because they were afraid that it was giving too much power to the national government at the expense of the state governments, there was no bill of rights, and because the national government could maintain an army during peacetime, which they did not approve of. I.) Too Much Power A. The National Government i. The National government was given way to much power over decisions and they feared of Americas future. B. necessary and proper clause i. This gave Congress too much power. ii. This was a cause for concern because it entitled Congress to make, and enforce any laws that were deemed 'necessary and proper.' But what exactly was considered necessary and proper and what wasn't? iii. While Anti-Federalists expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power, Federalists argued that the clause would only permit execution of power already granted by the Constitution. C. The Executive Branch also held too much power. i. They feared that the Executive Branch would take on the role that King George the 3rd had used and "oppress" them with no protection of their individual rights. ii. We were just in the revolutionary war which was costly to our nation. iii. To put ourselves in the same position as before with the potential for a loose-ish government would be hypocritical and pointless to the our future. No Bill Of Rights A. Gov. could govern, decide, and deny the natural-rights. i. freedom of speech and religion. ii. People would be subjected to search and seizure. iii. Cruel and unusual punishment B. Seize property and persons and force citizens to quarter troops. i. we just experienced this in the Rev. War.

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Scarred of another king George III situation.

C. Their constant push for these rights sparked the creation of the first 10 amendments.known as the Bill of rights. III.) Government could have an army during peacetime A. can lead to the collection of taxes i. this happens all of the time because when the nation fears of another, they will start to mobilize or recruit and then the need for money will be there, so the best way to get money from the people is to raise taxes. ii. i.e. the revolutionary war B. Creates less security for the people i. How will anyone know that they are safe if they constantly have to worry about things like the raising of the amy? ii. Less assurance for the nation as a whole C. Tyranny i. It relies on a standing army ii. Supposed to guarantee peace and stability for a nation. iii. But it seems like it is the cause of war and instability. iv. Its more of an attack force, not really protection.

3. Use two of the following categories to analyze the ways in which AAs created a distinctive culture in slavery. (Family, Music, traditions, and religions.) Thesis: More often than not, slaves were denied of their cultural identity. Slaves were able to uphold the beliefs in their religion and by continuing traditions to preserve their sense of identity in a world where they were become less human. I.) Religion A. The early belief of one powerful god and lesser ones along with it. i. This created gods that the African Americans could prey to about their crops, rain, and fertility. ii. They could honor their ancestors through these gods too. B. Christianity i. African Religious beliefs + Christian Beliefs= a slave religion ii. Not at first, but, many slave owners tried to convert their slaves to Christians. iii. Some slave owners did not believe in doing this at all because they saw slaves as inferior to them and they were afraid that if they converted them, they would become equal in Gods eyes. C. Great Awakening i. it was not until the Great Awakenings (1740 and the early 1800s) that black slaves began to turn towards Christianity in large numbers. ii. emphasized conversion of the heart, encouraged overjoyed body expressions, and required a simple confession of Jesus Christs lordship. These ideas were obviously accepted by slaves because they converted throughout the South. iii. White preachers taught the slaves that they had to obey their masters as a sign of being faithful to God..so this was still another way of making the slaves inferior to white people. Oral Traditions A. Slaveholders did not encourage education. i. they didnt want it to create emancipation ideas. ii. Another way of getting blacks to be equals B. Many of these cultural elements have been passed from generation to generation through storytelling. i. opportunity to inspire and educate one another. C. African American Preachers i. preachers tend to perform rather than simply speak. The emotion of the subject is carried through the speaker's tone, volume, and cadence, which tend to mirror the rising action, climax, and descending action of the sermon.

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Often song, dance, verse, and structured pauses are placed throughout the sermon. "prophetic speech."