Phm Minh Hong

Maple v cc bi ton ng dng

Nh xut bn Khoa Hc v K Thut

Li ni u
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i cn nh cch y khng lu, mt hc sinh lp 9 t cho ti mt bi ton nh sau: Hai i cng nhn lm chung mt cng vic trong 2g24'. Nu mi i chia nhau lm na cng vic th thi gian hon tt l 5g. Hi thi gian mi i lm xong cng vic ca mnh?

Loay hoay mt lc ti mi tm ra phng trnh ca bi ton v phi kh khn lm ti mi ct ngha c cho em, ri li phi mt thm mt t thi gian mi c th t mnh tm c phng trnh ca bi ton. Nhng n khi thay s vo em li lm sai, phi i n khi em dng my tnh th mi chuyn mi xong. Bt cht ti t cu hi: tm ra c phng trnh bi ton l co nh i c 3/4 on ng, phn cn li ch l thay s, vy m em hc sinh ny li lm sai, tht ung. Nu l ngi chm im, ti c th chm chc v cho em 7/10, nhng nu ch cn c vo kt qu hoc thi bng trc nghim c th em b 0 im. Vy th r rng my tnh thay i tt c. Ngy nay, Vit Nam tt c cc k thi cp trung hc tr ln u c php dng my tnh (khng lp trnh), iu c ngha l x hi chp nhn cho cc em min lm tnh bng tay, m chng ai t vn ''mt t duy'' Ton hc c. Ln n bc i hc, cng c ny cn tr ln ti cn thit hn cho sinh vin khoa hc t nhin. Bt sinh vin tnh cc bc trong phng php Runge-Kutta khng my tnh l cc em chu thua ngay mc d tt c u hiu bi. V ln cao hn na, cc nh nghin cu cn phi hon ton da vo nhng my tnh siu mnh vi nhng phn mm thch ng h tr h trong cc bi ton phc tp. Nh th, h ''khon'' tt c nhng tnh ton tm thng cho my tnh v ht tm tr ca mnh vo nhng ch chuyn su ca h. V tr v vai tr ca my tnh ngy mt tr nn quan trng, nht l trong lnh vc gio dc. Tin hc hu nh l mt mn bt buc cho cc sinh vin ngay t bc u vo i hc, v cng ln cao, cng i su vo mt lnh vc no , con ngi bt buc phi dng n my tnh. Bc ra ngoi i, bc vo k ngh, cng nghip, vai tr ca my tnh li tr nn quan trng hn, n ni chng ta c th khng nh rng: ngy nay nu khng c my tnh, con ngi s khng lm g c c. Khng my tnh, ngy hm nay con ngi khng th xy dng nhng cy cu hin i, khng th d on c thi tit, khng th v c cc v tu, cnh my bay, khng th o rung ca mt chic tn la... vn l nhng vt dng, nhng phng tin gn gi vi chng ta. L do l my tnh c mt kh nng tnh ton v mt b nh gn nh v hn. Tuy nhin, cho d c mnh n u i chng na, tt c cc my tnh n tnh ton trn cc con s. Chng c th tnh mt triu s l ca s trong nhy mt nhng khng tai no tm
1)n ra 8 (2n+1 = . iu ny gy t nhiu kh khn cho nhng nh khoa hc vn quen vi n=0 4 cc k hiu nh x, BBx f (x, s), ln[sin(x2 + 1)] . . . nn h vn ao c c mt cng c thch ng lm vic, mt phn mm khng ch thao tc cc con s, m phi lm c iu ny trn cc k

hiu quen thuc. l mt phn mm tnh ton hnh thc1 . V phi i ti nm 1980 i hc Waterloo (Canada) mi hon tt cng trnh s ca mnh v cho ra i Maple. Maple c vit ra t mc ch . Vo nm 1867, nh thin vn Delaunay b ra 20 nm ng ng thit lp v tnh ton qu o ca mt trng di tc dng ca mt tri. Biu thc hon ton bng k t (hnh thc) ny di gn 2000 trang giy. Mt th k sau, nm 1970, nh ton hc A. Deprit ch mt 9 thng vit mt chng trnh tnh ton li2 . Ngy nay, c l chng ta ch mt khong na gi! Maple qu l tit kim cho ngi dng mt khong thi gian khng l. Nhng Maple c th cn lm nhiu hn th. Ti cn nh mt trong nhng ''kinh nghim xng mu'' ca mnh hi hc lp 12. Thy dy chng ti tnh din tch hnh trn bn knh r bng cch chia nh n ra thnh tng mnh nh v xem nh l nhng hnh ch nht ri cng din tch chng li c c kt qu l r2 . Nhng ti mi ln cn ci chuyn phi xem nh l nhng hnh ch nht. V nu ''xem nh'' th r rng c sai s, v nu cng ht cc hnh ch nht l cng ht c cc sai s th u th ra mt ci g trn tra nh r2 . Chnh ci ln cn y lm im ton ca ti st gim nghim trng. Mi n khi c c Maple ti mi nghim ra ''chn l'' ca vn khi v tht nhiu hnh ch nht thy rng r rng l n tin v din tch hnh trn. n y , ti ngh c nhiu thy (thm ch c c cc bn sinh vin) ph ci cho rng ti thuc loi ''chm tiu''. Ti ngh iu y khng sai, nhng ring ti, ti li nhn vn cch khc. Ci g lm cho mnh hiu ra vn ? cu tr li l hnh nh. Ngy xa ti khng ''tiu'' c chng qua l v thy khng sc v tht nhiu nhng hnh ch nht nh Maple. Vy ti sao chng ta khng tn dng nhng kh nng vt tri ca my tnh tit kim thi gian?. Ti ngh khng cn di dng thuyt phc v u im ca my tnh trong mt bi thuyt trnh (ch khng ring g vic hc). Mt din gi ngi c l th s khng cun hut bng chiu cng mt ni dung y ln mn hnh. M khng cun ht th kh a ni dung ''vo u'' thnh gi. c bit nu nhng ni dung y l nhng tru tng nh ton th li cng phi c th ha, sinh ng ha. Ti cn nh khi dy ton bng Maple vo mt ngy khng c my chiu. Sinh vin ngi nhn bng en m ti c ngh tm hn cc bn ang ln l ''chn bng lai'' no (v cc khi nim y cc em u hc qua). Nhng khi c my chiu, ti thy cc em ho hc mng l ra mt. Cp mt l khi ny bng sinh ng khc thng, c mi khi thay slide l khun mt cc em cng thay i theo. Ri n khi thc hin nhng bi tp ln cui hc k, rt nhiu bn lm nhiu hn nhng g ch i hi. L do l cc bn y hiu r hin tng m khng ngn ngi s dng sc mnh ca my tnh khai trin xa hn. iu l vic ''xa nay him''. Vy th r rng Maple gip ch cho vic hc ton. Trn y ti va nhc n nhng hnh ch nht xp x hnh trn. iu y nu l mt ngi c ''hoa tay'', thy ti c th v c. Nhng khi l nhng hnh trong khng gian, nhng hnh co-nic 3 chiu th khng d dng v. Ti cn nh khi dy phng php ng dc nht (steepest descent) trong mn Ti u ha hm nhiu bin, ct ngha phng php, ti c phi lin tc lm nhng ng tc mt ngi ang lao xung vc cc bn hiu ngha hnh hc ca gradient. Nhng n khi hin th bng my tnh th ti chc chn cc bn sinh vin hiu ti sao phng php steepest ascent (ngha l dc ln) m ti khng cn phi lm ng tc no khc. Maple khng ch gip bng hnh nh m cn kch thch c sng to. Chng ta dy cho hc sinh lm th no vit phng trnh mt ng thng qua hai im; vy th cc em c th
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Ting Anh l formal computation ting Php l calcul formel. v tm thy ch mt ch sai trong 2000 trang ca Delaunay! Phm Minh Hong

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dng Maple xc nh c ng cao, ng trung tuyn, sau xc nh c trc tm, trng tm ri vit phng trnh ng thng Euler. Tt c cc cng on y lm bng my tnh u c lm ''nht'' t duy ton hc ca cc em u, tri li n lm cho cc em c c hi s dng mt v kh sc bn ca tr tu l tr tng tng3 . Ri bc i hc, chng ta dy cho sinh vin iu kin cho ha mt ma trn M v p dng n tnh M n . Nu lm bng tay s rt ''oi'', d chn, thm ch mi ch l ma trn bc 3; nhng vi Maple, sinh vin c th ''vui chi'' v t to cho mnh nhng trng hp cc k phc tp v nh th cc bn s hiu r vn . Cc th d nh th cn rt nhiu v trong mi lnh vc nh l, ha, sinh, k thut, kin trc... R rng l n gip chng ta hc hiu qu hn. Ti thc s cha bao gi ngh rng Maple c th thay th ngi thy v nh mt lnh Maple tnh din tch hnh trn th ai cng c th lm c, thm ch l mt hc sinh cp II! nhng nu hiu c ngha hnh hc ca nguyn hm (v cc vn sau sa hn) th khng th thiu thy c. Maple ch cung cp cho chng ta mt cng c hiu r vn v khi ngun sng to m thi. Nhng li l yu t rt cn trong cuc i sinh vin k c khi ra trng. Vi tt c nhng tm tnh , ti vit cun Maple v cc bi ton ng dng ny. Sau ln xut bn th nht tc gi b i nhng ch phc tp ng thi thm mt s chng ch li hn cho vic hc Maple, trong c mt chng ni v c php dnh cho cc c gi cha c kinh nghim vi phn mm ny. Tc gi cng chn thnh xin li bn c v nhng s st mc phi trong ln pht hnh u tin. Mi kin ng gp xin chuyn v a ch: Nh xut bn Khoa Hc v K Thut, 28 ng Khi, phng Bn Ngh, qun I, TPHCM. T: 822.50.62-829.66.28 c mong ca tc gi l cun sch nh b ny s gip bn c c mt ci nhn mi v v tr v tn ca Ton hc. Si Gn Xun Mu T 2008 Phm Minh Hong email: pmhoang@hcmut.edu.vn

Vi dng v tc gi:
Sinh nm 1955 ti Si Gn, u t ti v i du hc Php nm 1973, tt nghip Cao hc C Hc ng Dng ti i hc Pierre & Marie Curie(Paris VI) v i lm nhiu nm v tn hc qun l v tin hc k ngh ti Paris. Nm 2000 tr v Vit Nam v hin cng tc ti B Mn Ton ng Dng, Khoa Khoa Hc ng Dng, Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM.

Kin thc khng quan trng bng tr tng tng. Kin thc th gii hn nhng tr tng tng c th vy quanh nhn loi (Albert Einstein) Phm Minh Hong

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Trang Li ni u Chng 1. C php Maple 1.1 Tng quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Cc thao tc trn mt biu thc . . 1.2.1 Lnh simplify: n gin . 1.2.2 Lnh expand: khai trin . 1.2.3 Lnh factor: tha s . . . 1.2.4 Lnh combine: gom . . . 1.2.5 Lnh convert: bin i . . 1.3 Mnh v hm mi tn . . . . . 1.4 Cc thao tc trn mt dy . . . . . 1.5 Gii tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 th hai chiu . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Gii phng trnh . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 Phng trnh i s . . . . 1.7.2 Phng trnh quy np . . . 1.8 Phng trnh vi phn . . . . . . . 1.8.1 Cch gii gii tch . . . . 1.8.2 Cch gii s . . . . . . . . 1.9 i s tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Lp trnh trong Maple . . . . . . . 1.10.1 Khai thc sau khi bin dch 1.11 Nguyn hm . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12.1 Cc lnh c bn . . . . . . 1.12.2 i s . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12.3 Phng trnh vi phn . . . 1.12.4 Nguyn hm . . . . . . . 1.12.5 Lp trnh . . . . . . . . . 1.13 Bi c thm: Thals . . . . . . . i 1 1 3 3 5 5 6 7 8 8 10 11 13 13 14 14 14 16 18 20 21 23 26 26 26 27 27 27 32

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Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr 2.1 Tit kim nhm . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 on ng gn nht . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Gc nhn ca phi hnh gia . . . . . . 2.4 Hnh nn v hnh cu . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Tnh bng th tch . . . . . . 2.4.2 Tnh bng din tch . . . . . . 2.5 Khc cua gt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Vn 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Vn 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 Hnh v cho bi ton Ellipsoid 2.7 Cc tr ca hm hai bin: Th d 2 . . 2.8 Cc tr ca hm ba bin . . . . . . . . 2.9 Bi c thm: Pythagore . . . . . . . Chng 3. th ba chiu 3.1 Th d 1 . . . . . . . . 3.2 Th d 2 . . . . . . . . 3.3 Th d 3 . . . . . . . . 3.4 Th d 4 . . . . . . . . 3.5 Bi c thm: Euclide

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33 33 34 36 37 37 40 42 43 44 47 48 48 50 53 54 54 57 60 63 67 69 69 71 73 74 77 77 81 81 81 84 85 88 89 89 90 90 v

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Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch 4.1 Tm v v tip tuyn chung ca hai vng trn 4.2 Din tch phn giao ca hai vng trn . . . . 4.3 Qu tch 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Qu tch 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Qu tch 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.1 Cch gii th nht . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.2 Cch gii th hai . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Gii hn ca Maple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.1 Mt th d thun hnh thc . . . . . . 4.6.2 Mt khc mc... . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.3 Mt th d in hnh . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Bi c thm: Archimde . . . . . . . . . . .

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Chng 5. Bi ton m phng 5.1 Cnh tranh tay i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1 Gii bng hm t hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2 Gi bng ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phm Minh Hong

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5.2 5.3

5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

5.8

5.1.3 Gii bng hm quy np rsolve 5.1.4 Biu din trong khng gian 3-D Kinh t ASEAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . Li sut ngn hng . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Lp trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2 Hm s hp . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3 Dy truy hi (quy np) . . . . . 5.3.4 Phng trnh vi phn . . . . . . Nui tm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bn khuy nc u . . . . . . . . . . Bi ton cn bng mi sinh . . . . . . . S.A.R.S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.1 Gii vi cc i lng ri rc . 5.7.2 Gii vi cc i lng lin tc . Bi c thm: Eratosthene . . . . . . .

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91 91 92 93 93 94 94 95 97 102 103 105 105 108 112 115 115 115 116 117 118 118 119 120 120 121 122 122 122 125 127 127 128 129 129 131 131 137 137

Chng 6. Bi ton kch thc hnh xoay 6.1 Din tch, th tch ellipse v ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.1 Din tch mt ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2 Th tch mt ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.3 Din tch mt ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Th tch sinh ra bi php quay quanh trc Ox ca mt hm . . 6.3 Th tch sinh ra bi php quay quanh trc Oy ca mt hm . . 6.4 Trng hp mt hm ni suy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Tm th tch sinh ra bi php quay ca phn giao ca hai hm . 6.5.1 Xoay quanh Ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.2 Xoay quanh Oy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Mt trng hp phc tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.1 Xoay quanh Ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.2 Xoay quanh Oy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Bi c thm: Galile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 7. Bi ton sc bn vt liu 7.1 Ti trng u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 Hai u gi n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.2 Ngm mt u, u kia t do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.3 Ngm hai u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.4 Ngm mt u, u kia gi n (h siu tnh) . . . . . 7.1.5 Ngm mt u, u kia gi n mt im bt k u . 7.2 Ti trng tp trung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1 Ngm mt u, lc tp trung u kia. [Hnh 7.14 (a)] vi

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Phm Minh Hong

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7.3

7.2.2 Ngm mt u, lc tp trung x = u l [Hnh 7.14 (b)] . . . . . . . . 138 7.2.3 Hai gi n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Bi c thm: Kpler - Thi Dng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 145 145 148 149 149 151 154 156 157 165 168 168 170 171 174 177 180 183 183 184 185 188 189 191 193 195 198 198 199 204 209 209 209 210 212 vii

Chng 8. Bi ton n o 8.1 Mi trng khng c ma st khng kh . . . . . 8.2 Mi trng c ma st khng kh . . . . . . . . 8.2.1 Th d 1: nghim gii tch . . . . . . . 8.2.2 Th d 2 : nghim bng phng php s 8.2.3 Tm gc bn xa nht . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4 Ni di tm bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.5 Sc cn trong trng hp phc tp . . . 8.2.6 Dng Do C th k XXI! . . . . . . . 8.3 Bi c thm: Shwerer Gustav . . . . . . . . .

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Chng 9. Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo 9.1 L xo nm ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1.1 Trng hp 1 : Khng c lc gim xc, = 0 9.1.2 Trng hp 2 : Lc gim xc, 0 . . . . . 9.1.3 Kho st hin tng cng hng . . . . . . . . 9.2 H ba l xo nm ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Bi c thm: Cu Tacoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Chng 10.Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc 10.1 Con lc n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1.1 Trng hp 1: gc quay nh . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1.2 Trng hp 2: gc quay ln khng ma st . . . . 10.1.3 Trng hp 3: gc quay ln vi ma st . . . . . 10.2 Con lc kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.1 Trng hp 1: gc quay nh, tnh ton hnh thc 10.2.2 Trng hp 2: gc quay ln - Tnh ton s . . . 10.2.3 Kim chng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Con lc n n hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.1 V hnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.2 Tnh ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 Bi c thm: Lch s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 11.S hc v ng dng 11.1 Tm tt l thuyt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.1 S hc m-un . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.2 Php chia Eculide trong Z /mZ . 11.1.3 ng dng ca php tnh ng d .
Phm Minh Hong

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Mc lc

11.1.4 nh l Trung Quc . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Mt m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.1 M Csar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.2 M Khi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.3 M RSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Bi c thm B kha RSA: Con ng chng gai Chng 12.X l hnh ng 12.1 Chuyn ng n gin . . . . . . . . . . 12.1.1 Th d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1.2 Th d 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1.3 Th d 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Chuyn ng phc tp . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.1 Th d 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.2 Th d 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Chuyn ng c s thay i vn tc . . . 12.3.1 Thay i u . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.2 Thay i khng u - Th d 1 . . 12.3.3 Thay i khng u - Th d 2 . . 12.4 Chuyn ng vi mt hay nhiu hnh tnh 12.4.1 Th d 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.2 Th d 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 ng lp ln bi hnh ng . . . . . . . 12.5.1 Vin bi ln theo ng thng . . . 12.5.2 Vin bi ln theo mt ng bt k 12.5.3 Cycloid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.4 im ng hc . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 Bi c thm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ti liu tham kho Ch mc

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213 216 217 219 222 229 231 231 231 232 233 234 234 238 240 240 241 242 245 245 246 248 248 250 252 253 256 278 280

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viii

Phm Minh Hong

Danh mc hnh minh ha

Hnh 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 4.1 4.2 (a) Ba li gii v (b) khi v chung vi tp hp cc li gii Li gii phng trnh vi phn phng php gii tch . . . Li gii phng trnh vi phn v phng php s . . . . S to v s dng tp tin thc thi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 16 18 22 34 35 36 38 39 41 43 44 45 47 49 49 50 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 63 65 67 70 71

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Hnh nn ni tip (b) ng biu din ca th tch theo h khi R = 3. . . (a) hnh nn ngoi tip (b) ng biu din ca th tch theo h khi R = 3. . th ca din tch theo h khi R = 3: (a) trng hp ni tip; (b) ngoi tip Hnh nn ni tip v ngoi tip hnh trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hnh hp ni tip trong mt ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hnh khi cc i trong mt ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ng ng mc ca hm f (x, y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cc tr hm nhiu bin v hnh chiu ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cc im dng ca f (x, y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . im cc i v cc tiu ca f (x, y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . im yn nga ca hm f (x, y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th gradient, ng ng mc v chuyn ng ca Pk . . . . . . . Chuyn ng Pk trong khng gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biu din tham s ca hm rng buc g(x, y) trn f (x, y) . . . . . . . (a) ng ng mc v ellips 2D, (b) Vc-t gradient ti im cc tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Danh mc hnh minh ha

4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 (a), (b) V tr tng i ca H; (c) Qu tch H 4.8 Qu tch ca H vi cc v tr M . . . . . . . . 4.9 Vng trn trc giao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10

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74 75 77 78 79 80 83 84 87 91 92 95 96 98 101 102 104 105 107

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thng v vi th 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sai bit gia php gii ri rc v lin tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a), (b) Pht trin n nh sau 30 thng v (c) pht trin khng n nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 ng biu din ca lng mun (a) trng hp v (b) trng hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ly lan ca bnh dch khi khng c v khi c thuc cha . . . . . . . . . 1 1 5.11 Ly lan ca bnh dch vi b = v b = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 5.12 Ly lan ca bnh dch trng hp c) v d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13 Thut ton "Sng Eratosthene" v cch o chu vi tri t. . . . . . . . . . 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8

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ellipse v ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 th y = f (x) = x3 v hnh xoay quanh Ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1 (y) v hnh xoay quanh Oy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th x = f th mt hm ni suy v hnh xoay quanh Ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phn giao ca hai hm v hnh xoay quanh Ox, Oy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phn giao ca hai hm trong mt trng hp phc tp v (b),(c) cch v tnh th tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp hai gi n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp ngm mt u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp ngm hai u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 x

Phm Minh Hong

Danh mc hnh minh ha

7.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp ngm mt u, u kia gi n . . 7.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11 Chuyn v, moment ngm mt u v gi n : (a) x = 8 v (b) x = 7 (cch gii th nht) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.13 Chuyn v, moment trng hp ngm mt u v gi n : (a) x = 8 v (b) x = 7 (cch gii th hai) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.14 Cc trng hp ti trng tp trung vi ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.15 Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp ngm mt u, lu tp trung khi: (a) u = 4 v (b) u = 6 (cc t l c sa i d nhn) . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.17 Lc tp trung, hai ni n qua hai cch gii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.18 Thi Dng H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qu o trong trng hp khng ma st vi: (a) v0 = 300 v (b) v0 = 900m/s 1 n o vi h s ma st bng : (a) k = 1 (ti a) v (b) k = . . . . . . . . 10 [ ] 7 n o 5 gc bn P , vi ma st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ni di tm bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a), (b): Cc hm sc cn p(h) v (c) tm bn tng ng vi = . . . . . . 4 n a ca 6 gc bn vi gia tng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Cc hm ni suy ftd(d), fdt(d) v fad(t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cc hm ni suy ftd(t), fad(a) v fda(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n o ca 6 gc bn vi gia tng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Cc hm ni suy spline ca fdt(t), fad(a), fda(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hnh 8.14: i bc Schwerer Gustav (hnh mu trng by) . . . . . . . . . . . L xo v khi m trn trc honh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chuyn ng vi gim xc = df rac120 v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Chuyn ng vi gim xc ln 0 v (b) gim xc tn hn ( = 0) . . Chuyn ng vi nh hng ngoi lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuyn ng khi ngoi lc (a) cng vn tc gc v (b) khng cng vn tc gc H ba l xo trc v sau khi chuyn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuyn ng ca h thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

135 136 137 137 138 138 139 139 140 141 143 145 147 151 153 154 155 157 158 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 169 170 172 173 174 176 177 179 xi

Phm Minh Hong

Danh mc hnh minh ha

9.9 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8

Cu Tacoma lc sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 185 187 189 190 194 195 196

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Con lc n vi gc quay nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Con lc n vi gc quay ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Con lc n vi gc quay ln v lc ma st . . . . . . . . Con lc kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuyn ng cng chiu vi gc quay nh . . . . . . . . . Chuyn ng ngc chiu vi gc quay nh . . . . . . . . Chuyn ng vi u1 (0) = u2 (0) = 1 radian . . . . . . . . 10.9 Chuyn ng vi u1 (0) = , u2 (0) = 1radian . . . . . . 2 10.10 th ca ng nng, th nng v c nng ca con lc kp 10.11Con lc n n hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.12Khai bo con lc n hi v vi chuyn ng . . . . . . . 10.13(a) Qu o con lc v (b) th nng lng . . . . . . . . 10.14Con lc kp n hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.17Tukey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . 197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 198 200 201 203 204 205 206 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 240 241 243 244

12.1 Hnh tnh ca hm sin(x) v 4 chuyn ng khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 (a) Chong chng v tr u, (b) sau khi quay 30o v (c) 4 chuyn ng 5o 12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 (a) Chuyn ng tnh tin ca bnh xe v (b) chuyn ng quay ca van . 12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 Chuyn ng ca van xe trong 3 vng quay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 4 chuyn ng vi khong cch thi gian (a) u v (b) khng u . . . . 12.8 (a) C hai xe ngng cng lc v (b) ln lt ngng . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 (a) Chuyn ng vi thay i u v (b) thay i khng u . . . . . . . 12.10Chuyn ng theo nh lut Kpler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.11Chuyn ng ca mt trng quanh tri t theo nh lut Kpler . . . . . x 2 12.12Tip tuyn ca hm f (x) = e
x sin( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 k 1 12.13S hi t ca n=1 [ cos(x)n cos(nx)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n 12.14Chuyn ng thng ca vin bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x sin x , (b)f (x) v (c)f ( ) nhn ln 30 ln . . . . . . 12.15 th ca hm (a), x 3 12.16Chuyn ng ca vin bi (a) trc v (b) sau khi chnh vn tc . . . . . . 12.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.19Biu din ca vn tc v gia tc hnh (a) cardiod v (b) hnh c sn . . . xii

. . . 246 . . . 247 . . . 249 . . . 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 252 254 256

Phm Minh Hong

Danh mc hnh minh ha

12.20Babylone . . . . . . . . . . 12.21Pythagore . . . . . . . . . . 12.22Thales . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.23Hippocrates . . . . . . . . . 12.24Euclide . . . . . . . . . . . 12.25Aristote . . . . . . . . . . . 12.26Archimede . . . . . . . . . . 12.27Eratosthene . . . . . . . . . 12.28Apollonius . . . . . . . . . . 12.29Ptoleme . . . . . . . . . . . 12.30Liu Hui . . . . . . . . . . . 12.31Diophante . . . . . . . . . . 12.32H Thp Phn . . . . . . . . 12.33Abu-bin-Musa-al-Khwarizmi 12.34Fibonacci . . . . . . . . . . 12.35Qin Jinshao . . . . . . . . . 12.36Nicolas . . . . . . . . . . . 12.37Copernic . . . . . . . . . . . 12.38Vite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.39Kepler . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.40Neper . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.41Cavalieri . . . . . . . . . . . 12.42Descartes . . . . . . . . . . 12.43Desargues . . . . . . . . . . 12.44Pascal . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.45Fermat . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.46Huygens . . . . . . . . . . . 12.47Leibniz . . . . . . . . . . . 12.48Seki Kowa . . . . . . . . . . 12.49Isaac Newton . . . . . . . . 12.50Jacques Bernoulli . . . . . . 12.51Rolle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.52Jean Bernoulli . . . . . . . . 12.53De Moivre . . . . . . . . . . 12.54Jacapo Riccati . . . . . . . . 12.55Euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.56Simpson . . . . . . . . . . . 12.57D'Alembert . . . . . . . . . 12.58Lagrange . . . . . . . . . . 12.59Monge . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phm Minh Hong

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256 257 257 257 257 258 258 258 258 259 259 259 259 260 260 260 261 261 261 261 262 262 262 262 263 263 263 263 264 264 264 265 265 265 265 266 266 266 266 267 xiii

Danh mc hnh minh ha

12.60Legendre . . . . . . . . . . 12.61Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.62Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.63Poisson . . . . . . . . . . . 12.64Laplace . . . . . . . . . . . 12.65Bolzano . . . . . . . . . . . 12.66Navier . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.67Green . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.68Galois . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.69Lobachevsky . . . . . . . . 12.70Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . 12.71Dirichlet . . . . . . . . . . . 12.72Jacobi . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.73Cayley . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.74Boole . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.75Chebyshev . . . . . . . . . . 12.76Sylvester . . . . . . . . . . 12.77Venn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.78Poincar . . . . . . . . . . . 12.79Frobenius . . . . . . . . . . 12.80Lyapunov . . . . . . . . . . 12.81RungeKutta . . . . . . . . . 12.82Carmichael . . . . . . . . . 12.83Borel . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.84Richardson . . . . . . . . . 12.85Turing . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.86George Dantzig . . . . . . . 12.87Shannon . . . . . . . . . . . 12.88Schwartz . . . . . . . . . . 12.89Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.90Edward Lorenz . . . . . . . 12.91Tukey . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.92Mandelbrot . . . . . . . . . 12.93Adleman, Rivest, and Shamir 12.94Wiles . . . . . . . . . . . .

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267 267 267 268 268 268 268 269 269 269 269 270 270 270 270 271 271 271 271 272 272 272 272 273 273 273 273 274 274 274 274 275 275 275 275

xiv

Phm Minh Hong

Danh mc bng biu

Bng biu 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 7.1 8.1 9.1 Trang 21 22 23 42 100 106 107 110 111 113 Sp xp mt dy s thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S dng worksheet vi tp tin thc thi l pgm1.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S dng worksheet vi tp tin thc thi l pgm2.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kt qu theo V v theo S ca hnh nn ni tip hnh cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thi Dng h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Chng trnh ca 5 gc bn vi gia tng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 30

Cc lnh to hnh ng cho h ba l xo c mt u t do . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

10.1 Cc lnh to hnh tnh chuyn ng con lc n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 10.2 Cc lnh to hnh tnh chuyn ng con lc n vi ma st. . . . . . . . . . 188 10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Bng hon chuyn mu t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng trnh m Csar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kt qu m khi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng trnh m khi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng trnh m RSA v php bnh phng lin tip . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng trnh m RSA c k tn v lin kt vi php bnh phng lin tip. . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 218 220 221 224 228

12.1 Chng trnh cine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 12.2 Lch s cc k hiu Ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

xv

Chng1
C php Maple
Chng ny tm tt mt s lnh Maple c bn[1 ] v c dng nhiu trong cun sch ny. c thm chi tit cch hay nht vn l tham kho phn tr gip.

1.1 Tng quan

Khi khi ng maple chng ta s c mt mn hnh n gin: trn cng chng ta c mt menu vi nhng chc nng quen thuc ca mt phn mm Windows: File,Edit,View,Insert... Cch s dng nhng chc nng ny cng kh d dng. Phn ln nht ca mn hnh l mt trang trng, l ni ngi s dng nh cc lnh Maple v nhn kt qu. Mt lnh Maple c nh sau du ">" v mc nh c nt ch courier mu , mt kt qu c mu xanh v nt ch times. Th d:
> p:=x+3;
p := x + 3

Trc khi vo tng cu lnh Maple, mt vi quy tc chung cn nh:

X Lnh u tin l restart (khng bt buc), xo sch b nh v chun b cho nhng iu kin lm vic tt nht cho Maple.
> restart:

X Maple phn bit ch thng v ch hoa: th d simplify khc vi Simplify. Trong Maple i a s cc cu lnh u l ch thng nhng c mt s rt t c c ch thng ln ch hoa (v d nhin chc nng cng khc). Th d expand v Exphand, thm ch c nhng option ton vit bng ch in. X Trong Maple, gn gi tr vo mt bin phi dng du := Nu ta nh du =, Maple s khng thng bo sai. Th d:
> x:=Pi;
x :=

> y=sin(x);
1

Phin bn Maple c dng trong sch l phin bn 8

Chng 1. C php Maple y=0

Maple hin th y = 0 v n lp li nhng g ta nh nhng trong bin y vn cn trng (ngi ta gi bin y l bin t do, trong khi x c gn cho gi tr , x c gi l bin rng buc). Kim chng:
> x,y;
, y

X gii phng mt bin rng buc, (ta ly th d trn, x ang rng buc v n bng ):
> x:='x'; > x;
x

X Mt lnh ca Maple c chm dt bng du (;) hoc du hai chm (:). Nu chm phy, kt qu s hin ra ; nu l hai chm, lnh s c thc hin nhng kt qu khng hin ra (xem th d trn). X Du %: y l mt k hiu quan trng trong Maple. Du % biu tng cho kt qu va thc hin. Th d khi ta ly nguyn hm ca 3sin(x):
> int(3*sin(x),x);

y, % biu tng cho
3 cos(x). Nu ly o hm ca n ta s tm li c 3 sin(x). Trong trng hp ny ta s dng du %:

> diff(%,x);
3 sin(x)

3 cos(x)

X Mapple cho php nh nhiu lnh trn mt dng. Ly li th d trn:

> int(3*sin(x),x): diff(%,x)
3 sin(x)

Dng trn gm 2 lnh. Lnh nguyn hm 3 sin(x)d(x) chm dt bng du hai chm, kt qu (-3cos(x)) khng c hin th nhng n gn vo bin %. Lnh o hm chm dt bng du chm phy, kt qu c hin ra.
X Maple cho php kt hp nhiu lnh vo mt lnh:
> diff(int(3*sin(x),x),x);
3 sin(x)

X Hy quan st lnh sau:

> Int(3*sin(x),x):=value(%);

Lnh Int (vi ch I c vit hoa) s cho ra kt qu l k hiu nguyn hm 3 sin(x)d(x), nhng v lnh ny chm dt bng du hai chm nn k hiu ny n v c gn vo bin %. 2
Phm Minh Hong

1.2. Cc thao tc trn mt biu thc

Lnh tip theo bt u bng du %= c ngha l

3 sin(x)d(x) =, tip theo value(%)

c tc dng tnh gi tr ca bin %. V v lnh ny chm dt bng du chm phy nn kt qu ca n s c in ra:

3 sin(x)d(x) =
3 cos(x)

y % biu tng cho kt qu ca c dng trn. c c phn bn tri du bng, ta dng hm lhs v bn phi bng rhs[2 ]:
> lhs(%); rhs(%%);[3 ]

3 sin(x)d(x),
3 cos(x)

X Mt vi quy tc cn nh khi khai bo cc hm ton hc: sin(x)2 ch khng phi sin2 (x), tan(x) ch khng phi tg(x). Hm m ca x l exp(x) ch khng phi l ex . K hiu l Pi, s phc l I... X Dng thuyt minh: nh dng thuyt minh (c th dng font ting Vit), nhp chut vo ni mun nh thuyt minh sau nhp vo nt T nm di hng menu. Du > s bin mt v tt c nhng g bn nh s mang mu en v u l nhng dng ch khng c bin dch bi Maple. Sau khi hon tt, dng chut hoc mi tn (trn bn phm) ra khi dng thuyt minh, nhp vo nt > tr li vi cc lnh Maple. X Lu vo cng: Tt c cc cu lnh Maple v kt qu c gi l mt worksheet v c lu li di 2 dng: dng c (MWS) v dng mi (MW, k t phin bn 9). Trong phm vi cun sch ny, chng ta ch lm vic vi dng MWS. X Maple c trn 1500 lnh (phin bn 8), trong c nhng lnh t c dung. trnh phi nhp tt c cc lnh vo RAM ca my mt cch v ch, ngi ta gom nhng lnh c cng mt ng dng vo nhng package (tm dch l gi). Nhng gi thng gp l plots,linalg,geometry,plottools... Khi cn s dng, dng hm with
nhp: > with(plots): Ta cng c th dng lnh m khng cn nhp package bng cch nh (th d lnh display trong gi plots): > plots[display](...);

1.2 Cc thao tc trn mt biu thc Lnh simplify: n gin

n gin mt biu thc (expression) i s. y c th l mt a thc, mt biu thc lng gic, logarithm, hm m, hm hu t...
> p:=1/(a*(a-b)*(a-c))+1/(b*(b-a)*(b-c))+1/(c*(c-a)*(c-b)): > %=simplify(%);
right hand side Hm rhs c dng vi 2 du %, v sau khi thc hin lnh lhs(%);,bin % tr thnh.phi thm mt du % th hai c c ng gi tr bn phi du bng.
3 2

Phm Minh Hong

Chng 1. C php Maple 1 1 1 1 + + = a(a
b)(a
c) b(b
a)(b
c) c(c
a)(c
b) cab > 2*cos(x)3+sin(x)*sin(2*x):=simplify(%); 2(cos(x))3 + sin(x) sin(2x) = cos(2x)

Tuy nhin c nhng trng hp khng "sun s" nh ta ngh:

> sqrt(x2):%=simplify(%);

> (x-2)3/(x2-4*x+4):%=simplify(%); (x
2)3 =x
2 x2
4x + 4

csgn(x) l hm cho ra 1 nu Re(x) 0[4 ],v cho -1 nu Re(x) 0. Ti sao? Trc khi tr li, chng ta ng bao gi qun rng y l mi trng tnh ton hnh thc, iu c ngha l Maple phi lm vic trn cc k t ch khng phi nhng con s. Khi ta vit k t x, trong u mnh ngh ngay n mt con s (thm ch l s dng). Nhng Maple khng ngh nh th, n s hiu y l mt bin bt k, c th l mt s phc, mt ma trn, hay mt th...V trong tt c nhng "gi thuyt" ny, s phc l hp l hn c v cu tr li ca Maple (csgn(x)x) l hon ton chnh xc. kim chng, ta c th "bo" cho Maple rng x l mt s thc bng cch dng hm assume:
> assume(x,real): > sqrt(x2):%=simplify(%);
x
2

x2 = csgn(x)x

= |x

Du c thm khi mt bin c assume. Tuy nhin k t by gi d c chng ta s b qua v khng hin th k t ny. V khi x 0:
> assume(x,real): > sqrt(x2):%=simplify(%);
x2 = x

Ni tm li, trc khi p dng mt quy tc n gin, Maple phi xt n bn cht ca bin. Nhng trc khi i vo cc th d, chng ta s gii phng x tr li tnh trng ban u ng thi trnh lp i lp li ch simplify, ta s vit tt thnh Sp qua lnh alias:
> s:='x': alias(Sp=Simplify): p:=(x-2)3/ sqrt(x2-4*x+4) > p:%=Sp(%) 3 ? (x
2) = (x
2)2csgn(x
2) x2
4x + 4

Maple n gin t v mu cho (x
2) nhng vn t du hi v du ca x
2. V khi x 2 mi chuyn s tt p.

> assume (x>2): p:%=Sp(%); 3 ? (x
2) = (x
2)2 x2
4x + 4 > x:='x':p:=ln(x3) - 2*ln(x): p=Sp(p); ln(x3 )
2 ln(x) = ln(x3 )
2 ln(x) > assume (x>0): 'ln(x3)-2*ln(x)'=Sp(p);[5 ]
4 5

Tng t vi hm ln:

Trong Maple, phn thc ca x k hiu l Re(x), phn phc l Im(x) Du nhy n trnh Maple t ng n gin khi x>0 Phm Minh Hong

1.2. Cc thao tc trn mt biu thc

ln(x3 )
2 ln(x) = ln(x)

Ta c th n gin hn bng cch:

> Sp(p,assume=positive;

Tuy nhin, Maple c option symbolic cho php n gin m khng cn assume nhng vn bo ton cc quy tc ton hc thng thng:
> x:='x': (x-2)3/sqrt(x2-4*x+4):%=Sp(%,Symbolic); 3 ? (x
2) = (x
2)2 x2
4x + 4 > ln(x3)-2*ln(x):%=Sp(%,Symbolic); ln(x3 )
2 ln(x) = ln(x)

Lnh expand: khai trin

Hm expand c mc ch:
X Khai trin a thc (ph du ngoc, hiu theo ngha rng) X Biu din cc hm lng gic theo nx thnh hm theo x
> sqrt((4+sqrt(3))*(4-sqrt(3))):%=expand(%);
b

(4 +

3(4

3)) =

13

> cos(3*x):%=expand(%);

cos 3x = cos(x)3
3 cos(x)

> (a+b)/(a-b):%=expand(%); a+b a b = + a
b a
b a
b Trong trng hp phn s hu t, expand khng khai trin mu s, phi dng hm normal, expanded: > (x+1)/((x+3)*(x+2)):%=expand(%); x+1 x 1 = + (x + 3)(x + 2) (x + 3)(x + 2) (x + 3)(x + 2) > expand(normal(lhs(%),expanded)); x 1 + x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 5x + 6 Tri vi simplify, expand khng c symbolic: > ln(a*b):%=expand(%,symbolic); ln(ab) = ln(ab) > assume(a>0, b>0): ln(a*b):%=expand(%); ln(ab) = ln(a) + ln(b)

Lnh factor: tha s

Lnh ny c xem nh ngc li vi lnh expand
> p:=x4-3*x2+2: p=factor(p);
x4
32 + 2 = (x
1)(x + 1)(x2
2)

> factor(rhs(%))=expand(lhs(%));
Phm Minh Hong

Chng 1. C php Maple x
1)(x + 1)(x2
2) = x4
32 + 2

Qua kt qu trn, ta thy a thc x2
2 khng c khai trin trong Q . Ngi ta ni a thc ny ti gin trong Q :
> irreduc(x2-2);
true

Hy quan st cc lnh sau:

> factor(x2-4);
(x
2)(x + 2) x2
2 (x

> factor(x2-2); > factor(x2-2,sqrt(2));

2)(x + 2)

> factor(x2+2,sqrt(2),I);
(x
I 2)(x + I 2)

Qua 4 lnh ny ta c th kt lun l hm factor ch tha s ho mt a thc trong trng hp cc s hu t. Khi nghim khng thuc Q , phi khai bo phn t ny. V khi c trn mt phn t khai bapf, phi tt c trong ngoc nhn(tu). Trong trng hp cc a thc bc cao ( 2) thng phi dng lnh solve (gii phng trnh) tm nghim trc khi tha s ho:
> solve(x3+9);

32/3, 1/232/3
3/2I

?
6

3, 1/232/3 + 3/2I 6 3

C tt c ba nghim, trong c hai nghim phc v u l v t (32/3 , vi lnh sau:

> factor(x3+9,3(1/6),I); ? ? 1 (2x
32/3
3I 6 3)(2x
32/3 + 3I 6 3)(x + 32/3 ) 4

?
6

3). Chng ta th

Qua kt qu ny chng ta thy Maple rt "thng minh". Ch c 6 3 c khai bo nhng trong qu trnh tha s ho, Maple cng tm ra c?2/3 . Mt chi tit quan trng cn lu l 3 ? 6 6 nghim ca a thc l 3/2 3 nhng ta ch khai bo 3 v phi b qua tha s 3/2:
> factor(x3+9,3/2*3(1/6),I);
Error, (in factor) 2nd argument, 3/2*3(1/6), I, is not a valid algebraric extension

Lnh combine: gom

"Gom" nhng hm ton ging nhau (exp,ln, hm lng gic...) v bin i tch cc hm lng gic thnh tng (ngc li vi expand).
> exp(x)*exp(y):%=combine(%);
ex ey = ex+y

> sqrt(x)*sqrt(y):%=combine(%,sqrt,symbolic);

?x?y = ?xy
xa )b = xab

> (xa)b:%=combine(%, power, symbolic);

Phm Minh Hong

1.2. Cc thao tc trn mt biu thc

> ln(x)+ln(y):%=combine(%, ln, symbolic);[6 ] ln(x) + ln(y) = ln(xy) > sin(x)*cos(y):%=combine(%);[7 ] 1 1 sin(x) cos(y) = sin(x + y) + sin(x
y) 2 2 > Int(f,x)+Int(g,x):%=combine(%,Int);[8 ]

f dx + gdx =

(f + g)dx

Lu l khi dng vi symbolic, cn thit phi xc nh hm ton hc no cn phi gom.

Lnh convert: bin i

Bin i mt biu thc ton hc sang dng khc. y l lnh phc tp nht(gn 100 cch bin i khc nhau):
> convert(12,binary);
1100

> exp(I*x):%=convert(%,trig);
eIx = cos(x) + I sin(x)

> arcsinh(x):%=convert(%, ln);

arcsinh(x) = ln(x + [[1, 2], [3, 4]] x2 + 1)

> A:=matrix([[1,2],[3,4]]): convert(A,listlist);

Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca hm convert l phn tch mt phn s hu t thnh tng cc phn t n gin:
> 1/(x2-4):%=convert(%,parfrac,x); 1 1 1 = + 2
4 x 4(x + 2) 4(x
2)

Ging nh trng hp factor, nu a thc c nghim v t hoc phc, cn phi khai bo ? 1 cc nghim ny. Gi s mun phn tch a thc p = x2 + 8, phi tha s ho vi I 2 trc p khi phn tch:
> p:=x2+8: > factor(1/p,I,sqrt(2)):%=convert(%,parfrac,x); I I ? 1 ? = ?
? (x
2I 2)(x + 2I 2) 8(x + 2I 2) 8(x
2I 2) convert cng c dng tnh tng hoc tch cc phn t trong mt dy: > convert([1,2,3],`+`);
6

6 7

Ngc vi Simplify Ging factor, ngc vi expand 8 Ngc vi expand Phm Minh Hong

Chng 1. C php Maple

1.3 Mnh v hm mi tn
X Cho biu thc ton hc:
> p:=x2-3*x+2;
p := x2
3x + 2

bit gi tr ti im x = 2, dng hm subs. Trong Maple, p c gi l mt mnh expression:

> subs(x=2,p);
0

X Cho hm s f (x) = sin(x), gi tr ti x = c vit nh mt k hiu quen thuc: f ( ). 3 3 Trong Maple, f c gi l mt hm (function hay hm mi tn):
> f:=x
sin(x): f(Pi/3);

3 2

X bin mt mnh sang mt hm mi tn:

> g:=unapply(p,x): g(2);
0

y l mt lnh quan trng v n cho php khai bo mt hm (mi tn) t mt kt qu phc tp.

1.4 Cc thao tc trn mt dy

X Mt dy c th c khai bo bng cch khai bo tng phn t hoc bng hm seq. N c th c hoc khng c du ngoc vung:
> p:=seq(2*i+1,i=0..8); q:=[sin(-Pi/3),6,-2,Pi2];
p := 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 [ ? ] 3 2
2 , 6,
2,

X Cc phn t ca dy v s phn t ca dy:

> p[3],q[4];
5, 2

> nops([p]),nops([q]);
9, 4

Lu cch s dng khi dy khai bo vi ngoc vung hoc khng ngoc vung.
X Khai bo dy bt k bng hm rand(random):
> k:=rand(-15..15): > X:=seq(k(),i=1..20); Y:=[seq(k(),i=1..17)];

Phm Minh Hong

1.4. Cc thao tc trn mt dy X := 8, 14,
11, 0, 14, 14,
6,
9, 4,
2, 2, 10, 0,
13, 15, 14,
8, ,
5, 5, 6 Y := [13, 15,
12,
13,
2,
9, 9, 7,
6,
7, 6,
10,
5,
11, 9,
14, 9]

X Tm cc phn t xi

4 v chia chn cho 3, cc s nguyn t trong Y :

> select(i
i>4 and i mod 3 = 0, [X]); select(i
isprime(i),Y);

[15, 6] [13, 7]

X Ghp hai kt qu ny vo mt dy s. Lnh op dng b ngoc vung:

> s:=op(%),op(%%);
s := 13, 7, 15, 6

X Khi dy c s v t phi dng lnh is (dng li dy q trn):

> select(i>0,q);
Error,selecting function must return true or false

> select(i
is(i>0),q);
[6, 2 ]

X Lnh map: y l mt lnh quan trng. Lnh ny p dng mt hm (c th hm Maple hoc hm mi tn) cho tt c cc phn t trong mt dy.
> map(i
i2,[s]);
[169, 49, 225, 36]

> map(i
i-3*I,[s]);
[13
3I, 7
3I, 15
3I, 6
3I]

> u:=[seq(sin(i*x),i=1..3)];
u := [sin(x), sin(2x), sin(3x)]

> map(diff,u,x);
[cos(x), 2 cos(2x), 3 cos(3x)]

X option has:
> p:=x=sin(t),y=cos(t)2,z=1+cos(u);
p := x = sin(t), y = cos(t)2 , z = 1 + cos(u)

Tm nhng phn t trong p khng c cos(t):

> remove(has,[p],cos(t));
[x = sin(t), z = 1 + cos(u)]
Phm Minh Hong

Chng 1. C php Maple

1.5 Gii tch

X Hm mt bin

Cc lnh tnh gii hn, o hm, nguyn hm...:

> p:=exp(-x2): Limit(p,x=infinity):%=value(%);
x

lim e
x = 0

> Diff(p,x):%=diff(%);
d
x 2 2 e =
2xe
x dx

Trong lnh trn hm diff(p,x) dng ly o hm mnh p theo x. Hm Diff (vi ch D hoa), c gi l dng tnh (inert form) ca hm diff(p,x). N ch c tc dng d vit k hiu p. dx d2 2 Lnh di y tnh 2 p (du nhy c dng hin th ch p thay v e
x ) dx
> 'Diff('p;,x,x)':%=value(%);
d2 2 2 p =
2xe
x + 4x2 e
x dx2

Tnh o hm bc n: diff(p,xn) (di y ta kt hp vi ton t mi tn):

> dp:=n
diff(p,xn): > factor(dp(5));

8xe
x (15
20x2 + 4x4)

2

Tnh nguyn hm: Int (vi ch I hoa), l dng tnh ca hm int(p,x):

> Int(p,x):%=value(%);

e
x dx =
2

1? erf (x) 2

Trong trng hp hm mi tn, o hm bc nht v bc 2:

> f:=x
sin(x2): D(f);
x 2 cos(x2 )x

> f2:=(D@@2)(f);
f 2 := x 2 cos(x2 )
4sin(x2 )x2

> f2(sqrt(Pi/2));

2
Trong trng hp nguyn hm ca mt mi tn, phi bin i sang dng mnh (f (x) l mnh tng ng vi hm mi tn f ):
> Int(f(x),x):%=value(%);

sin(nx)dx =

cos(nx) n
Phm Minh Hong

10

1.6. th hai chiu

X Hm nhiu bin
> p:=x3+x*y2+y3;
p := x3 + xy 2 + y 3

> 'Diff('p,y,y')':%=value(%);
d2 p = 2x + 6y dy 2 > f:=unapply(p,x,y);

Theo trn, f l mt hm theo (x, y). Cc cng thc tnh o hm:

Bf l D[1](f), B2f l (D@@2)[2](f), B2f l D[1,2](f) Bx B2x B xB y

> D[1](f),(D[2]@@2)(f),D[2,1](f);
(x, y) 3x2 + y 2 , (x, y) 2x + 6y, (x, y) 2y

V thy c sc mnh ca Maple, hy quan st bi ton Pavelle sau y:

> p:=sin(n*z*sqrt(x2+y2+z2)/sqrt(y2+z2))sqrt(x2+y2+z2); ( a ) nz x2 + y 2 + z 2 a sin y2 + z2 a p= x2 + y 2 + z 2 > 'Diff('p,x')':%=value(%); ( a ) ( a ) nz x2 + y 2 + z 2 nz x2 + y 2 + z 2 a a cos nzx sin x y2 + z2 y2 + z2 d a p=
(x2 + y2 + z2)3/2 dx (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) y 2 + z 2

Kt qu trn cc k phc tp, nhng y mi ch l o hm bc nht. Trong trng hp bn thc s rnh ri, hy chng minh (bng tay) rng:
[

B2 ( B2 + B2 + B2 ) + n2 ( B2 + B2 )] p(x, y, z) = 0 Bx2 Bx2 By2 Bz2 Bx2 By2

Cn nu bn khng c thi gi, cu lnh tng ng l:

> Diff('Diff('p,x,x')+Diff('p,y,y')+Diff('p',z,z),x2')+ n2*('Diff('p,x2')+Diff('p,y2')'):%=simplify(value(%),symbolic);

1.6 th hai chiu

[9 ]
X To Descarter

Gi p, q l nhng mnh , f, g l nhng hm mi tn (theo x)

> plot(p,x=-3..3): plot([p,q],x=-3..3,-2..6): > plot(f,-4..4,1..3) > plot([f,g],-1..3,thickness=[2,5],color=[blue,green]):
9

Tt c cc th trong mc ny khng c in ra.

Phm Minh Hong

11

Chng 1. C php Maple

X Ta cc
> plot(1,u=0..2*Pi,coords=polar); > with(plots): > polarplot(1,u=0..2*Pi); polarplot(u,u=0..4*Pi); > polarplot([theta,4*sin(3*theta)], theta=0..2*Pi,color=[red,blue]);

X Hm n
> p:=x3+y3-5*x*y+3;
p := x3 + y 3
5xy + 3

> implicitplot(p,x=-3..3,y=-3..3,grid=[100,100]); > p1:=x2+y2=9: p2:=x2/25+y2/9=1: > implicitplot(p1.p2,x=-5..5,y=-3..3,scaling=constrained);

X Hm tham s
> plot([sint(t),cos(t),t=0..2*Pi]); > plot([[sint(t),cos(t),t=0..2*Pi],[sin(2*t),cos(3*t),t=0..2*Pi]], color=[red,blue]);

X Hm ni im
> k:=rand(-20..20); > p:=seq([i,k()],i=1..40); plot([p]);

X th cc hm khc nhau

Cch d nht l gn cc th vo mt bin, ri sau dng display v chung. Khi gn nh chm dt bng du (:).
> a:=plot([sin(t),x-1],t=-Pi..Pi,color=tan): > b:=polarplot([sin(t),t]t=-Pi..Pi,color=navy): > c:=implicitplot(x2+y2-1,x=-3..3,y=-3..3,grid=[100,100]): > display(a,b,c,scaling=constrained);

X Hnh ng
> plot([sin(x),sin(x-1)],x=0..4*Pi); > plot([seq(sin(x-i),i=1..10)],x=0..5*Pi); > f:=i
sin(x-i): > seq(plot(f(i),x=0..5*Pi),i=1..10): > display(%,insequence=true); > display(seq(plot(f(i/5),x=0..5*Pi)i=1..50),insequence=true);

12

Phm Minh Hong

1.7. Gii phng trnh

1.7 Gii phng trnh Phng trnh i s

X Phng trnh n
> p:=x3+x2-2;
p := x3 + x2
2

> solve(p,x);
1,
1 + I,
1
I

Tuy nhin khng phi lc no kt qu cng n gin. Phng trnh sau nghim gii tch cc k phc tp, Maple ch xut di dng RootOf:
> p:=x4-4*x3+1;
p := x4
4x3 + 1

> s:=solve(p);
s := RootOf ( Z 4
4 Z 3 + 1, index = 1), RootOf ( Z 4
4 Z 3 + 1, index = 2)

RootOf ( Z 4
4 Z 3 + 1, index = 3), RootOf ( Z 4
4 Z 3 + 1, index = 4)

thy gi tr dng l (float), dng evalf ( y hin th 5 s l):

> evalf(%,5);
.66963, 3.9842,
.32691 + .51764I,
.32691
.51764I

c dng tng minh gii thch, dng hm allvalues (khng hin th v di)
> allvalues([s]);

Nu ch mun ly thc nghim dng phng php gii gn ng:

> fsolve(p);
0.6696315467, 3.984188231[10 ]

Mt lnh khc l isolate c tc dng ging solve, nhng c thm v bn tri. Vic ny rt tin li khi tip sau l lnh subs:
> p:=x-x*ln(x2);
p := x
x ln(x2 )

> isolate(p,x): subs(%,p);

x=

?e, 0

X H phng trnh (phi thm ngoc nhn khi khai bo hoc khi gii bng solve).
> p:=x-y=2), x*y=4;
p := x
y = 2, xy = 4

> solve({p}): (dng RootOf, khng hin th) > s:=allvalues(%);

i khi lnh fsolve khng cho ra ht cc nghim thc, lc phi xc nh thm (bng th) khong cch ly nghim. Th d fsolve(f,x=a..b) s cho 1 nghim ca f trong khong [a,b] Phm Minh Hong
10

13

Chng 1. C php Maple s := x = 1 +

5, y =
1 +

5, y =
1

5, x = 1

trch ra gi tr ca x, y c th dng subs hay eval:

> eval(x,s[1]),subs(s[2],y);
1+

5,
1

Phng trnh quy np

X Th d 1. Dy tuyn tnh
> eq:=u(n)=-3*u(n-1)-2*u(n-2);
eq := u(n) =
3u(n
1)
2u(n
2)

> rsolve({eq,u(0)=1,u(1)=1},u);
(
1)n
(
2)n

> S:=unapply(%,n): seq(S(i),i=0..10);

0, 1,
3, 7,
15, 31,
63, 127,
255, 511,
1023

X Th d 2. Dy Fibonacci
> eq:=f(n)=f(n-1)+f(n-2);
eq := f (n) = f (n
1) + f (n
2)

> rsolve({eq,f(1..2)=1},f); ? ( ? )n ? ( ? )n 5 1 5 +
55 1
25 5 2 2 2 > g:=unapply(%,n): seq(simplify(g(i)),i=1..15);

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610

X Th d 3. Dy quy np cho
> s:=u(n+1)=u(n)-2*v(n), v(n+1)=u(n)+4*v(n);
s := u(n + 1) = u(n)
2v(n), v(n + 1) = u(n) + 4v(n)

> p:=rsolve(s,u(0)=-1,v(0)=-1,u,v);
p := u(n) = 33n
42n , v(n) =
33n + 22n

> su:=unapply(eval(u(n),p),n): seq(su(i),i=1..6);

1, 11, 49, 179, 601, 1931

1.8 Phng trnh vi phn Cch gii gii tch

X Phng trnh bc nht
> p:=diff(y(x),x)=-k*y(x); d y(x) =
ky(x) dx

14

Phm Minh Hong

1.8. Phng trnh vi phn

> dsolve({p,y(0)=1}); (vi iu kin u, du ngoc nhn bt buc)

y(x) = e
kx

Chng ta cng c th gii khng iu kin u. V trnh lp i lp li cc k hiu o hm, chng ta s phi khai bo cc k hiu ny nh sau:
> y0=y(x): y1=diff(y(x),x): y2:=diff(y(1),x): CB:='color=blue': > eq:=y1-y02+3*y0; dsolve(eq); (lnh dsolve ngoc nhn khng bt buc)
d y(x)
y(x)2 + 3y(x) dx 3 y(x) = (1 + 3e3x C) eq :=

Ba th ca li gii tng ng vi C1 = -1,0,1:

> f:=unapply(rhs(%), C1): > plot([seq(f(i),i=-1..1)],x=-2..2,y=-2..5,CB); (Hnh 1.1(a))

Maple c th v tp hp li gii di dng cc mi tn (khng hin th):

> with(DEtools): > gr1:=dfieldplot(eq,y(x),x=-3..2,y=-3..5,CB): display(%):

th ba li gii v chung vi tp hp cc li gii:

> gr2:=plot([f(-8),f(3),f(10)],x=-3..2,CB): > display(gr1,gr2); (Hnh 1.1(b))

Hnh 1.1: (a) Ba li gii v (b) khi v chung vi tp hp cc li gii

X Phng trnh bc hai

> eq:=y2+5*y1+6*y0;
eq :=
Phm Minh Hong

d2 d y(x) + 5 y(x) + 6y(x) 2 dx dx

15

Chng 1. C php Maple

iu kin u: k hiu o hm bt buc l ton t D thay v diff:

> dsolve({eq,y(0)=0,D(y)(0)=1});
y(x) =
e
3x + e
2x

X H phng trnh bc nht

> eq:= diff(x(t),t)=-4*y(t)+5, diff(y(t),t)=x(t)-2; d d eq := x(t) =
4y(t) + 5 y(t)
x(t)
2 dt dt dsolve trong trng hp ny bt buc phi c ngoc nhn: > s:=dsolve({eq,x(0)=1,y(0)=-1})
"

s := x(t) =

9 9 1 5 sin(2t)
cos(2t) + 2, y(t) =
cos(2t)
sin(2t) + 2 4 2 4

ng biu din x(t) theo y(t): (Hnh 1.2(a))

> plot([eval(x(t),s),subs(s,y(t))],t=0..2*Pi,linestyle=[1,4]);

ng biu din y(t) theo x(t): (Hnh 1.2(b))

> plot([eval(x(t),s),subs(s,y(t)),t=0..2*Pi],color=black);

Hnh 1.2: Li gii phng trnh vi phn phng php gii tch

Cch gii s
S dng khi cch gii gii tch khng cho ra kt qu hoc kt qu khng khai thc c.
X Phng trnh bc nht
> restart: with(plots): [11 ] > eq:=diff(y(x),x)-x2*y(x)=1;
11

Th mc plots cn thit cho cc lnh display, odeplot c dng di y Phm Minh Hong

16

1.8. Phng trnh vi phn d y(x)
x2 y(x) = 1 dx

> dsolve({eq,y(1)=2}): (Khng hin th v qu phc tp) > s:=dsolve({eq,y(1)=2},y(x),numeric);

s := proc(x rkf 45) . . . end proc

Mc nh Maple dng phng php Runge-Kutta 4 nt gii phng trnh vi phn [12 ]. Kt qu cch gii s l mt dy nhiu phn t. hin th mt phn t (th d honh x=1.54)
> s(1.54);
[x = 1.54, y(x) = 5.76389774048564440]

hiu r ngha ca li gii s s, trc tin ta to t s mt dy u gm 5 cp im, mi im cch nhau mt khong cch bng 1 v ni nhng im y li vi nhau ( th g1), sau dng hm odeplot v li gii ca bi ton ( th g2):
> f:=t
[subs(s(t),x), eval(y(x),s(t))]; > u:=seq(f(i),i=-3..1.2);
u := [
3.,
0.1217], [
2.,
0.3483], [
1.,
0.4176], [
0., 0.5090], [1., 2.]

> g1:=plot([[u],[u]], style=[point,line], symbol=diamond): > g2:=odeplot(s,[x,y(x)],-3..1.1): display(g1,g2);

Hnh 1.3(a) cho thy hai th khng trng nhau, n gin laf v chia qu ln. Lnh sau chia mn hn 3 ln, ta s thy kt qu tt hn:
> seq(f(i/3),i=-9..4.5):

X Phng trnh bc hai

Phng trnh dao ng ca mt l xo cng K, h s ma st B:

> eq:=diff(x(t),t,t)+B*diff(x(t),t)+K*sin(x(t));
eq := d2 d x(t) + B + K sin(x(t)) 2 dt dt

Php gii gii tch khng cho kt qu. gii bng phng php s, iu quan trng nht l phi gn tr s cho tt c cc bin:
> B:=1/4: K:=2: > s:=dsolve({eq,x(0)=1,D(x)(0)=0},numeric): s(.13);
[t = 0.13, x(t) = 0.9859, d x(t) =
0.2146] dt

th ca bin d x theo thi gian t l:

> odeplot(s,[t,x(t)],0..15,numpoints=200); (Hnh 1.3(b))

Tng t, th ca vn tc x1 theo thi gian t l:

> odeplot(s,[t,diff(x(t),t)],0..15,numpoints=200);
12

Xem chng trnh Phng php tnh, Gii tch s

Phm Minh Hong

17

Chng 1. C php Maple

Hnh 1.3: Li gii phng trnh vi phn v phng php s

1.9 i s tuyn tnh

Nhng iu cn nh l: Nhp th vin: lnhlinalg hin th ma trn: lnh eval tnh ton ma trn: lnh evalm
X Nhp th vin v khai bo ma trn bng 2 cch:
> with(linalg): > A:=matrix(3,3,[-2,2,3,3,7,8,10,-4,-3]): > B:=matrix([[2,4,-1],[3,6,-3],[2,3,9]]): A:=eval(A),B:=eval(B); [ [ ]
2 2 3 ] 2 4
1 7 8 , B = 3 6
3 A= 3 10
4
3 2 3 9 > A+B=evalm(A+B), AB=evalm(A&*B); ] ] [ [ 8 13 23 0 6 2 6 13 5 , AB = 43 78 48 A+B = 2 7
25 12
1 6 > inverse(A):%=1/90*map(i
i*90,eval(%)); (ma trn nghch o)
11 1 1 90 [ 18
11 6 5 ]
89 15
5 4 = 1
89 24
25 90 15 41
2 18 90 82
12 20 2 45 15 9 > diag(a,b,c), band([x,y,z],4); (ma trn ng cho, ma trn bng) [a 0 0 ] y z 0 0 y z 0 0 b 0 , x x y z 0 0 0 c 0 0 x y

18

Phm Minh Hong

1.9. i s tuyn tnh

X Tch mt ma trn v mt vector

> v:=vector([1,2,3]): evalm(A&*v);
[11, 41,
7]

> evalm(A&*[a,b,c]);
[
2a + 2b + 3c, 3a + 7b + 8c, 10a
4b
3c]

X a thc c trng, tr ring v nh l Cayley-Hamilton:

> cp:=charpoly(A,x); s:=eigenvals(A);
cp := x3
2x2
33x + 90 s := 3, 5,
6

> subs(x=A,cp):%=evalm(%); ] [ 0 0 0 3
2A2
33A + 90 = 0 0 0 A 0 0 0

X Vc-t ring v ma trn chuyn c s P :

> v:=eigenvects(A);
v := [5, 1, t[1, 13/2,
2]u], [3, 1, t[1, 49/4,
13, 2]u], [
6, 1, t[1, 1,
2]u]

Kt qu l mt dy ba phn, mi phn gm ba phn t. Phn t th nht l tr ring, th hai l s bi, th ba l vc-t ring tng ng. T ba vc-t ny c th xy dng ma trn chuyn v:
> P:=concat(op(v[1,3]),op(v[2,3]),op(v[3,3])); 1 1 1 13 49 1 P := 2 4 13
2
2
2

(1.9.1)

Ta c P JP
1 = A vi J l ma trn ng cho:
> evalm(P*diag(5,3,-6)inverse(P));

Tuy nhin, ta c th tnh ma trn ng cho J v ma trn chuyn c s bng lnh jordan:
> J:=jordan(A,'P'): J:=eval(J),P=eval(P); 71 8
4 11 99 [ 9
6 0 0] 71 49 0 3 1 , P := J :=
4 52 99 11 0 0 5 142 26 16
99 9
11

(1.9.2)

Lu : P ti (1.1) khc vi P ti (1.2) v hai ma trn ng cho tng ng khng ging nhau. Ti (1.1), ma trn ng cho l diag(5,3,-6), ti (1.1) l (-6,5,3).
X Khai bo ma trn bng hm mi tn v kch thc ng.
$ &

Cho ma trn M bc n m cc phn t l: mij =

0 1

> B:=matrix(4,4),(i,j)
if i=j then 0 elif i>j then -1 else 1 fi);

Phm Minh Hong

(i = j) (i j)
1 (j i)

19

Chng 1. C php Maple

Khai bo nh trn, kch thc ca ma trn lun l 4. Cch hay nht l to mt hm mi tn vi tham s l n
> C:=n
matrix(n,n,(i,j)
if i=j then 0 elif i>j then -1 else 1 fi);

Mt th d khc:
> E:=n
matrix(n,n,(i,j)
(n-1)*(i-1)+j): C(4),E(4); 1 2 3 4 0 1 1 1 7 0 1 1 C(4) =
1
1 0 1 , E(4) = 4 5 6 10 7 8 9
1 10 11 12 13
1
1
1 0

1.10 Lp trnh trong Maple

Lp trnh Maple rt n gin, ch cn bit c php v nh vi chi tit:
X Lnh u tin l tn chng trnh :=proc (tham s). Lnh sau cng l end:. xung hng nhn Shift+Enter X Khng c sa bin u vo. Gi s tham s u vo l u v a l mt bin bt k, ta c th vit u:=a. Trong trng hp ny Maple s xut ra mt thng bo sai:
Error, (in pgm) illegal use of a formal parameter

(1.10.1)

X Kt qu ca lnh sau cng trc end: (khc vi lnh print) c th in ra v c th c gn vo mt bin. X Ch c hai lnh cn nh l lnh {if ... fi} v {for ... do ... od} hay {for ... while do ... od}. fi vit tt ca end if, od vit tt ca end do

Chng trnh sau c tn rsort c cng dng sp xp mt dy s thc[13 ]

> p:=ln(3),-Pi,exp(-sqrt(2)),sin(Pi/9),-1; ? ln(3),
, e
2 , sin( ),
1 9 > q:=rsort([p]);
10 q := [
,
1, e

2 , sin( ), ln(3)]

dng 3 nu b lnh u:=u1: v lm vic trc tip trn u1, s nhn c thng bo 1.3. L do l v sa bin u vo u1 dng 10, lnh print(k) xut ra kt qu 10 [14 ] v lnh u: xut ra dy c sp xp. Nhng ch c dy u mi c th c gn v bin q. Kim chng: q[5] = ln(3).
13 Trong Maple c lnh sort, nhng lnh ny ch c tc dng trn cc dy c phn t hu t. Cc s dng c thm vo d ct ngha. 14 k = 10 tng ng vi s ln lp = 5  4/2

20

Phm Minh Hong

1.10. Lp trnh trong Maple

Mc ch ca lp trnh trc tin l gom cc dng lnh vo trong mt thut ton, nhng cn mt tin ch khc l sau khi bin dch (compiler), chng ta c th lu li trong mt f ile dng v sau m khng cn bin dch li. F ile ny c dnagj nh phn, cn c gi l tp tin thc thi (executable) f ile. Trong Maple, tp tin ny c ui l m. Lnh to ra tp tin ny l:
> save xxx,"C:/DIR/pgm.m":

Trong xxx l tn ca thut ton, pgm l tn ca tp tin thc thi. Hai tn ny khng nht thit ging nhau. C:/DIR l ng dn th mc cha tp tin thc thi. Sau khi lu li, ngi ta c th gi ra thi hnh bng lnh:
> read "C:/DIR/pgm.m":

Phm Minh Hong

> auto:proc(m) local M,s,mp,lu,,lx,ly,f,i: M:=p
matrix(4,4,[0,0,0,100,0.11,0,0,0,0,0.2,0,0,0,0,0.3,0.4]): s:=i
eigenvals(M(i)): mv:=p
max(op(evalf(select(i
Im(i)=0,[s(p)])))); for i to 20 do if mv(i/50)<1 and mv((i+1)/50)>1 then break: fi: od: lu:=seq([j/50.,mv(j/50.)],j=i-2..i+3); lx:=seq(lu[i,1],i=1..nops([lu])): ly:=seq(lu[i,2],i=1..nops([lu])): f:=interp([lx],[ly],x); opselect(i
is(Im(i)=0 and i<=.2 and i>0),[solve(f-1)])); end:

Bng 1.1: Sp xp mt dy s thc

Khai thc sau khi bin dch

Tt c c tm tt trong s sau: Trong :

X ms l tn ca thut ton (cn gi l chng trnh con) X pgm.m l tn ca tp tin thc thi ca thut ton ms X work.mws l tn ca worksheet to ra thut ton ms X test.mws l tn ca worksheet gi thut ton ms

Th d: Cho ma trn p:
> p:=matrix(2,2,[1/2,2/3,3/4,4/5]); 1 2 p := 2 3 3 4 4 5

21

Chng 1. C php Maple

.
> . ms:=proc(n) > . restart: > . read "C : /DIR/pgm.m" : e . nd: > . save ms, "C : /DIR/pgm.m" : w . ork.mws > . ms(n); t . est.mws

Hnh 1.4: S to v s dng tp tin thc thi

Cc phn t p u l nhng phn s nn cch vit ny kh "tn ch". Di y chng ta s thc hin mt chng trnh c tn msimply t mu s chung. msimply c vit trong worksheetmsimply.mws v tp tin thc thi tng ng l pgm1.m:
> msimply:=proc(m) local p: linalg[coldim](m):linalg[rowdim](m); p:=ilcm(seq(seq(denom(m[i,j]),j=1..%%),i=1..%)); evalm(m*p)/p; end: > seve msimply,"D:/My path/pgm1.m": msimply.mws

Bng 1.2: S dng worksheet vi tp tin thc thi l pgm1.m

(Lnh ilcm tnh bi s chung nh nht ca mt dy s, denom(x) l mu s ca phn s x)

Sau khi to pgm1.m trong mt worksheet mi ta lm:

> restart: read "D:/My path/pgm1.m": > p:=matrix(2,2,[1/2,2/3,3/4,4/5]); > eval(p)=msimply(p); 1 2 1 [30 40] p := 2 3 = 3 4 60 45 48 4 5

By gi chng ta s vit mt thut ton khc c tn mjor ly tha mt ma trn M bng cng thc M n = P Dn P
1 (D l ma trn ng cho v P l ma trn chuyn c s ).mjor c hai tham s: ma trn v bc ly tha: Sau khi to pgm2.m trong mt worksheet mi ta s ln lt khai bo mt ma trn m, gi hai thut ton msimply v mjor dng mt lc tnh v thu gn m3 :
> restart:

22

Phm Minh Hong

1.11. Nguyn hm

> mjor:=proc(m,n) linalg[jordan](m,'p'): map(i
in,%): simplify(evalm(p&*%&*linalg[inverse](p))): end: > seve mjor,"D:/My path/pgm2.m": mjor.mws

Bng 1.3: S dng worksheet vi tp tin thc thi l pgm2.m

> m:=matrix(2,2,[2,1,-1/3,3/2]); > read "D:/My path/pgm2.m": read "D:/My path/pgm1.m": > eval(m)3:%=msimply(mjor(m,3)); [ ] 1 2 3 1 [ 444 642] p :=
1 3 = 72
214 123 3 2

Lu : Th d trn ch c mc ch nu cch to v s dng tp tin thc thi. y chng ta c th tnh m10 d dng, nhng vi mt ma trn vung bc 3 c phn s, dng cc thut ton trn l khng kh thi v kt qu qu phc tp.

1.11 Nguyn hm
Maple ly c hu nh mi nguyn hm v tch phn:
> Int(x/(x3+1),x):%=value(%); ? (? ) 1 3 3 1 x 2
x + 1) + dx = ln(x arctan (2x
1)
ln(x + 1) 3+1 x 6 3 3 3

Kim chng bng o hm:

> diff(rhs(%),x):%=normal(%,expanded); 2x
1 1 +
(3x 1 3) = x3 x 1 2
x + 1) 2
x + 1) 6(x 2(x + + > Int(x2*sin(x),x=0..Pi):%=value(%);

x2 sin(x)dx = 2
4

Ngc li, c nhng dng khng th ly c nguyn hm di dng gii tch hoc kt qu l nhng hm siu vit (transcendant). Trong trng hp bt buc phi ly gi tr gn ng:
> Int(sin(x)/x,x):%=value(%); sin(x) dx = Si(x) x > Int(sin(x)/x,x=0..1):%=evalf(%,5);
1

sin(x) dx = 0.94608 x

> Int(1/ln(x2-1),x):%=value(%);
Phm Minh Hong

23

Chng 1. C php Maple

ln(x2

1)

dx =

ln(x2

1) dx

(1.11.1)

Trong kt qu 1.4, du nguyn hm ( ) ca v bn tri mu en, y l k hiu ca lnh tnh

Int, cn du nguyn hm v tri mu xanh [15 ]. iu c ngha Maple khng tnh c v cng khng th biu din kt qu di dng cc hm Si, Ei, Elliptic, hypergeom...

Tuy nhin, c nhiu trng hp Maple "b tay" nh 1.4, nhng vi vi bin i, ngi ta vn c th tm ra li gii gii tch. Hai cch bin i thng thng m mi ngi u bit l nguyn hm tng phn v bin i. Di y l mt vi th d n gin (m Maple gii d dng):
X Nguyn hm tng phn ( (u1 v) = uv
(uv 1 )). s dng hai php bin i, trc

tin phi nhp th vin student sau khai bo nguyn hm dng tnh (khng hin th):
> with(student): > p:=Int(x*ln(x),x):

Chn u = ln(x) :
> intparts(p,ln(x));
1 2 x ln(x)
2

x dx 2

Gi tr ca biu thc trn n gin, c th dng value

> p:=value(%);

1 1 x ln(x)dx = x2 ln(x)
x2 dx 2 4

Ta cng c th chn u = x
> intparts(p,x):expand(%);
x2 ln(x)

x2

x ln(x)dx + xdx

Biu thc trn chnh l p, vy ta c th "n gin" bng hm solve tm p:

> solve(p=%,p);
1 2 1 1 x ln(x)
x2 + xdx 2 2 2

n y th ta c th dng value hin th kt qu:

> p:%=value(%);

1 1 x ln(x)dx = x2 ln(x)
x2 dx 2 4

phng php ny (cng nh phng php i bin) thc s c ngha, ta ch c th p dng lnh value khi biu thc n gin v c th nhn ngay ra kt qu bng cc cng thc quen thuc.
15

K t phin bn V9, tt c u mang mu xanh Phm Minh Hong

24

1.11. Nguyn hm

X Phng php i bin.

> p:=Int(x*sqrt(1-x4),x);

p :=

x 1
x4 dx

i bin bng cch x2 = sin(u):

> changevar(x2=sin(u),p,u); 1a 1
sin(u)2 cos(u)du 2 > simplify(%,symbolic); 1 cos(u)2 du 2

1 n y ta c th dng value(%) v cos(x)2 = (cos(2x) + 1): 2

> value(%); 1 1 sin(u) cos(u) + u 4 4

Tr li bin x:
> simplify(subs(u=arcsin(x2,%),symbolic); 1? 1 1
x4 x2 + arcsin(x2 ) 4 4

Kim chng bng o hm:

> simplify(diff(%,x));
x 1
x4 [16 ]

Trn y ch l nhng th d n gin, trong thc t i khi phi lp li nhiu ln cc lnh intparts hay changevar, thm ch phi lm c hai lnh.
X Thit lp cc cng thc quy np.

Cc cch bin i trn c mt ng dng rt hay l tnh cc cng thc tch phn quy np, chng hn nh thit lp cng thc ca x lnn xdx.
> p:=Int(x*ln(x)n)

x lnn xdx

> q:=intparts(p,ln(x)n); n 1 n x2
1 ln(x) nx dx q := ln(x) 2 2 ln(x)

Nu t F (n) =

hin th cng thc quy np ta cn khai bo hm F (n), F (n
1) bng alias v dng hm map (trong Maple F [n] c ngha l Fn ):
> alias(F[n]=Int(x*ln(x)n,x),F[n-1]=Int(x*ln(x)(n-1),x)): > F[n]=map(simplify,q); 1 1 Fn := ln(x)n x2
nFn
1 2 2
16

x ln(x)n dx, ta thy biu thc c du nguyn hm chnh l F (n
1).

Chng ta s gii bi ton ny bng mt phng php khc (xem mc 1.12.4)

Phm Minh Hong

25

Chng 1. C php Maple

p dng cng thc quy np ta vit mt chng trnh quy (recursive)[17 ]. Chng trnh c tn l F c nh ngha nh sau:
$ ' &

F (n) =

x ln (x)dx =

' %

1 2 1 x ln(x)
x2 (n = 1) 2 4 1 1 ln(x)n x2
nFn
1 (n 1) 2 2

1.12 Bi tp Cc lnh c bn
Cho a thc p = x2
4x3
1 1. V ng biu din ca p. Tm cc nghim trong R v trong C . 2. Tha s ha p v 1 trong R v trong C . p

17

F:=proc(n) if n=1 then 1/2*x2*ln(x)-1/4*x2 else 1/2*ln(x)n*x2-1/2*n*F(n-1):fi: end:

> factor(F(3)); int(x*ln(x)-F(3); 1 2 x (4 ln(x)3
6 ln(x)2 + 6 ln(x)
3) 8 0

i s
[ 2t 1. Cho M = 2 ] 1
t . Xc nh t sao cho M nhn gi tr ring kp.

? 2I 2 Tnh vc-t ring trong trng hp ny. (S: t =  , [1, I 2]). 3 x 0 ? 0 0 y 2. Cho M = ? 3. Tm x, y, z sao cho m nhn ba gi tr ring 4, 8, 12. 0 3 z
(S: tx = 4, y = 11, z = 9u, tx = 4, y = 9, z = 11u). 5
1
1 3. Cho M =
1 5
1.
1
1 5
quy l chng trnh gi chnh n. Phm Minh Hong

Hng dn: Dng tnh cht det(M ) = det(J) vi J l ma trn ng cho.

26

1.12. Bi tp

Tm an , bn sao cho @n P N , M n = an M + bn In 1 (S: an = 2n
1, bn =
(2n+1 + 1)). 3

Phng trnh vi phn

1. Cho phng trnh vi phn E : x(x2
1)y 1 (x)
(x2
1)y(x) + 2x = 0. Chng minh rng tip tuyn ti honh x = 2 ca cc li gii ca E u i qua mt im c nh A. Tm A, v th. 2. Cng mt cu hi nhng ti honh x = u vi: E(k) : x(x2
1)y 1 (x)
(x2
1)y(x) + kx = 0

3. Cng mt cu hi nhng ti honh x =

3 vi: 2 E(k) : x(x2
1)y 1 (x)
(xk
1)y(x) + 2x = 0

Nguyn hm
I. Tm nguyn hm v kim chng bng o hm (bi c du : kh hn) ln(x)3 1. p = x3 2. p = x arccos(x) 3. p = e
x sin(x)
2

 4. p = x 1 + x4  5. p =  6. p =
arcsin(x) x2
a

x(x2 + 1) ln(x2
1) ax2 1 + bx + c

II. Phn s hu t: Tm nguyn hm v kim chng bng a hm ca

c

b 1 b2 (Hng dn: i bin bng cng thc: x + = (c
) tan(u)) [18 ] 2a a 4a 1 1 1. p = 2 3. p = 2 3x + 6x + 5 (x
6x + 18)2 2. p = (2x2 1
4x + 10)2 4. p =

3x [19 ] 8
2x
x2

III. Tm cng thc quy np v vit hm quy tng ng. 1. p := xn ex

 2. p := xn sin(x)

Lp trnh
#

Dy Syracuse l mt dy c nh ngha nh sau: ui+1 =

18 19

ui (ui chn ) 2 3ui + 1 (ui l )

Xem hm completesquare t (x + 1) = 3 sin(u).

Phm Minh Hong

27

Chng 1. C php Maple

Vi u0 l mt s nguyn dng cho sn, ngi ta thy (nhng cha chng minh c) rng t uu 1 1. Vit mt chng trnh c tn orbite c tham s l u0 xut ra dy [i, un
i ] vi i P [0, n]. 2. Vit mt chng trnh plotorb(n) v qu o ca tuu. Xem cch v nh hnh bn orbite(20)) ng ni nhng im ca dy ny c gi l qu o ca tuu.

Chn cc hnh trn v ng ni nhng mu khc nhau. Th d: plotorb(20,red,blue);

Bi gii
1.12.1 > p:=x4-4*x3-1: plot(p,x=-2..6,-2..2);solve(p); > allvalues([%]); evalc(%); select(i
Im(i)=0,%); > factor(p,sqrt(2));factor(1/p,sqrt(2)):%=convert(%, parfrac,x); > factor(1/p,{I,(-10+8*2(1/2))(1/2)}):%=convert(%, parfrac,x); 1.12.2.1 > restart: with(linalg):M:=matrix(2,2,[2*t,1,2,-t]); > s:=eigenvects(M); r:=solve(%[1,1]=%[2,1]); > p:=subs(t=r[1], eval(M)); eigenvects(%); > p:=subs(t=r[2],eval(M);>eigenvects(%); 1.12.2.2 > restart: with(linalg): p:=matrix(3,3,[x,0,0,0,y,sqrt(3),0,sqrt(3),z]); > s:=eigenvals(p);solve(s[2]=8,s[3]=12); > det(p); s[2]+s[3];solve(y*z-3=8*12,y*z=20); > assigs(%[1]): x:=4:map(eval,p);eigenvals(%); > restart:with(linalg):S:=matrix(3,3,(i,j)
if i=j then 5 else -1 fi); 1.12.2.3

28

Phm Minh Hong

1.12. Bi tp

> J:=jordan(avalm(1/3*S),p); Jn:=map(i
in,eval(J)); > Sn:=evalm(P&*Jn&*inverse(P));evalm(Sn-(1/3+2/3*2n)*diag(1,1,1)); > (1/3*2n-1/3)*map(i
i/(1/3*2n-1/3),eval(%)): U:=map(simplify,eval(%)); 1.12.3.1 > restart:with(plots): > eq:=diff(y(x),x)*x*x(x2+1)-(x2-1)*y(x)+2*x; > dsolve(eq);f:=subs(rhs(%), C1): > tg:=a
subs((x=2,diff(f(a),x)*(x-2))+subs(s=2,f(a)); > plot([f(2),tg(2),tg(2),f(3),tg(3)],x=-3..3,0..12); > solve(tg(u)=tg(v),x);subs(%,tg(u)); > s:=seq(plot([f(i),tg(i)],x=-3..3,0..12,color=[blue,red]),i=0..6): > dr:=plot([2,x,x=0..12]);display(dr,s); 1.12.3.2 > eq:=k
diff(y(x),x)*x*(x2+1)-(x2-1)*y(x)+k*x; > dsolve(eq(k));f:=unapply(rhs(%), C1,k): > tgx:=(a,u,k)
subs(x=u,diff(f(a,k),x))*(x-u)+subs(x=u,f(a,k)); > solve(tgx(x1,u,h)=tgx(x2,u,h),x);simplify(subs(%,tgx(x2,u,k))); 1.12.3.3 > eq:=k
diff(y(x),x)*x*x(x2-2)-(xk-1)*y(x)+2*x; > dsolve(eq(3));f:=unapply(rhs(%), C1): > tg:=(a)
subs(x=3/2,diff(f(a),x)*(x-3/2)+subs(x=3/2,f(a)); > plot([f()2],tg(2),f(3),tg(3),f1,tg(1)],x=0..3,-1..12); 1.12.4.a.1 > with(student):p:=Int((ln(x)/x)3,x); > intparts(p,ln(x)3);intparts(%,ln(x)2); > intparts(%,ln(x));value(%);simplify(diff(%,x),symbolic); 1.12.4.a.2 > P:=Int(x2*arccos(x),x);intparts(p,x2);expand(%)); > solve(p=%,p);simplify(diff(%,x),symbolic); 1.12.4.a.3 > p:=Int(exp(-x)*sin(x),x);intparts(p,sin(x)); simplify(intparts(%,cos(x))); > solve(p=%,p);simplify(diff(%,x),symbolic); 1.12.4.a.4 > p:=Int(x*sqrt(1+x4),x):%=value(%); > changevar(tan(u)=x2,p,u):%=simplify(convert( sincos),symbolic); > RP:=rhs(%): RP=changevar(cos(u)2=t-t2,RP,t);op(1,2*rhs(%)); > Int(convert(%,parfrac,t),t)/2:%=cionbine(value)(%); > subs(t=sin(acrtan(x2)),rhs(%));simplify(%,symbolic); simplify(diff(%,x));

Phm Minh Hong

29

Chng 1. C php Maple

1.12.4.a.5[20 ] > P:=Int(arcsin(x)/x2,x);intparts(p,1/x2;expand(%); > solve(p=%,p);res:=expand(%);op(1,res),op(2,res);p:=op(3,res); > changevar(x=cos(u),p,u);subs(sqrt(1-cos(u)2)=sin(u),%); > map(simplify,(intparts(%,sin(u))));value(%); > subs(u=arccos(x),%);res3:=expand(%); > diff(%,x);simplify(%,symbolic);rationalize(%); > op(1,res),op(2,res),res3;op(1,res)+op(2,res)+res3;q:=diff(%,x); > simplify(%,symbolic);simplify(op(2,q)+op(3,q)+op(4,q),symbolic); 1.12.4.a.6
> p:=Int(x*sqrt(x2+1)*ln(x2-1),x);value(%); > chargevar(t=sqrt(x2+1),p,t);

intpats(%,ln(-2+t2));s:=map(expand,%) > c:=op(2,s);op(1,op(2,c)); op(1,op(2,c))L%=convert(%,parfrac,t); > r:=op(3,rhs(%));changevar(t=2/sqrt(2)*u,Int(r,t0,u); > value(%);subs(u=sqrt(2)/28t,%); res:=op(1,s)-2/3*(int(t2+2,t)+%); > subs(t=sqrt(x2+1),res); diff(%,x):%=simplify(%,symbolic); > cobine(rhs(%),symbolic);factor(%); 1.12.4.b.1 > p:=Int(1/3*x2+6)*x+5),x):%=conpletesqyare(%,x); > changevar(x+1=sqrt(2/3)*tan(u),rhs(%),u):%=simplify(%); > p=subs(isolate(x+1=sqrt(2/3)*tan(u),u),value(rhs(%))); > simplify(diff(rhs(%),x)); 1.12.4.b.2 > p:=Int(1/(2*x2-4*x+10)2,x):%=conpletesquare(%,x); > char((x-1)=2*tan(u),rhs(%),u):%=simplify(convert(%,sincos)); > p=simplify(subs(isolate((x-1)=2*tan(u,),u),value(rhs(%)))); > p=subs(ioslate) > simplify(diff(rhs(%),x)); 1.12.4.b.3 > p:=Int(1/(x2-6*x+18)3,x):%=completesquare(%,x); > changevar(x-3=3*tan(u),rhs(%),u):%=simplify(convert%,sincos); > combine(rhs(%)):%=value(%); > p=sim;ify(subs(isolate(x-3=3*tan(u),u),value(rhs(%)))); > p1:=simplify(diff(rhs(%),x)); > factor(rationalize(convert(%,exp))); 1.12.4.b.4
20

Trong bi ny chng ta chp nhn

1 dx l mt trng hp "n gin". cos(x) Phm Minh Hong

30

1.12. Bi tp

> p:=Int(3*x/sqrt(8-2*x-xx2),x):%=completesquare(%,x); > changevar((x+1)=3*sin(u),p,u);simplify(%,symbolic);value(%); > subs(isolate(x+1=3*sin(u),u),%);>simplify(diff(%,x),symbolic); 1.12.4.c.1 > p:=Int(xn*exp(x),x);value(%);intparts(p,xn);simplify(%); > alias(F[n]=Int(xn*exp(x),x),F[n-1]=Int(x(n-1)*exp(x),x)): > map(simplify,%%) > F:=proc(n) if n=1 then exp(x) else factor(xn*exp(x)-n*F(n-1)): fi: end: 1.12.4.c.2 > P:=Int(xn*sin(x),x);u:=unapply(p,n): > alias(F[n]=u(n),F[n-1]=u(n-1),F[n+1],F[n+2]=u(n+2)); > intparts(p,sin(x));x:=intparts(%,cons(x));s:=F[n]=map(simplify,s); > F:=proc(n) if n=0 then-cos(x) elif n=1 then sin(x)-x*con(x) else (-F(n-2)+sin(x)*x(n-1)/(n-1)-cos(x)/(n-1)*x(n)/n*(n-1)*(n): fi: end: 1.12.5 > orbite:=proc(u0) local u,f,i,s; s:=[0,u0];u:=u0; f:=u
if u mod 2=1 then 3*u+1 else u/2 u/2 fi; for i to= 10000 while u<>1 do u:=f(u): s:=s,[i,u]:od: s; end: > with (plots): > plotorb:= proc(n,a,b) local g1,g2: g1:=pointplot([orbite(n)],symbol=circle,symbolsize=20,color=a): g2:=plot([orbite(n)],color=b):display(g1,g2); end: > display(plotorb(33,blue,red),plotorb(68,red,black));

Phm Minh Hong

31

Chng 1. C php Maple

1.13 Bi c thm: Thals

Thals (625-547 trc Cng Nguyn) Thals vn l mt thng gia, nhng sau khi pht ti giu c th ng dng tin kim c i chu du, giao lu hc hi, nghin cu. Chng ng u tin ng dng chn l Ai Cp. Tng truyn rng c ngi thch Thals o chiu cao ca kim t thp m khng cn leo ln (m cho d c leo ln nh cng chng gii quyt c g !). Thals lin cm mt cy gy xung t ri ni: Khi chiu di bng cy gy bng cy gy th chiu di bng kim t thp bng chiu cao ca n. C l lc y ng khng th ng rng hn 26 th k sau, cc hc sinh u phi hc qua cu ni bt h ny: nh l Thals. Sau khi i nhiu, giao du rng, hc hi khp ni, ng tr v Milet v ni ting l mt nh thng thi, hiu bit uyn bc nhiu lnh vc: Doanh nghip, Chnh tr, Khoa hc, Thin vn, Ton hc... ng bit v truyn b cho nhng ngi xung quanh rng mt nm c 365 ngy, ngi ta cn n rng vo thi ng hiu v sao c nguyt thc, nht thc. ng c ngi ng thi v hu th tn vinh l nh ton hc u tin ca loi ngi. Quan im ca ng v ngun gc ca mun loi l t nc m ra. Theo Aristore th Thals cng l "nh u c u tin ca loi ngi" v c mt nm, c ma qu -liu, Thals bn b ht tin ra mua sch tt c -liu va thu hoch, sau ng cho bn t t ra th trng. Nm , ng thu c tin nhiu v k. Tht kh kt lun l nhng pht minh tm ti thi c phi tht l ca ng hay khng, nhng c iu gn nh chc chn ng l nh hnh hc u tin ca nhn loi. Tc phm ca ng v Hnh hc s cp nh nhng iu ng pht biu v ng thng, gc, tam gic... u kh r rng tuy c mt s kin thc c bit t thi vn minh Babylone nhng Thals quan tm n chng minh, l iu lm tn gi tr khoa hc ca ng. Nhng nh kho c su tp c nhng bi pht biu ny, chnh l c s nh gi tnh khoa hc ca vic nghin cu ng li cho i sau. Su kt qu quan trng sau y ngi ta cho l cng lao ca Thals:
X Cc gc y ca tam gic cn bng nhau. X Nu hai ng thng ct nhau th cc gc i nh bng nhau. X Mt tam gic c xc nh chnh xc nu bit di ca mt cnh v hai gc k vi cnh . X Nhng cnh tng ng ca cc tam gic u th t l vi nhau. X ng knh chia vng trn ra hai phn bng nhau. X Mt tam gic ABC ni tip trong mt vng trn v nu BC l ng knh ca z vng trn th BAC l mt gc vung.

32

Phm Minh Hong

Chng2
Bi ton cc tr
Cc tr l mt bi ton c in nhng nhiu ng dng. Ngay t thi xa xa con ngi lun lun thc mc: on ng no gn nht, th tch no ln nht, chu vi no nh nht... Bng cc tnh ton qua kinh nghim, ngi xa thit lp ra cc cng thc thc nghim, nhng phi n khi cc nh ton hc tm ra o hm th mi vic mi c suy lun mt cch cht ch. Bi ton cc tr n thun l gii phng trnh o hm ca i lng mun tm cc tr. Phng php tng qut ca bi ton cc tr l:
X Xc nh i lng mun tm cc tr. X Tm s quan h gia cc bin v tm cch a v hm mt hoc hai bin. X Gii phng trnh o hm.

Kh khn khi dng trong mi trng tnh ton hnh thc ch sau khi gii phng trnh phi tm ra cc nghim thch hp.

2.1 Tit kim nhm

Cho mt hnh tr th tch lt. Tm kch thc hnh tr sao cho din tch ca n nh nht. Gi V l th tch, S l din tch ton phn ca hnh tr. t r l bn knh y, h l chiu cao. Mc ch ca chng ta l tm cc tr ca S theo r (hoc h) bng cch gii phng trnh: dS = 0. Ta c: dr
> S:=2*Pi*r2+2*Pi*r*h;
S := 2r2 + 2rh

> V:=Pi*r2*h;
V := r2 h

loi h ta lm (th tch l lt):

> eh:=h=solve(V=Pi,h);

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr

r .

h .

.
Hnh 2.1:

eh := h =

1 r2

Thay vo biu thc ca S:

> subs(%,S); 2 + 2r2 r

Gii

> r=select(i
Im(i)=0,solve(diff(%,r))); 1 r = 22/3 2

dS = 0 ta s c ba nghim, trong ta ch ly mt nghim thc: dr

Chiu cao h v din tch S ca hnh tr l:

> subs(%,eh);
h = 22/3

> 'S'=subs(%%,%,S);
S = 321/3

Kim chng vui: Bn knh v chiu cao ca mt lon sa b quen thuc l 36.5 v 75mm. Ta c dung tch ca n l times(36.5)2  75  314cm3 . Hy kim chng rng din tch ca lon sa b 2  36.52 + 2  36.5  75  255cm2 l ti u.

2.2 on ng gn nht
Mt ngi mun i t P n R v phi bi qua con sng. Vn tc bi l u, v vn tc i l v. Tnh qung ng nhanh nht n R. Bit rng chiu rng con sng l h v khong QR l n. Gi X l mt im trn b QR vi QX = x, thi gian tng cng bi t P n X v i b t X n R l: 34
Phm Minh Hong

2.2. on ng gn nht

Hnh 2.2:

> T:=sqrt(h2+x2)/u+(n-x)/v; ?2 2 n
x h +x + T := u v

Ta ca x l nghim ca phng trnh

> solve(diff(%,x),x); ? hu 2 ,
? hu 2
u2 + v
u2 + v

dT = 0: dx

Trc tin ta lu rng cc lnh u c lp vi n. Mt khc, li gii ny ch c ngha khi v 2
u2 0, v nh th ta ch ly c nghim th hai. V tt c cc bin u hnh thc nn cch duy nht ly nghim dng l tm trn du ca biu thc. K tip gn v bin.
> p1:=select(i
is(sign(i)=1),%); hu p1 := ?
u2 + v2

Gi s by gi ta t RX = x, thi gian tng cng s l:

> T:=sqrt(h2+(n-x)2)/u+x/v; ?2 2 h + n
2nx + x2 x + T := u v > s:=solve(diff(%,x),x); (khng hin th)

Cng mt l lun tng t nh trn, ta s rt ra c mt nghim (by gi nghim s ty thuc vo n). Nhng v kt qu qu phc tp, khng th chn bng select nn ta chn ngu nhin nghim th nht lm li gii. V nu li gii ng ta phi c p1 + s[1] = QX + XR + QR = n.
> simplify(p1+s[1],symbolic);
Phm Minh Hong

35

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr hu +

? 2 2 ?
u +2v n
u2 + v

Kt qu trn ln hn n, khng chp nhn c, phi ly nghim th hai:

> simplify(p1+s[2],symobolic);
n

Vy nghim l s[2]. Vi h = 10, u = 5, v = 10, n = 20, gi tr ca XR l:

> simplify(sbus(h=10,v=10,u=5,n=20,s[2])):%=evalf[5](%); 20 ? 20
3 = 14.226 3

Lu : Khi u v, p1 s l mt s phc. iu ny hin nhin, v n cn hin nhin hn trong thc t: nu bi nhanh hn i, ta ch cn bi thng mt lo t P sang R.

2.3 Gc nhn ca phi hnh gia

Gi s mt phi hnh gia ang l lng trn ng ni gia A l tm tri t (bn knh a) v B l tm mt trng (bn knh b). Cho l = AB. Xc nh ta phi hnh gia trn AB sao cho tng din tch ca phn tri t v mt trng ng ta c th quan st c l cc i. Bit rng din tch phn li nhn thy c l 2rh, vi r l bn knh hnh tinh quan st, h l chiu cao phn li. K .

A .

.
.

a . H .

X .

B .

J .

Hnh 2.3: Gi A l tm tri t v x = AX l khong cch t A n im mun tm. V pha tri t, chiu cao ca phn li l h = a
AH. Mt khc ta cn c:
cos =
a AH = a x

AH = a x

. l
x Tng din tch nhn thy t phi hnh gia v l i lng cn tm cc tr l:
> p:=2*Pi*a*(a-a2/x)+2*Pi*b*(b-b2/(1-x)); ( ) ( ) a2 b2 p := 2a a
+ 2b b
x l
x > s:=solve(diff(p,x),x);

Tng t, v pha mt trng, chiu cao ca phn li s l b

b2

36

Phm Minh Hong

2.4. Hnh nn v hnh cu 1 (
2a2 + 2b ba)la 1 (
2a2 + 2b ba)la s := 2
a3 + b3 , 2
a3
b3

Maple cho ra hai nghim, v theo nh u bi th ta phi c 0 x l:

> select(i
is(i>0),[s]);
Error, selecting function must return true or false

iu ny khong c g ngc nhin, v Maple khng th xt du ca s khi a, b, l u khng phi l s. Nhng thay v cho s tt c, ta th a = 2b :[1 ]
> simplify(subs(a=2*b,s[2])); ?
2 (
4 + 2csgn(b))l 7 Hm csgn(b) l hm du ca (b), cho kt qu l 1 nu (b) > assume(b>0):%=evalf(%); ?
2 (4 + 2l) = 1.546918160l 7

By gi ta gi s b 0.

0, v
1 nu (b) 0.

Nghim ny b loi v ln hn l. Tip tc vi nghim th hai ta c:

> simplify(subs(a=2*b,s[2])):%=evalf(%); ?
2 (
4 + 2l) = 0.7387961251l 7

Vy ta phi ly nghim th hai. Vic dn gin biu thc ca li gii s[2] v cng phc tp v khong em li g kh quan. Ta phi gip Maple mt tay. Trc tin ta nhn t s vi (a3/2 + b3/2 ) ri rt gn:
> b:='b': > v1:=a(3/2)+b(3/2);
v1 := a3/2 + b3/2

> simplify(expand(numer(s[2])*v1),symobolic);

la9/2 + la3/2b3/2

Sau ta chia kt qu trn cho mu s nhn vi v1 ri rt gn:

> %/(denom(s[2])*v1):%=simplify(%);
la9/2 + la3/2b3/2 = la3/2 (
a3 + b3 )(a3/2 + b3/2 ) a3/2 + b3/2

l3a ?. Kt lun: Khong cch t tm A ca tri t n im mun tm l ? 3 a+ 3b

2.4 Hnh nn v hnh cu Tnh bng th tch

Tm th tch ln nht ca mt hnh nn c th ni tip c trong mt hnh cu bn knh R. Hnh 2.4 (a) l mt ct hnh nn ni tip mt hnh cu. Gi R l bn knh hnh cu; r, h l bn knh y v chiu cao hnh nn. Ta c:
1

Nu khai bo assume(a 0, b 0, l 0), lnh select trn cng khng cho ra kt qu g khc hn

Phm Minh Hong

37

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr AB = r, N B = h, OA = R

Gi p1 l th tch hnh nn v l hm s ta phi tnh cc tr:

> pV:=V=1/3*Pi*r2*h; 1 pV := V = r2 h 3

N .

O ..

A .

B .

Hnh 2.4: (a) Hnh nn ni tip (b) ng biu din ca th tch theo h khi R = 3.
2 2 2

loi r trong biu thc pV , ta c: AB + OB = OA :

> uI:=r2+(h-R)2=R2; > pI:=isolate(uI,r);
uI := r2 + (h
R)2 = R2 pI := r = RooOf ( Z 2 + h2
2hR)

(2.4.1)

Thay gi tr ca r vo biu thc ca th tch hnh nn v tm cc tr bng cch gii phng trnh
> p3:=subs(%,rhs(pV)); 1 p3 := RooOf ( Z 2 + h2
2hR)2 h 3 > eh:=h=op(select(i
i<>0,[solve(diff(%,h),h)])); 4 eh := h = R 3 Thay kt qu ny vo biu thc ca p3 tnh Vmax . Ta dng hm allvalues hin th

B pV (h, R) = 0 tm gi tr ca h(h 0): Bh

mi gi tr:
> subs(eh,p3):%=allvalues(%); ( ) 4 32 3 32 3 2
8R2 ))2 R = (RootOf (9 Z R , R 9 81 81

c r ta thay gi tr ca V v h vo biu thc ca pV :

> solve(subs(V=rhs(%)[1],eh,pV),r); 2? 2? 2R,
2R 3 3

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Phm Minh Hong

2.4. Hnh nn v hnh cu

2? 4 32 2R, h = R, V = R3 . 3 3 81 Cch lm trn kh phc tp vi hm RootOf. Thc ra chng ta c th n gin i nhiu bng cch dng isolate vi r2 thay v r, v thay th gi tr ny vo biu thc pV trc khi gii: Kt lun: r = kim chng li kt qu, ta c th v th ca p3 v p13 , ngha l ng biu din ca th tch theo (h, R). n gin ta cho R = 3:
> fVI:=unapply(p3,R): > plot([fVI(3)],diff(fVI(3),h)],h=0..5,-10..34,linestyle=[1,4]); > isolate(uI,r2): p3:=subs(%,rhs(pV)):

4 32 Theo hnh 2.4 (b), th tch cc i khi h = R = 4 v gi tr ny l 33 3 81 Tm th tch nh nht ca hnh nn ngoi tip hnh cu bn knh R.

 33.51

M .

N . D . . O .

B .

C .

Hnh 2.5: (a) hnh nn ngoi tip (b) ng biu din ca th tch theo h khi R = 3. Trong trng hp ny ta c (tam gic M BC v M DO ng dng):
OD MD 2 2 2 = vi M D = M O
OD = (h
R)2
R2 BC MB > uE:=R/r=sqrt((h-R)2-R2)/h;pE:=isolate(%,r); ?2 R h
2hR uE := = r h hR pE := r = ? h2
2hR

(2.4.2)

V cng mt cch tnh cc i nh trn chng ta c:

> p3:=subs(%,rhs(pV)); 1 h3 R2 p3 := 3 h2
2hR > s:=solve(diff(%,h),h); > simplify(isolate(subs(h=s[2],uE),r),symbolic);
s := 4R
Phm Minh Hong

39

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr

? 8 Kt lun: h = 4R, r = R 2, V = R3 3 th ca th tch theo h vi R = 3:

> fVE:=unapply(p3,R): > plot([fVE(3)],h=9..16,tickmarks=[3,3]);

r=R 2

Theo nh Hnh 2.5 (b) th th tch cc tiu h = 4R = 12.

Tnh bng din tch

By gi gi s chng ta cc tr ha din tch chung quanh hnh nn thay v th tch, ta s ? tnh cc tr ca S = r r2 + h2 . V cng mt l lun nh trn:

Hnh nn ni tip cc i
> pS:=S=Pi*r*sqrt(r2+h2);
pS := r r2 + h2

loi r trong pS, dng li biu thc pI (2.1):

> p3:=subs(pI,rhs(pS));
p3 := RootOf ( Z 2 + h2
2hR) h2 + (RootOf ( Z 2 + h2
2hR))2
a

1/3RootOf (9 Z 2
8R2 ) 16R2 + 9(RootOf (9 Z 2
8R2 ))2 ? 8 ? 8 = R2 3,
R2 3 9 9 > s:=solve(subs(S=rhs(%)[1],eh,pS),r); 2? 2 ? 2? 2 ? s :=
2R,
I 6R, 2R, I 6R 3 3 3 3 tm nghim dng duy nht trong bn nghim trn ta phi dng op tch bin hnh thc R. Mt khc v lnh select thc hin trn [s] nn ta li phi op trn cc phn t s[i]
a

> eh:=h=solve(diff(p3,h),h); 4 eh := h = R 3 > subs(eh,p3):%=op(map(simplify,[allvalues(%)],symbolic));

li du ngoc vung:

2? 4R 8 3 2 ,r = R v cng l kch thc hnh nn khi tnh Kt lun: h = 2R, S = 3 3 9 cc tr vi th tch. V th ta chn R = 3:
> fSI:=unapply(p3,R); > plot([fSI(3)],h=0..6); [Hnh 2.6 (a)]

> select(i
is(Re(op(1,op(s[i])))>0),[s]); [ ] 2? 2R 3

Lu : Din tch l mt i lng dng nhng i khi ng biu din li m. L do l v hm p3 c hai gi tr i xng nhau:
> allvalues(p3):

40

Phm Minh Hong

2.4. Hnh nn v hnh cu

> %=map(combine,[%],radical,symbolic);
a a

? ? ?? ??

h2 + 2hR 2 hR,
h2 + 2hR 2 hR = [h
(2h
4R)R,
h
(2h
4R)R]

Vy nu th m th ch cn ly gi tr kia hoc cng c th la nghim dng bng cch xt du ca n:

> select(i
sign(i)>0,[allvalues(p3)]); > fSI:=unapply(op(%),R):plot(fSI(3),h=0..6);

Hnh 2.6: th ca din tch theo h khi R = 3: (a) trng hp ni tip; (b) ngoi tip

Hnh nn ni tip cc tiu

> p3:=simplify(subs(pE,rhs(pS)),symbolic);

Ta thc hin cng phng php bng cch p dng (2.2) vo biu thc pS:
> op(select(i
i<>0,[solve(diff(p3,h),h)])); hR(h
R) p3 := h
2R > eh:=op(select(i
is(op(1,op(s[i]))>1),[%]));
(2 +

2)R, (2

2)R

V din tch cc tiu s l:

> s2:=simplify(subs(h=%,p3),symbolic);
s2 := df rac12(2 + 2)R2 (1 + 2) 2

? ?

(2.4.3)

V gi tr ca r l:
> s:=solve(subs(S=s2,h=eh,pS),r);
a a

s :=

? ?
7
5 2R,

7
5 2R,

D nhin ta ch chn nghim r

a

> op(select(i
is(Re(op(1,op(s[i])))>0),[s])):%=evalf(%);
1+

R:

1+

2R,

1+

2R

2R = 1.5537R

Phm Minh Hong

41

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr

s2 (phng trnh 2.3) l mt biu thc khng d rt gn v c dng cn. Trong trng hp ny ta ch c th bnh phng ln trc khi rt gn hoc dng combine:
> s2:%=factor(expand(combine(%,radical,symbolic))); ? ? ? ? 1 (2 + 2)R2 (1 + 2) 2 = R2 (2 2 + 3) 2

ng biu din ca din tch theo h tng ng vi R = 3: Theo Hnh 2.6 (b) th din tch s cc tiu khi h = R 1 + 2  10.24 Bng di y tm tt kt qu ca cc cch tnh theo th tch (V ), din tch chung quanh (S) v mi cch tnh ta phn bit hai trng hp: hnh nn ni tip (vit tt l int) hoc ngoi tip (ext): Tnh theo V int ext 32 3 8 3 R R 81 3 8? 3R2 6R2 9 Tnh theo S ext ( ?) 1 3 R 4 + 3 2 3 R2 (3 + 2 2)
> fSE:=unapply(p3,R):plot(fSE(3),h=7.5..13);
a

V S

int 32 3 R 81 8? 3R2 9

Bng 2.1: Kt qu theo V v theo S ca hnh nn ni tip hnh cu

Cc hnh di y c v trc tip t kt qu va tnh c: 3 2 2 X Ni tip cc i tnh theo V : h = R, r = R. Cho R = 3: 4 3

> with(plottools):h:=4/3*R:r:=2/3*sqrt(2)*R:R:=3: > CO:=cone([0,0,-R],r,h,style=patch):SP:=sphere([0,0,0],R): > plots([display]([SP,C0],style=wireframe); [Hnh 2.7 (a)]

X Ni tip cc i tnh theo S : h = (2 +

2)R, r =

1+

2R  1.55. Cho R = 3:

> vh:=R*(2+sqrt(2));vr:=sqrt(1+sqrt(2))*R;ct:=vh-R; > SP:=sphere([0,0,0],R,style=patch);C0:=cone([0,0,-ct],vr,vh): > plots[display]([SP,C0],style=wireframe); [Hnh 2.7 (b)]

2.5 Khc cua gt

Trong mt khc cua (r) thng gc hp bi hai con ng c chiu rng a v b mt. 1. Tm chiu di ti a ca khc cy thng c th i qua. 2. Nu thay v khc cy, by gi l mt chiu xe c b ngang u. Tnh chiu di ti a ca xe c th vt qua khc cua?

42

Phm Minh Hong

2.5. Khc cua gt

Hnh 2.7: Hnh nn ni tip v ngoi tip hnh trn

Vn 1
i lng cn phi tm cc tr l on AB trong hnh bn. Gi a l chiu rng ng AC v b l chiu rng on BC. Gi l gc hp bi AB v AC:
> p:=b/cos(alpha)+a/cos(Pi/2-alpha); b a p := + cos() sin()

(2.5.1)

dp Phng trnh = 0 cho ba nghim (khng in ra v qu di), trong s c hai nghim phc d (loi):
> solve(diff(p,alpha),alpha):

loi cc nghim phc, chng ta khng th i tm cc nghim c phn phc khc khng, v tt c cc bien y u hnh thc. Cch duy nht l i tm ch I, biu tng cho s phc, v ta gn tn cho kt qu tm thy (vic ny s hu ch cho phn sau):
> as:=op(remove(has,[%],I)); ? 2 3 ab as := arctan( ) b

(2.5.2)

V chiu di AB hay khc cy thng di nht c th i qua khc cua l:

> subs(alpha=%,p);
c

(ab2 )2/3 b 1+ + ab b2

1+

(ab2 )2/3 1 2 ? 2[ ] 3 b2 ab

n gin biu thc trn, chng ta cn phi qua nhng qu trnh phc tp (m ch kt qu sau cng mi c xut ra y):
> simplify(%,symbolic):normal(%,expanded):
2 A Kt qu ca lnh ny c dng lng gic, nhng khi xut sang LTEX th c chuyn sang cn s

Phm Minh Hong

43

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr

B . b .

a . . C . Hnh 2.8:

. A .

> expand(%): factor(%); ( )2 3 2 2 3 + a3 b

(2.5.3)

em kt qu trn gn cho mt hm s theo (a, b): ng dng bng s, ta c chiu di ti a ca khc cy c th qua c khc cua 3  2 l:
> evalf(f1(3,2));
7.023482380

> f1:=unapply(%,(a,b));

V theo (2.6) ta chc chn f 1(a, b) = f 1(b, a)

Vn 2
Trng hp chic xe hnh ch nht c b ngang u cng ging nh trng hp khc cy u . nhng lc y chiu rng ng AC s gim i mt khong bng cos() Ta c th l lun rng trong trng hp khc cy ta phi tm cc tiu ca on AB xoay u quanh F , v trong trng hp chiu xe, tm cc tiu ca AB xoay quanh E, vi EF = cos() Vn gi a, b ln lt l chiu rng mt ng AC v CB, u l chiu rng ca xe. Biu thc ca p trong trng hp ny l:
> q:=b/cos(alpha)+(a-u/cos(alpha))/sin(alpha); u a
b cos() q := + cos() sin() > solve(diff(q,alpha),alpha); ( ) %13 a
2%12 u + u arctan
, %1 b(%12
1)

44

Phm Minh Hong

2.5. Khc cua gt

B . b .

u . F . . a . E . . A . . A . 1 Hnh 2.9: C .

B . 1

%1 := RootOf ((a2 + b2 ) Z 6
4 Z 5 ua + (
3b2 + 4u2 ) Z 4

+2ua Z 3 + (
4u2 + 3b2 ) Z 2 + u2
b2 )

Khng khip! V cn khng khip hn nu khai trin ra di dng "tng minh" bng allvalues. Gi l "tng minh" ch tht ra ta ch thu c 6 hng RootOf cn phc tp hn gp bi! n y th ta ch cn cch th nghim gi tr ca li gii bng cch gn tng RootOf vo mt hm theo (a, b, u) trc khi th vi cc gi tr bng s: Ta dng seq gn li gii i vo hm f (i, a, b, u):
> s2:=allvalues([%]): > f:=unapply(subs(alpha=op(s2[i]),p),(i,a,b,u)):

Cho a = 3, b = 2, u = 0 ngha l trng hp khc cy, v th vi 6 li gii:

> seq(evalf(f(i,3,2,0),5),i=1..6);
7.2668,
1.5069, 19.239,
7.0240, 3.9222,
8.6530

Khng c mt kt qu no kh d chp nhn c. Tng t, khi c b rng chic xe u = 1 ta cng thu c cng mt kt qu nh khi u = 0, thm ch khi cho u = 4, a = 3, b = 2 ngha l b rng ca xe cn ln hn hai con hm, kt qu vn khng my may thay i.
> seq(evalf(f(i,3,2,4),5),i=1..6):

Trong nhng trng hp "kh x" nh th ny, chng ta ch cn cch... gc Maple qua mt bn v l lun. Xem Hnh 2.9 ta c th thy rng cho d oa l khc cy hay chic xe, ta ch tnh tin AB i mt on u thnh A1 B 1 , iu c ngha l trong c hai trng hp, gc - tng ng vi oan AB cc tiu - khng i v nh th ta c th dng li biu thc (2.5) v gn vo (2.4) vi iu kin thay a bng a
u:
> subs(a=a-u,as); a 3 (a
u)b2 arctan( ) b > subs(alpha=%,a=a-u,p);
Phm Minh Hong

45

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr ( b )+ ( a
u )

arctan((a
2u)b2 ) b > simplify(%,symbolic); cos

b
1 3 2

sin

arctan((a
2u)b2 ) 3 b

b 3 + (a
2u) 3 ( 3 a
2ub 3 + a
u)

?
3

a
2u

(2.5.4)

Nh th chiu di ti a ca mt chic xe c chiu ngang 1 mt qua c khc cua 3  2 l:

> f3(3,2,1):%=evalf(%,5);
a

> f3:=unapply(%,(a,b,u)):

2 3 + 1(2 3 + 2) = 5.7703

Khi u = 0 ngha l trng hp khc cy, ta tm li c kt qu ca (2.7):

> f3(3,2,0):%=evalf(%,5); 2 ? 2 2 1a 2 2 3 + 3 3 ( 3 32 3 + 3)3 3 = 7.0236 3

Khi u = 2 ngha l chic xe c chiu rng bng mt ng CB:

> f3(3,2,2):%=evalf(%,5);

2 3 + (
1) 3 ( 3
12 3 + 1)(
1) 3 = 2.6602
0.15181I

2 2 2 2

Kt qu hp l, v khng th no mt chic xe c th r vo mt con hm cs cng chiu rng vi n, tr khi chic xe khng r m l m thng vo, v theo (2.4), iu ny c ngha l = hay AB = 8 . . . 2 Mt khc khi quan st biu thc (2.8), ta thy n ch c ngha khi a 2u. iu c ngha chiu rng ca xe khng c vt qu mt na chiu rng ca ng AC nhng li khng rng buc g vi BC. Ta c th suy lun ra rng: f 3(a, b, u)  f 3(b, a, u):
> evalf(f3(3,4,1),5),evalf(f3(4,3,1),5);
8.4796, 8.5435

Kt qu chiu di xe ty thuc vo hng n ca xe. iu ny tri ngc vi (2.5), ta ta bt buc phi chia hai trng hp xt[3 ]: Trn y ta xt trng hp xe n t AC (thay th a bng a
u), by gi gi s xe n t ng BC, phi thay th b = b
u trong hai biu thc (2.6) v (2.7) trc khi gn vo hm f 4:
> subs(b=b-u,as);subs(alpha=%,b=b-u,p); > f4:=unapply(%,(a,b,u));
f 4 := (a, b, u) ( a b
u )+ ) ( 2 )f rac13 arctan(a(a
2u) arctan(a(a
2u)2 )f rac13 cos sin b
2u b
2u > evalf(f3(3,4,1)),evalf(f4(4,3,1)),evalf(f4(3,2,0)); 8.479785248, 8.479785248, 7.023482380

Nhng bit u iu ny hp l ngoi i (vi cc ti x)? Phm Minh Hong

46

2.6. Ellipsoid

2.6 Ellipsoid
Cho ellipsoid (E) c cc bn knh theo (a, y, z), ln lt l (a, b, c). Tnh kch thc ca hnh hp ch nht (H) ni tip trong (E) c th tch ln nht. y .

a .

. b .

x .

c .

z . Hnh 2.10: Hnh hp ni tip trong mt ellipsoid

y l trng hp tm cc tr c iu kin ca hm nhiu bin di rng buc ng thc. Bi ton cc tr c gii theo phng php nhn t Lagrange:
$ ' & ' %

ti u ha hm di rng buc

f (x, y) g(x, y) = 0

B f (x, y) + u B g(x, y) = 0 BBx BBx By f (x, y) + u By g(x, y) = 0

Trong bi ny i lng cn tm cc tr f (x, y) l th tch V ca hnh hp, v iu kin g(x, y) l phng trnh ca (E):
> g:=x2/a+y2/b2+z2/c2=1; x2 y 2 z 2 g := 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 a b c

V ni tip trong (E) nn (H) c cc nh tip xc vi (E), ta ca chng l (x, y, z), v th tch ca (H) l:
> V:=8*x*y*z;
V := 8xyz

> fx:=diff(V,x):fy:=diff(V,y):fz:=diff(V,z): > gx:=diff(g,x):gy:=diff(g,y):gz:=diff(g,z): > s:=solve({fx+u*gx,fy+u*gy,fz+u*gz,g},{u,x,y,z});

Trong 10 nghim ny (hoc ng ra trong 4 nghim n v 3 nghim kp ca s), ng nhin ta ch chn cc nghim dng cho (x, y, z).
> allvalues(s[3])[1];
Phm Minh Hong

47

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr
"

? ?] [ ? a 3 b 3 c 3 Vy (H) c cc cnh theo (x, y, z) l 2 ,2 ,2 . V lc y th tch ln nht 3 3 3 s l (nh dng hm assign chp nhn li gii):
> assign(%):V; ? 8 3 abc 9

1? 1? 4? 1? x= 3a, y = 3b, u =
3cab, z = 3c 3 3 3 3

V khi (E) l mt hnh cu (a = b = c = R), th tch ln nht ca (H) s l:

> subs(a=R,b=R,c=R,V); ? 8 3 3 R 9

Hnh v cho bi ton Ellipsoid

Chng ta ly li k hiu v cc kt qu va tnh xong. Gi (a, b, c) l bn knh ca ellipsoid theo (x, y, z). Cc nh ca hn khi ch nht s tng cp i xng qua ba trc ta v ta ca chng c dng:
"

3 3? 3 x = |a| , y = |b | 3, z = |c| 3 3 3

khai bo hnh khi ch nht, bt u t phin bn 8 c lnh parallelepiped phi dng hm draw. Mt khc, c th v chung hnh khi v ellipsoid trong cng mt th cn bin i t draw sang POLYGON Gi (u, v, w) ln lt l ta theo (x, y, z). t a = 3, b = 2.5, c = 2, ta c:
> restart:with(geom3d):eith(plots): > a:=3:b:=2.5:c:=2:eq:=x2/a2+y2/b2+z2/c2=1: > u:=a*sqrt(3)/3:v:=b*sqrt(3)/3:w:=c*sqrt(3)/3: > point(A,u,-v,w),point(B,u,v,w),point(C,u,-v,-w),point(D,-u,-v,w): > dsegment(d1,[A,B]),dsegment(d2,[A,C]),dsegment(d3,[A,D]): > paralleleppiped(pp,[d1,d2,d3]): > p:=convert(draw(pp,labels=[x,y,z]),POLYGONS): > s:=implicitplot3d(eq,x=-3..3,y=-2.5..2.5,x=-2..2, style=wireframe,axes=boxed): > display(p,s,scaling=constrained,orientation=[-36,76]);

Ta cng c th "xn" tri da Thi thy r chi tit hnh khi:

> s:=implicitplot3d(eq,x=-3..2,y=-2..2,z=-2.5..2.5,style=wireframe): > display(p,s,scaling=constrained,orientation=[-16,106]);

2.7 Cc tr ca hm hai bin: Th d 2

cc th d trn, khi tnh cc tr ca mt hm hai bin, ngi ta tm cch kh i mt bin trc khi gii phng trnh o hm vi bin cn li. Tuy nhin c nhng trng hp khng 48
Phm Minh Hong

2.7. Cc tr ca hm hai bin: Th d 2

Hnh 2.11: Hnh khi cc i trong mt ellipsoid

kh c v lc y chng ta bt buc phi gii h phng trnh o hm. T mt thanh st di n mt, ngi ta mun to thnh mt bn cha hnh ch U bng cch gp hai u mt on x vo mt gc a. Tnh x v a sao cho dung tch bn cc i.

x .

........ . Hnh 2.12:

a . ..........

Gi S l i lng cn tnh, th li gii n thun l nghim ca h phng trnh o hm:

"

S(x, a) = 0, S(x, a) = 0 . partialx partiala > S:=n*x*x*sin(a)-2*x2*sin(a)+x2*sin(a)*cos(a); S := nx sin(a)
2x2 sin(a) + x2 sin(a) cos(a) ex := sin(a)(n
4x + 2x cos(a)) ea :=
x(2x cos(a)
x(cos(a))2 + x(sin(a))2
n cos(a))

> ex:=factor(diff(S,x)); > ea:=factor(dif(X,x)); > solve({ex,ea},{x,a});

tx = 0, a = 0u, tx = n, a = 0u, tx = n , a = u 3 n 2
3, label = L1), 1)u tx = 3 , a = arctan(RootOf ( Z

49

Ta thu c bn cp nghim, ba cp nghim u khng thch hp v ta phi gi li nghim

Phm Minh Hong

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr

c RootOf v dng hm allvalues hin th:

> s:=allvalues(op(select(has,[%],Root0f))); tx = n , a = u, tx = n , a =
u 3 3 3 3

Trong hai cp nghim trn, d nhin loi cp 2:

> assign(s[1]):S; 1 2? n 3 12

Kt lun: x =

1 ? n , a = , S = n2 3 3 3 12

2.8 Cc tr ca hm ba bin
Mt hnh ng gic hp bi mt hnh ch nht v mt hnh tam gic cn c kch thc theo (, x, y) nh hnh bn. Gi P l chu vi ng gic, hy tnh (, x, y) sao cho din tch S ca n cc i.

a .

y .

2 .x Hnh 2.13:
> restart:alias(alpha=a): > S:=2*x*y+x2*tan(a);
S := 2xy + x2 tan()

> vp:=2*x+2*y+2*x/cos(a)-P; x vp := 2x + 2y + 2
P cos()

Chng ta c c thy 3 bin tnh cc tr v vn ny s rt phc tp. L tng l chng ta s a v hai bin bng cch loi y t biu thc trn:
> solve(vp,y); +
1
P cos() cos2x cos() + 2x 2 () > S1:subs(y=%,S); x(
P cos() + 2x cos() + 2x) S1 :=
+ x2 tan() cos()

V h hai phng trnh tnh cc tr l: 50

Phm Minh Hong

2.8. Cc tr ca hm ba bin

> ex:=diff(S1,x);
P cos() + 2x cos() + 2x
x(2 cos() + 2) + 2x tan() ex :=
cos() cos() > ea:=diff(S1,a); x(P sin()
2x sin()) ea :=

cos() x(
P cos() + 2x cos() + 2x) sin() + x2 (1 + tan())2 ) (cos())2 > solve({ex,ea},{x,a}); tx = 1 RootOf ( Z 2 + 1
4 Z, label = L2)P 2 1 1 a = arctan( ,
RootOf ( Z 2 + 1
4 Z, label = L2) + 1)u 2 2 > u:=allvalues(%); " * " * ? ? 1 5 5 1 u := x = (2 + 3)P, a = , x = (2
3)P, a = 2 6 2 6

Quan st hai cp nghim trn th ta thy cp th nht khng thch hp v: ? P x = (2 + 3) P . Dung hm assign chp nhn li gii: 2
> assign(u[2]);

Vi x v xc nh, ta tnh c y v tc khc suy ra din tch S:

> y:=factor(solve(vp,y)); ? 1 y :=
(
3 + 3)P 6 > 'S'=factor(S); 1 ? S =
( 3
2)P 2 4

Kt lun: Vi P cho trc, S s cc i khi:

=

? ? ? P P P2 , x := (2
3), y := (3
3), S := (2
3) 6 2 6 4

(2.8.1)

Cch gii trn hi di dng nhng l mt c hi thao tc trn cc lnh diff, allvalues. Cch gii ngn gn nht vn l phng php nhn t Lagrange v n c th gii d dng mt h nhiu bin[4 ]. Bi ton ca chng ta l ti u hm S (phng trnh 2.9) vi rng buc vp = 0 (phng trnh 2.10):
$ ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' %

ti u ha hm di rng buc

f (x, y, a) g(x, y, a) = 0

> dx:=diff(S,x);dy:=diff(S,y);da:=diff(S,a);
dx := 2y + 2x tan)a), dy := 2x, da := x2 (1 + tan(a)2 )

B f (x, y, a) + u B g(x, y, a) = 0 BBx BBx By f (x, y, a) + u By g(x, y, a) = 0 B f (x, y, a) + u B g(x, y, a) = 0 Ba Ba

> gx:=diff(vp,x);gy:=diff(vp,y);ga:=diff(vp,a); 2 2x sin(a) gx := 2 + , gy := 2, ga := cos(a) cos(a)2 > s:=solve({dx+u*gx,dy+u*gy,da+u*ga,vp},{u,x,y,a});

Kt qu l nhng RootOf phc tp, khng in ra y.

4

Xin xem thm v phng php Lagrange mc 3.4

Phm Minh Hong

51

Chng 2. Bi ton cc tr

> allvalues(%); " * ? ? ? 5 1 1 1 1 a= , u =
(2 + 3)P, x = (2 + 3)P, y = (2 + 3)P + P 6 2 2 6 6 " * ? ? ? 1 1 1 1 1 u =
(2
3)P, x = (2
3)P, a = , y = (2
3)P + P 2 2 6 6 6

Ch nghim 2 l chp nhn c v ngi ta tm li c kt qu nh (2.11)

> 'y'=factor(eval(eval(y,%[2])); ? (
3 + 3)P y=
6

52

Phm Minh Hong

2.9. Bi c thm: Pythagore

2.9 Bi c thm: Pythagore

Pythagore (Samoa 569 - 500 trc Cng Nguyn) Cuc i ca nh ton hc Hy Lp li lc thi c i ny lun l mt b n i vi hu th. Ngi ta on rng gia nh ng gc Tyr, v hnh nh ng tng l hc tr ca Thals. ng i chu du nhiu ni, qua Ai Cp, ri Babylone, Tiu ri cui cng v nh c v m trng ti Crotone. Hc tr ca ng lc ny thuc nhiu tng lp ca x hi. c bit trong trng c c ph n, l iu cm k thi by gi. Trong s "n sinh" ca ng c Thano sau ny thnh v ng mc d c s cch nhau kh ln v tui i. Trong s hc tr ca Pythagore, ch c mt s t c tuyn vo mt nhm c bit thn cn vi thy m thi. C nhng pht minh g mi th thy ph bin cho nhm c bit ny v thnh vin khng c t tin ph bin ra ngoi. Pythagore truyn b mnh m t tng trit hc cng tn ngng ca minh vo m hc tr thn cn. Nhng cng v m ny sinh lng ganh ght trong cng ng v kt cc l Pythagore v mt s hc tr thn thit ca ng b git th thm! Nhng cng ng do ng gy dng ln th vn tn ti v pht trin thm mt th k na v phn no thnh cng trong vic pht trin ton cng nh trit hc. Trit l Pythagore xem th gii ny l c th gii thch c bng s. y, s c ngha l s nguyn, mt phn s khng th xem l s c. Pythagore quan tm n thng ca hai di. ng ni rng thng s ny l kh c nu ta biu din c di dng phn s, ngha l t s v mu s ca n c biu din bng s nguyn (cng n v o). V vy cho ? nn khi pht hin ra rng 2 khng phi l kh c cc hc tr hoang mang khng hiu n l g, v cha gii thch n c bng lun im ca thy, nn h giu i khng cng b hin tng . Mn ca Pythagore gn mi s vi mt s ht si tng ng. H xp cc s theo cch sau: cc s nh 1, 3, 6, 10... v tng qut l s 1  n  (n + 1) c gi l nhng s tam gic; 2 cc s nh 1, 4, 9, 16, tng qut l n2 th gi l nhng s vung. Nhng s khng phi l s nguyn t th gi l nhng s ch nht. Nh cch sp xp y m ngi ta chng minh c mt s cng thc, v d:n2 + 2n + 1 = (n + 1)2 , 1 + 3 + ... + (2n
1) = n2 , v chnh trng phi Pythagore pht hin ra cc s hon ho, s bn b.

X S hon ho l cc s bng tng cc c s ca n.

Th d 28 = 1+2+4+7+14
X Hai s bn b l hai s m cc c s ca s ny c tng bng s kia.

Th d 284 c c l 1, 2, 4, 71, 142 v tng ca n l 220. 220 c c l 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, 110 v tng ca n l 284.

Phm Minh Hong

53

Chng3
th ba chiu
Chng ny trnh by mt s lnh ca th 3 chiu qua th d bi ton i tm cc tr hm nhiu bin hay ti u ha di rng buc[1 ].

3.1 Th d 1
1 1 Trong th d ny, h phng trnh fx (x, y) = fy (x, y) = 0 khng cho ra li gii gii tch cng nh li gii s, chng ta bt buc s dng n th. Cho hm f (x, y) c khai bo di dng hm mi tn:
> restart:with(plots): alias(SA='shading=ZHUE,axes=box'): > f:=(x,y)
3*(x-1)2*exp(-x2-(y+1)2)-10*(1/5*x-x3-y5* exp(-x2-y2)-1/3*exp(-(x+1)2-y2); 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 f := (x, y) 3(x
1)2 e
x
(y+1)
10( x
x3
y 5 )e
x
y
e
(x+1)
y 5 3 Surface := plot3d(f(x, y), x = -3.5 .. 3.5, y = -3.5 .. 3.5, grid = [40, 40]): display(Surface, orientation = [-49, 69], lightmodel = light1, SA);

1 Quan st th ta thy f (x, y) c nhiu im dng, l nhng im o hm ring fx (x, y) 1 v fy (x, y) trit tiu. xc nh ta v tnh cht ca nhng im ny, cn thit gii h phng trnh: 1 1 fx (x, y) = 0//fy (x, y) = 0
V f (x, y) l hm mi tn nn phi dng ton t D ly o hm ring:
fx (x, y) =

Bf  D[1]f (x, y), f (x, y) = Bf  D[2]f (x, y) y Bx By

2 2

> fx:=D[1](f)(x,y): 'fx'=collect(fx,exp);

f x = (
6(x
1)2 x + 6x
6)e
x
(y+1) + 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 (
2 + 30x2 + 20( x
x3
y 5 )x)e
x
y + ( + x)e
(x+1)
y 5 3 3

Ch c trch t gio trnh ca Collge de Maisonneuv (Qubec, Canada) vi s ng ca tc gi, gio s Pierre Lantagne

3.1. Th d 1

Hnh 3.1:

> fy:=D[2](f)(x,y): 'fy'=collect(fy,exp);

2 2

f y = 3(x
1)2 (
2
2y)e
x
(y+1) + 1 2 2 2 2 2 (50y 4 + 20( x
x3
y 5 )y)e
x
y + ye
(x+1)
y 5 3

Hai biu thc trn cc k phc tp, Maple khng th tm ra li gii gii tch cng nh gii s:
> solve({fx,fy},{x,y}); > fsolve({fx,fy},{x,y});

lnh solve khng c tr li. Cn lnh fsolve, Maple tr li bng cch xut ra li cu hi... Chng ta s gii quyt bng cch dng lnh fsolve km thm khong cch ly nghim. V c khong cch ly nghim phi dng n th c lng cc im dng: Trc tin, dng lnh contourplot3d v cc ng ng mc. y l ng ni nhng im c dng gi tr z = f (x, y) [2 ]. y chng ta chn 24 ng l thy nhng nh (cc i) v nhng vc (cc tiu) ca hm. Chn orientation=[0,180] p hnh v xung mt phng nh t giy:
> C1:=contourplot3d(f(x,y),x=-3..3,y=-3.2..3.0, contours=24,grid=[80,80]): > display(C1,axes=normal,orientation=[-85,85]); [Hinh 3.2 (a)] > display(C1,axes=normal,orientation=[0,180]); [Hinh 3.2 (b)]

By gi chng ta nhp chut phi vo hnh 3.2 (a), gi nguyn ngn tay ln v x dch chut tm mt cch chnh xc nht ta cc nh v cc vc. Trong khi x dch, chng ta c th quan st kt hp vi hnh 3.2 (b). Trn nguyn tc chng ta s tm ra 9 im dng:
X 3 im cc i : [0, 1.6], [1.2, 0], [
0.4,
0.6] X 3 im cc tiu : [
1.4, 0.2], [0.3, 0.3], [0.2,
1.6]
2

c dng nhiu trong lnh vc kho st a cht v khng nh. K thut ny cho thy r s g gh ca tri

t Phm Minh Hong

55

Chng 3. th ba chiu

Hnh 3.2: ng ng mc ca hm f (x, y)

X 3 im yn nga : [1.1, 0.8], [
0.3, 0.45], [0.4,
0.4]

Mc ch ca vic "d tm" cc im dng bng th l c c cc ta mt cch xp x. Mt khi c c, chng ta c th dng fsolve tnh mt cch chnh xc hn. Ba im cc i l:
> pM1:=fsolve({fx,fy},{x,y},{x=-0.1..0.1,y=1..2});
pM 1 := tx =
0.9317581960e
2, y = 1.581367963u

> pM2:=fsolve({fx,fy},{x,y},{x=1..1.5,y=-0.1..0.1});
pM 2 := tx = 1.285684697, y =
0.4847559076e
2u pM 3 := tx =
.4600245180, y =
.6291965087u

> pM3:=fsolve({fx,fy},{x,y},{x=-1..0,y=-1..0});

Tng t cc im cc tiu v yn nga (ch ly mi th mt im):

> pm1:=fsolve({fx,fy},{x,y},{x=0.1..0.5,y=-2..-1});
pm1 := tx = .2282789206, y =
1.625534957u ps1 := tx = 1.098272834, y = .8544609795u

> ps1:=fsolve({fx,fy},{x,y},{x=1..1.3,y=0..1});

Kim chng: ti cc im dng, gradient trit tiu. Ta lp mt hm tnh:

> with(linalg): > gp:=u
evalf(subs(u,grad(f(x,y),[x,y])),4): > gp(pM1),gp(pM2),gp(pm1),gp(ps1);
[
0.00017, 0.01225], [
0.006508,
0.00005737], [0.00188,
0.01905], [0.001773, 0.002335]

Ti cc im cc i, ma trn hessian xc nh m, ti cc im cc tiu xc nh dng, v ti cc im yn nga gi tr ring an du:

> gh:=u
eigenvals(evalf(subs(u,hessian(f(x,y),[x,y])),4)): > gh(pM1);

32.49504707,
16.27495293
Phm Minh Hong

56

3.2. Th d 2

> gh(pm1,gh(ps1);
17.92101729, 30.17898271

10.01781777, 11.15881777
Sau cng, c mt ci nhn c th nhng im cc tr tnh c, chng ta s ni nhng im ny xung hnh chiu ca n trong mt phng xOy. Cng on ny c thc hin qua cc thao tc sau:
X Dng lnh contourplot v cc ng cng mc trong mt phng. Do c tnh ca hm f (x, y), mt phng ny s c tnh tin hin th z =
8 bng lnh transform. X Khai bo mt hm s c tc dng v mt hnh cu bn knh 0.10 ti nhng im cc tr. Chn cc i mu , cc tiu mu xanh, yn nga mu en (lnh sphere). Hm s s nhn tham s l ta im dng v mu tng ng. X Khai bo mt hm r c tc dng v mt ng thng ni t cc im cc tr xung hnh chiu ca n (lnh line). X Sau cng, v tt c trong mt th chung vi hm f (x, y).
> with(plottools): > C2:=contourplot( f(x,y),x=-3.5..3.5,y=-3.5..3.5,contours=20,grid=[40,40]): 0.10,style=patchnogrid,color=c): > s:=(u,c)
sphere([eval(x,u),eval(y,u),f(eval(x,u),eval(y,u))], > r:=u
line([eval(x,u),eval(y,u),-8], [eval(x,u),eval(y,u),f(eval(x,u),eval(y,u))],linestyle=3):

form

> t:=transform((x,y)
[x,y,-8]):

> display([Surface,t(C2),s(pM1,red),s(pm1,blue),s(ps1,black),r(pM1), r(pm1),r(ps1)],orientation=[-170,65],style=wireframe,axes=framed);

3.2 Th d 2
1 1 Trong th d ny, h phng trnh fx (x, y) = fy (x, y) = 0 cho ra li gii, f (x, y) c nhiu im dng v chng ta s s dng th s cho thy tnh cht ca chng.
> restart:with(plots): > f:=(x,y)
x4-3*x2y+3y-y3;
f := (x, y) x4
3x2 y + 3y
y 3

> solve({D[1](f)(x,y),D[2](f)(x,y),x<infinity},{x,y}): [3 ] > S:=map(allvalues,{%});

S := ttx = 0, y =
1u, tx = 0, y = 1u, tx =

1 1 3 3 , y = u, tx = , y = uu 2 2 2 2

bit tnh cht cc im dng, ta kho st hai i lng:

3

option s<infinity trong lnh solve s loi tt c cc nghim phc.

Phm Minh Hong

57

Chng 3. th ba chiu

Hnh 3.3: Cc tr hm nhiu bin v hnh chiu ca n

B 2 f B 2 f
( B 2 f )2 = 2 2 Bx By B xB y

2 v fxx =

B2f B x2

lm iu ny, ta khai bo ha hm:

> Delta:=(x,y)
D[1,1](f)(x,y)*D[2,2](f)(x,y)-D[1,2](f)(x,y)2; > u:=i
(eval(x,S[i]),eval(y,S[i])); > seq([u(i)],i=1..4); ? ? 3 1 3 1 [0,
1], [0, 1], [
, ], [ , ] 2 2 2 2
:= (x, y)
D1,1 (f )(x, y)D2,2 (f )(x, y)
D1,2 (f )(x, y)2

(?

Th d ti im dng C
45,
6

3 1 , ,f 2 2

(? ) ) 3 1 13 2 , = , gi tr ca v fxx l: 2 2 16

> Delta(u(1)),D[1,1](f)(u(1));

d nhn ta t kt qu vo mt bng: 2 im / ta fxx Kt lun A(0, 1, 2) 36
6 cc i B(0,
1,
2) 36 6 cc tiu (? ) 3 1 13 , , C 45
6 yn nga 2? 2 16 ) (
3 , 1 , 13
45 6 yn nga D 2 2 16 Vi nhng g tnh ton, ta c t kt lun ngya v tnh cht cc im dng. Nhng vi th 3 chiu, Maple cung cp thm cho ngi s dng mt cng c thc s tng hnh. Trc tin ta v th hm f (x, y):
> alias(TK3='thickness=3',AW='axes=framed,style=wireframe'): > Surface:=plot3d([x,y,f(x,y)],x=-1.5..1.5,y=-1.5..1.5):

Tip theo, v cc im dng bng lnh pointplot3d, nhng trc phi khai bo nhng 58
Phm Minh Hong

3.2. Th d 2

Hnh 3.4: Cc im dng ca f (x, y)

im ny trong khng gian:

> Pts:=seq)[u(i),f(u)i))],i=1..4); ? ?
3 , 1 , 13 , 3 , 1 , 13 [0,
1,
2], [0, 1, 2], 2 2 16 2 2 16 > Points:=pointplot3d([Pts],symbol=circle,color=black): > display({Surface,Points},orientation=[131,60]); [Hinh 3.4 (b)]

Maple c mt lnh rt hay l spacecurve. Lnh ny v ng cong i qua cc im xc nh v m theo hnh dng ca f (x, y), nhng hnh ny s kim chng tnh cht ca cc im dng mt cch d hiu nht:
> CA:=spacecurve([x,1,f(x,1)],x=-1.5..1.5,color=navy,TK3): > CB:=spacecurve([x,-1,f(x,-1)],x=-1.5..1.5,color=green,TK3): > CX:=spacecurve([0,y,f(0,y)],y=-1.5..1.5,color=magenta,TK3): > display({Surface,CA,CB,CX,Points},AW,orientation=[131,60]);

X im A(0, 1, 2) cc i a phng theo phng ca ng cong mu navy v ng magenta.

Tch ri cc ng v mt f (x, y) s thy r hn bn cht ca cc im dng:

X B(0,
1,
2) cc tiu a phng theo phng ca ng cong mu green v ng magenta.
> display({CA,CB,CX,Points},axes=frame,orientation=[131,60]);

Tng t, by gi chng ta quan st nhng im yn nga:

3 1 13 , , 2 2 16

> CC:=spacecurve([sqrt(3)/2,y,f(-sqrt(3)/2,y)], y=-1.5..1.5,color=navy,TK3): > CD:=spacecurve([sqrt(3)/2,y,f(-sqrt(3)/2,y)], y=-1.5..1.5,color=green,TK3):

Phm Minh Hong

59

Chng 3. th ba chiu

Hnh 3.5: im cc i v cc tiu ca f (x, y)

> CX:=spacecurve([x,0.5,f(x,0.5)],x=-1.5..1.5,color=magenta,TK3): > display({Surface,Points,CA,CB,CX},AW,orientation=[130,60]);

[? ] 3 1 13 X C , , cc i a phng theo phng ca ng cong mu green v cc tiu a 2 2 16 phng theo phng ca ng magenta. [ ? ] 3 1 13 X D
, , cc i a phng theo phng ca ng cong mu navy v cc tiu 2 2 16 a phng theo phng ca ng magenta. chnh l tnh cht ca im yn nga, v ta cn thy r hn vi hnh 3.6 (b)
> display({Points,CC,CD,CX},axes=frame,orientation=[125,80]);

3.3 Th d 3
Trong bi ny, sau khi tm cc cc tr bng phng php s, chng ta s dng phng php ng dc nht (steepest descent[4 ]) kim chng. Nhc li: gradient ( ) ti mt im l vc-t ch ra phng theo hm s c s thay i ln nht (hoc nh nht). Chng ta s dng vc-t ny i tm cc i (hoc cc tiu ca mt hm s). Nu cho hm g(x, y), gi P (xk , yk ) l mt im bt k, ta cho P di chuyn theo phng gradient n P (xk+1 , yk+1 ). Nu im ny l mt cc tr, th gradient ti y trit tiu. V bit gi tr ny, ta s tnh chun 2, nu nh hn mt gi tr e nh, th coi nh l tm ra kt qu:
X Nu }
4

Pk }2

e, tnh Pk+1 = Pk +

Pk

Xin xem mn ti u ha hm nhiu bin bng phng php s. Phm Minh Hong

60

3.3. Th d 3

Hnh 3.6: im yn nga ca hm f (x, y)

X Nu }

Pk }2

e, ngng tht ton.

(3.3.1)

Trc tin chng ta khi dng li bi v nhp cc th mc cn thit. Mt lu l trong th d ny chng ta khai bo hm g(x, y) di dng mnh , cc thao tc cng phi thay i theo.
> restart:with(plots):with(linalg): > g := x*exp(-(x-1)2-(y+1/4)2)+y*exp(-x2-y2)+3 > Surf:=plot3d([x, y, g],x=-2..3.5,y= -2.5..2, grid=[30,30], labels=[x,y,z],axes=framed,tickmarks=[3,3,3]): > display(Surf):

V cc ng ng mc v vc-t gradient chung trong mt th thy mt tnh cht quan trng l vc-t gradient ti mt im lun thng gc vi ng ng mc i qua im :
> CDT:=contourplot(g,x=-2..4,y=-2.5..3,contours=20,grid=[40,40]): > GPL:=gradplot(g,x=-2..4,y=-2.5..3,grid=[15,15],thickness=3): > display([CDT,GPL]); > display({CDT,GPL,Surf},axes=frame,orientation=[125,80])

Quan st hnh 3.7 ta c th on c hm s cc i trong khong (1.4,-0.3) v cc tiu trong khong (-0.2,-0.7). Ta dng cc kt qu ny tm ta cc tr bng phng php s (v khng c li gii gii tch):
> gx:=diff(g,x):gy:=diff(g,y): > xy max:=fsolve({gx,gy},{x,y},{x=0..1.4,y=-.3..0});
xy maxtx = 1.391235485, y =
0.1961444222u

(3.3.2)

Kim chng: ti im ny, gx v gy

[2.9  e
10 ,
1  10
10 ]

:

> evalf(subs(xy max,[gx,gy]));

By gi ta vit mt on m nh thc hin thut ton 3.1:

Phm Minh Hong

61

Chng 3. th ba chiu

Hnh 3.7: th gradient, ng ng mc v chuyn ng ca Pk

> gradient:=(a,b)
subs(x=a,y=b,[gx,gy]): > v:=[-2,.5]:w:=v: > for i from 1 to 1000 do p:=evalf(gradient(v[1],v[2])): if norm(p,2)<10(-7) then break else v:=v+.3*p: fi: w:=w,v; od:

(3.3.3)

Theo thut ton (3.3) th P0 = [
2, 0.5] l im khi u. = 0.3, e = 10
7 , s vng lp ti a 1000. Nhng d kin ny u c th thay i bt c lc no [5 ]. Kt qu l bin w, dy cc ta ca Pk . Ta c th kim chng so vi (3.2):
> w[-1];
[1.391235479,
.1961444047]

Hoc hin th chuyn ng ca Pk trong mt phng di dng tnh hoc ng thy chuyn ng rt nhanh quanh im cc i: > pointplot([w],color=black,symbolsize=25);[Hnh 3.7 (b)]]
> seq(poinplot([seq(w[n],n=1..k)]),k=1..nops([w])); > display(%,insequence=true); (khng hin th) > f:=unapply(g,x,y); > st:=pointplot3d([seq([w[i,1],w[i,2], evalf(f(w[i,1],w[i,2]))],i=1..nops([w]))],connect=true, thickness=3,axes=boxed,color=red,orientation=[-160,60]); > display(%); [Hnh 3.8 (a)]
5

D nhin cch hay nht vn l vit mt chng trnh con Phm Minh Hong

62

3.4. Th d 4

Hnh 3.8: Chuyn ng Pk trong khng gian

Rp ng i ca Pk vo chung vi th g(x, y):

> display([Surf,st],style=hidden,color=navy, axes=framed,orientation=[-163,69]); [Hnh 3.8 (b)]

Tuy nhin n tng nht l hin th bng hnh ng:

> anim:=seq(diplay([Surf,pointplot3d( [seq([w[i,1],w[i,2],evalf(f(w[i,1],w[i,2]))],i=1..k)], color=red,thickness=3,connect=true)]),k=1..nops([w])); > display(anim,orientation=[-163,69],lightmodel=light2, style=hidden,insequence=true);

By gi nu cho P0 = [
0.5, 0.7], =
0.3, Pk s i xung. [6 ]

3.4 Th d 4
Trong bi ny, chng ta s dng phng php nhn t Lagrange ti u ha mt hm hai bin sau biu din phng php ny di dng hnh hc. Bi ton ca chng ta nh sau:
X Ti u ha hm f (x, y) = x3 + xy + 2y 3

1 1 X Di rng buc g(x, y) = (x
9)2 + (y
7)2
1 = 0 4 9

> restart:with(plots):with(plottools):with(linalg): > f:=(x,y)
x3+x*y+2*y3;
6

> g:=(x,y)
(1/4)*(x-9)2+(1/9)*(y-7)2-1;
Vic chn la gi tr u rt quan trng v n quyt nh ng i ca Pk . y nu chn P0 = [
0.5, 0.8], Pk s rt i xa. Phm Minh Hong

63

Chng 3. th ba chiu

Trc tin chng ta c hai nhn xt:

X Khng th dng phng php tch bin v biu thc phi tuyn ca f (x, y). Lnh Maple sau cho ta 2 trang kt qu cc k phc tp:
> solve(f(x,y),x);

V th Lagrange l phng php gii tch c nht gii bi ton ny.

X Rng buc g(x, y) = 0 c th l mt ellips; iu ny c ngha l phi i tm cc cc tr ca f khi (x, y) chy trn ellips g(x, y). thy r ngha hnh hc ca bi ton, chng ta v th g(x, y) di dng tham s.

( Nhc li, ellips phng trnh

"

x
h a

)2 +

x
k b

)2 = 1 c phng trnh tham s:

x = a cos(t) + h y = b sin(t) + k

Trong cc lnh di y, Surf,El 2 l th f (x, y) v hnh chiu g(x, y) trong mt phng xOy, El 3 l hnh chiu g(x, y) ln th f (x, y), L l 18 ng thng ni gia El 2 v El 3:
> Surf:=plot3d([x,y,f(x,y)],x=-5..12,y=-5..12): > El 2:=spacecurve([2*cos(t)+9,3*sin(t)+7,0],t=0..2*Pi); > El 3:=spacecurve([2*cos(t)+9,3*sin(t)+7,f(2*cos(t)+9,3*sin(t)+7)], t=0..2*Pi,color=navy,thickness=2): > n:=18: > L:=seq(spacecurve([[2*cos(k*Pi/n)+9,3*sin(k*Pi/n)+7,0], [2*cos(k*Pi/n)+9,3*sin(k*Pi/n)+7,f(2*cos(k*Pi/n)+9,3*sin(k*Pi/n)+7)]], color=navy),k=0..2*n): > display( Surf,El 2,El 3,L,axes=framed,style=patchnogrid,orientation=[22,76]);

Hnh 3.9 (a). Di dng ng mc:

> display( Surf,El 2,El 3,L,axes=framed,style=contour,contours=18,orientation=[171,70]);

Hnh 3.9 (b). ng biu din trong mt phng:

> Contours 2d:=contourplot(f(x,y),x=-5..12,y=-5..12,filled=true, contours=18,coloring=[white,navy]); > El 2d:=plot([2*cos(t)+9,3*sin(t)+7,t=0..2*Pi],color=green); > display(Contours 2d,El 2d,tickmarks=[3,3]); [Hnh 3.10 (a)].

Quan st hnh 3.9 (b) v 3.10 (a), chng ta thy im f t cc tr khi cc ng ng mc tip xc vi ellips ca rng buc. iu ny c ngha l f v g cng tp tuyn. Mt khc chng ta cng bit, gradient ti mt im lun thng gc vi ng ng mc, c ngha l vc-t gradient ca f v g ti mi tip im s cng phnbg. Ni khc i, cc im cc tr ta c: f (x, y) = g(x, y) 64
Phm Minh Hong

3.4. Th d 4

Hnh 3.9: Biu din tham s ca hm rng buc g(x, y) trn f (x, y)

F (x, y) = 0 vi F (x, y) = f (x, y) = g(x, y) Du ca khng quan trng, tin li ta chn F (x, y) = f (x, y) + g(x, y).
> F:=(x,y)
f(x,y)+lambda*g(x,y);

Cc im cc tr tha

F (x, y) = 0:

> grF:=grad(F(x,y),[x,y]); 2y x 9 grF := [3x3 + y + (
), x + 6y 2 + ( 2 2 9 > EnvExplicit:=true;[7 ]. > s:=map(evalf,Sol); > nops(s);
6

14 )] 9
(3.4.1)

> Sol:={solve({grF[1],grF[2],f(x,y),g(x,y)},{x,y,lambda})};[8 ]

H F (x, y) = 0 c tt c 6 nghim trong ch c hai nghim thc. Ta loi nghim phc v ch ly 4 s l. Ta ca hai im cc tr l:
> sr:=remove(has,s,I); > [eval(x,sr[1]),eval(y,sr[1])]: P:=map(evalf[4],%); > [eval(x,sr[1]),eval(y,sr[1])]: P:=map(evalf[4],%);
P := [7.697, 4.724], Q := [9.615, 9.855]

(3.4.2)

C c hai im cc tr, ta c th v ng ng mc tip xc vi g(x, y)

> [eval(x,sr[2]),eval(y,sr[2])]: Q:=map(evalf[4],%); > C 2d:=contourplot(f(x,y),x=0..15,y=0..15, contours[f(P[1],P[2]),f(Q[1],Q[2])],thickness=3);
7 Options EnvExplicit dng xut tt c cc li gii di dng tng minh. y nu khng bng true li gii s thiu 8

Hai du ngoc nhn ngoi cng rt quan trng, n trnh s lp li ca cc nghim

Phm Minh Hong

65

Chng 3. th ba chiu

> Point P:=textplot([P[1]+.4,P[2]+.7,'P']): > Point Q:=textplot([Q[1]-.1,Q[2]-.5,'Q']): > display(C 2d,El 2d,Point P,Point Q,scaling=constrained):

(khng hin th) Ti P v Q cc vc-t gradient thng gc vi tip tuyn chung ca f v g. v cc vc-t ny ta phi xc nhj c cc phn ca chng bng cch th cc ta P, Q vo f (x, y):
> gf:=grad(f(x,y),[x,y]);
gf := [3x2 + y, x + 6y 2 ]

> vgP:=subs(sr[1],eval(gf));
vgP := [182.4486749, 141.6080201]

(3.4.3)

> vgQ:=subs(sr[2],eval(gf));
[287.2113132, 592.2871979]

Vy vc-t gradient c ta hai u l:

!

P =

7.697, 4.724 182.4486, 141.6080

Q=

9.615, 9.855 287.2113, 592.2871

d nhn ta thu ngn d di ca hai vc-t bng cch chia cjho hai h s (50 v 150) cng nh o chiu ca vc-t ti P .
> VGrad1:=arrow( [P[1],P[2]],[P[1]-vgP[1]/50,P[2]-vgP[2]/50],.2,.5,.2,color=blue): > VGrad2:=arrow( [Q[1],Q[2]],[Q[1]+vgQ[1]/150,Q[2]+vgQ[2]/150],.2,.5,.2,color=blue):

(3.4.4) kim chng tnh cht hnh hc ca vc-t gradient, ta s chung vi cc tip tuyn ti P v Q. Tip tuyn ti im A(xA , yA ) ca mt hm n u(x, y) l:

>

Bu Bx (xA, yA) (x
xA) y
yA =
Bu (x , y ) By A A tg:=(a,b,u)
y-b=-D[1](u)(a,b)/D[2](u)(a,b)*(x-a);

th tip tuyn ti P ca f (x, y) v tip tuyn ti Q ca g(x, y):

> t1:=implicitplot(tg(P[1],P[2],f),x=0..12,y=0..10): > t2:=implicitplot(tg(Q[1],Q[2],g),x=0..15,y=0..15):

V cui cng, ta v tt c chung trong mt th:

> display(C 2d,El 2d,Point P,Point Q,VGrad2,t1,t2, scaling=constrained,tickmarks=[3,3]);[Hnh 3.10 (b)]

Cc tr s cc i (Q) v cc tiu (P ) ca f (x, y) trn g(x, y) l:

> map(evalf[7],[f(P[1],P[2]),f(Q[1],Q[2])]);
[703.2035, 2897.901]

Lu quan trng: lnh solve trong (3.4) cho th t cc nghim rt ngu nhin, v th chng ta c th thu c ta P, Q ngc vi kt qu (3.5). Trong trng hp cn thit phi sp xp li cc ta ti cc cu lnh (3.6) v (3.7) c cng mt th nh hnh 3.10 (b). 66
Phm Minh Hong

3.5. Bi c thm: Euclide

Hnh 3.10: (a) ng ng mc v ellips 2D, (b) Vc-t gradient ti im cc tr

3.5 Bi c thm: Euclide

Euclide (330 - 275 trc Cng Nguyn) Euclide sng vo th k th 3 trc cng nguyn, khi nn Ton hc Hy Lp c i t ti nh cao. Tc phm c bn ca ng l b lments- Nhng nguyn tc c bn c th ni l tng hp tri thc ca loi ngi v Hnh hc Mtrique v L thuyt S thi c i. B lments gm 13 tp trong c cc tri thc ca cc bc tin nhn c Euclide son li mt cch khoa hc v rt nhiu phn l sn phm ca b c sng to, thng minh tuyt vi ca ng. T xa n nay, c l trn th gii cha c mt b sch no c dch v ti bn n hng ngn ln nh b lments ca Euclide. Thin ti ca Euclide th hin ch ng sp t cc mnh Ton hc theo mt trt t rt khoa hc, ng tp trung tng vo nhng vn Ton hc, khng dy da n tn gio huyn b nh hu ht cc nh khoa hc ng thi. Nh cc pht biu ton hc gy gn, v cc chng minh cht ch ca Euclide, nhng nh khoa hc thuc th h sau tha hng gia ti tr tu ca ng i tm nhng kt qu mi. Bn tp u ca b lments dnh cho Hnh hc. Trong tp 1, Euclide a ra nhng khi nim nguyn thu nh im, ng thng, mt, vng trn, s song song, trong c nh u tin v Hnh hc: qua hai im c mt v ch mt ng thng i qua. T nhng khi nim ban u y Euclide suy din ra nhiu kt qu v gc, v tam gic cn, tam gic u, v ng chng minh nh l Pythagore (Euclide ra i sau Pythagore 239 nm). Trong tp 2, Euclide dng Hnh hc chng minh mt s kt qu ca trng phi Pythagore m ngy nay ta quen gi l i s. V d (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 .... Tch ab theo Euclide l din tch hnh ch nht m chiu di cc cnh l a v b. Trong tp 7 ng a ra mt thut ton m ngi i sai gi l thut ton Euclide, dng chng t hai s l nguyn t cng nhau. Trong tp 8 c nh l v phn tch mt s nguyn ra tha s nguyn t, cch tnh tng cc s hng

Phm Minh Hong

67

Chng 3. th ba chiu

ca mt cp s nhn. Tp 9 c 36 mnh nhng ni bt nht vn l mnh s 36 v mnh ny ng chng t rng mt s c dng 2n
1 (2n
1) l s hon ho[9 ] nu nh (2n
1) l s nguyn t. Ngy nay ngi ta bit c rng s hon ho l s chn c dng nh Euclide tm ra. Cn s hon ho no l s l khng th n nay vn cha ai tm ra. Ngay nh Ton hc v i ca th k 18 (v c l ca mi th k) l Euler cng ch chng minh rng mi s hon ho

chn u c dng nh Euclide tm ra. Ngoi ra, ng cn dng Ton nghin cu Thin vn, kt qu ny c trnh by trong Phaenomena. Euclide cng c nhng nghin cu v Quang hc, v c v m nhc nhng b tht lc. Nhng tc phm ca Euclide rt c bn, c gi tr khng phi ch v ni dung khoa hc m cn gi tr vi hu th v phng php nghin cu na.

S hon ho l s bng tng cc c s ca n. Th d 28 = 1+2+4+7+14 Phm Minh Hong

68

Chng4
Hnh hc gii tch
cp trung hc, hnh hc thun ty i hi hc sinh tr tng tng v c nhy bn "on ra" li gii trc khi i tm chng minh. iu ny ch c th lm c nu bi ton n gin. Trn i hc (thm ch cc nm cui trung hc), hnh hc gii tch a tt c v cc phng trnh trc khi l lun. Vic ny h thng ha vn ng thi cho php gii quyt nhng bi ton cc k phc tp m khng cn phi tng tng nh trc. Ly mt th d n gin l bi ton qu tch, mt mn hc "kh nut" nht. Hnh hc gii tch gip ta tm ra ta ca im mun tm. Mt khi bit c ta , xc nh v v qu tch rt n gin: ng biu din tham s. Maple l mt cng c hu nh l tng gii cc vn nu trn. Mt khc, nn nm vng cc nguyn tc to hnh ng, cc bi ton qu tch s em n cho chng ta rt nhiu l th qua kha cnh sinh ng ca li gii.[1 ] Trc tin, chng ta bt u vi mt th d n gin.

4.1 Tm v v tip tuyn chung ca hai vng trn

n gin vn , ta gi s rng tm hai vng u nm trn trc Ox, mt vng c tm nm ti gc ta . Gi A l vng trn tm A(0, 0), bn knh a; B l vng trn tm B(e, 0), bn knh b, (a  b) v X(x, 0) l giao im ca tip tuyn v trc Ox. Ta c: a x = - Nu x e, trng hp tip tuyn cho, ta c e
x b x a - Nu x e, trng hp tip tuyn cng pha trc honh, ta c = x
e b y ta ch tm mt tip tuyn cho, cc tip tuyn khc c suy ra d dng.
> x/(e-x)=a/b; a x = e
x b

Gii phng trnh theo x, v gn kt qu cho mt hm. Hm ny s tnh honh ca X theo a, b, e:

> u:=unapply(solve(%,x),a(a,b,e));
1

Xin xem trc phn X l hnh ng ca chng 12, trang 219

Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch u := (a, b, e) ea a+b

y . K .

. A .

X . H . J .

B .

Hnh 4.1: ng tip tuyn cho (P ) ct trc honh ti X(x, 0) c phng trnh: y = kx
ku(a, b, e). Ta dng lnh line trong gi geometry nh ngha (P ):
> with(geometry):line(P,y=k*x-k*u(a,b,e);[x,y]):

Khong cch t A(0, 0) n (P ) bng bn knh a. Gii phng trnh P A = a ta s tm c k:

> point(A,0,0):distance(A,P)=a;    1 ea  ? k =a   b + a k2 + 1 > vk:=solve(%,k);

(4.1.1)

Maple khng gii c, l do l trong biu thc (4.1), k nm trong tr tuyt i v trong cn. a k ra ngoi gi tr tuyt i, ta gi s k 0:
> assume(k>0):

Lnh solve s cho ra hai li gii tng ng vi hai tip tuyn cho. y ta chn nghim dng. V khi mi bin u hnh thc, cch duy nht l dng sign.
> vk:=solve(%%,k): op(select(i
sign(i)>0,[%]));
d

a2

ea 2  + b + a

   

a a2

   

ea 2  b + a

Biu thc trn tnh h s k theo a, b, e ta gn vo mt hm s:

> p1:=unapply(%,(a,b,e)):

p dng: t a = 10, b = 7, e = 30 ta c: Phng trnh tip tuyn v honh ca K:

> et:=simplify(p1(10,7,30)*x-p1(10,7,30)*u(10,7,30)); 17 ? 300 ? et :=
611x + 611 611 611 > solve(et):5=evalf(%,4); 300 xK := = 17.65 17

70

Phm Minh Hong

4.2. Din tch phn giao ca hai vng trn

4.2 Din tch phn giao ca hai vng trn

Trong h ta xOy, cho vng trn (C1 ) tm O, bn knh R v (C2 ) bn knh r v c tm D ta [R, 0]. Tnh r sao cho din tch phn giao ca 2 vng trn bng mt na din tch ca (C1 ). Vi nhng im xc nh nh trong hnh 4.2 ta c: y .

A .

( . C2 )

O . .

C . U .

..D

x .

( . C1 ) Hnh 4.2:

B .

X Din tch mun tm bng hai ln tng din tch ca CU A v U DA. X Din tch ca CU A bng tch phn hm s ca (C2 ) t C n U . X Din tch ca U DA bng tch phn hm s ca (C1 ) t U n D.
> p:=x2+y2=R2, q:=(x-R)2+y2=r2; > isolate(p,y2);isolate(q,y2); " " p := x2 + y 2 = R2 y 2 = R 2
x2 2 + y 2 = r2 q := (x
R) y 2 = r2
(x
R)2

Honh ca U l:
> u:solve(rhs(%)=rhs(%%),x); 1
r2 + 2R2 u := 2 R

V hm s ca (C1 ) v (C2 ) l:
> s1:=sqrt(rhs(isolate(p,y2)));s2:=sqrt(rhs(isolate(q,y2))); " ? s1 := ?R2
x2 s2 := r2
x2 + 2xR
R2

V din tch ca phn giao l: (hy kin nhn!)

> 2*(int(s2,x=R-r..u)+int(s1,x=u..R)):

Kt qu khng in ra y v qu phc tp v v Maple khng tm ra c gii hn ca biu thc sau (xem ra rt n gin!):
Phm Minh Hong

71

Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

c

lim(r2R) arctan

r2 (4R2
r2 ) ) R2 2
r2 4R

Chng ta lu rng khi r = 2R i lng trn c dng v nh, v phn giao chnh l (C1 ). iu ny d nhin phi loi tr. By gi ta gi s r 2R:
> assume(r<2*R):S:=2*(int(s2,x=R-r..u)+int(s1,x=u..R));

Kt qu ca S l mt biu thc khng l nn khng tin in ra y. Mt khc i tm li gii r = f (R) vi mt biu thc phc tp nh th ny th chc chn Maple phi u hng. Ta phi gip mt tay bng cch t r = kR(k P R ):
> S:=subs(r=k*R,%); c c ( ) 1 2 1 1 1 2 R)R + 2kR2 S := k R
%1
4 arcsin( k 4 2 k 2 R2 k 2 R2 ( )) ( ?
2 2 2 2 ? 1 4 R
2 + %1k 2 R2
2%1R2 + 4R3 arcsin 1 R (k R
2R ) 2R 4R 2 R %=
a

k2(
4R2 + k2R2)

Biu thc trn thot trng cng "kinh d" khng km. Nhng qu thc l n n gin i rt nhiu v mt bin r. Bng chng:
> S:=simplify(%,sqrt,symbolic); ( ) ? 1 2 2 arcsin( 1 k) + k 2 +
k 4
k 2 + 2 arcsin(
1 + 1 k 2 ) S := R
2k 2 2 2

V din tch phn giao phi bng na din tch ca (C1 ) nn ta cng i tm li gii ca k 1 trong phng trnh S = R2 ( v R  0 ta n gin cho R2 ): 2
> simplify((S-Pi*R2/2/R2)); 2 ? 1
2k2 arcsin( 1 k) + 1
1 k 4
k2 + arcsin(
1 + 2 k2) 2 2 2

V cui cng ta c:
> fsolve(%,k);
1.158728473

Chng ta va gii mt bi ton c ngha c th nh sau: Mt ngi nng dn c mt cnh ng c hnh trn bn knh R = 100 mt. ng ta ct mt con b vo mt ci cc cm trn mp ng. Hy tnh chiu 2 [] di on dy sao cho con b ch c th n c ng mt na cnh ng. Cu tr li (gn ng) l 115.87 mt.

Ch trch t [7] Phm Minh Hong

72

4.3. Qu tch 1

4.3 Qu tch 1
Cho mt hypperbol vung (H), gi P (a) l tip tuyn ca (H) ti a, v Q(a) l ng thng qua gc ta v thng gc vi tip tuyn P (a) ti M . Tm qu tch ca M khi a chy trn (H). Gi f (x), p(a), q(a) ln lt l phng trnh ca (H), P (a) v Q(a). Ta c:
> f:=x
1/x;with(plots): 1 f := x x > p:=a
y-f(a)=D(f)(a)*(x-a); > q:=a
y+x/D(f)(a); x q := a y + D(f )(a)

p := a y
f (a) = D(f )(a)(x
a)

tnh ta ca M , gii h p(a), q(a) v gn kt qu vo hai bin xm, ym:

> s:=solve({p(a),q(a)},{x,y}); * " a3 a ,y = 2 4 s := x = 2 4 a +1 a +1 > xm:=unapply(rhs(op(select(has,s,x))),a); > ym:=unapply(rhs(op(select(has,s,y))),a);

v hnh tnh, ta chn a = 2. Ring hnh ng qu tch, ta cho a chy t 0 n 2, ngha l qut ht (H). Sau khi xc nh c ta ca M theo a, cch v n gin nht l tham s. Cc lnh sau v hnh tnh (hnh 4.3) v ng ca M .
> h1:=plot([xm(a),ym(a),a=0..2*Pi]): > h2:=implicitplot({p(2),q(2),x*y=1},x=0..4,y=0..3): > display(h1,h2,scaling=constrained); > g1:=t
plot([xm(a),ym(a),a=0..2*t]):

> g2:=t
implicitplot({p(t),q(t),x*y=1},x=0..4,y=0..3): > seq(display([g1(t/8),g2(t/8)]),t=1..trunc(15*Pi)):

Phm Minh Hong

73

Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

Hnh 4.3:

> display(%,insequence=true,scaling=constrained);

Qu tch ca M c gi l l Descartes. Chic l th hai tng ng vi nhnh hyperbol th hai v khi a P [
2; 0]. 1 B B Din tch ca mt chic l l: x(t) y(t)
y(t) x(t)dt 2 Bt Bt
2 0

> int(xm(a)*D(ym)(a)-ym(a)*D(xm)(a),a=0..2*Pi)/2; 4 16 1 + 16 4

4.4 Qu tch 2
Trong h ta trc chun Oxy cho hai im A[0, 0], B[1, 0]. Gi M l mt im chy trn ng trn tm A bn knh AB = 1. Tm qu tch ca C l tm vng trn ni tip tam gic ABM . Gi C l giao im ca cc ng phn gic trong tam gic ABM . Mun tm qu tch ca C ta p dng mt phng php "v song" ca Maple:
X Khai bo im M di dng tham s. X Vit phng trnh 2 ng phn gic ca tam gic ABM v tm giao im C ca hai phn gic ny. X Sau cng v th hm s tham s.

Nhc li: Phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng c dng ax + by + c = 0, v phng trnh ng phn gic ca hai ng thng chnh tc l:
a1 x + b1 y + c1
a

a2 1

b2 1

a2 x + b2 y + c2
a

a2 + b2 2 2

=0
Phm Minh Hong

74

4.4. Qu tch 2

y . M . 1

A . . C . 2

C . 1

B x . .

M . 2

Hnh 4.4:

Khai bo hm c tn bs p dng cng thc trn (hm s nhn 6 tham s):

> bs:=(a1,b1,c1,a2,b2,c2)
(a1*x+b1*y+c1)/sqrt(a12+b12)+(a2*x+b2*y+c2)/sqrt(a22+b22)=0:

Khai bo A, B, M . V vng trn bn knh 1 nn M c ta [cos(u), sin(u)]:

> with(plots):with(geometry): > point(A,0,0):point(B,1,0): point(M,cos(u),sin(u)):

khai bo phng trnh cc ng thng AB, BM, AM , ta dng cc hm trong gi geometry v trc tin phi p t iu kin cho u. y l mt trong v s cc tr ngi ca gi ny m chng ta s cp cc phn ti:
> assume(-cos(u)<>0,sin(u)<>0): > EnvHorizontalName:= x: EnvVerticalName:=y: > line(AM,[A,M]):pAM:=unapply((Equation(AM)),u);
pAM := u
x sin(u) + y cos(u) = 0[3 ]

> line(BM,[B,M]:pBM:=unapply((Equation(BM)),u);
pBM := u
x sin(u) + y(
1 + cos(u)) + sin(u) = 0
{ ng phn gic ca AM B - ta gn phng trnh vo hm f1 :

> bs(-sin(u),cos(u),0,-sin(u),cos(u)-1,sin(u));
x sin(u) + y cos(u) +
x sin(u) + y(
1 + cos(u)) + sin(u) = 0[4] a a (sin(u))2 + (cos(u))2 (sin(u))2 + (
1 + cos(u))2 > f1:=unapply(%,u):
{ ng phn gic ca AM B - ta gn phng trnh vo hm f2 :

> simplify(bs(0,1,0,-sin(u),cos(u),0),symoblic);
y
x sin(u) + y cos(u) = 0

d xem, ta b du sau bin u bng cch chnh Options/Assume Variable/No Annotation Maple khng t ng n gin sin(u)2 + cos(u)2 , v chng ta cng khng nn n gin v kt qu cn phc tp hn
4

Phm Minh Hong

75

Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

> f2:=unapply(%,u):

th ca tam gic v hai phn gic tng ng vi u =

x=0..1,y=0..1);

> implicitplot({f1(4*Pi/15),f2(4*Pi/15),pAM(4*Pi/15),pBM(4*Pi/15)},

4 [hnh 4.5 (a)] 15

tm qu tch ca C c th gii phng trnh f1 (u), f2 (u) theo y ri sau tm x.

> solve(f1(u)=f2(u),y); > vX:=simplify(solve(subs(y=%,f2(u)),x),symbolic): > vY:=simplify(solve(subs(x=%,f2(u)),y),symbolic):

Tuy nhin chng ta c th gii h phng trnh f1 (u), f2 (u) tm (x, y) cng mt lc. Trong trng hp ny ng qun du ngoc nhn lnh solve[5 ]
> s:=solve({f1(u)=f2(u)},{x,y}); " * 1 + cos(u) sin(u) a a s := x = ,y = 2
2 cos(u) + 2 2
2 cos(u) + 2

Sau cng, trch ra cc gi tr ca x, y v v qu tch bng ng tham s:

> X:=eval(x,s):Y:=eval(y,s): > plot([X,Y,u=0..2*Pi]);

V to hnh ng:

> tr:=u
implicitplot({f1(u),f2(u),pAM(u),pBM(u),x2+y2=1}, > qt:=i
plot([X,Y,u=0..i],color=red): > s:=seq(display([tr(i/5),qt(i/5)]),i=0.01..evalf(10*Pi)): > display(%,insequence=true,scaling=constrained); > display([tr(7*Pi/5),qt(7*Pi/5)],scaling=constrained);[Hnh 4.5 (c)] x=-1..1,y=-1..1):

Quan st chuyn ng (trn mn hnh) ta c nhng nhn xt sau:

1. Cc ng phn gic khng ch nm trong tam gic m cn ko di ra ngoi, iu ny lm ta "ri mt" khi hnh chuyn ng. y l "ci gi phi tr" khi ta dng implicitplot n gin cch v th hnh 4:5(b). x l ta phi tch y ra khi biu thc ca f 1, f 2, gn kt qu vo mt hm v dng plot v ng thng kiu polygonal. 2. Cc lnh line, Equation rt tin li tnh phng trnh ca cc ng thng, nhng Maple bt buc phi t cc iu kin ban u cho gc u(bng assume). Vic ny to ra mt tr ngi v cng ln l cc thao tc trn u b gii hn, c bit l ta khng th dng u trong cc lnh piecewise 3. f1 (u) khng xc nh khi u = 0. trnh tr ny cch hay nht l dng piecewise. iu ny khng c v l do 2. Ta bt buc phi khi ng t mt gc u  0. l l do ca gi tr 0.01 trong biu thc ca s.

Ty vo phin bn ca Maple, thao tc ny i khi i hi thm lnh allvalues c dng tng minh. Phm Minh Hong

76

4.5. Qu tch 3

Hnh 4.5:

4.5 Qu tch 3
Trong ta trc chun Oxy cho hai im A[0, 0], B[1, 0] gi M l im chy trn vng trn tm A bn knh AB. Tm qu tch trc tm H ca tam gic ABC.

Cch gii th nht

Khc vi qu tch tm vng trn ni tip phn trn, qu tch ca trc tm - l giao im [ ] ca 3 ng cao c phn phc tp hn - v khi u P ,
, ngha l M nm trn phn t th 2 2 hai v ba ca vng trn, th trc tm H nm ngoi tam gic v i khi nm ngoi vng trn. Hn na khi |u|  th H chy ra v cng, v vic ny s gy kh khn khi v hnh ng.
{ t u = M AB, Q l hnh chiu ca A xung M B. Ta ca M, Q, H l:

Phm Minh Hong

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Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

y . M . 2 M . 1

. A .

H . 1

B x . .

H . 2 Hnh 4.6:

$ !

cos u sin u

' &

' %

1 + cos u 2 1 + cos u u tan( ) 2 2

"

cos u u cos u tan( ) 2

Gi cm,ch,cq ln lt l cc hm ta ca M, H, Q theo u (gc M AB):

> cm:=u
[cos(u),sin(u)]: > cq:=u
[(1+cos(u))/2,(1+cos(u))/2*tan(u/2)]: > ch:=u
[cos(u),cos(u)*tan(u/2)]:

d nhn, ta v tam gic ABM , hnh trn bng nt lin. Cc ng cao bng nt t [ ] on. Ta bit rng khi u P ,
th H ngoi tam gic, khi y ta phi v mt cch khc. 2 2 Gi CR l hnh trn, tg(u) l hm th ca tam gic ABC (ng lin) f1 (u), f2 (u) l hm th cc ng cao (cc ng t on) khi H nm trong v ngoi tam gic ABC:
> CR:=[cos(k),sin(k),k=0..2*Pi]: > tg:=u
plot([[[1,0],cm(u),[0,0]],CR]):

> f1:=u
plot([[1,0],ch(u),cm(u),cq(u),[0,0]],linestyle=4): > f2:=u
plot([[1,0],ch(u),cm(u),cq(u)],linestyle=4):

Sau cng ta dng lnh textplot xut cc ch trn th. Ta khai bo di dng hm vi bin l ta ca ch v ch mun xut (d nhin tr A v B l hai im c nh):
> with(plottools): > tt:=(x,y,a)
textplot([x/10,y/10,a],font=[HELVETICA,BOLD,10]): > tA:=textplot([-0.6,.06,"A"],font=[HELVETICA,BOLD,10]): > tB:=textplot([1.05,.06,"B"],font=[HELVETICA,BOLD,10]):

Vi nhng khai bo trn ta c th v 4 trng hp tng ng vi 4 v tr ca M trong 4 phn t hnh trn. Nhng y ta gp chung li thnh 2. Trng hp u, [Hnh 4.7 (a)], u P [0, ] v trng hp 2, [Hnh 4.7 (b)] u P [, 2]. 78
Phm Minh Hong

4.5. Qu tch 3

> gr1:=display([tg(Pi/4),f1(Pi/4),tB,tt(7,8.5,M), tt(6.3,3.6,H),tt(9,4,Q)]): > gr2:=display([f2(23*Pi/34),tg(23*Pi/34),tA,tB,tt(-5,9.5,M), tt(-6,-9,H),tt(3,5.3,Q)]): > gr3:=display([f2(21*Pi/16),tg(21*Pi/16),tA,tB,tt(-6.2,10.5,H), tt(-6.5,-8.5,M),tt(3,-5,Q)]): > gr4:=display([f1(5*Pi/3),tg(5*Pi/3),tB,tt(4.5,-3.5,H), tt(6.5,-8.5,M),tt(8,-4.5,Q)]): > display(gr1,gr2); [Hnh 4.7 (a)] > display(gr3,gr4); [Hnh 4.7 (b)]

Hnh 4.7: (a), (b) V tr tng i ca H; (c) Qu tch H Qu tch ca H [Hnh 4.7 (c): cch n gin nht l ng tham s:
> gs:=plot([op(ch(x)).,x=0..2*Pi],-1..1,-2..2,color=black): > display(gs,tg(0),scaling=constrained,tickmarks=[2,2]);
Phm Minh Hong

79

Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

[Hnh 4.7 (c)]: Cho thy trong qu tch ca H cn c c ng thng x =
1[6 ]. ng thng ny l qu tch khi u = . Mt khc trong lnh trn ta dng hm tg vi tham s l 0 n thun l v khng mun v tam gic ABM . By gi ta s v cc hnh tam gic ABM v qu tch ca H chung trong mt th. lm vic ny, trc tin ta cn khai bo mt hm f (u) phn bit hai trng hp u P [0, ] Y 2 3 [ , 2pi] v u P [, 2]. Trong trng hp th nht (cos(u) 0, H nm trong tam gic ABM ) 2 ta chn hm f1 (u), ngc li ta chn f2 (u), lc H nm ngoi ABM :
> f:=u
piecewise(cos(u)>0,f1(u),f2(u)):

Tip theo, ta khai bo mt hm gr vi hai tham s t1 , t2 dng v qu tch ca H khi u thay i trong khong hai tham s ny. Sau nhp hai gi tr ca t1 , t2 v th.
> gr:=(t1,t2)
plot([op(ch(u)),u=t1..t2],x=-1..1.1,-1.5..1.5): > s1:=seq([gr(0,t),f(t),tg(t)],t=[Pi/5,Pi/3,3*Pi/7]): > display(s1,scaling=constrained,view=[0..1,0..1]); [Hnh 4.8 (a)] > s2:=seq([gr(Pi,t),f(t),tg(t)],t=[4*Pi/3,10*Pi/7]): > display(s2,scaling=constrained,view=[-1..1,-1..1]); [Hnh 4.8 (b)]

V sau cng l hnh ng. Ta dng li cc hm gr,f , v tg. Chng ta s khai bo mt dy ca 3 hm trn theo u/10. Chia cho 10 c ngha l gim vn tc hin th 10 ln c th quan st c. Tuy nhin, quan trng nht l chng ta phi xc nh c gi tr ca u (hay M ), v khi |u| tin n gn , H s c nhng tr s rt ln, ta phi trnh nhng gi tr ln cn ny. Mt khc, vn tc di chuyn ca H cng khc nhau ty theo gi tr ca u. Cng gn n vn tc ca H cng nhanh. Tm li, vi tt c nhng tr ngi nu trn, chng ta bt buc phi khai bo cc gi tr ca u mt cch "th cng":

Hnh 4.8: Qu tch ca H vi cc v tr M 5 ], hay [0 2.24] 7

- M s cah u trong khong [0,

6

ng x =
1 c th c v bng lnh plot([-1,t,t=-1..0],color=black): Phm Minh Hong

80

4.6. Gii hn ca Maple

- Ti 2.24, M s dng t lu ri nhy sang

5 + 7 2

 3.82 S kin dng t lu n thun l

trnh thay i t ngt. - Ti 3.82, M s ng t lu ri chy u v 2. Tm li, cc gi tr ca u l (nhn l vi 10 v vn tc gim i 10 ln):

> p:=seq(i,i=0..23),23,23,23,4,40,40,seq(i,i=40..63); > s:=seq(display([gr(0,t/10),f(t/10),th(t/10)]),t=p): > display(s,insequence=true,scaling=constrained);

Cch gii th hai

y ng ra ch l mt cch dng cc lnh trong geometry tm trc tip ta ca cc im. Tuy nhin, iu phc tp nht l phi dng cc iu kin assume. V cc iu kin ny ch c th bit c khi Maple t chi mt mnh lnh no . Ta bt buc phi li li thc hin assume trc khi i tip: Khai bo cc im A, B, M , tam gic ABC v trc tm H. Ta M, H c gn vo cng hm cm(u),ch(u) nh trn:
> with(geometry): > point(A,0,0):point(M,cos(u),sin(u)):point(B,1,0): > cm:=unapply(coordinates(M),u); > assume(sin(u)<>0):triangle(T,[A,M,B]):orthocenter(H,T): > ch:=unapply(coordinates(H),u);

Khai bo im Q, ta Q c gn vo cng hm cq(u) nh trn:

> assume((1-cos(u))2+sin(u)2<>0): > altitude(hA,A,T,Q):cq:=unapply(coordinates(Q),u);

Cc hm cm(u),ch(u),cq(u) c thay i, ta c th tip tc dng li cc lnh trong mc 4.5.1, v phn tip theo cng ging nh cch gii th nht:
> display(gr1,gr2);display(gr3,gr4);

4.6 Gii hn ca Maple Mt th d thun hnh thc

Chng minh hai vng trn c phng trnh p1 v p2 sau y trc giao: "
p1 = x2 + y 2
2mx
2ny
m2 + n2 p2 = x2 + y2
2nx + 2my + m2
n2

Khai bo hai phng trnh di dng hm theo (m, n):

> p1:=(m,n)
x2+y2-2*m*x-2*n*y-m2+n2; > p2:=(m,n)
x2+y2-2*n*x+2*m*y+m2-n2;

Nhp th vin geometry v t ngay cu hi vi Maple:

> with(geometry): EnavHorrzontalName:= x: EnvVerticalName:= y: > AreOrthogonal(circle(k,p1(m,n)),circle(h,p2(m,n)));
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Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

circle: "hint: 2*m2 must be positive" Error, (in circle) not enough infomation

Maple i m phi l s thc mi c th tr li.

> assume(m>0,n>0): > AreOrthogonal(circle(k,p1(m,n)),circle(h,p2(m,n)));
true

Cu tr li ngn gn l trc giao. Nhng ta c th "t lm kh mnh" bng hai phng php khc qua thy c kh nng tnh ton hnh thc (cng nh yu im) ca Maple:

Bng tch v hng

Gi K, H ln lt l tm ca p1 , p2 . Gi s hai vng trn ny ct nhau tai P, Q. Nu chng trc giao, ta phi c [Hnh 4.9 (a)]:
HP

K KP  = 0 HP KP ?

Ta ca H, K v bn knh ca p1 , p2 :
> K:=coordinates(center(k));simplify(radius(k),symbolic);
K := [n, m]; m 2

> H:=coordinates(center(h));simplify(adius(h),symbolic);
H := [n,
m]; n 2

Ta hai giao im ca hai vng trn:

> s:=solve({p1(m,n),p2(m,n)},{x,y}); " * m3 + m2 n
n 2 m
n 3 (m + n)mn s := ty =
m + n, x = 0u, y =
,x = 2 m2 + n 2 m2 + n 2

Dng op,select,has tch ra ta ca P, Q. Gi v1 = HP , v2 = KP

> v1:=vector([K[1]-rhs(op(select(has,s[2],x))), K[2]-rhs(op(select(has,s[2],y)))]); > v2:=vector([H[1]-rhs(op(select(has,s[2],x))), H[2]-rhs(op(select(has,s[2],y)))]); > linalg[dotprod](v1,v2);
0

Bng hng im iu ha
ng thng KH i qua hai tm ct p1 ti hai im A, B, v ct p2 C, F . Hai vng trn trn trc giao nu A, B, C, F l mt hng im iu ha hay:
BF AF = BC AC

BF  AC = AF  BC

(4.6.1)

Trc tin khai bo ng thng KH:

> line(kh,[center(k),center(h)]): > KH:=Equation(kh);
KH := x(n + m) + y(
m + n)
m2
n2 = 0

Giao im ca KH v p1 : 82
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4.6. Gii hn ca Maple

P . K . . H . C . B . Q . ( . p1) ( . p2)

A .

F .

Hnh 4.9: Vng trn trc giao

> solve({KH,p1(m,n)},{x,y}); "
m%1 + n%1
m2
n2 * y = %1, x =
m+n 2 + n2 ) Z 2 + (
2m2 n
2n3 ) Z
m4 + n4
2m3 n) %1 = RootOf ((m

Dng allvalues hin th di dng tng minh, chng ta s thu c hai nghim kh phc tp. Chn ngu nhin nghim th nht v gn vo ta ca A, B:
> s1:=allvalues(%); ( % #
1 mm+ 1 2 + 1 mn%1n2 2 2 n 2 2+ x=
m+n

m2

) n2
+

%1 = (2m2 n + 2n3 + 2 2m4 n2 + m2 n4 + m6 + 2m5 n + 2n3 m3 )

1 %1 ,y = 2 m2 + n 2

Ta ca A, B l:
> Ax:=rhs(op(select(has,s1[1],x))): > Ay:=rhs(op(select(has,s1[1],y))): > Bx:=rhs(op(select(has,s1[2],x))): > By:=rhs(op(select(has,s1[2],y))):

Khai bo hai im bng lnh point:

> point(A,Ax,Ay);point(B,Bx,By);

Tng ng vi vng trn p2 ta cng c hai im C, F :

> solve({KH,p2(m,n)},{x,y}); > s2:=allvalues(%); > Cx:=rhs(op(select(has,s2[1],x))): > Cy:=rhs(op(select(has,s2[1],y))): > Fx:=rhs(op(select(has,s2[2],x))): > Fy:=rhs(op(select(has,s2[1],y))):
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Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

P .

A .

K . . C . B .

H .

F .

Q . ( . p1) Hnh 4.10:

( . p2)

> point(C,Cx,Cy):point(F,Fx,Fy): > implicitplot({subs(m=3,n=2,KH),p1(3,2),p2(3,2)}, x=-3..10,y=-6..6.5,scaling=constrained ); [Hnh 4.9 (b)]

xem (A, C, B, F ) c l hng im iu ha hay khng ta ch cn nhp:

> AreHarmonic(A,C,B,F);
geometry/smagnitude :"cannot determine the sign of FAIL" Error, (in geometry/smagnitude) cannot determine the sign of FAIL

Maple chng nhng khng xc nh c cu hi l hng im c iu ha hay khng m n cng "chng bit ti sao mnh khng bit". n nc ny th chng ta ch cn cch t gii quyt bng cch tnh qua biu thc (4.2). Trc tin ta phi tnh cc khong cch:
> BF:=distance(B,F):BC:=distance(B,C): > AF:=distance(A,F):AC:=distance(A,C): > simplify(BF*AC-BC*AF,sybolic); %1 =
(4mn
4 n2
n%1 + nm + m2
m%1) n2 + n%1 + nm + m2 + m%1

m2 + n 2

> combine(%,radical,symblolic): > simplify(expand(%));

0

BF  AC = AF  BC

(A, B, C, F ) l mt hng im iu ha. Vy p1, p2 trc giao.

Mt khc mc...
Ni chung Maple l mt cng c tt hc hnh hc gii tch. Tuy nhin, ni n Maple l phi ngh ngay n kha cnh "hnh thc", v l khc mt ln nht khi p dng vo hnh hc. Ta va thy trong bi ton vng trn trc giao cng nh cc bi ton dng geometry trong phn qu tch: Maple t ra v s iu kin bt phi li tr li khai bo cc lnh assume. Cng i su vo vn , cc assume cng phc tp hn. C nhng ln chng ta "lun lch" c. Nhng c nhng ln khc th... th b tc. Ta th xem th d nh sau: Trong mt phng cho 4 im A, B, C, E, tm giao im ca hai ng thng AB, CE: 84
Phm Minh Hong

4.6. Gii hn ca Maple

> restart:with(geometry): > EnvHorizontalName:=x: EnvVerticalName:=y: > alias(x[a]=xa,y[a]=ya,x[b]=xb,y[b]=yb, x[c]=xc,y[c]=yc,x[e]=xe,y[e]=ye ): > point (A,xa,ya),point(B,xb,yb),point(C,xc,yc),point(E,xe,ye):

Ta trung im M ca AB v AB:
> midpoint(M,A,B):[coordinates(M)],distance(A,B); [ ] a 1 1 1 1 xa + xb , ya + yb , (xa
xb )2 + (ya + yb )2 2 2 2 2

n y th mi chuyn u m thm, nhng khi mun tm phng trnh ng thng AB cng nh khong cch t C ti ng thng AB th mi chuyn tr ln phc tp:
> line(AB,[A,B];line(CE,[C,E]));
geometry/checkline: One of the following conditions must be satisfied x[a]

x[b] 0y[a]
y[b] 0

Error, (in geometry/checkline) not enough information: the line is not defined

Thng bo sai! Maple "cc c" i cc im A, B khng c trng nhau, ta bt buc phi vng li bng cch dng assume, sau mi c th i tip. Ta tm c phng trnh ca AB cng nh khong cch t C ti ng thng AB:
> assume(xa<>xb,ya<>yb,xc<>xe,yc<>ye): > line(AB,[A,B];line(CE,[C,E])); > Equation(AB);distance(C,AB);
(ya
yb )x + (
xa + xb )y + yb xa
ya xb = 0 |
(ya
yb)xc + (
xa + xb)yc
ybxa + yaxb|
b

Maple i cho bng c A  B mi tnh phng trnh AB nhng li khng t iu g vi C khi tnh khong cch t C ti AB, v khi A  B phng trnh khng c ngha (v phi bng khng), trong khi nu C P AB th khong cch C ti AB bng khng. Nhng nu by gi ta tm giao im ca AB v CE: Maple li cho ra mt thng bo i (ya
yb )(
xc + xe )
(yc
ye )(
xa + xb )  0. Nhng by gi th assume khng gii quyt c g c. Tm li, trong hnh hc, chng ta bt buc phi khai bo cc ta nh mt hng s. Khi tt c s tr nn n gin nh th d (phc tp) sau.
> intersection(K,AB,CE);

2 2 ya
2ya yb + yb + x2
2xa xb + x2 a b

Mt th d in hnh
Trong ta trc chun Oxy, cho ba im A[
3, 3], B[7, 6], C[1,
3]. Xc nh phng trnh ng Euler[7 ], vng trn ni tip v ngoi tip ca tam gic ABC.
> restart:with(geometry): > EnvHorizontalName:=x: EnvVerticalName:=y: > point(A,-3,3):point(B,7,6):point(C,1,-3):
7

ng Euler l ng ni lin trc tm, trng tm v giao im ba ng trung trc

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Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

> midpoint(X,A,B): X=coordinates(X);distance(A,B); [ ] 9 ? X = 2, , 109 2 > line(AB,[A,B]),[Equation(AB)];

21 + x + 8y = 0

z Khai bo tam gic ABC, tnh din tch ca n v BAC:

> triangle(ABC,[A,B,C]):S[ABC]=area(ABC); > FindAngle(line(AB,[A,B]),line(BC,[B,C])): > %=evalf(convert(%,degrees),3);

S[ABC] = 36 ( ) 24 arctan = 39.6degrees 29

Khai bo cc ng trung tuyn, trung trc v ng cao ca tam gic ABC:

> median(mA,A,ABC):median(mB,B,ABC):median(mC,C,ABC): > PerpenBisector(qA,A,B): PerpenBisector(qB,B,C): PerpenBisector(qC,C,A): > altitude(hA,A,ABC):altitude(hB,B,ABC):altitude(hC,C,ABC):

Khai bo nh trn ta c mA, qA, hA ln lt l trung tuyn, trung trc v ng cao xut pht t A. Phng trnh ca chng l:
> mA=Equation(mA),qA=Equation(qA),hA=Equation(hA); ( ) ( ) 33 3 67 mA =
+ x+7y = 0 , qA =
+10x+3y = 0 , hA = (9
6x
9y = 0) 2 2 2

Tng t vi B v C, ta c mB, qB, hB v mC, qC, hC. Gi M, H, Q ln lt l trng tm, trc tm v giao im ca ba ng trung trc. Ta ca chng l:
> AreConcurrent(mA,mB,mC);intersection(M,mA,mC): > AreConcurrent(qA,qB,qC);intersection(Q,qA,qB): > AreConcurrent(hA,hB,hC);intersection(H,hA,hC): > M=coordinates(M),Q=coordinates(Q),H=coordinates(H); [ ] [ ] [ ] 5 21 29 1 7 M= ,2 ,Q = , ,H =
, 3 8 12 4 6

Ba im ny thng hng v phng trnh ca ng Euler l:

> AreCollinear(M,Q,H),eMH:=Equation(line(MH,[M,H])); 22 5 23 true, eM H := + x
y = 0[8 ] 9 6 12

Tm v phng trnh vng trn ni tip:

> incircle(vI,ABC): > combine(coordinates(center(vI)),radical):%=evalf(%,3); ? ? [
7 13 +? 109 ] = [1.0, 1.58] 1,
3 ? 5 13 + 109 > collect(combine(factor(Equation(vI)),radical),[x,y]); ( ) 1? 3? 107 x2
2x + y 2 +
df rac473 + 1417 y
1417 + =0 3 2 2
8

D nhin, ngi ta c th c trc tip phng trnh ny sau khi khai bo tam gic ABC bng lnh Equation(

EulerLine(El,ABC))

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Phm Minh Hong

4.6. Gii hn ca Maple

Hnh 4.11:

Tm v phng trnh vng trn ngoi tip:

> circumcircle(vE,ABC): > coordinates(center(vE)): > %=evalf(%,3); [ ] 21 29 , = [2.62, 2.42] 8 12 > Equation(vE); 77 21 29 x2
+ y2
x
y = 0 4 4 6

V hnh v tng ng vi cc tnh ton trn y l:

> Tr:=polygonplot([coordinates(A),coordinates(B),coordinates(C)], color=white,thickness=3): > gI:=implicitplot(Equation(vI),x=-4..9,y=-6..9): > gE:=implicitplot(Equation(vE),x=-4..9,y=-6..9): > MQH:=polygonplot([coordinates(M),coordinates(Q),coordinates(H)]); > EL:=implicitplot(eMH,x=-4..9,y=-6..9,linestyle=2): > display(Tr,gI,gE,EL,MQH,scaling=constrained);

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Chng 4. Hnh hc gii tch

4.7 Bi c thm: Archimde

Archimde sinh trng Syracuse, mt th ln thi Hy Lp c i. S chp rng ng c mt thi lu hc Ai Cp, c bit Alexandrie, v chnh ti y ng c gp Connon, hc tr ca Euclide v Eratostne, Gim c Th vin Alexamdrie ni ting, nh m Archimde tip cn c vi nhng pht minh mi v Ton hc v khoa hc. Tr v qu hng, ng say sa nghin cu, truyn th cho hc tr nhng tri thc, pht minh v Ton hc, khoa hc lm cho tn tui ng tr thnh bt t. Cuc i cng nh ci cht ca ng tr thnh huyn thoi c i i truyn tng, thn phc v thng cm. Vo nm 212 trc Cng Nguyn, thnh Syracuse bi qun La M vy hm trong hai nm nhng khng ti no h ni v Archimde gip dn Syracuse sng ch v kh git gic. Tng La M l Marcellus nh cho qun vy thnh ch thi c. Lu ngy, qun Hy Lp mt cnh gic. Nhn dp l n thn Diane, qun La M ln c vo trong thnh v th m Syracuse tht th. Marcellus mn m ti Archimde ra lnh cho qun lnh khng c chm n ng nhng qu mun, qun La M say sa chm git v th m ng b st hi. Trong nhng huyn thoi v cuc i ng, th c l cu chuyn ng pht minh ra nguyn l u tin ca Thy tnh hc l th v nht. Tc truyn, vua Hiron sai th kim hon lm mt vng min nhng nh vua nghi ng th kim hon n bt vng v thay bc vo, bn hi kim Archimde lm sao xc nh c m khng lm hng vng min. ng suy ngh mi. Mt hm nhn ngm mnh tm trong nc, ng thy c th nh nh i, ng sung sng ht to ln: Eurka ! Eurka !. Mt ln khc, khi nghin cu v n by, ng thy c th dng mt lc nh by mt vt nng hn gp nhiu ln v vy ng ni vui: Hy cho ti mt im ta ti s by c Qu t nn! Khi tim ra din tch hnh ellipse, ng dng phng php chia ellipse ra thnh rt nhiu tam gic c din tch tng theo cp so nhn c cng 1 bi l . Theo ngn ng ca chng ta ngy 4 nay, Archimde tnh tng ca mt chui hi t, mt k thut tnh ton k l ca nhn loi vo thi , tin thn ca php tnh tch phn. Sinh thi, ng thch th vi bi ton m ng gii: "mt hnh cu ni tip trong mt hnh vin tr" v ng ni rng: Mai kia, sau khi ti qua i, nn ghi hnh nh bi ton ny trn bia m ti. V ngi ta thc hin ng nguyn c ca ng. Chnh nh m hn mt trm nm sau Cicron tm ra c ngi m Archimde b b hoang theo nm thng, gai mc y v c di ph kn!. ng li cho i sau mt gai ti v gi v cc pht minh khoa hc thuc cc lnh vc Hnh hc phng, Hnh hc khng gian, S hc, C hc, Thy tnh hc, Thin vn hc. Ngn ng trnh by trong cc cng trnh khoa hc y tht mch lc, trong sng, khin ngy nay ai c cng kinh ngc.

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Phm Minh Hong

Chng5
Bi ton m phng
M phng l mt lnh vc quan trng khng ch ring trong nh trng, trong cc c quan nghin cu m cn c trong mi tng lp x hi. Lm th no bit c s thay i, s bin ha thng v ca mt doanh nghip trc tnh trng cnh tranh vi nhiu x nghip khc, lm sao hiu v tin hiu tnh trng kt xe trong cc thnh ph ln, lm sao ch ng c s lan trn ca mt bnh dch, nn tng thu nh vo thuc l bao nhiu m bo ngun thu nhp nhng vn ng thi gi gn sc khe cho cng ng, lm sao cn bng s duy tr sinh thi trong mt khu rng c nhiu sinh vt khc nhau. . . Tt c nhng vn ny u c "m phng ha", ngha l c biu din di cc cng thc ton hc, m phn ln c a v phng trnh vi phn v ma trn. M phng ha l mt bi ton c th v c rt nhiu nh hng trong i sng ca chng ta, nhng vn phc tp ny tr nn hu ch v th v nu ch vi mt cht suy ngh cng vi s gip ca Maple.

5.1 Cnh tranh tay i

Xem xt thng v ca hai ca hng A v B th ngi ta thy rng c sau mi thng hot ng c mt lng khch nh t A b sang B v ngc li mt lng nh khc t B chuyn sang A. M phng ha lng khch ca A v B, bit rng s khch lc u ca A l X v B l Y . Gi (x, y) ln lt l t l khch li A v B sau mi thng. Ta c sau mt thng hot ng: - s khch A l: xX + Y (1
y) - s khch B l: yY + X(1
x) Di dng ma trn, vi Si l s khch thi im i:
[ ] [ ] 1
y . X = MS 0 1
x y Y x

M l ma trn chuyn t thi im ny sang thi im k tip, nh th ta c:

S2 = M S1 = M 2 S0 , S3 = M S2 = M 3 S0 , . . . , Sn = M Sn
1 = M n S0

(5.1.1)

Chng 5. Bi ton m phng

1 2 5 t X = Y = , x = , y = . Ta c: 2 3 9
> restart:with(plots):with(plottools):with(linalg):with(LinearAlgebra): > M:=matrix(2,2,[2/3,4/9,1/3,5/9]):M:=evalm(M*9)/9; 1 [6 4] M= 9 3 5 > S:=matrix(2,1,[1/2,1/2]):S:=evalm(S*2)/2:'S[0]'=eval(S); 1 [1] S0 = 2 1

Lu rng M c ngha, tng cc phn t trong mt ct phi bng 1, v (x, y) phi t l ch khng phi s lng khch.

Gii bng hm t hp
T phng trnh (5.1), ta khai bo: g(u) = M u Ta c g(g(u)) = g  g(u) = (g @@2)(u). Gi g(u) 4 ln c tnh trng khch hng sau 4 thng hot ng vi u = S0 ta c:
> transpose((g@@4)(S)):%=evalf(%,5); [ ] 3748 2813 , = [0.57125, 0.42857] 6561 6561 > g:=u
evalm(M&*u):

Gi bng ma trn
Cng t (5.1) by gi ta khai bo f (n) l hm tch M n S, ngha l tnh trng ca khch hng sau n thng hot ng:
> f := n
evalm((Mn)&*S):

Chng ta tm li c kt qu nh hm s hp:
> f(1),f(2),transpose(evalf(f(4), 5)); [ ] [ ] 5/9 46/61 4/9 , 35/81 , [0.57125, 0.42875] > g1:=plot([[0,1/2],seq([i,f(i)[1,1]], i =1..6)],linestyle=1): > g2:=plot([[0,1/2],seq([i,f(i)[2,1]], i =1..6)],linestyle=4): > plots[display]([g1,g2]);

Lu : f (0) khng xc nh: evalm(M0); s cho ra 1. Kt qu l mt s, v nh th khi nhn vi vector S s sai.]V th thay v tnh chui t 0, ta phi tnh t 1 v "ghp" vo pha u [ 1 1 chui gi tr S0 = , . 2 2 Chng ta nhn thy ch sau 3 hoc 4 thng hot ng, lng khch ca A v B c coi nh n nh. ( th gch t on l ca B). Phng php trn chng ta tnh trc tip M n vi n c xc nh trc. Trong trng hp n l bin hnh thc, chng ta s phi dng hm jordan tnh M n = P J n P
1 vi J l ma trn ng cho v P l ma trn chuyn c s:
> J:=jordan(M,P): Jn:=map(i
in,J); [ ] 1 0 Jn = 0 (2/9)n > evalm((P &* Jn * P(-1))&* S):

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5.1. Cnh tranh tay i

Hnh 5.1:

> f:=unapply(map(op,convert(%, listlist)), n); ] [ 1 2 n 3 1 2 n 4
( ) , 7 + 14 ( 9 ) f := n 7 14 9

(5.1.2)

Ta cng tm li c kt qu sau 4 thng l:

> f(4): % = evalf(%,5); ] [ 3748 2813 , = [0.57125, 0.42875] 6561 6561

Gii bng hm quy np rsolve

T M chng ta khai bo hm quy np:
> s:=u(n+1)=2*u(n)/3+4*v(n)/9, v(n+1)=u(n)/3+5*v(n)/9; $ 2 4 ' & u(n + 1) = u(n) + v(n) 3 9 s := 1 5 ' % v(n + 1) = u(n) + v(n) 3 9 > rsolve({s,u(0)=1/2, v(0)=1/2},{u,v}):

Ta s tm li c kt qu nh trong (5.2)

Biu din trong khng gian 3-D

Mt cch khc thy s thay i lng khch l v th trong khng gian 3 chiu. Trong trng hp ny ta dng tnh ton hnh thc. d nhn, khi lng ban u ca khch by gi l [1, 1] v ta tnh sau 3 thng hot ng:
> M:=matrix(2,2,[x,1-y,1-x,y]): S:=matrix(2,1,[1,1]): > M=eval(M), 'S'=eval(S);] [ ] [ x M = 1
x 1
y ,S = 1 y 1 > P:=map(simplify@expand, f(3));
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Hnh 5.2: Thng v vi th 3-D

] x3 + x
xy 2 + 1
x2 + y 2
y
yx2
y 3 P = 2 x + 1
y 2
x3
x + xy 2 + y
yx2 + y 3 > alias(EC='x=0..1,y=0..1,axes=frame,grid=[15,15]'): [

> plot3d(P[1,1],EC); [Hnh 5.2(a)] plot3d(P[2,1],EC); [Hnh 5.2(b)]

th hnh [5.2(a)] (ca hng A) cho thy khi y c nh, x thay i t 0 n 1, thng v ca A lun lun tng. Khi x = 1, y = 0 (tt c mi khch hng u li A, khng ai sang B), lng khch bn A s tng ti a, bng 2.

5.2 Kinh t ASEAN

[1 ] By gi l mt trng hp tng t nhng phc tp hn. S ca hng by gi l 5 v mang tn A, B, C, D, E. T l khch hng li v b i sang cc ca hng bn cnh c xc nh bng bng di y. Gi tr thc c nhn ln vi 10. Gi s 1 s khch ban u bng cho 5 ca hng: 5 . A B C D E A . 3 2 4 2 11 B 3 . 1 1 2 7 C 1 1 . 1 2 5 D 3 2 3 . 3 11 E 1 2 1 3 . 7

8 8 7 9 9

X Xt hng th nht, t l khch t A b sang (B, C, D, E) ln lt l (3, 1, 3, 1). X Xt ct th nht, t l khch t (B, C, D, E) b sang A ln lt l (3, 2, 4, 2).

Nh th, t s gia tng khch li trn

y l mt bi ton c th do nh ton hc Wassily Leontief, gii Nobel kinh t nm 1973 t ra m phng tnh trng ca 5 nn cng nghip ca M. Ta cng c th ng dng vo trong trng hp ca mt tp th nh khi cc nc ASEAN

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5.3. Li sut ngn hng

tng s khch i ca (A, B, C, D, E) l

11 7 5 11 7 , , , , . 8 8 7 9 9

T l khch li A l 10
(3 + 1 + 3 + 1) = 2, v tnh tip tc vi (B, C, D, E). ta c ma trn chuyn ca h l:

> M:=matrix(5,5,[2,3,2,4,2,3,2,1,1,2,1,1,3,1,2,3,2,3,1,3,1,2,1,3,1]): > M:=evalm(M)/10:S:=matrix(5,1,1)/5:'M'=eval(M),'S'=eval(S); 2 3 2 4 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 M= 1 1 3 1 2 , S = 1 1 5 10 3 2 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 1

Tng t nh trng hp hai ca hng, sau 3 thng hot ng, s khch ca nm ca hng u n nh:
> evalf(transpose(f(3)));
[0.2654, 0.1884, 0.1462, 0.2346, 0.1654]

Sau 3 thng hot dng, A c s khch cao nht, iu ny cng d hiu, v t s ca tng s 11 khch trn i ca A ln nht ( ). 8

5.3 Li sut ngn hng

Mt khch hng vay tin vi li xut r%/nm. Gi P l s tin vay, m l s tin tr hng thng. Hy m phng bi ton ny. Mc ch ca bi ton trn l i tm s tin cn phi tr nm th n v bin lun trn li xut r, trn thi gian tr . . . Trc tin ta l lun bi ton trn nh sau: Gi Xn l s tin cn phi tr vo nm n.
X Sau nm th nht, X1 = P X X

rP
12m = P (1
r)
12m Sau nm th hai, X2 = X1 (1
r)
12m V c th tip tc, nm n ta phi sng kt qu ca nm n
1.

gii bi ton ny ta ln lt dng 3 phng php:

Lp trnh
Vi lp lun trn ta c chng trnh n gin tnh Xn nh sau:
> pp:=proc(p,r,n) > local i,P:P:=p: > for i to n do P:=P*(1+r)-12*m: od: P; end:

Vi P = 50000, r = 11%, n = 25, ta c:

> pp(50000,11/100.,25);
679273.1899
1372.959687m

V mun tr ht sau 25 nm, s tin phi tr hng thng l:

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Chng 5. Bi ton m phng

> solve(%,m);
494.7511

Hm s hp
S kin kt qu ca ln n c dng tnh ln n + 1 gi cho ta phng php hm s hp, mt phng php nh nhng v khng cn phi lp trnh:
> X:=P
P*(1-r)-12*m;

-X(2) tng ng vi s tin cn phi tr nm th 2 v bng X(X(P)). -X(n) tng ng vi s tin cn phi tr nm th n v bng X(@@n)(P) . V p dng cc tr s nh cu trn, ta c:
> subs(r=11/100.,(X@@25)(50000)): %,solve(%);
679273.5
1372.960m, 494.7511

Dy truy hi (quy np)

Cng mt l lun trn v t X(n) l s tin phi tr nm n, ta c:
> X(n+1)=X(n)*(1+r)-12*m;
X(n + 1) = X(n)(1 + r)
12m

Dng hm rsolve tm ra cng thc quy np, vi iu kin ban u (X(0) = P :)

rsolve({eq,X(0) = P},X(n)); m(1 + r)n m P (1 + r)n
12 + 12 r r

(5.3.1)

Gn kt qu cho mt hm theo n, p dng cc tr s nh phn trn:

> g:=unapply(%,n): > subs(P = 50000.,r=11/100.,g(25)):solve(%,m):

Kim chng: Maple c sn nhiu lnh x l cc tnh ton v li sut, c tm gn vo gi finance. Lnh amortization sau khi thit lp mt bng chi tit khu hao. Dng cc kt qu tnh trn ta c kt qu l mt bng 26 phn t, phn t sau cng l:
> p:=finance[amortization](50000,494.7511*12,.11):p[1,26];
[25, 5936.887686, 588.3402212, 5348.547465, 0]

Vy nu hng thng tr 494.7511, 25 nm phi tr xong 50000. So snh gia 3 php gii: -V vn tc tnh r rng l dy truy hi nhanh nht, v my ch cn thay cc tr vo cng thc 5.3, trong khi hai phng php trn u phi cn dng n vng lp nu tnh n n nm. Phng php lp trnh nhanh hn hm s hp v cc lnh nhp (move) u l cc lnh s ng. - V cch t phng trnh th r rng hm s hp tin li hn. Tuy nhin, trong bi ton ny, rt t khi phi tnh n n 50, ngha l li sut tr trn 50 nm! Nn tit kim thi gian CPU (Central Processing Unit) l mt iu d tha. V do hm s hp l phng php tt nht cho bi ton ny.

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5.3. Li sut ngn hng

Phng trnh vi phn

C 3 cch lm trn u c c im chung l nhng phng php ri rc. Chng ta tnh gi tr tng nm mt v thy c tin trnh ca thi gian, ch cn v th, v th c ni tng im mt. Gi un l s tin phi tr cui nm th n, cng thc chung cho 3 trng hp trn l: un = P (1
r)n . V vi nhng d kin cho trn, th tin phi tr theo thi gian l:
> f1:=i
50000*(1+0.11)i: > p1:=(f1(i))i=1..10: > f1(i)/12 i=1..10: > pp:=seq([i,f1(i)],i=1..10): > g1:=plot([pp],t=1..10,symbol=box,style=point,symbolsize=18): > g1b:=plot([pp],t=1..10): > display(g1,g1b);

Hnh 5.3:

Nhng by gi chng ta s th bng mt cch khc m bn cht khc hn, ngi ta quen gi l cch gii cc bin lin tc, bi v kt qu ca php gii khng cn l nhiu im ri rc nhng l mt phng trnh gii tch. l cch gii bng phng trnh vi phn V phng trnh vi phn ca bi ton l:
> eq2:=diff(u(t),t)=r*u(t); d eq2 := u(t) = ru(t); dt > s2:=dsolve({eq2,u(0)=P});
s2 := u(t) = P ert

> p2:=unapply(rhs(%), (P,r,t)): > map(trunc,[p2(50000,.11,t)i=1..10]);

[55813, 62303, 69548, 77635, 86662, 96739, 107988, 120544, 134561, 150208]

> g2:=plot(p2(50000,.11,t),t=1..10),linestyle=dash:
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> plots[display](g1,g1b,g2);

Quan st trn hnh 5.4(a) ta thy khi n cng ln, sai bit gia hai php gii ri rc v lin tc cng ln. nm th 10, ta thy c gn 9000 cch bit:
> f1(10),f2(5000,.11,10);
[141971.0493, 150208.3012]

Hnh 5.4: Sai bit gia php gii ri rc v lin tc

L do ca s khc bit ny chnh l bn cht ca hai php gii. Khi gii ri rc ta ch c gi tr cc im c bit (cui nm). Gia hai im gi tr ca hm s khng thay i. ng biu din thc ca n l mt ng bc thang v o hm ca cc im c bit khng hin hu. Cn php gii lin tc, gi tr hm v o hm ca cc im lun hin hu. Hnh 5.4(b) [2 ], biu din chung c 3 th:
> f2:=(i)
piecewise(x<i and x>i-1,p1[i]): > plots[display](g1,g1b,g2,g2c); > g2c:=plot([seq(f2(i),i=2..10)],x=1..10,50000..145000,discont=true):

By gi ta m phng ging nh phn u, mi thng khch tr m ng:

> eq3:=diff(u(t),t)=r*u(t)-12*m; d eq3 := u(t) = ru(t)
12m dt > s3:=dsolve({eq3,u(0)=P}): f3:=unapply(solve(rhs(s3),m),(P,r,t)); 1 ert P r f 3 := (P, r, t) 12
1 + ert

V tr ht 50000 trong vng 25 nm th mi thng phi tr:

> f3(50000,.11,25);
489.6346278

Kt qu ny t hn vi m = 494.75 tnh cc phng php ri rc. Tuy nhin y sh khc bit l, php ri rc cho d tr mi thng m ng, nhng s tin ny khng c
2

Hnh ny nu v trong version 8 s c nhng ln dc. Phm Minh Hong

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5.4. Nui tm

khu tr khi tnh tin li cho cc nm k tip. Cn phng trnh 5.4 th c khu tr. v s chnh lch sau 25 nm l:
> 494.7511*12*25-%*12*25;
1534.9417

Mai ny khi vay tin nh i ngn hng phi tnh bng phng trnh vi phn, nhng phi l phng trnh (5.4)(!).

5.4 Nui tm
[3 ] Nghin cu s sinh sn ca tm, ngi ta thy mt con tm trng thnh s mt trm trng mi thng. Trong s ny ch c 10% sng st qua giai on u trng. 20% s u trng ny s n thnh nhng v ch c 30% s nhng ny ln thnh tm. Gi s rng mi giai on s ko di mt thng v 40% s tm trng thnh 1 thng tui s sng cho n thng tip theo v c kh nng sinh sn. K hoch ha s sinh sn ca tm, bit lc u c u = 10 con. Gi wn , xn , yn , zn l s lng ca trng, u trng, nhng v tm thng th n. Ta c:
w1 = 100z0 , x1 = 0.1w0 , y1 = 0.2x0 , z1 = 0.3y0 + 0.4w0

Hoc di dng ma trn:

[

] 0 0 0 100 [w0 ] w1 0 0 x0 = M.A 1 A1 = x1 = 0.1 0.2 0 0 y0 y 0 0 0 z0 z1 0 0 0.3 0.4 A2 = M A1 = M 2 A0 , A3 = M A2 = M 3 A0 , . . . , An = M An
1 = M n A0

M l ma trn chuyn t thng ny qua thng k tip. Vy: (5.4.1)

1 10

Vi cc d kin cho, khai bo ma trn M ri bin i thnh dng hu t ng thi t lm tha s chung nh sau:
> matrix(4,4,[0,0,0,100,0.1,0,0,0,0,0.2,0,0,0,0,0.3,0.4]); > map(convert,eval(%),fraction): > M:=evalm(%*10)/10;

Vi z0 = 10 ( khi u 10 con tm), ta khai bo A di dng hm theo u:

> A:=u
matrix(4,1,[0,0,0,u]):

V cc d kin ban u ca bi ton l:

> with(linalg):eval(M),eval(A(10)); 0 0 0 0 1000 1 1 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 10 0 2 0 10 0 0 3 4

Gi g(i, u) l hm ca (M i (A(u)))T , ta c thi bin thin v s sinh sn ca tm (vi s lng ban u u = 10:)
> g:=(i,u)
transpose(evalm((Mi)&*A(u))); > plot([seq([i,g(i,10)[1,4]],i=1..40)]); [hnh 5.5(a)]

V vi s tm ban u l u = 80, ta c:
3

Ch c trch t [34]

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Chng 5. Bi ton m phng

> plot([seq([i,g(i,80)[1,4]],i=1..40)]); [hnh 5.5(b)]

Hnh 5.5: (a), (b) Pht trin n nh sau 30 thng v (c) pht trin khng n nh

Quan st c hai hnh 5.5(a) v 5.5(b) ta thy chng c cng mt dng v qua c th kt kun rng s tm ban u hon ton khng nh hng n giai on cn bng ca tm. Bt k vi s lng ban u l bao nhiu n thng th 35 cng n nh. Nu khng tu thuc vo A, kt qu chc chn ph thuc vo M v v M n (u) = v n .u, ngi ta c th d dng chng minh c rng n ty thuc vo vm = max(vi ), vi vi l nhng tr ring ca M :
X Nu 0 vm

1, lng tm s gim cho n khi tuyt chng (!)

X Nu vm = 1, lng tm s khng i sau mt khong thi gian X Nu vm

1, lng tm s lin tc gia tng (bng n dn s)

Cc gi tr ring (thc) c tnh l:

> evalf(select(i
Im(i)=0,[eigenvals(M)]));
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5.4. Nui tm [1.,
.7948411750]

By gi ta thay i t l sinh sn v t l sng st c kt qu l s bng pht ca tm. Lc ny c 100 trng s n ra 11 u trng. ta gi t l ny l m.

> M:=matrix(4,4,[0,0,0,100,0.11,0,0,0,0,0.2,0,0,0,0,0.3,0.4]);

Hnh 5.5(c) xc nh mt iu quan trng: s n nh khng ty thuc vo s lng ban u, m ph thuc v gi tr ring ln nht ca M . y s lng khng n nh theo chiu "bng n dn s" (v vmax 1).
> max(op(evalf(select(i
Im(i)=0,[eigenevals(M)]))));
1.020683729

By gi ta gi s rng ang c s bng n dn s (m = 0.11). Hi vi sinh n no ca u trng ra nhng v nhng ra tm th ta li c s n nh? Gi P l t l u trng ra nhng v n gin t l nhng ra tm vn khng thay i l 30%:
> M:=matrix(4,4,[0,0,0,100,0.11,0,0,0,0,p,0,0,0,0,0.3,0.4]); 0 0 0 100 0 0.11 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.4 > s:=eigenevals(M):
Error, (in linalg /evalf) matrix entries must all evaluate to flloat

Maple khng tnh ni tr ring? y l mt trong nhng bug ca Maple v.6 l: trong trng hp h s ca M c s l (float), M khng c bin hnh thc. khc phc tnh trng trn, ta phi cho gi tr p ngay t u v kt hp vi ton t mi tn (
). Ta khai bo mt ma trn M c bin hnh thc p, nhng khi tnh tr ring ca M , ta nhp tr s ca p.
> M:=p
matrix(4,4,[0,0,0,100,0.11,0,0,0,0,p,0,0,0,0,0.3,0.4]): > s:=i
eigenvals(M(i)):
1.020683729

Khai bo hm s tnh cc tr ring ca M (p), v hm mv tnh gi tr ring thc ln nht:

> mv:=p
max(op(evalf(select(i
Im(i)=0,[s(p)])))): mv(.2);

Tng ng vi mt gi tr ca p ta c c mt tr ring mv(p). Cch n gin nht tm tr ring tng ng bng 1 l dng php ni suy t mt dy cc gi tr ca p v mv(p). 1 kin to hai dy, trc tin ta cho p thay i vi bc 40 v trch ra vi cp gi tr [p,mv(p)], chung quanh gi tr mv(p) 1. Th d di y mv(7) 1.
> lu:=seq([i/40.,mv(i/40)],i=4..9);
lu := [0.100000, 0.881605], [0.125000, 0.923588], [0.150000, 0.959814], [0.175000, 0.991851], [0.20000, 1.02068], [0.225000, 1.04698]

Tch cc gi tr ca p v mv ri dng php ni suy Lagrange (interp):

> lx:=seq(lu[i,1],i=1..nops([lu])): ly:=seq(lu[i,2],i=1..nops([lu])): > f:=interp([lx],[ly],x);
f := 255.999x5
254.933x4 + 108.139x3 + 26.1982x2
4.71089x + .587293

Sau cng, ta gii phng trnh f (x) = 1 v ch ly nghim thc:

> select(i
is(Im(i)=0),[solve(f-1)]);
[.181816]

Vy khi t l trng n sang u trng l 11%, phi ch ng t l u trng thnh nhng t l

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p = 18.18% c s n nh. n giai on ny iu chng ta ngh ngay n "t ng ha" vic tnh p theo m bng cch t cc lnh trn mt chng trnh c tn auto vi tham s duy nht l m. Tuy nhin, y c p mt kh khn l chn cc bc ca p sao cho mv(p) 1 bng cch tm p sao cho mv( ) 1 50 p+1 v mv( ) 1. 50 Sau khi gii ch ly nghim dng v nh hn 0.2. 100 > auto:=proc(m) local M,s,mv,lu,lx,ly,f,i: M:=p
matrix(4,4,[0,0,0,100,m,0,0,0,0,p,0,0,0,0,0.3,0.4]); s:=i
eigenvals(M(i)): mv:=p
max(op(evalf(select(i
Im(i)=0,[s(p)])))); for i to 20 do if mv(i/50)<1 and mv((i+1)/50)>1 then break: fi: od: lu:=seq([j/50.,mv(j/50.)],j=i-2..i+3); lx:=seq(lu[i,1],i=1..nops([lu])); ly:=seq(lu[i,2],i=1..nops([lu])); f:=interp([lx],[ly],x); op(select(i
is(Im(i)=0 and i<=.2 and i>0),[solve(f-1)])); end:

Bng 5.1: Nhp auto(0.11), chng ta tm li c gi tr ca p nh (5.5) l 0.181818. Bin thin ca p theo m vi p i t 0.11 n 0.18 l:
> seq([i/100. ,auto(i/100)],i=11..18): > plot([%],thickness=3,tickmarks=[3,3],labels=[m,p]); [hnh 5.6(a)]

Hnh 5.6(a) cho thy p r rng l mt hm nghch bin vi m. iu ny hp l v khi trng n nhiu, cn thit phi gim s u trng bin thnh nhng. Kim chng bng th 3d By gii ta tm li nhng kt qu trn bng cch dng th 3D. C th m v p by gii l cc bin hnh thc (cc d kin cn li gi nguyn). Mc ch l biu th ng biu din ca trng thi n nh theo hai bin m v p. Xin nhc li, trng thi ny c c khi tr ring nh hn hay bng 1. lm c iu ny ta ch cn ssi tm a thc c trng ma trn ph thuc m, p (tm t l ) ri gii phng trnh = 1. Cc bc thc hin:
X Khai bo ma trn M (m, p), tnh a thc ng trng (m, p) vi bin x. X Gii phng trnh (m, p) = 1 v v th (bin ps) y l trng thi n nh theo hai bin m, p. X Nhp cc gi tr m chy t 0.1 n 0.3 vo nghim ca phng trnh (m, p) = 1 v bin thin ca m, p. th ny cho thy s thay i ca p theo m trong khng gian.
Phm Minh Hong

5.4. Nui tm

> M:=matrix(4,4,[0,0,0,100,m,0,0,0,0,p,0,0,0,0,0.3,0.4]): > Omega:=charpoly(M,x);

:= x4
0.3x3
30mp

> rc:=solve(Omega=1,x);

rc := RootOf (r Z 4
2 Z 3
150mp
5)

Cho d khng th gii bng hnh thc, nhng vn s v c th ca li gii trong khng gian! y qu l mt kh nng "siu phm" ca Maple.
> ps:=plot3d(rc,m=0.05..0.2,p=0..0.25,grid=[15,15],axes=boxed):

Maple khng th gii bng hnh thc? ng ra l c li gii nhng n gi di dng RootOf. c c dng tng minh phi khi ng mi trng EnvExplicit:
> EnvExplicit:=true: > sc:=solve(Omega=1,x):

Maple tm ra li 4 gii (di hai trang nn khng in). Lc nghim ring ca ma trn M l:[ ]
4

> subs(m=0.11,p=0.1818,sc[1]);
1.239726281

n y, ta c ng vi mi gi tr m ta c p = auto(m) v mt nghim tng ng ca phng trnh (m, p) = 1. Nh vy, cho m thay i ta s v c mt ng trong khng gian:
> f:=(u)
[u,auto(u),subs(m=u,p=auto(u),sc[1])]: > display(pt,ps); > pt:=pointplot3d([seq(f(0.1+0.02*i),i=0..10)],connect=true):

Hnh 5.6: Hnh [5.6(b)] cho thy s thay i ca p theo m trong khng gian ca nhng tr ring 1 v n cho ta c on gi tr ca m mt khi bit trc p.
4

Cc nghim khc hoc m hoc phc

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Chng 5. Bi ton m phng

5.5 Bn khuy nc u
Bi ton di y thuc loi kinh in ca phng trnh vi phn. y l mt trong cc th d kh c th nh s trao i nhit lng, s ri t do, s gia tng dn s. . . trong gia s ca i lng t l vi hm mun tm: x(t) = kx(t). 1 Cho mt bn nc cha u lt nc (trong). Ngi ta vo bn mt dung dch cha p gram mui trong 1 lit nc vi vn tc trung bnh l alt/pht v khuy u. Gi s y h c mt vi thot nc cng vi vn tc a. Hi trong bao lu nng mui trong h t mc k gr/lt? 2 Cng mt cu hi nhng gi s by gi chng ta c hai h nc A v B. H A cha 100 lt nc trong, h B cha 100 lt nc ha tan vi 200 kg mui. Lng mui vo A l 12 kg/pht. Cc d kin khc c trnh by nh trong hnh 5.7. 1 . 2kg/pht 3 . lt/pht

A . 4 . lt/pht . 1 . lt/pht

B . 2 . lt/pht

Hnh 5.7: Trc khi gii ta cn lu rng lng mui l mt i lng c tnh bng gram v nng ( ) lng c th nguyn l (gr/l). th tch 1 Gi x(t) l lng mui trong h thi gian t, n s bng s chnh lch gia lng mui vo v lng mui chy ra. Phng trnh vi phn ca bi ton l:
> diff(x(t),t)=p*a-a*x(t)/u; d a x(t) = pa
x(t) dt u

Lng mui trong h ban u l 0, li gii ca phng trnh l:

> s:=factor(dsolve({%,x(0)=0}));
s := x(t) =
pu(
1 + e
u )
at

Khi t 8, x(t) pu (nh dng assume gi s p, a, u 0). iu ny hp l v lc trong h ch ton mui.

> Limit(rhs(s),t=infinity):%=simplify(value(%),assume=positive);

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limt8
pu(
1 + e

at
u

) = pu

V thi gian nng mui t k gr/l (lu rng s c th nguyn nn phi nhn k vi th tch u):
> ss:=solve(rhs(s)=u*k,t); ( ) u p
k ss :=
ln a p

Nhp cc s liu ty (kt qu tnh bng pht)

> subs(a=6,u=1000,k=1/2,p=1,s):%=evalf(%,5); 500 ln(2) = 115.53 3

ng biu din ca x(t):

> plot(subs(u=1000,a=6,p=1,rhs(s)),t=0..1000); [Hnh 5.8(1)]

2 Vi cc s liu nh hnh 5.7 v gi x(t), y(t) l lng mui trong A v B ta c h phng trnh:
> sys:=diff(x(t),t)=12+y(t)/100-7*x(t)/100, diff(y(t),t)=3*x(t)/100-3*y(t)/100; $ 1 7 ' d & x(t) = 12 + y(t)
x(t) dt 100 100 sys = 3 3 ' d % y(t) = x(t)
y(t) dt 100 100 > s:=dsolve({sys,x(0)=0,y(0)=200}):

Li gii ca h l hai biu thc cc k phc tp nhng ta u c:

> limit(rhs(s[1]),t=infinity):limit(rhs(s[2]),t=infinity): limt8 x(t) = limt8 y(t) = 200

iu ny c ngha l vi nhng d kin cho, c hai bn nc u "bo ha" 200 kg mui. V th ca s thay i lng mui l hnh 5.8(b). Theo , lng mui trong A, (x(t)ng nt lin) lin tc tng t 0 n 200, trong khi lng mui B(y(t), ng nt gin on) gim t 200 xung gn 100 ri tng tr li n mc bo ha. Phi ni rng nu khng c Maple th khng d g on ra s thay i ny.
> plot([rhs(s[1]),rhs(s[2])],t=0..300,view=[0..250,100..200], linestyle=[1,3],tickmarks=[3,2]);

5.6 Bi ton cn bng mi sinh

Quan st s tng trng ca rn v chut th ngi ta thy: Nu chut sinh sn qu nhiu th c hi cho canh nng. Phi c mt lng rn va tiu dit chut. Nhng nu khng c con chut no th rn cng cht v khng c thc n. Cu hi l phi duy tr lng rn v chut nh th no c c s cn bng mi sinh. Bi ton c m phng nh sau. Gi:
X x(t), y(t) l s lng rn v chut. X a l t l suy gim s lng rn nu khng c chut. X c l t l gia tng s lng chut nu khng c rn.
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1 2 Hnh 5.8: ng biu din ca lng mun (a) trng hp v (b) trng hp

X b l hiu sut sinh sn ca rn khi bt c chut. Ngha l phi bt c b con chut th rn mi sinh c mt con. X d l xc sut chut sng khi gp rn (!)

Phng trnh ca bi ton ny l:

> eq1:=diff(x(t),t)=(-a+b*y(t))*x(t); > eq2:=diff(y(t),t)=(c-d*x(t))*y(t); $ d ' & eq1 := x(t) = (
a + by(t))x(t) dt d ' % eq2 := y(t) = (c
dx(t))y(t) dt

p dng cc d kin thch ng: Ta thy khi khng c rn x = 0 y 1 = 2y y(t) = Ae2t , s chut s tng ln theo hm m v khi s dn ti vic bng n dn s. V khi khng cn chut y = 0 x1 =
x x(t) = Be
t , s rn s gim mt cch nhanh chng. Trc tin vi 4 d kin a, b, c, d chng ta cng c th tm ra mt trng thi n nh bng " (
a + by(t))x(t) = 0 cch gii h phng trnh: (c
dx(t))y(t) =0
> solve({rhs(eq1), rhs(eq2)},{x(t), y(t)});
[x(t) = 0, y(t) = 0], [x(t) = 25, y(t) = 100]

> a:=1:b:=1/100:c:=2:d:=2/25:

Maple tm ra hai cp nghim tng ng vi hai im cn bng. C hai nghim u c ngha l vi s lng ban u c sn, s lng ny s vnh vin khng i. By gi chng ta th vi ba d kin ban u v dng mt phng pha thy c th s tng giao gia hai s lng x(t), y(t):
> DEtools[phaseportrait]([eq1,eq2],[x(t),y(t)],o..310,

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[[x(0)=8,y(0)=100],[x(0)=12,y(0)=100],[x(0)=18,y(0)=100]],

Quan st hnh 5.9 ta thy c 3 ng biu din u xoay quanh mt im cn bng: x  25, y  100 Vy cn phi duy tr s lng chut khong gp 4 ln s lng rn c s n nh mi sinh.

arrows=none,linecolour=red,stepsize=.1);

Hnh 5.9:

5.7 S.A.R.S
[5 ] Mt bnh dch lan truyn trong cng ng N ngi khp kn. Gi pn l s ngi cha b nhim ngy n v Qn l ngi b nhim. Gi s mi ngy s ngi mi b nhim t l vi s ln tip xc gia ngi nhim vi ngi cha nhim. M phng bi ton trong hai trng hp:
X Bnh ko di nhng khng dn ti cht ngi. X Bnh khng cht ngi v nh c thuc c tr mi ngy c mt s phn trm khi bnh v min dch

Gii vi cc i lng ri rc
Trong bi ton ny, vn nm s kin s ln tip xc gia ngi nhim vi ngi cha nhim. m phng s kin ny ta c th l lun rng vic ny ch xy ra khi c hai nhm
5

Ch trch t [26]

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Chng 5. Bi ton m phng

ngi ny u phi "xut hin" cng mt lc. Ni khc i n l tch ca hai i lng Pn v Qn cng nh t l m ta gi l a. a) trng hp th nht chng ta nhn nh: S ngi cha b nhim ngy mai bng s ngi cha b nhim n ngy hm nay tr i s ngi b nhim trong ngy hm nay. Tng t, s ngi b nhim ngy mai bng s ngi b nhim n ngy hm nay cng vi s ngi b nhim n ngy hm nay. H phng trnh sai phn trong trng hp ny l:
!

Pn+1 = Pn
aPn Qn Qn+1 = Qn + aPn Qn

(5.7.1)

Trc tin, ta lu rng nu cng hai v ca h th ta c Pn+1 + Qn+1 = Pn + Qn tc l tng ca hai nhm lun bng hng s (cng ng khp kn). H (5.6) l mt h phc tp khng c li gii gii tch, mt khc: -i lng tch pn Qn trong h trn v hiu ha cch gii bng ma trn. -trong Maple, hm s hp "bt lc" khi c hai bin tr ln. Tm li cc tnh c nht l lp trnh: 106 > prg1:=proc(P,Q,a,n) global lP, lQ,vP,vQ,P1,Q1,i: lP:=NULL:lQ:=NULL:P1:=P:Q1:=Q: for i to n do vP:=round(P1-a*P1*Q1):vQ:=round(Q1+a*P1*Q1): lP:=lP,vP:lQ:=lQ,vQ: P1:vP:Q1:=vQ: od:end

Bng 5.2: n l s vng lp ( y l s ngy). Chng ta chy chng trnh vi: 1 P0 = 999, Q0 = 1, a = , v 16 ngy. 100
> prg1(99,1,0.01,16):

Tip theo chng ta khai bo tip cc lnh cn thit v th. nu bt tnh cch ri rc ca cc bin, chng ta s in ra cc ng biu din bng cc chm v ni chng vi nhau:
> gP:=seq([i,lP[i]],i=1..16):gQ:=seq([i,lQ[i]],i=1..16): > gP1:=plot([gP],symbol=box,style=point):gP2:=plot([gP]): > gQ1:=plot([gQ],symbol=cross,style=point):gQ2:=plot([gQ]): > display(gP1,gP2,gQ1,gQ2,tickmarks=[3,3]);
1 Quan st th hnh 5.10(a) th rt n gin. S ngi nhim ngy cng tng vi t l 1000 , ch 13 ngy l tt c cng ng b nhim. Mt khc, khi cng cc phng trnh ca (5.6), ta lun c Q(t) + P (t) = 1000 v c th kim chng:

> seq(map(round,[lP[i],lQ[i],lP[i]+lQ[i]]),i=5..13);
[968, 32, 1000], [937, 63, 1000], [878, 122, 1000], [771, 229, 1000],
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5.7. S.A.R.S

Hnh 5.10: Ly lan ca bnh dch khi khng c v khi c thuc cha

[594, 406, 1000], [353, 647, 1000], [125, 8785, 1000], [16, 984, 1000], [0, 1000, 1000]

b) Trong trng hp th hai, ta phi a thm vo bin Rn th hin s ngi b nhim nhng khi v min dch ti ngy th n + 1. Gi b l t l s ngi ny. H (5.6) tr thnh:
#

Pn+1 = Pn
aPn Qn Qn+1 = Qn + aPn Qn
bQn Rn+1 = Rn + bQn

(5.7.2)

V d nhin chng ta s phi gii bng lp trnh. Chng trnh khng thay i g, ch cn thm vo cc bin mi. > prg2:=proc(P,Q,R,a,b,n) global lP, lQ,lR,vP,vQ,vR,P1,Q1,R1,i: lP:=NULL:lQ:=NULL:lR:=NULL:P1:=P:Q1:=Q:R1:=R: for i to n do vP:=round(P1-a*P1*Q1):vQ:=round(Q1+a*P1*Q1-b*Q1): vR:=R1+b*Q1: lP:=lP,vP:lQ:=lQ,vQ:lR:=lR,vR: P1:=vP:Q1:=vQ:R1:=vR: od:end

Bng 5.3: Chng ta chn a = .001, b = .1 v thc hin 20 vng lp:

> prg2(999,1,0,.001,.1,20): > gP:=seq([i,lP[i]],i=1..20): > gQ:=seq([i,lQ[i]],i=1..20):
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> gR:=seq([i,lR[i]],i=1..20): > gP1:=plot([gP],symbol=box,style=point):gP2:=plot([gP]): > gQ1:=plot([gQ],symbol=cross,style=point):gQ2:=plot([gQ]): > gR1:=plot([gR],symbol=circle,style=point):gR2:=plot([gR]): > display(gP1,gP2,gQ1,gQ2,gR1,gR2);

Quan st th hnh [5.10(b)] ta cng thy s gim thiu lin tc ca s ngi cha b nhim v tng lin tc ca s ngi b nhim. n ngy 15 mi ngi u b nhim v l khi im ca s gim thiu lin tc ca s ngi b nhim. Nu ta i xa hn, n ngy th 55 th tt c mi ngi s khi bnh.

Gii vi cc i lng lin tc

X Vi m hnh lin tc, P (t) l s ngi cha nhim v Q(t) l s ngi b nhim thi im t. Chng ta s kt lun rng tc lan truyn t l vi s ln tip xc a gia P (t) v Q(t). Xt thm mt nhn nh b sung l mi ngy c mt t l khng i b ca nhng ngi nhim s khi bnh (v li c th b nhim hoc min dch). S ngi lhoir v min dch l R(t). Bi ton ny chnh l h (5.7) vi cc i lng lin tc:
$ ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' %

d P (t) =
aP (t)Q(t) dt d Q(t) = aP (t)Q(t)
bQ(t) dt d R(t) = bQ(t) dt

(5.7.3)

Bi ton d nhin khng c li gii gii tch:

> dsolve({eq1,eq2,eq3,P(0)=99,Q(0)=1,R(0)=0},{P(t),Q(t),R(t)});

Bt buc phi gii bng s, ta nhp cc d kin ban u. Gi s t l gp nhau trong cng 1 1 ng l a = v t l khi bnh l b = . Ta gii v gn li gii vo bin sol: 1000 10
> a:=0.001:b:=0.1: > CI:=P(0)=999,Q(0)=1,R(0)=0: > sol:=dsolve({eq1,eq2,eq3,CI},{P(t),Q(t),R(t)},type=numeric);

Theo d tnh th chng ta s thay i cc gi tr ca a, b cng nh s khai trin bi ton ny v cc dng phc tp hn, v mi ln tnh ton chng ta s xut ra cc kt qu di dng th hoc bng s. V th cch hay nht l thit lp cc hm gii quyt nhng cng vic s lp i lp li nhiu ln. Trc tin chng ta khai bo hm gr, hm Maple ny nhn 3 bin x, u, v vi x l tn ca hm s mun in, u l gi tr ti a theo honh v v l nt in: Hm Maple th hai dng in ra mu t tng trng cho hm trn th:
> tx:=(x,y,a)
textplot([x,y,a]): > display([gr(P,18,1),gr(Q,18,3),gr(R,18,4), tx(5,1000,P),tx(12,670,Q),tx(17,650,R)],tickmarks=[3,3]);

> gr:=(x,u,v)
plot(seq([i,eval(x(t),sol(i/1))],i=0..u),linestype=v):

Xem hnh 5.11(a) th ta tm li c kt qu cng 5.10(b). Ta thit lp mt hm gt trch ra cc gi tr ca P, Q, R t hm sol. Hm gt nhn hai bin: x l tn ca hm v k l gi tr ca thi im (honh ) gt nhn ti a 5 ch s:
> gt:=(x,k)
evalf(eval(x(t),sol(k)),5):

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Hnh 5.11: Ly lan ca bnh dch vi b =

1 1 v b = 10 2

> for u from 9.0 to 10 by .2 do print (u,gt(P,u),gt(Q,u),gt(R,u),gt(P,u)+gt(Q,u)+gt(R,u)) od:

Bng trn y cho thy gi tr ca cc s liu ngy th 9 n ngy th 10. Chng ta c t tri sang phi: ngy, P, Q, R v P + Q + R. Ta lun c i lng sau cng ny bng 1000 (hoc xp x 1000 v ch ly hai s l) v y l trng hp cng ng khp kn. Mt khc, v y l cc i lng lin tc, nn chng ta c th c c cc gi tr nm trong khong [9, 10].
X By gi ta gi s b = 0.5 ngha l t l khi bnh nhiu gp 5 ln:
> b:=.5: > sol:=dsolve({eq1,eq2,eq3,CI},{P(t),Q(t),R(t)},type=numeric); > display([gr(P,30,1),gr(Q,30,3),gr(R,30,4), > tx(9.5,900,P),tx(17,170,Q),tx(22,700,R)],tickmarks=[3,3]);

Hnh 5.11 (b) cho thy n ngy th 30 coi nh mi ngi khi bnh.
X c) By gi ta gi s c tim chng. Vic tim chng s cha khi bnh v lm min dch, v th nn ch nhng ngi cha nhim bnh mi cn tim chng. Gi s c tim dS = cP (t), vy vi c l mt hng chng l S(t), ta chn mt m hnh n gin nht l dt s c ngha l s ngi c kh nng nhim bnh (s ngi cha nhim) cng cao th tc tim chng cng cao.
$ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' %

d P (t) =
aP (t)Q(t)
cP (t) dt d Q(t) = aP (t)Q(t)
bQ(t) dt d R(t) = bQ(t) dt d S(t) = cP (t) dt

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(5.7.4)
> c:=.1:b:=.1: CI:=P(0)=999,Q(0)=1,R(0)=0: > sol:=dsolve({eq1,eq2,eq3,CI},{P(t),Q(t),R(t)},type=numeric); > display([gr(P,20,1),gr(Q,20,3),gr(R,20,4),gr(S,20,3), > tx(3,800,P),tx(8,160,Q),tx(20,220,R),tx(20,220,S)],tickmarks=[3,3]);

Quan st Hnh 5.12 (a) th thy s ngi khi bnh t nhin hoc do tim chng cng ngy cng tng, v nu ta i n ngy th 50 th ch cng 6 ngi b nhim nh bng di y ( c th in trn hai ct, ta b bt i cc s l): 110 > for u from 45 to 50 do print(u,gt(P,u),gt(Q,u),gt(R,u),gt(S,u), round(gt(P,u)+gt(Q,u)+gt(R,u)+gt(S,u))) od:

Bng 5.4:

Hnh 5.12: Ly lan ca bnh dch trng hp c) v d)

X d) By gi ta li thm mt gi thuyt khc: phi tnh n t l sinh sn v cht t nhin, tuy nhin cng ng vn cn khp kn, ngha l khng c di c v nhp c. n gin ta gi s bnh dch khng gy cht ngi v cng khng c yu t tim chng. Gi f l t l sinh sn v g t l cht t nhin. Bi ton c m phng theo h:
$ ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' %

d P (t) =
aP (t)Q(t) + f (P (t) + Q(t) + R(t))
gP (t) dt d Q(t) = aP (t)Q(t)
bQ(t)
gQ(t) dt d R(t) = bQ(t)
gR(t) dt

(5.7.5)
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5.7. S.A.R.S

Vi a = .001, b = .1, f = .05, g = .02 ta lm li cc lnh nh trn:

> display([gr(P,30,1),gr(Q,30,3),gr(R,30,4)]);

Quan st th 5.12 (b) chng ta thy n thun l trng hp a) (trng hp c tim chng) nhng trong mt cng ng c sinh v cht t nhin. S ngi khng nhim lin tc gim nhng vi t l khi v t l sinh sn ln hn so vi t l cht t nhin ln sau khong 30 ngy, s ngi khi bnh chim a s. Nn lu tng s ngi trong cng ng tng ln gp i: > for u from 25 to 30 do print(u,gt(P,u),gt(Q,u),gt(R,u), round(gt(P,u)+gt(Q,u)+gt(R,u))) od:

Bng 5.5: Chng ta c th tip tc thay i cc tr s ca a, b, c, f, g hoc thm v cc gi thuyt phc tp vn .

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5.8 Bi c thm: Eratosthene

Eratosthene
(Cyrene 276 - Alexandrie 194 trc Cng Nguyn)
Sinh ra vo th k th ba trc Cng Nguyn ti Cyrene, ngy nay l thnh ph Shahhat (Libye). Trong lch s him thy mt nh khoa hc v nht l khoa hc c i m li tinh thng nhiu lnh vc nh ng. V s, ng nghin cu v dng cc triu i Ai Cp c. V a, ng kho st v cc i lc, i dng, v gi, v ni v v cc vng kh hu khc nhau. Eratosthene li cho hu th mt tm bn sau ny c nh gi l ti liu c nht v c s ca mn a l: Tm bn ny xc nh vng cung xch o nm xp x v tuyn 47o 42. Hai mi th k sau, Hn Lm Vin khoa hc Php tnh c chnh xc l 47o 40! Tuy nhin nhn loi bit n ng nhiu hn trong hai lnh vc l Ton v Thien vn hc. Eratosthene thit lp c lch cc nht thc v danh sch ca 675 ngi sao. Tuyt vi hn, ng tnh c nghing ca tri t l 23o 51. Eratosthene cng l ngi u tin xy dng c mt i thin vn. Hai mi th k sau ngy ng mt, cng ng khoa hc cn nh n hai cng trnh bt h l "sng Eratosthene" v cch xc nh chu vi tri t ch bng tnh ton.
X "Sng Eratosthene"

y l mt phng php di tm cc s nguyn t. S nguyn t l mt s ch chia chn cho 1 v cho chnh n. Th d: 11, 23 l s nguyn t, 15, 27 khng l nguyn t. Thut ton ca Eratosthene tm cc s nguyn t nh hn n nh sau:

 Vit tt cc s l t 3 n n(3, 5, 7, 9...)  Bt u bng 3, tm v gch b nhng s chia chn cho 3  Lm y nh vy vi 5 ri 7, 9... v chm dt khi ti ?n  Kt qu l nhng s cha gch b (v thm s 2 l s nguyn t u tin).
Theo nh thut ton ny ta phi c (n = 120): 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119,
X Lp trnh bng Maple

Trong chng trnh crible sau y, tin li, mi khi tm c mt bi s ca mt phn t, ta s cho n bng 0. Kt qu sau cng s l nhng s khc 0. Sau khi nhp chng trnh trang sau, ata c cc s nguyn t nh hn 120 l:
> crible(120);[6 ]
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113]
Chng trnh crible ( trang sau) ch c th p dng cho n 120. L do l v Maple khng chp nhn lm vic (chnh sa) trn mt dy (list) c trn 200 phn t, bt buc phi i sang array. Sng Eratosthene cng ? ch c p dng cho nhng s tng i nh, v phc tp thut ton l O( n)
6

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Phm Minh Hong

> crible:=proc(n) local i,j,p,q,z,u: p:=[2,seq(3+2*i,i=0..n/2-1)];: u:=floor(evalf(sqrt(n))): for i to u do for j from i+1 to nops(p) do if p[j]>0 and p[i]>0 then if irem(p[j],p[i])=0 then p[j]:=0: fi:fi:od: od:select(i
i>0,p); end:

Bng 5.6:

X o chu vi tri t

Eratosthene quan st vo "ng ng", mt tri chiu thng xung mt ci ging Syene khng to ra bng trn thnh ging. iu c ngha l lc y ng thng i t tm tri t, xuyn qua ging s ng mt tri. Vo cng thi im y, mt tri chiu thng xung mt ci thp thnh ph Alexandrie v to mt ci bng trn mt t. iu c ngha l mt tri khng nm trn ng thng i qua thp. Bng nhng tnh ton hnh hc n gin, Eratosthene tnh c gc hp bi tia sng mt tri v thp l 7o 2[7 ] Eratosthene xp x 7o 2 tng ng vi 787.5 km l khong cch ng chim bay t Syene n Alexandrie, vy 360o tng ng vi 360  787.5/7.2 = 39.375 km l chu vi tri t. Mt con s cc k chnh xc vo thi by gi. Tuy nhin l nhng tnh ton v suy lun ca chng ta th k 21, vo thi Eratosthene chuyn khng n gin nh th:
X Cch tnh ca Eratosthene ch ng khi tri t trn! Nhng chn l ny ch c chp nhn vo th k 13. Trc ngi ta vn ngh l n phng nh tm gng. chnh l ci hay ca Eratosthene khi on ra cong ca tri t khi quan st ci bng thp Alexandrie. X Khi Eratosthene nhn thy mt tri ng bng ging Syene, lm th no cng lc y ng ta bit c gc nghing 7o 2 mt ni cch 800 km? (thi y c l cha c in thoi hoc "m-bai")


li cho hu th nhng khm ph siu vit nhng Eratosthene li ra i trong bun ti v hn. V cui i ong b m c hai mt. i vi nh khoa hc tng pht minh ra i thin vn v sng sut i vi v tr su thm v y huyn b th mt i mt l mt tt c. S sch chp rng ng nhn i cho n cht.
Cc tia sng mt tri song song vi nhau v coi nh n t v cc.

113

Chng 5. Bi ton m phng

T . hp Alexandrie

8 . 7.5km G . ing Syene 7 . .2o

T .r

7 . .2o .

Hnh 5.13: Thut ton "Sng Eratosthene" v cch o chu vi tri t.

ghi nh cng lao ca Eratosthene, v cng nh ong sng mi vi nim am m, ngi ta dng tn ng t tn cho mt thin thch. Thin thch mang m s 3251.

114

Phm Minh Hong

Chng6
Bi ton kch thc hnh xoay
y l mt ng dng trc tip ca tch phn. Cho hm y = f (x). Php quay ca th f (x) quanh trc Ox s to ra mt khi c hnh dng ty thuc vo f (x) nhng c tit din trn. tnh th tch hoc din tch khi ny (gi tt l tnh kch thc), ta "ct" n ra lm nhiu lt thng gc vi Ox c chiu dy dx v cng b (c th xem l nhng hnh tr) m ta c th tnh kch thc ca n d dng. V c kch thc ton khi, ta ly tch phn trn min tng ng. Tng t, khi hm xoay quanh Oy ta phi tnh hm o x = f
1 (y) ri lm nh trn. Bi ton kch thc qua tch phn ny c mt ng dng c th khi hm f (x) c tnh ra bng cc php ni suy Lagrange, spline, ngha l khi vt th c mt hnh dng bt k. Trong phn ny chng ta cng s dng mt u im ca Maple l phn ha ba chiu tubeplot v cc ng cong phc tp. Chng ta bt u bng cc ng cong quen thuc.

6.1 Din tch, th tch ellipse v ellipsoid Din tch mt ellipse

Cho mt ellipse c bn kch theo (x, y) l (a, b). Phng trnh ellipse c dng:
> eq:=x2/a2+y2/b2=1; x2 y 2 eq := 2 + 2 = 1 a b

Gi y = f (x) l hm s theo x rt ra t phng trnh ellipse:

> s:=solve(eq,y); ? 2 2 ? 2 2
x + a b ,

x + a b s := a a

Nu chng ta mun chn nghim dng, cch hay nht l i tm du cu n:

> s1:=op(select(i
sign(i)>0,[s])); ? 2 2
x + a b s1 := a

(6.1.1)

tnh din tch ellipse, ta chia din tch nm gia th f (x) v trc honh ra nhiu phn

Chng 6. Bi ton kch thc hnh xoay

v cng nh m ta c th xem nh l nhng hnh ch nht [Hnh 6.1 (a)] [1 ]. Chiu rng ca mi hnh ch nht l dx v chiu cao l f (x). Din tch ca hnh ch nht s l dS = f (x)dx. V din tch ca ellipse l:

S=
S

dS =
S

f (x)dx

y .

y .

x .

x . f . (x)

x .

d .x

Hnh 6.1: ellipse v ellipsoid

> int(s1,x=0..a); ? 1 x lim
b(x
x2 + a2 + a2 arctan( ? )) xa 2a
x2 + a2 > assume(a>0):value(%); 1  a b 4

V ta ly nguyn hm t 0 n a nn kt qu trn l mt phn t ellipse. Vy din tch ca c ellipse l ab. V khi a = b = R, ta tm li din tch hnh trn R2 .

Th tch mt ellipsoid
By gi ta xt mt ellipsoid c to thnh bi php quay quanh trc Ox ca ellipse trn. Ellipsoid v th s c tit din trn (nu ta ct thng gc vi trc Ox) v c hnh dng ging mt tri da Thi. tnh th tch, ta tng tng ct tri da thnh nhiu lt tht nh [Hnh 6.1 (b)] m ta c th xem nh l nhng hnh tr chiu dy dx, bn knh f (x). Th tch ca mi hnh tr s l dV = f (x)2 dx, v th tch ca tri da Thi s l:

V =
V

dV =
V

f (x)2 dx

> V[x]=int(Pi*s12,x=-a..a); 4 Vx = ab2 3

Tng t, nu ellipse xoay quanh Oy, ta s c mt tri b d bn knh l a. tnh th tch, ta lm y nh trn nhng by gi ta s ct thnh tng lt thng gc vi Oy, mi lt c chiu dy dy, bn knh x = f
1 (y). Ta c th dng isolate tch ra x2 thay v y nh trng hp trn:
> isolate(eq,x2);
1

Xem cch v hnh ny cui chng. Phm Minh Hong

116

6.1. Din tch, th tch ellipse v ellipsoid ) y2 2 = 1
2 a b > Int(Pi*rhs(%),y=-b..b):%=value(%); b ( ) y2 2 4 1
2 a dy = ba2 b 3 x2 (

b

V khi a = b = R, ellipsoid bin thnh hnh khi trn nh qu da hu c th tch l:

> subs(a=R,b=R,rhs(%)); 4 3 R 3

Din tch mt ellipsoid

Khi ellipse xoay quanh Ox, din tch bao quanh c tnh bng cong thc:
dS = 2f (x) 1 + [f 1 (x)]2
a

(6.1.2)

> dS := 2*Pi*s1*sqrt(1+diff(s1, x)2);

2 ? 2 dS :=
x + a2b a
d

1+

b2 x 2 (
x2 + a2 )a2

V din tch tri da Thi s l:

b(2b

? ? ? ?
a2 + b2 + a2 ln( b
a b + a + b)
a2 ln(
b
a b + a + b) ? 2 2
a + b

Khng khip! Lm th no bit cng thc ny ng? Ta th cho a = b tm li din tch khi trn (ta khng th lm a:=b v mu s s bng khng). Bt buc phi tnh gii hn:
> limit(%,a=b):

Kt qu khng in ra y v Maple khng tm ra gii hn v cng s xut li y nh kt qu trn, l do l Maple gp kh khn khi khng bit du ca b.
> assume(b>0): value(%);

4b2

Kt qu ny r rng "c vn " v din tch khng th m!. y c l l mt bug ca Maple trong qu trnh n gin cc biu thc cng knh trn. khc phc, ta cn phi xc nh (assume) a, b l cc s dng trc khi ly nguyn hm. Tuy nhin by gi ta s lm mt cch khc v bng l lun nh sau: Biu thc ca s1 (6.1) c rt ra mt cch rt "trc quan" t hai nghim ca php gii solve trc , hn na, biu thc ny c cn nn khi ly o hm s rt phc tp v hu qu nh ta thy. Trong nhng trng hp ny ta phi: - Thay v solve trn bin y, ta thc hin trn y 2 . Lm nh th ta khng phi mt cng chn ra mt nghim (vi nhng trc trc v sau). - n gin n mc ti a biu thc trn hoc cc php tnh dng biu thc trn trc khi ly nguyn hm.
> u := sqrt(solve(eq, y2))
c

u :=

b (
aa2+ x )
2 2 2

Ta bnh phng din tch xung quanh ca mt lt (theo cng thc 6.2) nn trit tiu cn s trc khi n gin:
> (2*Pi*u*sqrt(1+diff(u, x)2))2:
Phm Minh Hong

117

Chng 6. Bi ton kch thc hnh xoay

> simplify(sqrt(%), symbolic); ? b a4
a2 x2 + b2 x2 2 a2

V nguyn hm s c dng n gin hn rt nhiu (!):

> s := simplify(int(%, x = -a .. a), symbolic) ?2 2) ( ?2 2 2 2b ? 2 2 b a
b + a arctan( a b
b ) a
b

chnh l din tch mt ca ellipsoid, v khi a = b = R, ta s c din tch hnh cu:

> simplify(subs(b=R,limit(%,a=b)),symbolic);
4R2

6.2 Th tch sinh ra bi php quay quanh trc Ox ca mt hm

Cho hm f (x) bt k v gi Hx l hnh sinh ra bi php quay trc Ox ca f (x). tnh th tch V ca Hx , ta ct n ra thnh nhiu lt thng gc vi Ox c chiu dy dx v bn knh y f (x). Th tch ca mi lt l dV = f (x)2 dx v th tch ca Hx l:

V =
Hx

dV =
Hx

f (x)2 dx

1 V d tch th tch hnh xoay f (x) = x3 , min gii hn x P [0, 1] 2

> f:=y=x3/2;

Ta c dV = rhs(f )2 dx, th tch sinh ra bi php quay ca f (x) l:

> Int(Pi*rhs(f)2,y=0..1):%=value(%):%=evalf(rhs(%),4);
1

1 6 1 x dx = = 0.1122 n v th tch[2 ] 4 28

Cu lnh sau v th f (x), v hnh xoay quanh Ox (Hnh 6.2):

> with(plots): alias(OP='axes=normal,labels=[x,y,z]'): > plot(rhs(f),x=0..1,tickmarks=[2,2]); > tubeplot([x,0,0],x=0..1,radius=rhs(f), tubepoints=80,orientation=[-79,96],tickmarks=[0,3,3],OP);

6.3 Th tch sinh ra bi php quay quanh trc Oy ca mt hm

L lun tng t, nhng by gi ta tnh x = f
1 (y) v chn y
> isolate(f,x);
x = RootOf ( Z 3
2y) w := x = 2( 3 ) y ( 3 ) , x = 2( 3 ) y ( 3 ) (
1)( 1 ), x =
2( 3 ) y ( 3 ) (
1)( 1 ) 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 P [0, 2 ]:

> w:=allvalues(%);

(6.3.1)

K t y, n gin ta khng cn ghi n v Phm Minh Hong

118

6.4. Trng hp mt hm ni suy

1 Hnh 6.2: th y = f (x) = x3 v hnh xoay quanh Ox 2

> assume(y>0):select(i
is(rhs(i)>0),[w]);
x = 2( 3 ) y ( 3 )
1 1

> Int(Pi*rhs(op(%))2,y=0..1/2):%=value(%):%=evalf(rhs(%),4);
(2 2
0 (1) (1) 3 3
1 1 12 1 dy = 4( 3 ) 2( 3 ) 5

) = 0.9246

Ta cng c th lm n gin hn nhiu bng cch isolate x3 thay v x:

> y:='y':vx:=rhs(isolate(f,x3))(1/3): > Int(Pi*vx2,y=0..1/2):%=value(%):%=evalf(rhs(%),4);

Cc lnh sau v th f
1 (y) v hnh xoay quanh Oy (Hnh 6.3). Tuy nhin Maple hin th mc nh nm ngang nn mun thy r l hnh xoay quanh Oy, phi t quay dng ng hnh ln bng lnh orientation cng nh hin th tn trc:
> plot(vx,y=0..1/2,tickmarks=[2,2]); > tubeplot([0,y,0],y=0..1/2,radius=vx, tubepoints=80,orientation=[63,156],tickmarks=[3,0,3],OP);

6.4 Trng hp mt hm ni suy

Cho hai dy X, Y xc nh honh v tung ca mt th. Dng php ni suy tnh hm v tnh din tch khi xoay quanh Ox:
> X:=[seq(kk=0..8)]: > Y:=[2,2,1.7,1,1.6,1.4,.8,.6,.6]:

Dng ni suy spline chnh xc hn Lagrange:

> h:=spline(X,Y,x,cubic):
Phm Minh Hong

119

Chng 6. Bi ton kch thc hnh xoay

Hnh 6.3: th x = f
1 (y) v hnh xoay quanh Oy

Th tch ca hnh xoay quanh Ox l:

> Digits:=4:Int(Pi*h2,x=0..8):%=value(%);
a

> plot(h,x=0..7,0..2.2,scaling=constrained,tickmarks=[2,2]); > tubeplot([x,0,0],x=0..7,radius=h,scaling=constrained, tubepoints=80,orientation=[63,156],tickmarks=[3,0,3],OP);

Trong trng hp ny ta khng th c c h
1 (y) v hnh xoay quanh Oy.

6.5 Tm th tch sinh ra bi php quay ca phn giao ca hai hm

Kho st phn giao ca hm f (x) = x3 (nh mc 6.2) v ng thng y = 2x. 2

Xoay quanh Ox
> y:='y': eq1:=y=x3/2; eq2:=y=2*x; 1 eq1 := y = x3 2 eq2 := y = 2x

Th tch mun tm bng th tch ln tr th tch nh. Trc tin ta phi tm gao im ca hai hm.
> solve({eq1,eq2});

tx = 0, y = 0u, tx = 4, y = 2u, tx =
4, y =
2u

> plot([rhs(eq1),rhs(eq2)],x=0..2,0..4.2); [Hnh 6.5] > g1:=tubeplot([x,0,0],x=0..2,radius=rhs(eq1),tickmarks=[3,2,2],OP):

120

Phm Minh Hong

6.5. Tm th tch sinh ra bi php quay ca phn giao ca hai hm

Hnh 6.4: th mt hm ni suy v hnh xoay quanh Ox

> g2:=tubeplot([x,0,0],x=0..2,radius=rhs(eq2),tickmarks=[3,2,2],OP): > display(g2,g1); [Hnh 6.6 (a)] > Int(Pi*(rhs(eq2)2-rhs(eq1)2),x=0..2):%=value(%):%=evalf(rhs(%),5); (2 ) 2
1 x6 )dx = 128 = 19.149 (4x 4 21
0

Lu : V hnh xoay quanh Ox [Hnh 6.6 (a)], ta gii hn hm eq1 = [1, 2] v nu khng n s b che khut bi hm eq2 = 2x bao bn ngoi.

1 3 x trong khong 2

Xoay quanh Oy
> s2:=rhs(isolate(eq2,x)); 1 s2 := y 2

Dng li biu thc w(6.3) (biu thc tnh eq1 1 (y)):

> Int(Pi*rhs(w[1])2-s22,y=0..4):%=value(%):%=evalf(rhs(%),5); (4 ) 1 2 12 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 16 (1) (1) (2 3 y 3
y )dy = 4 3 2 3
= 13.403 4 5 3
0

> h1:=tubeplot([0,y,0],y=0..2,radius=rhs(w[1]), tubepoints=80,orientation=[79,145],tickmarks=[3,2,2],OP); > h2:=tubeplot([0,y,0],y=0..2,radius=s2, tubepoints=80,orientation=[79,145],tickmarks=[3,2,2],OP); > display(h2,h1);

Lu : V hnh xoay quanh Oy [Hnh 6.6 (b)], ta gii hn trong khong [0, 2] thay v [0, 4] v nu khng s ch thy mt phng trnh.
Phm Minh Hong

121

Chng 6. Bi ton kch thc hnh xoay

Hnh 6.5:

6.6 Mt trng hp phc tp

Tm th tch snh ra do php quay qanh Ox, Oy ca phn din tch nm gia hai hm f (x) v g(x) c khai bo nh sau:
> f:=y=x*(x-2)2; g:=y=2;
f := y = x(x
2)2 g := y = 2

> plot([rhs(f),rhs(g)],x=0..3,0..2);

Xoay quanh Ox
> Int(Pi*rhs(f)2,x=0..2):%=value(%):%=evalf(rhs(%),5); ) (2 2 (x
2)4 dx = 128 = 3.8296 x 105
0

> h1:=tubeplot([x,0,0],x=0..3,radius=rhs(f), tubepoints=80,orientation=[79,145],tickmarks=[3,2,2],OP);[3 ]

Xoay quanh Oy
Tng t ta tnh x = f
1 (y)
> s:=rhs(isolate(f,x));
x

Biu thc hm s o ca f
1 (y) cc k phc tp v l s phc. V chc chn Maple khng th tnh c nguyn hm. Trong trng hp ny ta phi gip Maple bng cch li
3

Hnh 6.8 (a) Phm Minh Hong

122

6.6. Mt trng hp phc tp

Hnh 6.6: Phn giao ca hai hm v hnh xoay quanh Ox, Oy

ct nh hnh xoay quanh Oy thnh nhiu khi ch nht c chiu dy dx cc b, chiu cao ? (g
f )(x) = 2
x(x
2)2 , v chiu rng 2 R2
x2 vi R l giao im ca f (x) v g(x) [Hnh 6.8 (b)]. Th tch ca hnh xoay quanh Oy s l tng ca cc khi ny. Chng i t 0 n R:
> u:=rhs(g)-rhs(f): R:=evalf(fsolve(u,x),4);
R := 2.839

> 2*Int(2*u*sqrt(R2-x2),x=0..R):%=evalf(%,5);
2.839

2
0

2(2
x(x
2)2 ) 8.06162449
x2 dx = 34.334

Cc lnh v hnh 6.8 (b). Gi S l th ca hm f (x) = x(x
2)2 . Ta v S d dng bng plot. Ring v cc hnh ch nht ta s dng lnh rectangle trong gi plottools v[4 ]. rectangle c hai tham s: ta nh trn pha tri v nh y pha phi. (nh L l nh R trong Hnh 6.8 (c)). Cc nh bn trn hnh ch nht u nm trn ng thng y = 2, ta chn chiu rng 0.2, vy to cc im ny s l [2i, 2]i P N . Cc nh y c honh l (i + 1)0.2 v tung l f (a) vi a l trung im ca chiu rng hnh ch nht ang tnh. Vy ta ca chng l:
1 [(i + 1)0.2, f ((2i + 1)0.2)] 2 > with(plottools):

f
1 (y) khng xc nh nn khng th v hnh xoay bng tubeplot c.

> S:=plot([rhs(g)-rhs(f)],x=0..2.84,thickness=2: > r:=i
rectangle([i*.2,2], [(i+1)*.2,subs(x=(2*i+1)*.1,rhs(f))],color=gray: > display(S,seq(r(i),i=0..8));

4

Xem phn Help Maple online

Phm Minh Hong

123

Chng 6. Bi ton kch thc hnh xoay

Hnh 6.7:

Tng t cch ny ta c th v Hnh 6.1 (a) bng implicitplot

124

Phm Minh Hong

6.7. Bi c thm: Galile

y .

L .

R x . .

Hnh 6.8: Phn giao ca hai hm trong mt trng hp phc tp v (b),(c) cch v tnh th tch

6.7 Bi c thm: Galile

Galileo Galile
(Pise 1564 - Florence 1642)
ng l con trai ca mt nh bun vi si, c tn gi theo ting l Galilei. Ban u, cha mun ng theo ngh bun ca gia nh, nhng sau nhn thy con mnh thch khoa hc nn cho Galile theo hc Y khoa Toscane. Nm 1581, Galile vo hc i hc Pise nhng ri cng ngy cng b ton hc chinh phc, nn ng theo hc nhng lp ring khng chnh thc v c n b xng ng: nm 1589 ng c phong Gio s Ton i hc Pise v 3 nm sau v dy i hc Padoue. Thi by gi, l thuyt Copernic v Qu t chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri b Gio Hi cho l "t o" v cm on khng cho php ging dy i hc. Nhng ng cho rng Copernic c l nn cho cng b mt tc phm di hnh thc i thoi, ng xa gn bnh vc cho hc thuyt Copernic. Do nh cm quyn thi y khng d g b qua mt, Galile b bt. ng b buc ni li khc vi suy ngh ca mnh. Nm 1637, ng b m, nhng sc lm vic khng gim. Nm 1642, Galile qua i sau mt cn st c tnh nhng cn kp trn tri li nhng ngh cui cng ca mnh v chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh trong Thi dng h cho hai hc tr gii ca mnh l Torricelli v Viviani Sng to ca Galile ch yu l v Vt l

Phm Minh Hong

125

Chng 6. Bi ton kch thc hnh xoay

v Thin vn, nhng ng gp ca ng cho Ton hc khng phi l nh. Lylaij kin ca Nicole Oresme,Galile cho v th vn tc ca mt chuyn ng tng dn u ph thuc vo thi gian v ng c lng rng din tch gia ng biu din ca vn tc v trc honh tng ng vi qung ng i. i n nhn thc y,Galile chia trc thi gian ra tng phn v cng b, c ngha l chia din tch ra tng phn rt b. Chnh ng dn ng cho "L thuyt cc phn khng th chia nh c na" ca hc tr ng l Cavalieri, ngi c hu th xem nh tip cn vi L thuyt tnh tch phn t th k 16. Nhng ng gp ca Galie cho Vt l rt c bn. ng khm ph ra nhng c im ca chuyn ng qu lc, chuyn ng tng dn u ca mt vt ri t do. ng cn sng ch ra kinh thin vn, nh pht hin cc v tinh ca Jupiter (Mc tinh) (1609-1610) v cng chnh

v th m Galile cng khng nh l thuyt Copernic v V tr (h nht tm) l ng; ng cn ng gp pht trin knh hin vi, sng ch ra compa t l, ng h qu lc. V thnh tch ca Galile v Vt l v Thin vn qu rc r nn ngi ta c cm gic ng gp ca ng cho Ton hc b lu m, nhng thc ra chnh nh s nghin cu ca Gelile qua cc cng c ton hc, ng a ton hc vo v tr then cht v ng tng ni rng: "Thin nhin tun theo cc quy lut Ton hc bt di bt dch!". ngha trit hc tot ra t nghin cu khoa hc ca ng c gi tr hng hn. Nh nhng pht minh k di m khoa hc thot y hn nhng l lun thn hc b him ca thi i ng ang sng. Ngi ta ni Galile em c s Ton hc lm nn tng cho mi hot ng khoa hc nhn loi thi by gi. Theo [28].

126

Phm Minh Hong

Chng7
Bi ton sc bn vt liu
Trong chng ny, chng ta s kho st mt ng dng ca phng trnh vi phn cp cao trong lnh vc c hc: Bi ton dm. By trng hp thng gp l: Ti trng phn b u Ti trng tp trung
X Hai gi n X Ngm mt u, u kia t do X Ngm hai u X Ngm mt u, mt u gi n X Ngm mt u, gi n khng u X Ngm mt u, lc u kia X Ngm mt u, lc bt k X Hai gi n

7.1 Ti trng u
y . l . . q . x .

0
Hnh 7.1:

Quy c chung v du Gi l l chiu di dm, ti trng q sut chiu di dm, E, I l module n hi v moment qun tnh ca dm. Trong h trc chun Oxy, gi y l chuyn v (y 0) khi hng ln trn ), l gc quay 0 ngc chiu lng gic ), M l moment (M 0) khi si t trn dm nn ), V l lc ct v q l ti trng phn b u. Ta c cc h thc:

Chng 7. Bi ton sc bn vt liu d y(x) dx d d M (x) = EI (x) =
y(x)EI dx dx d d3 V (x) =
M (x) = 3 y(x)EI dx dx d d4 q(x) =
V (x) =
4 y(x)EI dx dx (x) =

V phng trnh vi phn trong trng hp ti trng u l (q(x) = q = hs):

d4 q y(x) + =0 4 dx EI

(7.1.1)

Tt c trng hp di y, chng ta s lm mt cch rt trnh t:

X Xc nh iu kin bin v gii phng trnh vi phn X Xc nh ba hm: chuyn v, gc quay, moment un X V th

Chnh v phi lp i lp li qu trnh tnh ton ny, chng ta s khai bo ba hm k trn bng lnh macro. Thao tc ny c li l ngi ta ch vic gii phng trnh vi phn l tc khc ba hm s t ng thay i. Gi f l(x), rt(x), mt(x) ln lt l hm chuyn v, gc quay v moment un. Gi eq, ci l phng trnh vi phn v iu kin bin. s l li gii. Ta c: f l(x) = s, rt(x) = f l1 (x) v mt(x) = EI.l2 (x)
> macro(fl = unapply(s, x)): > macro(rt = unapply(diff(s, x), x)): > macro(mt = unapply(expand((diff(s, x, x))*EI), x)): > eq := diff(y(x), x4)+q/EI:

Hai u gi n
y . l . . q . x .

Hnh 7.2: iu kin bin: moment hai u v chuyn v hai u u bng khng:
M (0) = M (l) = y(0) = y(l) = 0

> ci1:=((D@@2)(y)(0)=0,(D@@2)(y)(l)=0,y(l)=0,y(0)=0): > s := rhs(dsolve({ci1, eq}, y(x))):

s l mt mnh Maple v nghim ca (7.1). Mt khi s c xc nh, cc hm f l(x), rt(x), mt(x) t ng xc nh theo: 128
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7.1. Ti trng u

> 'fl(x)'=fl(x); 'rt(x)'=rt(x); 'mt(x)'=mt(x); 1 qlx3 1 3 1 qx4 f l(x) =
+
24 ql x 24 EI 12 EI EI 1 qx3 1 qlx2 1 ql3 +
24 EI rt(x) =
6 EI 4 EI 1 1 mt(x) =
qx2 + qlx 2 2

Gi tr cc im c bit l:
> [fl(l/2)], [rt(0)], [mt(l/2)]; [ ] [ ] [ 1 ql3 1 2 5 ql4
384 EI ,
24 EI , 8 ql

V th ca ba hm: chuyn v f l(x), gc quay f t(x) v moment un mt(x). n gin, ta t q = 1, EI = 1, l = 10. Ta tm li c nhng kt qu quen thuc trong c hc. Ring i vi th ca gc quay (x), nn nh rng gi tr ca n s i du im chuyn l v cc i (x = ). Ta cng c th ly tr tuyt i c mt ng biu din phn nh ng 2 thc t hn.[1 ]
> q:=1: l:=10: EI:=1: > plot(fl,0..10); plot(rt(x),x=0..10); plot(mt,0..10);

Ngm mt u, u kia t do
iu kin bin: Gc quay v chuyn v ti ngm bng khng, moment v lc ct ti u t do bng khng:
(0) = y(0) = V (l) = M (l) = 0

> ci2:=((D@@3)(y)(l)=0,(D)(y)(0)=0),(D@@2)(y)(l)=0,y(0)=0): > s := rhs(dsolve({ci2, eq}, y(x))): > 'fl(x)'=fl(x); 'rt(x)'=rt(x); 'mt(x)'=mt(x); 1 qx4 1 qlx3 1 ql2 x2 f l(x) =
+
4 EI 24 EI 6 EI 1 qx3 1 qlx2 1 ql2 x +
2 EI rt(x) =
6 EI 2 EI 1 1 mt(x) =
qx2 + qlx
ql2 2 2 > [fl(l)], [rt(l)], [mt(0)]; [ [ ] [ ] 1 ql4 1 ql3 1 2
8 EI ,
6 EI ,
2 ql

Ta v th ca ba hm tng t nh trng hp hai ni n. V v lp i lp li, nn k t by gi cc lnh ny khng c in ra.

> plot(fl,0..10); plot(rt(x),x=0..10); plot(mt,0..10);

Ngm hai u
iu kin bin:
1

Lu rng tt c cc th u c dng vi option tickmarks dng gii hn cc gi tr trn hai trc ta

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Hnh 7.3: Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp hai gi n

(0) = y(0) = (l) = y(l) = 0

> ci3:=(((D)(y)(0)=0),D)(y)(l)=0,y(0)=0),y(l)=0: > s := rhs(dsolve({ci3, eq}, y(x))): > 'fl(x)'=fl(x); 'rt(x)'=rt(x); 'mt(x)'=mt(x); 1 qx4 1 qlx3 1 2 2 f l(x) =
+
24 ql x 24 EI 12 EI EI 1 ql2 x 1 qx3 1 qlx2 +
12 EI rt(x) =
6 EI 4 EI 1 1 1 mt(x) =
qx2 + qlx
ql2 2 2 12

Gi tr cc i ti cc im c bit: chuyn v gia dm, gc quay hai u ngm:

> [fl(l/2)], [rt(l/4)], [mt(l)];

1 dm, moment 4

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7.1. Ti trng u

y . l . . q . x .

Hnh 7.4:
[ ] [ ] 1 ql4 1 ql3 1 2
384 EI ,
128 EI ,
12 ql > plot(fl,0..10); plot(rt(x),x=0..10); plot(mt,0..10); [

Ngm mt u, u kia gi n (h siu tnh)

iu kin bin:
(0) = y(0) = M (l) = y(l) = 0

> ci4:=((D)(y)(0)=0),(D@@2)(y)(l)=0,y(l)=0,y(0)=0): > s := rhs(dsolve({ci4, eq}, y(x))): > 'fl(x)'=fl(x); 'rt(x)'=rt(x); 'mt(x)'=mt(x); 1 qx4 5 qlx3 1 2 2 f l(x) = +
16 ql x 24 EI 48 EI EI 3 2 2 5 qlx 1 qx +
1 ql x rt(x) =
6 EI 16 EI 8 EI 1 2 5 1 2 mt(x) =
qx + qlx
ql 2 8 8

(Lu : th hm gc quay trong Hnh 7.9 c ly tr tuyt i l
|rt(x)|)

> plot(fl,0..10); plot(-|rt(x)|,x=0..10); plot(mt,0..10);

Ngm mt u, u kia gi n mt im bt k u
y l trng hp phc tp. Ta s gii theo hai cch:
X Cch gii th nht: Ta phn ra hai trng hp.

a) x u iu kin bin:
y(0) = (0) = y(u) = 0, M (u) =

q(l
u)2 2EI

(7.1.2)

> ci41:=((D)(y)(0)=0,y(u)=0,y(0)=0,EI*(D@@2)(y)(u)=-q*(l-u)2/2): > s := rhs(dsolve({ci41, eq}, y(x))): > fl1:=unapply(fl(x),u):rt1:=unapply(rt(x),u):mt1:=unapply(mt(x),u): > 'fl1(x)'=fl(x); 'rt1(x)'=rt(x); 'mt1(x)'=mt(x); 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 qx4 1 1 f l1(x) =

48 q(6l
12lu + u )x + 16 q(u + 2l
4lu)x 24 EI uEI EI 1 qx3 1 q(6l2
12lu + u2 )x2 1 q(u2 + 2l2
4lu)x rt1(x) =

16 + 6 EI uEI 8 EI
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Hnh 7.5: Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp ngm mt u

b) u x l Trc tin, ta th iu kin bin:

1 4 qlx2 3 1 1 1 1 mt1(x) =
qx2
+ qxl
qux + qu2 + ql2
qlu 2 3 u 2 8 8 4 2 q(l
u)2 2EI

M (l) = y(u) = V (l) = 0, M (u) =

(7.1.3)

V kt qu ca dsolve l:
1
24 qx EI
4

1 qlx3 6 EI

1 ql x 4 EI

2 2

+ C3 x

1 u(
qu3 + 24 C3EI + 4uq l
6uql2 ) 24 EI

R rng l iu kin trn "c vn " v kt qu cn d ra mt hng s tch phn, mc d trong lnh vc c hc cc iu kin trn u ng. tm cu tr li ta th t gii phng trnh (7.1):
y (3) = V (x)
q x+A EI q x2 = M (x)
+ Ax + B EI 2
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y (2)

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y . l . . q . x .

Hnh 7.6:

y (1) = (x)
y (0) = y(x)

q x3 x2 + A + Bx + C EI 6 2 q x4 x3 x2 + A + B + Cx + D EI 24 6 2

X Khi y(u) = 0 ta tnh c D X Khi M (l) = 0 ta c phng trnh theo A, B. X Khi M (u)  0 ta c mt phng trnh khc theo A, B. Vy ta c th tnh c A, B X Khi V (l) = 0 trn nguyn tc ta tnh c A, nhng A c. Vy ta cn d C hay bin C3

Tm li ta phi dng mt iu kin khc vi V (l) = 0, v iu kin ny phi tim ra C. Ta ch c hai la chn: hoc chuyn v y hoc quay ; v v ta khng th c gi tr no ca y(x), (u x l), ta th dng kt qu ca (7.2) tnh omega(l). V iu kin bin l:
M (l) = y(u) = 0, M (u) = q(l
u)2 q(l
u)3 , (l) = 2EI 6EI

(7.1.4)

> ci42:=(y(u)=0,EI*(D@@2)(y)(u)=q*(l-u)2/2, > (D@@2)(y)(l)=0,EI*(D)(y)(l)=-q*(l-u)3/6): > s := rhs(dsolve({ci42, eq}, y(x))): > fl2:=unapply(fl(x),u):rt2:=unapply(rt(x),u):mt2:=unapply(mt(x),u): > 'fl2(x)'=fl(x); 'rt2(x)'=rt(x); 'mt2(x)'=mt(x); 2 2 2 1 qx4 1 qlx3 1 ql2 x2 1 qu(
3lu + u2 + 3l2 )x 1 f l2(x) =

6 EI
4 EI + 6
24 qu (3u + 6l
8lu) 24 EI EI EI 1 qx3 1 qlx2 1 qxl2 1 qu(
3lu + u2 + 3l2 ) rt2(x) =
+
2 EI + 6 6 EI 16 EI EI 1 2 1 2 mt2(x) =
qx + qlx
ql 2 2 v th, ta dng piecewise xc nh hm v khong tng ng: > q:=1:l:=10:EI:=1:u:=7: > mte:=a
piecewise(x>a,mt1(a),mt2(a)): > rte:=a
piecewise(x>a,rt1(a),rt2(a)): > fle:=a
piecewise(x>a,fl1(a),fl2(a)): > plot([mte(7),fle(7)],x=0..10,-6..2,linestyle=[1,4]);

Quan st Hnh 7.11 (a) ta thy th ca chuyn ng lin tc nhng b gy khc. kim chng, ta tm gi tr ca gc quay hai bn im s = 8:
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Hnh 7.7: Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp ngm hai u

> subs(x=8,[rt1(8),rt2(8)]); [ ] 20 ,0 3

Kt qu ny r rng c vn . V "vn " i t vic ta "p buc" cc iu kin bin bng cc gi tr cho sn ti gi n (x = u) nh cc biu thc (7.3, 7.4, 7.5). Tuy nhin nu khng c cc gi tr ny th thiu iu kin cho phng trnh vi phn. Tm li phi i tm mt cch gii khng theo cc hng "truyn thng".
X Cch gii th hai:

xu iu kin bin (0) = y(0) = 0

> ci41:=((D)(y)(0)=0,y(0)=0); > g1:=rhs(dsolve({eq,ci41},y(x)));

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7.1. Ti trng u

y . l . . q . x .

Hnh 7.8:

g2 =

$ ' &

1 qx4 1 qlx3 + 24 EI 6 EI

1 ql x 4 EI

2 2

+ C3 x + C4

Chng ta c bn hng s tch phn, v v th cn phi c bn phng trnh.

g1 (u) = 0 : ti gi n g1 (u) = g2 (u) : lin tc ca chuyn v 1 1 : lin tc ca gc quay ' g1 (u) = g2 (u) % 2 (u) = g2 (u) : lin tc ca moment g1 2 > p1:=subs(x=u,g1=0):

> p2:=subs(x=u,g1)=subs(x=u,g2); > p3:=subs(x=u,diff(g1,x))=subs(x=u,diff(g2,x)): > p4:=subs(x=u,diff(g1,x,x))=subs(x=u,diff(g2,x,x)):

Gii h phng trnh trn tm ra bn hng s tch phn:

> s:=solve({p1,p2,p3,p4},{ C1, C2, C3, C4}); $ 1 u2 (
4lu + 4l2 + u2 ) 1 u(
4lu + 4l2 + u2 ) ' & C4 =
, C3 = , 48 EI 16 EI s := 2
4lu + 2l2 2 + u2 ) 1u 1 (
12lu + 6l ' % C2 = , C1 =
8 EI 8 uEI
, / . / -

Thay th cc tr s tm c vo biu thc ca g1 v g2 . V sau ta gn kt qu vo bin f t ng thay i cc hm f l(x), rt(x), mt(x):

> f:=subs(s,g1); 2 2 3 2 2 1 x4 1 1 2 f :=

48 (
12lu + 6l + u )x + 16 (u
4lu + 2l )x 24 EI uEI EI > fl1:=unapply(fl(x),u):rt1:=unapply(rt(x),u):mt1:=unapply(mt(x),u): > f:=subs(s,g2); 2 2 2 1 qx4 1 lx3 1 l2 x2 1 1 2 + 2 f :=
+
4 EI + 16 u(
4lu + 6l + u )x
48 u (
4lu EI6l + u ) 24 EI 6 EI EI > fl2:=unapply(fl(x),u):rt2:=unapply(rt(x),u):mt2:=unapply(mt(x),u):

v th, ta dng piecewise xc nh hm v khong tng ng:

> mte:=a
piecewise(x>a,mt1(a),mt2(a)): > rte:=a
piecewise(x>a,rt1(a),rt2(a)): > fle:=a
piecewise(x>a,fl1(a),fl2(a)): > q:=1:l:=10:EI:=1: > plot([mte(8),fle(8)],x=0..10,-6..2,linestyle=[1,4];

Hnh 7.13 (a) cho thy khi u = 8, on dm bn phi ni n b nhc ln. tm xem gi tr no ca u on ny s bt u nm ngang, ta gii phng trnh f l(l) = 0( vi l = 10):
> eu:=op(select(i
is(i<10),[fsolve(fl(10))]));
eu := 7.400789501

> plot([mte(eu),fle(eu)],x=0..10,-6..2,linestyle=[1,4]);
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Hnh 7.9: Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp ngm mt u, u kia gi n

Quan st cc Hnh 7.13 ta nhn thy:

X Khc vi cch th nht, ln ny th gc quay lin tc im p dng lc:
> subs(x=8,[rt1(8),rt2(8)]); ] [ 20 20 , 3 3

X Hnh 7.13 (b) cho thy khi u = 7.4 th chuyn v u bn phi bng 0. V tr ca u sao cho gc xoay rt(u) = 0 (tip tuyn ngang):
> eu:=op(select(i
is(i>0 and i<10),[fsolve(rt(u))]));
eu := 7.1010 7.4

Lnh sau y to hnh ng ca chuyn v v gc xoay khi u thay i trong khong [6, 10]. D nhin ta ch c th thy c trn mn hnh.
> gi:=seq(plot([mte((i)/10),fle((i)/10)],

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7.2. Ti trng tp trung

y . l . . u . Hnh 7.10: q . x .

Hnh 7.11: Chuyn v, moment ngm mt u v gi n : (a) x = 8 v (b) x = 7 (cch gii th nht)

x=0..10,-20..10,linestyle=[1,4]),i=60..80): > plots[display]([gi],insequence=true);

7.2 Ti trng tp trung

Gi P l ti trng tp trung. Ta lp li cc cng thc quen thuc:
d y(x) dx d d2 M (x) = EI (x) =
2 y(x)EI dx dx d d3 V (x) =
M (x) = 3 y(x)EI dx dx (x) =

, / / / / . / / / / -

d P dx3 y(x)
EI = 0

(7.2.1)

> eq:=diff(y(x),x3)-P/EI:

Ngm mt u, lc tp trung u kia. [Hnh 7.14 (a)]

iu kin bin:
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y . l . . u . Hnh 7.12: q . x .

Hnh 7.13: Chuyn v, moment trng hp ngm mt u v gi n : (a) x = 8 v (b) x = 7 (cch gii th hai)

(0) = y(0) = M (l) = 0

> ci51:=(y(0)=0,D(y)(0)=0,(D@@2)(y)(l)=0:) > s := rhs(dsolve({ci51, eq}, y(x))): > 'fl(x)'=fl(x); 'rt(x)'=rt(x); 'mt(x)'=mt(x); 1 P x3 1 P lx2 f l(x) =
2 EI 6 EI 1 P x2 P lx rt(x) =
EI 2 EI mt(x) = P l
P x

Ngm mt u, lc tp trung x = u l [Hnh 7.14 (b)]

iu kin bin:
(0) = y(0) = M (u) = 0

> ci52:=(y(0)=0,D(y)(0)=0,(D@@2)(y)(u)=0:) > s := rhs(dsolve({ci52, eq}, y(x))): > 'fl(x)'=fl(x); 'rt(x)'=rt(x); 'mt(x)'=mt(x); 1 P x3 1 P ux2 f l(x) =
2 EI 6 EI

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7.2. Ti trng tp trung

y . P . . l . x .

( . a) y . P . . u . ( . b) Hnh 7.14: Cc trng hp ti trng tp trung vi ngm l . x .

1 P x2 P ux
EI 2 EI mt(x) = P l
P u rt(x) =

Vi u = 4 v u = 6 (nhn cc i lng vi 5 cho d nhn) ta c:

> q:=1:l:=10:EI:=1:u:=4:P:=1: > plot([fl(x),rt(x),5*mt(x)],x=0..10,-45..20,linestyle=[1,3,4]); > q:=1:l:=10:EI:=1:u:=6:P:=1: > plot([fl(x)/5,rt(x),5*mt(x)],x=0..10,-35..20,linestyle=[1,3,4]);

Hnh 7.15: Chuyn v, gc quay v moment trng hp ngm mt u, lu tp trung khi: (a) u = 4 v (b) u = 6 (cc t l c sa i d nhn)

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Hai gi n
y . P . . u . Hnh 7.16: Trng hp ny khc vi 6 trng hp trn. y phng trnh (7.6) thay i ty theo bn tri hay bn phi ca lc, gi s ti x = u:
> eq1:=diff(y(x),x3)-P/EI:eq2:=diff(y(x),x3)+p/EI: > ci41:=(y(0)=0,(D@@2)(y)(0)=0): > g1:=rhs(dsolve({eq1,ci41},y(x))): > ci42:=(y(l)=0,(D@@2)(y)(l)=0): > g2:=rhs(dsolve({eq1,ci42},y(x))): > p1:=subs(x=u,g1)=subs(x=u,g2): > p2:=subs(x=u,diff(g1,x))=subs(x=u,diff(g2,x)): > s:=solve({p1,p2},{A,B}): > f:=subs(s,g1); 1 P x3 1 P x(
9lu2 + 6l2 u + 4u3
2l3 ) f l(x) = + 6 EI 6 lEI > fl1:=unapply(fl(x),u):rt1:=unapply(rt(x),u):mt1:=unapply(mt(x),u): > f:=map(simplify,subs(s,g2)); 1 P x3 1 P lx2 1 P x(4u2
3lu2
2l3 ) 1 P u2 (4u
3l) f :=
+ +
6 6 EI 2 EI 6 lEI EI > fl2:=unapply(fl(x),u):rt2:=unapply(rt(x),u):mt2:=unapply(mt(x),u):

l .

x .

V vi nhng gi tr nh trn, vi u = 6 ta c th [Hnh 7.17 (a)]. Quan st th ta nhn thy c s t on ca moment im lc tc ng. Nguyn nhn l v chng ta c hai hng s tch phn, nhng chng ta phi cn c ba iu kin lin tc v chuyn v, gc quay v moment. D ra mt phng trnh moment nn c s gin on ny. By gi chng ta bt buc phi l lun trn c s ca c hc ch khng n thun i t phng trnh (7.6) c. L thuyt sc bn vt liu cho php ta vit:
> ode1:=EI*diff(y(x),x2)-P*(l-u)*x/l; P (l
u)x d2 ode1 := EI 2 y(x)
dx l > dsolve({ode1},y(x)):eq1:=rhs(subs( C1=A, C2=B,%)); 1 P (
l + u)x3 eq1 :=
+ Ax 6 lEI > dsolve({ode2},y(x)):eq2:=rhs(subs( C1=E, C2=F,%));[2 ] ( ) 1 1 2 1 3 1 P ul2 eq2 :=
P u
lx + x + Ex

El lEI 2 6 3 EI

1 1 iu kin bin: y(0) = 0, y(l) = 0, y1 (u) = y2 (u), y1 (u) = y2 (u):

2

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7.2. Ti trng tp trung

Hnh 7.17: Lc tp trung, hai ni n qua hai cch gii

> subs(x=0,eq1=0):assign(%): > isolate(subs(x=l,eq2=0),F):assign(%): > p3:=subs(x=u,eq1)=subs(x=u,eq2): > p4:=subs(x=u,(diff(eq1,x)))=subs(x=u,(diff(eq2,x))):

B v F c xc nh hai iu kin u, ch cn A v E:
> s:=solve({p3,p4},{A,E});assign(%): " * 1 P u(u2 + l2 ) 1 P u(u2 + 2l2
3lu) ,E =
A=
6 lEI 6 lEI

V hai li gii, tc hai phng trnh chuyn v l:

> y[1]=eq1; y[2]=eq2; 1 P (
l + u)x3 1 P u(
3lu + u2 + 2l2 )x y1 =

6 6 lEI ( ) lEI 1 1 2 1 3 1 P u(u2 + l2 )x y2 :=
P u
lx + x
lEI 2 6 6 lEI

ul
1 PEI 3

1 P u(u2 + l2 ) 6 EI

Dng li cch khai bo gc quay v moment vi u = 7 ta c Hnh 7.17 (b).

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7.3 Bi c thm: Kpler - Thi Dng h

Johannes Kpler
(Wurtenberg 1571 - Ratisbonne 1630)
ng xut thn t mt gia inh ngi c rt ngho kh. Hi nh, kpler l mt cu b m yu, ln 4 tui bi bnh u ma sut nguy n tnh mng, nhng may mn qua khi, di chng li l th lc bi gim. D sc khe km, nhng Kpler sm chng t cho mi ngi thy rng mnh hc c, v vy cu c theo hc c h thng, t trng Dng a phng cho n Trng i hc Tubingen, v may mn l Kpler c theo hc bi ging ca nh thin vn ni ting thuc trng phi Copernic. Nm 1595, Kpler cng b sch vit v cc hnh tinh. Nm 1600, v l do tn gio ng nh ri b cng vic ang lm l dy ton v sang lm tr l cho nh thin vn ni ting an Mch Tycho Brahe. Nm 1601, Brahe mt, Kpler c c tip tc cng vic ca thy. Nm 1613, sau khi v v con trai qua i, ng au bun tr v Linz, mt thnh ph thuc o nm trn b Danube, dy hc. Trong 4 nm cui i, Kpler lang thang qua nhiu thnh ph, kim sng bng cch xem t vi! Tuy l mt nh khoa hc tn tui,nhng cuc i ca ng tht l bt hnh. Ngi v u tin b in v mt sm. trnh iu xu s xy ra mt ln na trong i, Kpler nghin cu t m cc u khuyt im ca 11 ngi n b khc v quyt nh i bc na vi ngi n b kh nht trong s y. Nhng bc i ny cn t hi hn. Kpler ni ting v tm ra 3 nh lut v qu o ca cc hnh tinh. Nhng iu m gii ton hc nh n ng l cc nghin cu v coniques. Chnh ng l ngi u tin dng t "tiu im" v "mt im v tn". Mt khc ng cng c sng kin chia nh mt mt ra thnh nhng phn v cng nh m din tch y tnh c, ri ly tng ca chng. Tuy phng php ca ng cha tht c h thng lm, nhng chnh l nhng tng bo hiu cho L thuyt cc v cng nh, khng th chia nh hn ca Cavalieri. Chnh nh m ng suy ra din tch qu o ca cc hnh tinh( trong chng minh ca ng c hai ci sai, nhng may mn thay chng trit tiu ln nhau !).

Ba nh lut Kpler.
X nh lut th nht: Cc hnh tinh trong thi dng h u c qu o ellipse, m mt tri l tiu im. X nh lut th hai: Trong nhng khong thi gian t bng nhau, vt quay s quyt nhng din tch hnh qut bng nhau. X nh lut th ba: Gi T l chu k ca mt thin th, a l na bn knh ln ca ellipse qu T2 o. Tt c cc thin th trong v tr u c chung mt t l 3 . a

X Ct A: khong cch vi mt tri (n v: triu km).

V cc hnh tinh u c qu o ellipse, nn y l khong cch trung bnh. 142

Phm Minh Hong

7.3. Bi c thm: Kpler - Thi Dng h

Hnh 7.18: Thi Dng H

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Hnh tinh Thy tinh Kim tinh Tri t Ha tinh Mc tinh Th tinh Thin Vng tinh Hi Vng tinh

Bng 7.1: Thi Dng h. [3 ] ting Anh A B Mercury 58 2.400 Venus 108 6.000 Earth 150 6.400 Mars 227 3.400 Jupiter 778 67.000 Saturn 1.427 60.000 Uranus 2.869 25.000 Neptune 4.500 25.000

C 0.056 0.817 1 0.11 318 95 16 17

D 0.40 0.93 1.00 0.35 2.91 1.08 1.05 1.12

E 88d 224d 365d 680d 12y 29y 84y 164y

F 58d 242d 24h 24h 10h 10h 17h 16h

X Ct B: bn knh (n v: km).

Mc tinh, hnh tinh ln nht c bn knh gp 10 ln bn knh tri t, th tch ca n gp 1000 ln th tch tri t, nhng khi lng ca n ch gp 318 ln (xem ct C), v n c nhiu cht kh. Xem ra tri t l hnh tinh c t trng ln nht
X Ct C: khi lng tng i so vi tri t (=1). X Ct D: trng lng ca mt vt c trng lng bng 1kg trn tri t.

Theo Newton, nu mt ngi trn tri t (bn knh 6400 km) nng M kg, th trn hnh R 2 mi tinh i s nng 2 kg (vi mi v ri l khi lng v bn knh hnh tinh i). ri M Theo ct D th ngi ny hu nh s c cng trng lng trn Kim, Th, Thin vng v Hi vng tinh; trn Thy tinh ch cn 0.4M nhng trn Mc tinh l 3M .
X Ct E: Chu k quay quanh mt tri (88d : 88 ngy, 10y : 10 nm).

Cng gn mt tri, sc ht mt tri ln hnh tinh cng ln, nu khng quay nhanh to ra mt lc ly tm ln th hnh tinh s lao vo mt tri. iu ny ct ngha ti sao cng gn mt tri, hnh tinh quay cng nhanh. V nh th nu c mt ai sng c trn Thy
Phm Minh Hong

143

Chng 7. Bi ton sc bn vt liu

tinh, mt nm ca h s ko di 88 ngy. Ngc li, nu sng trn Th tinh, phi 30 nm mi c... n Tt m ln.
X Ct F: Chu k quay quanh trc ca n ()58d : 58 ngy, 17h : 17 gi).

Cng gn mt tri, sc ht mt tri ln hnh tinh cng ln, v lc ht ny c tc dng "tr" hnh tinh li, lm gim vn tc quay quanh trc (tr Kim tinh l mt trng hp c bit). V d nhin cng xa mt tri, hnh tinh quay nhanh hn. Mt ngy trn Mc trinh ch ko di 10 ting.

144

Phm Minh Hong

Chng8
Bi ton n o
Mt khu i bc nghing mt gc so vi mt t, bn mt vin n khi lng m vi vn tc u v0 . Kho st hin tng.

8.1 Mi trng khng c ma st khng kh

Trc tin, ta ti vo b nh cc gi hm cn thit cng nh nh ngha mt vi ch vit tt trong bi: y .

v .0

m . g . . Hnh 8.1: x .

> restart:with(plots):with(plottools):

Chn h ta trc chun vi y 0 hng ln trn, gi g l gia tc trng trng. p dng nguyn l c bn v ng lc hc ln m, ta c h:
"

> Digits:=4:alias(alpha=a):

y 2 (t) =
g x2 (t) = 0

(8.1.1)

Chiu v0 xung hai trc, ta c vx = v0 cos() v vy = v0 sin().

> y2:=diff(y(t),t2):x2:=diff(x(t),t2): > s:=dsolve({y2=-g,x2=0,D(y)(0)=v0*sin(a), D(x)(0)=v0*cos(a),x(0)=0,y(0)=0});

Chng 8. Bi ton n o 1 s := y(t) =
gt2 + v0 sin(), x(t) = v0 cos()t 2

" *

(8.1.2)

V Maple xut trnh li gii x(t), y(t) theo mt th t bt k nn nu mun ly c x(t) v y(t) ta cn thc hin[1 ]:
> ex:=subs(s,x(t));ey:=subs(s,y(t)); # ex := v0 cos()t 1 s := ey :=
gt2 + v0 sin()t 2

(8.1.3)

Loi t trong biu thc ex, ta c phng trnh chuyn ng y = f (x):

> y:=subs(isolate(x=ex,t),ey); gx2 1 sin()x y :=
+ 2 v0 cos2 () cos()


(8.1.4)

cao ti a ca vin n: ti im khi o hm y (x) i du (ta gn kt qu vo mt hm s h()):

> solve(diff(y,x),x): > h:=unapply(subs(x=%,y),a); v 2 sin()2 h = 0 g

V cao ny tng ng vi gc bn:

> solve(D(h)(a),a); 0, 2

im vin n ri: khi y(x) = 0 (Phng trnh 8.4). Gn kt qu vo mt hm s q()):

> p:=solve(y,x): > q:=unapply(combine(p[2],trig),a); v 2 sin(2) q := 0 g

V tm bn xa nht tng ng vi gc bn (gii phng trnh

> solve(D(q)(a),a); 1 4

d q() = 0): d

Thi gian vin n bay: thi gian sao cho y(t) = 0. Dng biu thc ca ey (8.3). Gn kt qu vo mt hm s t():
> solve(ey,t); v0 sin() 0, 2 g > t:=unapply(%[2],a):

p dng bng s: t g = 10m/s2 , v0 = 300m/s , v khai bo mt chui cc gc bn ( = k , k = 2..6): 16

> g:=10:v0:=300:s:=seq(k*Pi/16,k=2..6); 3 5 3 s := , , , , 8 16 4 16 8
1

Kt qu c sp xp khc vi trong worksheet cho d nhn Phm Minh Hong

146

8.1. Mi trng khng c ma st khng kh

cao ti a, im ri (mt) v thi gian bay (giy) ca vin n tng ng vi 5 gc bn trn y l :

> 'h'=seq(evalf[4](h(i)),i=s); 'q'=seq(evalf[4](q(i)),i=s); 't'=seq(evalf[4](t(i)),i=s); h=(659.2, 1389., 2250., 3112., 3840.) q=(6363., 8314., 9000., 8314., 6363.) t=(22.97, 33.34, 42.42, 49.90, 55.43) > g1:=plot({ seq(y,a=[s])},x=0..9000,0..4000): > g2:=plot([[0,2000],[2000,2000],[0,0],[2000,2000],[2000,0]]): > v0:=900: > g1a:=plot({seq(y,a=[s])},x=0..85000,0..38000): > g2a:=plot([[0,10000], [10000,10000],[0,0],[10000,10000],[10000,0]]): > plots[display](g1,g2); [hnh 8.2 (a)] > plots[display](g1a,g2a); [hnh 8.2 (b)]

Hnh 8.2: Qu o trong trng hp khng ma st vi: (a) v0 = 300 v (b) v0 = 900m/s 3 Hai hnh 8.2 (a) v (b) gn nh ging nhau hon ton : q( ) = q( ) l tm bn ngn nht, 8 8 3 q( ) xa nht, h( ) cao nht. V nu c tng hoc gim v, hnh dng hai th vn khng thay 4 8 i. By gi chng ta gi s c mt chic xe khi hnh t im x0 0 v di chuyn trn trc Ox v hng x 0 vi vn tc vh khng i. Tm gc bn trng xe. Phng trnh chuyn ng thng ca xe l : x(t) = vh t + x0

t = x(t)v
x0
h

bn trng xe, thi gian bay ca n phi bng thi gian chy ca xe (trc khi chng n). Vi q() v t() l im ri v thi gian bay ca vin n, ta c phng trnh (ly li
Phm Minh Hong

147

Chng 8. Bi ton n o

v0 = 300m /s):
> v0:=300: eq:=(q(a)-x0)/vh=t(a); 90000 sin(2)
x0 eq := = 60 sin() vh

Gii phng trnh theo ta c mt kt qu v cng phc tp :

> r1:=solve(eq,a); ( ) 1 x0 + 60%vh r1 := arctan %1, 18000 % 4 + (
324000000 + 3600v 2 ) Z 2 + 120x Zv + x2 ) %1 = RootOf (324000000 Z 0 h 0 h

Trong trng hp ny chng ta gn cho li gii vo mt hm vi hai bin l (x0 , v0 ), ri th vi mt vi gi tr ca hai bin ny (x0 = 6000m , vh = 5m /s):
> f:=unapply(r1,x0,vh): > evalf(f(6000.,5)); .3731

Quan st biu thc ca r1, chng ta thy y l mt phng trnh bc 4,vy cn 3 nghim khc. hin th mi nghim, phi dng hm allvalues trong lnh solve:
> r2:=evalf(subs(x0=6000,vh=5,[allvalues(r1)]));
r2 := [1.184+0.1308e
4 I, .3745+0.2140e
3 I,
2.783+0.2137e
3 I,
1.915+0.1437e
4 I]

Kt qu 4 nghim u l nghim phc. R rng l c chuyn g khng n ! Thc ra y l mt trng hp t nh thng gp khi tnh ton bng s. Quan st ta thy cc phn phc u rt nh, v tt c 4 nghim u l s thc. D nhin ta ch chn cc nghim c phn thc dng [2 ]:
> r3:=op(select(
is(i>0),[Re(r2[j])j=1..nops(r2)]));
r3 := 1.184, 0.3745

kim chng kt qu ca hai li gii trn, ta ch cn so snh thi gian bay t() ca vin n v thi gian xe chy. Thi gian xe chy l :
> tc:=(x0,vh,a)
(q(a)-x0)/vh; q()
x0 tc := (x0 , vh , ) vh

Thay s v so snh vi thi gian vin n bay. Ta tnh lun khong cch (t gc ta ):
> tc(6000,5,r3[1]),t(r3[1]),q(r3[1]);
57.60, 55.56, 6288.

> tc(6000,5,r3[2]),t(r3[2]),q(r3[2]);
25.60, 21.94, 6128.

Kt lun : hai gc bn trng xe l 1.185 rad  21o30 (xe i c 109m).

 67o88 (xe i c 287m) v 0.3728 rad

8.2 Mi trng c ma st khng kh

V bn ln tri ch khng bn xung t ! Mt khc ta phi c P [0,

] 2 Phm Minh Hong

148

8.2. Mi trng c ma st khng kh

Th d 1: nghim gii tch

Kt qu trn y ch c gi tr l thuyt, thc ra hin tng ma st hin din khp mi ni trn tri t. Trc tin, chng ta gi s mi trng c mt lc ma st fr t l vi vn tc . H v (8.1) tr thnh:
"

mx2 (t) =
kvx my 2 (t) =
kvy
mg

(8.2.1)

> eqx:=diff(x(t),t 2)=-x1*k/m; > eqy:=diff(y(t),t 2)=-y1*k/m-g; $ 2 k d ' d & x(t) =
x(t) 2 dt2 m dt k d ' d % y(t) =
y(t)
g dt2 m dt > s := dsolve({eqx, eqy, cond}, {x(t), y(t)}):

(8.2.2)

> cond:=x(0)=0,y(0)=0,(D)(x)(0)=v0*cos(a),(D)(y)(0)=v0*sin(a):

Lm li nhng lnh (8.3), (8.4), sau cng c c phng trnh chuyn ng:
> ex:=eval(x(t),s): > ey:=subs(s,y(t)): > subs(isolate(x=ex,t),ey): > y:=subs(isolate(%,t),rhs(ey)); > collect(%,x): y=map(factor,%); ( ) gm + v0 sin(a)k gm2 v0 cos(a)m
xk y= x + 2 ln kv0 cos(a) k v0 cos(a)m

Mt khi thu c nghim gii tch, mi vic tr nn n gin (cho d nghim cc k phc tp v khng th tch bin x). Chng ta ch cn lm li cc lnh trang 140 c c cao, im ri, tm bn cng nh thi gian n bay. . . Chng ta cng c th tnh c gc bn mt chic xe trn trc Ox. Tt c d nhin u l nhng biu thc gii tch.

Th d 2 : nghim bng phng php s

H (8.6) c th gii bng gii tch v y l mt h tuyn tnh theo vn tc v (v c theo v 2 cng th). By gi ta gi s chuyn ng ca m chu nh hng ca mt lc ma st fr = k |v |, v vi |v | l sut ca vn tc.
d

|v | =
"

)2 ( )2 d d x(t) + y(t) dt dt

H (8.5) tr nn:

mx2 (t) =
kvx |v | my 2 (t) =
kvy |v |
mg > y1:=diff(y(t),t):y2:=diff(y1,t):x1:=diff(x(t),t):x2:=diff(x1,t):

> v:=sqrt(x12 + y12); d ( )2 ( )2 d d v := x(t) + y(t) dt dt > eqx:=diff(x(t),t2)=-x1*k/m*'v';[3 ]

3

v c t trong du (') c th hin th ch v thay v biu thc phc tp ca n.

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149

Chng 8. Bi ton n o

> eqy:=diff(y(t),t2)=-y1*k/m*'v'-g; $ d2 k d ' & eqx := x(t) = x(t)v 2 dt m dt 2 d k d ' % eqy := 2 y(t) =
y(t)v
g dt m dt > cond:=D(y)(0)=v*sin(a),D(x)(0)=v*cos(a),x(0)=0,y(0)=0: > s:=dsolve({eqx,eqy,cond},{x(t),y(t)});

Php gii hnh thc khng a ra li gii cho bi ton phc tp ny, phi a n php gii bng s gn ng. gii bng s, cn phi cho cc gi tr s. Chng ta dng li cc s liu trong mc (8.1) cng thm m = 50kg (h MKS) v khi vi trng hp khng ma st, ln ny phng trnh chuyn ng ph thuc vo m. Sau cng cho k = 1, ngha l h s ma st ti a:
> k:=1:g:=10:v:=900:m:=50:a:=Pi/4:Digits:=4: > s:=dsolve({eqx,eqy,cond}, {x(t),y(t)},numeric);
s := proc(rkf 45x ) . . . endproc

C nhiu phng php gii phng trnh bng s, mc nh Maple Gunge-Kutta 4 hoc 5 nt. Kt qu l mt chui s kh phc tp. [4 ]
> s(.03);
[t = 0.03, x(t) = 15.2660497092393293, y(t) = 15.2621296241892282, d x(t) = 414.341519104685861, dt

d = 413.016962647166963] dt

Trn y l gi tr ca hm kt qu s vo thi im t = 0.03. Hm cho gi tr ca x(t), y(t)vx (t), vy (t). v th y = f (x), vn t ra l phi thay i t u n u? Ring trong trng hp ny chng ta ch cn y(t) vy l khng cn cch no khc l phi "ln m" tng gi tr ca t n khi y(t) 0. Di y chng ta ch tm x(t) v y(t) : [5 ]
> [subs(s(9),x(t)),subs(s(9),y(t))]; [180.705204957416953, 18.5527249728920652] > [subs(s(10),x(t)),subs(s(10),y(t))]; [181.832601218771543, -3.62096932828829132]

Vy y = 0 khi t P [9,10] (giy). C th l lc y vin n ri xung t.

> plot([seq([subs(s(i),x(t)),subs(s(i),y(t))],i=0..10)]);

[hnh 8.3 (a)] Trong hnh [8.3 (a)] ta thy vi cng gc bn v mt vn tc u, vin n ch i c mt khong cch rt ngn ( 180m so vi tm bn 80km trong trng hp khng c ma st). Sc cn ca khng kh c mt tc ng v cng to ln. Trong trng hp trn, ta ly k = 1, n tng ng vi mt lc ma st ti a. Trn thc t lc ma st ty thuc vo cc yu t : hnh dng, cht liu vin n v mt khng kh. By gi, gn vi thc t, chng ta gim lc ma st ny bng cch p dng mt t l nh (k ! 1):
> k:=1/10:

V thay v d tm "th cng", ta c th tm ra ngay t sao cho y(t) 0:

> for i from 1 to 1000 while subs(s(i),y(t)) > 0 do od: i;
Mc d Digits = 4 nhng cc kt qu ca hm s vn gm 15 s l s (Kt qu ca(dsolve,numeric) l mt hm c nhiu sai s gia hai ln thc hin. Vy bn c cng ng ngc nhin nu thu c mt kt qu khng hon ton ging nh y
5 4

> s:=dsolve({eqx,eqy,cond},{x(t),y(t),numeric}):

150

Phm Minh Hong

8.2. Mi trng c ma st khng kh

Hnh 8.3: n o vi h s ma st bng : (a) k = 1 (ti a) v (b) k =

1 10

25 > plot([seq([subs(s(n),x(t)),subs(s(n),y(t))],n=0..i)]);

[hnh 8.3 (b)] Nhn xt:

X Vi lc ma st bng

fr , vin n bay cao v xa hn gn 9 ln - [hnh 8.3 (b)]. V n 10 o, n vn ri gn nh thng ng.

X Ta c th v th bng hm odeplot trong gi plots, nhng cng vn phi d dm tm t khi y(t) 0. Ta c th khng xc nh cc gi tr ca t, trong trng hp Maple ly mc nh t=-10..10 :
> plots[odeplot](s,[x(t),y(t)],0..i,color=black):

X Trong hnh 8.3 (a), th c v gy khc. L do l ch dng 10 im v. c c hnh mn hn ta dng nhiu im hn:
> plot([seq([subs(s(i*2),x(t)),subs(s(i*2),y(t))],i=0..10*2)]);

Tm gc bn xa nht
n y chng ta c th t cu hi: Trong trng hp c ma st khng kh phc tp, gc bn xa nht c phi l na khng? 4

Cn c vo n o (ri thng ng), cu tr li c l s l khng. Cch duy nht tm cu tr li l lp trnh. tng: chng ta s lap trnh tnh tm bn tng ng vi nhiu gc bn khc nhau v sau dng ni suy tm ra phng trnh ca hm s tm bn theo bin v gc bn. Sau chng ta i tm cc tr ca hm ny.
Phm Minh Hong

151

Chng 8. Bi ton n o

Chng trnh c tn l canon. canon s c hai hm s nhp vo (input) l vn tc u v0 v t l k ca lc ma st. Ni xut ra (output), s c th ca 5 gc bn thay i t n 10 7 v mt chui 5 phn t c 3 thng tin: gc bn thi gian v xa. 30 152

1. restart: 2. canon:=proc(v0,k) 3. global y1,y2,i,j,m,s,v,x1,x2,eq,cond,g,a,r,ig,param, gr: 5. ig:=1:g:=10:m:=50:param:=NULL: 6. y1:=diff(y(t),t):y2:=diff(y1,t):x1:=diff(x(t),t):x2:=diff(x1,t): 7. v:=sqrt(x12+y12); 8. eq:={y2=-g-y1*v*k/m,x2=-x1*v*k/m}; 9. cond:={D(y)(0)=v0*sin(a),D(x)(0)=v0*cos(a),x(0)=0,y(0)=0}; 10. r:=i*Pi/30i=3..7; 11. for a in r do 12. s:=dsolve(eq union cond,{x(t),y(t)},numeric); 13. for i from 1 to 500 while subs(s(i),y(t))>0 do od: 14. subs(s(i),x(t)):param:=param,[a,i,evalf(%,6)]: 15. gr[ig]:=plots[odeplot](s,[x(t),y(t)],0..i); 16. ig:=ig+1: 17. od: 18. print(param); 19. i:='i':plots[display]([gr[i]i=1..nops([r])]); 20. end:

Bng 8.1: Chng trnh ca 5 gc bn vi gia tng

30

Sau ki nhp chng trnh Bng 8.1, ta th vi vn tc u v0 = 900(m/s) v sc cn 1 khng kh fr = : 40

> canon(900,1/40);

V th 8.8 (a) qu nh nn phi phng i ra bng cch dng view xc nh tm nhn. Nhng lm c iu ny, ch c mt cch duy nht l dng bin ton cc (global) thay v bin cc b local. Ta t tn cho bin l gr v hin th bng Hnh 8.8 (b): , tm bn v cao t t gia tng, nhng n th 10 5 tm bn gim, v v cao vn tip tc tng, ta c th suy lun ra rng tm bn lin tc gim n [ ] 7 0 khi = !. iu ny c ngha l gc bn xa nht ph thuc khong , hay [18o , 42o ]. 2 10 30 tm gc bn xa nht ta dng ni suy Lagrange. Trc tin phi kin to dy cc gc v tm bn bng bin ton cc param, sau tm cc tr: Cn c vo th ta thy khi u t
> va:=[seq(param[i,1],i=1..nops([param]))]; [ ] 2 7 , , , , 10 15 6 5 30
Phm Minh Hong

> plots[display]([gr[i]i=1..4],view=[4000..4900,0..800]);

8.2. Mi trng c ma st khng kh

Hnh 8.4: n o 5 gc bn P

] 7 , vi ma st 10 30

> vd:=[seq(param[i,3],i=1..nops([param]))];
vd := [4722.32, 4824.12, 4864.68, 4758.84, 4561.90]

> f:=interp(va,vd,alpha); 4 3 2 f := .473985107 4
.322704107 3 + 7007.45 + 752405. 2 > R:=[solve(diff(f,alpha),alpha);]

R := [.27896, .50333, .82190]

70561.0

> evalf[5](map(convert,R,degrees));
[15.983.degrees, 28.893.degrees, 47.091.degrees]

Ch R2

] 7 , vy gc bn xa nht  28.8o v tm xa tng ng l: 10 30

> evalf(subs(alpha=R[2],f),7);
4867.59

Hnh 8.5 biu din hm ni suy v ta ca im cc i. Ta dng cc kt qu va tnh c v:

> g1:=plot([[R[2],0],[R[2],%],[0,%]],linestyle=4): > g2:=plot(f,alpha=0..1,4400..5000,color=black): > plots[display](g1,g2,labels=[rad,mt]);[6 ]

Ta cng c th dng ni suy spline. Php ni suy n cho ta bn hm s. Cn thn khi trch ra hm thch ng ly cc tr (tng ng vi R y ta phi ly hm th hai tc op(4,sp)) > convert(va,float):[7 ]
> sp:=spline(%,vd,alpha,cubic): > subs(u=solve(diff(op(4,sp),u))[2],op(4,sp));
6 7

Ta c th nh ch mt c kt qu nh trong hnh! phin bn 8, phi hon chuyn dy va thnh dng float

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Chng 8. Bi ton n o 4867.02722

Hnh 8.5:

Ni di tm bn
1 1 Cc tnh ton sau y cho thy khi:  28o ( rad) v lc ma st = th tm bn xa nht 2 40 khong 4867m. By gi ngi ta ni di tm bn bng cch dng mt loi n c bit. Loi n ny c trang b thm mt t thuc n, v thuc n ny s pht ha trn khng to ra thm mt sc y cho n i xa hn. Logic nht l chng s pht ha khi n t n cao cc i, c ngha l khi vn tc dc vy = 0. Chng ta dng li cc bin v cc gi tr nh cu trn:
> restart:with(plots): > y1:=diff(y(t),t):y2:=diff(y1,t):x1:=diff(x(t),t):x2:=diff(x1,t): > v:=sqrt(x12+y12): > eq:={y2=-g-y1*v*k/m,x2=-x1*v*k/m}: > cond:={D(y)(0)=v0*sin(a),D(x)(0)=v0*cos(a),x(0)=0,y(0)=0}: > g:=10:m:=50:v0:=900:a:=1/2:k:=1/40: > s1:=dsolve(eq union cond,{x(t),y(t)},numeric);

Lnh sau y thc hin vic tm thi im khi n ln cao nht v khi ri xung t:
> j:=0:for i to 300 while subs(s1(i),y(t))>0 do if subs(s1(i),y1)<0 and j=0 then j:=i:fi:od: > j-1,i;
12, 32

Ngha l khi t 12, vy 0 n vi cao cc i, v t  32 n s ri xung t [Hnh 8.6 (a)] thi im t = 12, ngha l khi n ti cao cc i, gi tr tnh c l:
> s1(12);

154

Phm Minh Hong

8.2. Mi trng c ma st khng kh [ ] d d t = 12, y(t) = 1351.97, y(t) =
0.10, x(t) = 3306.84, x(t) = 130.45 [8 ] dt dt

ly c vx = x1 (t), x(t), y(t) ta phi lm:

> px:=subs(s1(12),x(t)); > py:=subs(s1(12),y(t));
vx := 130.45, px := 3306.84, py := 1351.97

> vx:=subs(s1(12),diff(x(t),t));

> odeplot(s1,[x(t),y(t)],0..i-1,scaling=constrained);gr1:=%: > plots[display](gr1); [Hnh 8.6 (a)]

Gi s thuc n trn ta [px, py] s to ra mt vn tc vx = 300m/s. iu kin u tien l:

> cond:={D(y)(0)=0,D(x)(0)=vx+300,x(0)=px,y(0)=py}: > s2:=dsolve(eq union cond,{x(t),y(t)},numeric); > for i to 300 while subs(s2(i),y(t))>0 do od: i-1;
cond := tD(y)(0) = 0, D(x)(0) = 430.45, x(0) = 3306.84, y(0) = 1351.97u

Khi t = 21 (k t cao cc i), n s ri xung t. Cc gi tr lc ny l:

> s2(21); [ ] d d t = 21, x(t) = 6633.14, x(t) = 64.73, y(t) = 9.13, y(t) =
110.22 dt dt > odeplot(s2,[x(t),y(t)],0..21,scaling=constrained);gr2:=%:

V sau cng khi v trn cng mt th: [Hnh 8.6 (b)]:

> plots[display](gr1,gr2);

Hnh 8.6: Ni di tm bn Tm bn by gi l 6633 mt vi thi gian khong 12 + 21 = 33 giy.

trn nguyn tc s c 12 s l

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Chng 8. Bi ton n o

Sc cn trong trng hp phc tp

Trong tt c nhng phn trn, nu sc cn c hin hu th n lun l mt hng s, nhng thc ra, n ty thuc vo nhiu yu t. By gi biu din mt cch st vi thc t nhng khng qu phc tp, ta cho lc cn l mt hm theo cao . Gi p(y(y)) l hm h s sc cn (vi cn ti a mt t l p(0) = 1). H phng trnh vi phn (8.7) tr thnh:
$ ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' %

( )2 ( )2 d k d d x(t) =
x(t) p(y(t)) x(t) + y(t) dt2 dt m dt dt d )2 ( )2 ( d2 d k d d y(t) =
y(t) p(y(t)) x(t) + y(t)
g dt2 dt m dt dt d2

khai thc ht sc mnh ca Maple, ta s khai bo h trn di dng hm mi tn vi tham s l p(y(t)). Nh th ta ch phi khai bo mt ln duy nht:
> restart:with(plots): > x1:=diff(x(t),t):x2:=diff(x1,t): > y1:=diff(y(t),t):y2:=diff(y1,t): > v:=sqrt(x12+y12): > eq:=p
{x2=-x1*(k*p(y(t)))/m*v,y2=-g-y1*(k*p(y(t)))/m*v}: > cond:={D(y)(0)=v0*sin(a),D(x)(0)=v0*cos(a),x(0)=0,y(0)=0}: > g:=10:m:=50:k:=1/40:v0:=900:a:=Pi/4:

X Khi p(y) = 1 (hng s):

> s:=dsolve(eq(1) union cond,{x(t),y(t)},numeric): > for i to 300 while subs(s(i),y(t))>0 do od: i: (Kt qu i = 42) > g1:=odeplot(s,[x(t),y(t)],0..%):

(Hnh 8.7 (c), ng c tm bn khong 4400m)

X Khi p(y) = 1 l mt ng thng:

1 Gi s sc cn mt t l 1 v cao 4000 l . Hm tuyn tnh c dng: 5 > p:=x
-x/5000+1: plot(p,0..4000); [Hnh 8.7 (a)] hspace5mm> s:=dsolve(eq(p) union cond,{x(t),y(t)},numeric):
> for i to 300 while subs(s(i),y(t))>0 do od: i: (Kt qu i = 47) > g2:=odeplot(s,[x(t),y(t)],0..%):

(Hnh 8.7 (c), ng c tm bn khong 6000m)

X Khi p(y) = 1 phi tuyn:

Gi s sc cn mt t l 1 v cao 4000 l e
x/2500 :

1 nhng thay i theo hm m: x 5

> p:=x
exp(-x/2500: plot(p,0..4000); [Hnh 8.7 (b)]

hspace5mm> s:=dsolve(eq(p) union cond,{x(t),y(t)},numeric):

> for i to 300 while subs(s(i),y(t))>0 do od: i: (Kt qu i = 50) > g3:=odeplot(s,[x(t),y(t)],0..%):

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8.2. Mi trng c ma st khng kh

(Hnh 8.7 (c), ng c tm bn khong 6000m)

> display(g1,g2,g3);

Hnh 8.7: (a), (b): Cc hm sc cn p(h) v (c) tm bn tng ng vi =

Dng Do C th k XXI!
[9 ]
9

Ging nh mc 8.1 - Gi s c mt chic xe khi hnh t im x0 0 v di chuyn trn trc Ox v hng x 0 vi vn tc khng i. Tnh gc ring ca khu sng bn trng xe.

iu khc bit cn bn so vi 8.1 l khng c phng trnh gii tch ly cc tr m ch c 3 dy ca nhng gc bn va, thi gian vt v tm bn vd rt ra t bin param v cc hm ni suy. V th phng php khng khc so vi mc 8.2.3.
Cung th ca thi ng Chu (200 nm trc Cng Nguyn) vi kh nng "bch b xuyn dng"

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Chng 8. Bi ton n o

Sa chng trnh bng 8.1 v thay mt dng duy nht (dng th 9)

r:=i*Pi/50i=3..8

Khi ng li chng trnh v c kt qa nh sau:

> canon(900,1/40); > display([seq(gr[i],i=1..6)],view=[4000..4900,0..600]); [ ] [ ] [ ] 3 2 , 17, 4249.74 , , 20, 4481.61 , , 24, 4722.32 , 50 25 10 [ ] [ ] [ ] 3 7 4 , 27, 4830.24 , , 29, 4842.14 , , 32, 4866.27 25 50 25

Hnh 8.8: n a ca 6 gc bn vi gia tng

50

T param ta trch ra 3 dy:

> va:=[seq(param[i,1],i=1..nops([param]))]; > vt:=[seq(param[i,2],i=1..nops([param]))]; > vd:=[seq(param[i,3],i=1..nops([param]))]; ] [ 3 2 3 7 4 , , , , , 50 25 10 25 50 25 [17, 20, 24, 27, 29, 32]
[4249.74, 4481.61, 4722.32, 4830.24, 4842.14, 4866.27]

Ni suy Lagrange
T ba dy trn, khai bo cc hm ni suy Lagrange: > fta:=unapply(interp(vt,va,t),t): (Ni suy t theo gc ) > ftd:=unapply(interp(vt,vd,t),t): (Ni suy t theo tm bn d) > fdt:=unapply(interp(vd,vt,u),u): (Ni suy tm bn d theo t) > fad:=unapply(interp(va,vd,a),a): (Ni suy tm bn d theo gc ) Trc khi vo vn chng ta cn phn bit hai trng hp: 158
Phm Minh Hong

8.2. Mi trng c ma st khng kh

a bn ti mt im cho sn C: Nu cho sn C ta c th tnh c thi gian xe chy trc khi n C v t l t1 v tnh c thi gian vin n bay nh hm ni suy f dt(xc ) v t l t2 . c ngha, c hai thi gian ny bt buc phi nm trong khong thi gian nh bi dy va.  Nu t2 t1 c ngha l vin n ti C trc. bn trng phi i t1
t2 giy trc khi bn.  Nu t1 t2 c ngha l chic xe ti C trc, nh th s chng bao gi bn trng xe. Bi ton khng c li gii. V khng th vi mt ta c hai thi gian hoc hai gc bn trng. ng qun t iu quan trng l tt c cc dy va, vd, vt u phi l cc dy ng bin nghim cch v cc hm ni suy u l cc song nh. b bn vo mt im sm nht: V tnh cht cc hm ni suy trnh by trn, ngi ta c th ni rng thi im sm nht bn trng l lc se khi hnh, ngha l vin n v chic a b xe phi khi hnh cng lc. Mt khc trng hp cng l trng hp nhng ch li thi gian li mt t. Tm li, iu chng ta quan tm l tnh gc bn vo mt thi im sm nht, v cch ny c nhiu ng dng c th khai trin v sau. By gi chng ta v th ca cc hm ni suy: > plot(ftd,vt[1]..vt[6]); [Hnh 8.9 (a)] > plot(fdt,vd[1]..vd[6]); [Hnh 8.9 (b)] > plot(fad,va[1]..va[6]); [Hnh 8.9 (c)] Xem th hm ni suy f dt(u) [Hnh 8.9 (b)] th thy khi d P [4260, 4460], t c gi tr m v th cng chng l mt song nh. Mt khc, d l hai hm o nhng f dt(u) cng khng c v i xng qua ng phn gic th nht so vi f td(u). Tm li cch n suy ny sai hon ton v phi i phng php khc.

Ni suy Spline
Nu xt v phng php th khng c g sai v ch p dng li nhng g mc 8.2.3 l ni suy v gii phng trnh o hm tm cc tr. Cch tnh cc tr ny th chc chn ng v lm nhiu ln (v c c chng 1 kho st), vy th trc trc ch cn "u " quanh cc hm i suy. Thay v Lagrange, by gi ta th vi spline cubic. T param ta khai bo hm ni suy:
> ftd:=unapply(spline(vt,vd,t,cubic),t): > fdt:=unapply(spline(vd,vt,x,cubic),x): > fda:=unapply(spline(vd,convert(va,float),x,cubic),x): > fad:=unapply(spline(convert(va,float),vd,a,cubic),a): > plot(ftd,vt[1]..vt[6]);plot(fad,va[1]..va[6]);plot(fda,vd[1]..vd[6]); > plot(fda,vd[1]..vd[6]);

Quan st th th ln ny n lt hm f da(t) [Hnh 8.10 (c)] c vn , v cng nh ni suy Lagrange, kt qu ny cng khng chp nhn c.
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Chng 8. Bi ton n o

Hnh 8.9: Cc hm ni suy ftd(d), fdt(d) v fad(t)

Ni suy Spline vi chia gc bn nh

Qua hai kt qu sai trn ta c nhn xt nh sau: Bn cht ca cc ni suy khong th sai[10 ], m cc php tnh ny u da trn s chia nh ca cc bin ( y l gc bn), chia cng nh cng cha t. kim chng gi thit hm cng chnh xc. Vy th rt c th vi chia 50 ny, ta chia gc bn ra nh hn, . Hng th 9 ca Bng 8.1 s l: 60 r:=i*Pi/60i=3..8: Khi ng li chng trnh vn vi cc s liu trn, ta c:
> canon(900,1/40); [ ] [ ] [ ] , 15, 4052.81 , , 18, 4334.20 , , 21, 4554.35 , 20 15 12
10

Ngoi tr cc gi tr bin (hin tng Runge) Phm Minh Hong

160

8.2. Mi trng c ma st khng kh

Hnh 8.10: Cc hm ni suy ftd(t), fad(a) v fda(x)

] [ ] [ ] 7 2 , 24, 4722.32 , , 26, 4786.33 , , 28, 4824.12 10 60 15 > va:=[seq(param[i,1],i=1..nops([param]))]; [

> vt:=[seq(param[i,2],i=1..nops([param]))]; > vd:=[seq(param[i,3],i=1..nops([param]))]; ] [ 7 2 , , , , , 20 15 12 10 60 25 [15, 18, 21, 24, 26, 28]
[4052.81, 4334.20, 4554.35, 4722.32, 4786.33, 4824.12]

> ftd:=unapply(spline(vt,vd,t,cubic),t): > fdt:=unapply(spline(vd,vt,x,cubic),x): > fda:=unapply(spline(vd,convert(va,float),x,cubic),x): > fad:=unapply(spline(convert(va,float),vd,a,cubic),a): > plot(ftd,vt[1]..vt[6]);plot(fad,va[1]..va[6]);plot(fda,vd[1]..vd[6]);
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Chng 8. Bi ton n o

Hnh 8.11: n o ca 6 gc bn vi gia tng

60

> plot(fda,vd[1]..vd[6]);

Quan st cc th 8.12 th c mt iu lc quan l khng cn cc dng ngot ngoo hoc cc gi tr bt thng. Mt iu ng mng na l fad(a) v fda(x) l hai hm o nhau hu nh i xng qua ng phn gic th nht. By gi ta s kim chng nhng gi tr tnh c: Gi s xe khi hnh x0 vi ln lt cc vn tc vi , tm thi gian bn trng xe sm nht, phi gii phng trnh: f dt(t) = vi t + x0 (Hm ni suy thi gian theo tm bn) Nhng trc tin c mt ci nhn c th, ta v th hm f td(t) cng vi cc ng thng di (t) = vi (t) + x0 . > dr:=plot([vt[1],t,t=3000..max(op(vd))]): (v ng thng x = 15)
> gr:=plot([ftd(t),seq((3900+t*i),i=[2,17,23,32])], t=1..32,3400..4950): > display(dr,gr);

Hnh 8.13 cho thy 4 ng thng tng trng cho chuyn ng ca xe vi vi = 2, 17, 23, 32m/s, vi x0 = 3900m ng thng t = 15 = vt[1] biu tng cho gii hn thi gian. Nn nh hm ni suy thi gian ch nm trong khong [15, 32] giy. Giao im ca cc ng thng di chnh l thi gian sm nht bn trng xe.
X Vi v0 = 2:

Lnh di y tnh thi gian bn trng xe v thi gian phi ln hn vt[1] (15 giy):
> op(select(i
i>vt[1],[solve(ftd(t)=3900+t*2)]));

V nghim! Trn Hnh 8.14 cng cho thy giao im A vo khong 13.5 giy. Ta c th tnh d dng vn tc ti thiu:
> ftd(15);
4052.81

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8.2. Mi trng c ma st khng kh

Hnh 8.12: Cc hm ni suy spline ca fdt(t), fad(a), fda(x)

> solve((%-3900)/vm=fdt(%));
10.1873

X Vi v0 = 17:

> T:=op(select(i
i>vt[1],[solve(ftd(t)=3900+t*17)]));
T := 16.2671

> ftd(T); fdt(%);

4176.5415, 16.2462927

> fta(%); evalf(fad(%));

0.0568, 4173.5621

C th l xe v bn d = 4176m, sau 16.24 giy, gc bn 0.0568rad(10.23 ), v t gc bn ny ta ni suy ngc ra ta (4173.56) vi mt sai s l:

> %-ftd(T);
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Chng 8. Bi ton n o

Hnh 8.13:

2.979
X Vi v0 = 23:
> T:=op(select(i
i>vt[1],[solve(ftd(t)=3900+t*23)]));
T := 17.6787

> ftd(T); fdt(%);fta(%);evalf(fad(%));

4306.6111, 17.6713, 0.0648, 4305.4958

X Vi v0 = 32:

> T:=select(i
i>vt[1],[solve(ftd(t)=3900+t*32)]);
[21.5460467, 30.24909411, 31.69626222]

ng thng tng ng vi v0 = 32 ct f td(t) bn im trong c ba im ln hn 15 giy, d nhin phi ly nghim nh nht.

> ftd(T[1]); fdt(%);fta(%);evalf(fad(%));
4589.4886, 21.5337, 0.860, 4586.0135

Cc sai s u vo khong 3 n 4 mt trn mt khong cch 5000 mt. y l nhng sai s n t bn cht ca php ni suy. Khng th trnh c v cng khng th ci thin c. y chng ta tnh trn 6 s l, cho d c nng ln 10 th cng khng chnh xc hn l bao, tri li thi gian tnh hu nh di gp i.

Hng khai trin tng lai cho ch "chin tranh" ny

hoc nh hn. 60 - Thit lp mt hm ni suy hai chiu opti(x0 , v) vi (x0 v v l ta v vn tc u). V th trong khng gian ba chiu. - Trong trng hp thay v mt chiu xe th s l mt my bay? - To hnh ng. - Ni suy Lagrange vi chia cc gc bn 164
Phm Minh Hong

8.3. Bi c thm: Shwerer Gustav

Hnh 8.14:

8.3 Bi c thm: Shwerer Gustav

Schwerer Gustav
Khu i bc khng khip nht mi thi i
Lch s hnh thnh. Vo nhng nm 30, nc Php xy dng chin ly Maginot ngn chn cuc xm lng ca pht xt c. Chin ly c bao bc chc chn c th chu ng c pho binh i phng, c bit l pho nng kiu "Dicke Bertha" vi i bc nng 420 ly.[11 ] Hitler ra lnh cho c xng Krupp ch to ra i bc c th nh sp Maginot. V khu i bc ln nht th gii c tn Schwerer Gustav (Gustav hng nng, v c tn l Dora) ra i vo nm 1941. Nhn vo cc chi tit k thut ca Dora, ai ai cng cht khip: Trng lng: 1350 tn ng knh nng: 800 ly Chiu di nng: 32 m Tm bn: 48 km Trng lng vin n: 48 tn Mi mt vin n (nng bng mt chic xe ti hng nh) mang theo 200 kg thuc n c kh nng i xuyn qua 1 mt thp hay 7 mt b tng ct thp hoc 30 mt t. iu c ngha l khng mt chin ly no c th chu ni trc s cng ph ca Dora. Khng khip hn, ngoi loi n trn Dora cn c trang b thm n xuyn ph nng 7 tn vi 700 kg thuc n c kh nng i xuyn qua 80 m b-tng ct thp trc khi pht n. Vi sc nng v mt kch thc khng l (43  7  12), Dora ch c th di chuyn trn hai ng ray c bit. "H gi" theo Dora l 1400 ngi trn 5 chuyn xe la. l cha k lc lng bo v v mt o qun khc i trc chun b bi p cho Dora. Khi ti ni phi mt 6 tun rp, bn th trc khi bn tht. Ni tm li y l mt cng vic cc k phc tp.

11

Khu i bc ln nht hi nht th chin 1914 - 1918

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Chng 8. Bi ton n o

Hnh 8.15: Hnh 8.14: i bc Schwerer Gustav (hnh mu trng by)

Nhp trn. Khi khu Dora u tin xut xng vo thng 11/1941 th mc tiu u tin khng cn. Chin ly Maginot ri vo tay qun c mt cch qu d dng trc . B Tham Mu Dc d tnh em Dora xung tuu dit cn c Anh ang chim gi eo bin Gibraltar. Mun th phi i xuyn qua Ty Ban Nha, nhng trong nh th chin, Ty Ban Nha, trung lp v Tng Franco khng cho php Hitler i vo lnh th mnh. Ngi c phi tm mt chin trng khc, v iu xy ra trn mt trn pha ng. Vo nm 1941, qun i c xm chim Lin X vi chin dch Barbarossa di sc chng tr yu t ca Hng qun Lin X. Mi ngy c tin su hng trm cy s v tin st ti cng Sebastopol ni danh "bt kh chin bi" gm a th thin nhin cng nh nhng pho i v cng kin c. Hng qun chun b chin tranh bng cch cho xy nhng hm cha n su di y bin vnh Sever-naya. Trong sut mt thng, na triu vin n i bc ri xung y nhng cn c ny vn ng vng. Dora c iu ti "x" Debastopol. Nhy 5/6/1942, sau nhiu tun l chun b, Dora n nhng vin n u tin nhm vo cc hm cha n. Nhng vin n 7 tn i qua 30 mt nc, xuyn thng b-tng nh u h v phi n bn trong hm n. Ch sau 8 pht, mc

tiu nt by. Thm ch tu v trn mt nc cng b nh chm. Sau pho i Staline cng sp sau khi lanh trn 6 qu. Bn xong 14 pht Dora ngh v chun b cho mt vin n cc k phc tp. Hm sau, ch cn 7 pht, pho i Molotov thnh ng gch vn, v ngy qua ngy cc pho i Siberie, Maxime Gorky ln lt b nh sp. Ngy 1/7/42, ton vn Sebastopol ri vo tay qun c. Tng cng Dora "mi" ch m 48 phi, v cng l 48 pht cui cng. V sau khi Sebastopol tht th Dora c tho ra v a vo xn bo tr Essen. Sau khi xut xng, Dora khng tm ra mc tiu "xng ng" nn nh b ph. Nhu tng chnh sa Dora cho gn nh hn nhng khng c thc hin. Ngi ta t hi ti sao vo nm 1944 Hitler khng iu Dora n b Normandie ngn chn cuc b ? v mi phi n c th nh m d dng mt thit gip hm. Nhng ni cho cng, cho d c sc cng ph khng khip nhng ch hiu qu vi nhungx mc tiu c inh kiu Sebastopol, l cha k thi gian np n qu lu cho i phng phn cng. Tuy nhin iu quan trng hn c l vo nm 1944, qun c khng bit c u v lc no cuc b s xy ra. Bit c nhng yu im ca Dora, Hitler ra lnh ch to ra khu Dora i mi c tm bn ln n 160 km, ngha l c th

166

Phm Minh Hong

8.3. Bi c thm: Shwerer Gustav

ng trn b bin Php n n vo th London, nhung lc y qun i c ang gp rt khai trin ha tin V-1 v V-2 gn nh v c tm bn cc xa. Cng may cho nhn loi l chin tranh

sm kt thc sm. Vo nhng pht sau cng ca cuc chin, ngi c ra ln ph hy Dora bng cht n v khi ha bnh ti lp, nhng phn ca Dora c nu chy phc v cho vic xy dng t nc.

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167

Chng9
Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo
Dao ng l mt bi ton chim mt v tr quan trng trong c hc, n thng i hi mt khilng tnh ton kh ln, c bit l php gii phng trnh v h phng trnh vi phn; v chnh l im mnh ca Maple. Mt khc trong chng ny, chng ta cng khai thc mt u im khc ca Maple l to hnh ng. Nh chng ta c th quan st v kho st nhng hin tng m khng th hoc khng d thy c trong cc phng th nghim c in. V tnh phc tp v a dng ca bi ton, chng ta s ln lt kho st cc hin tng sau:
X L xo n: dao ng t do v c lc gim xc. Tnh ton hnh thc. X H ba l xo kt ni vi mt u t do. Tnh ton s. X H hai l xo kt ni. Tnh ton hnh thc v tnh ton s.

9.1 L xo nm ngang
Mt l xo nm ngang, mt u gn c nh, ni u t do gn mt khi m. Vo thi im t = 0, ngi ta ko gin ra (hoc co vo) mt on x0 ri bung ra. Kho st hin tng ca h thng. Trc tin, ta ti vo b nh cc gi hm cn thit cng nh nh ngha mt vi ch vit tt.
> restart:with(plots):with(plottools): > alias(SC='scaling=constrained' ,IT='insequence=true'):

Trc khi bc vo phn tnh ton, chng ta dng cc lnh graphics ca Maple v c bit l to hnh ng cho h thng l xo v khi m. V khi m (gi s trn), ta dng lnh disk([x,y],r) trong x, y, r ln lt l ta v bn knh ca m. y ta khai bo mt khi ta [5, 5; 0], bn knh 0.3.
> m:=disk([5.5,0],.3):

Ring v l xo th phc tp hn. v mt l xo c th bin dng theo chiu di, khng g hay hn l dng mt hm tun hon dng f (x) = sin(ux + v). V hai u l xo (gi s c ta l x = a v x = b) phi nm trn trc Ox nn ta phi c: " ua + v = 0 f (x) = sin(ux + v) = 0 ub + v = 2

9.1. L xo nm ngang

Gii h phng trnh ny theo (u, v). Ta c:

> solve({ u*a+v=0, u*b+v=2*Pi },{ u,v }); 2 2a u= ,v =
b
a b
a

Phng trnh ca l xo c hai u x = a v x = b l:

( f (x) = sin

Tuy nhin y ch l mt hnh dng sin c chu k l (b
a), tn s v bin bng 1. cho l xo "thc" hn, chng ta gim bin xung mt na v tng chu k ln 5 (l xo c 5 vng xon), ngha l chia hm s cho 2 v bin hm sin(x) thnh sin(5x). V sau cng phng trnh l xo c dng:

b
a

x

2a b
a

> RS:=(a,b)
plot(sin(5*(2*Pi*x/(b-a)-2*Pi*a/(b-a)))/2,x=a..b,SC); ( ) 1 2x 2a RS := (a, b) plot sin(5(
)), x = a..b, SC (9.1.1) 2 b
a b
a

V hin th mt l xo c hai u nm trn trc honh c ta hai u x = 0, x = 5, c gn mt khi trn x = 5.5, bn knh 0.3:
> display(disk([5.5,0],.0),RS(0,5));

Kt qu khng thy khi trn [hnh 9.1 (a)]. y c l l mt bug ca Maple: Lnh display gm disk v plot, khi hin th Maple ly mc nh ta nh ngha trong lnh plot ( y bng [0, 5]) v khng bit n honh ca khi m l 5.5. "cha chy" tm thi, chng ta dng mt lnh plot hin th mt on thng ko di trong khong [0, 6] [1 ]
> w:=u
plot(0,x=0..u): > display(disk([5.5,0],.3),RS(0,5)),w(6);

Hnh 9.1: L xo v khi m trn trc honh Bc vo phn tnh ton, trc tin chng ta khai bo cc k hiu Maple hin th ra ging d nh trong cch vit thng thng (x (t) thay v vit x(t)) dt


Tuy nhin nu ta treo l xo thng ng th th li hon ho, khng c g xy ra

Phm Minh Hong

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Chng 9. Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo

Chn h ta vi x 0 nh Hnh [9.1]. Gi m, B, K ln lt l khi lng hn bi, lc gim xc, cng ca l xo. p dng nguyn l cn bn ng lc hc vo h thng, ta c phng trnh chuyn ng trong trng hp tng qut l:

> alias('x' '(t)'=(D@@2)(x)(t),'x' '(t)'=diff(x(t),t)):

tin li cho vic trnh by, chng ta t m = 1, B = 2, K = 2 , v c:

> eq:=(D@@2)(x)(t)+2lambda*diff(x(t),t)+omega2*x(t);
eq := x2 (t) + 2x1 (t) + 2 x(t) = 0

2 m BBt2 x(t) + Kx(t) = 0

(F ) = m =
Kx
Bx1

(9.1.2)

Trng hp 1 : Khng c lc gim xc, = 0

iu kin u : x(0) = x0 , x1 (0) = v(0) = 0:
> subs(lambda=0,eq);
x2 (t) + 2 x(t) = 0

> DK:=x(0)=x0,D(x)(0)=0: > dsolve({subs(lambda=0,eq),DK});

x(t) = x0 cos(t)

> f1:=unapply(rhs(%),(x0,omega,t)):

f1 l hm xc nh v tr ca x theo (x0 , , t), ta th vi mt vi v tr thch ng:

> plot(f1(1(sqrt(2)/2,t),t=0..3*Pi);

Hnh 9.2: Mt trong nhng u im ca Maple l hnh ng animation. lm iu ny ta theo quy trnh sau (d nhin ta ch thy c kt qu trn mn hnh)[2 ] - nh ngha mt hm theo t xc nh v tr ca l xo v khi trn (ta c f1 ). Ri cng gi tr ca f1 v honh ca l xo v khi trn. - Cho thay i t bin thnh mt hnh ng bng cch dng hm display trong gi plots, ng qun insequence=true cn thit cho hnh ng v scaling=constrained c mt t l cn xng.
> g1:=t
display(disk([5.5+f1(1,sqrt(2)/2,t),0],.3), RS(5+f1(1,sqrt(2)/2,t),0),w(7));
2

Xin xem phn x l hnh ng - Chng 12 Phm Minh Hong

170

9.1. L xo nm ngang 2 2 g1 := t display(disk([5.5 + f1 (1, , t), 0], .3), RS(5 + f1 (1, , t), 0), w(7)); 2 2 > tu:=time():movie:=NULL:for i to 45 do movie:=movie,g1(i);

od:time()-tu;
0.874[3 ]

> display([movie],IT,SC);

Cn 7 giy v mt hnh ng n gin vi 45 ln lp. ng ra chng ta c th chy t ln hn, v trong trng hp ny, chuyn ng tun hon v iu ha, nhng lm nh th "on phim" s v git. Trong nhng cu k tip chng ta s thy bt buc phi dng nhiu vng lp vi nhng hm s phc t hn nhiu. Nn nh khi dng hnh ng, cn phi c mt my tnh thch hp.

Trng hp 2 : Lc gim xc, 0

t = 2
2 , v gii phng trnh (9.2) vi cng iu kin ban u.
> alias(Delta=lambda2-omega2): > expand(dsolve({eq,DK}));
1 x0 et 1 x0 et x(t) = ? + 2 et 2 et

1
2?

x0

et et

? +

1 x0 ? 2 et et

X 0

Phng trnh (9.2) s c nghim phc. Di y ta ly 1 1 x0 = 1, = , = ? 20 2

> f2:=unapply(rhs(%),(x0,lambda,omega,t)): > simplify(f2(1,1/20,1/sqrt(2)): collect(%,exp); ( ) ( ? ? ? ) 1 1 ? 1/20t(
1+i 199) + 1
1 i 199 e
1/20t(1+i 199)
398 i 199 e 2 2 398

(9.1.3)

th Hnh 9.3 (nt m) cho thy trong trng hp gim xc vi cng nh ( ), bin c gim nhng tn s gc gn nh khng thay i nhiu so vi khi khng c gim xc.
> plot([f1(1,1/sqrt(2),t),f2(1,1/20,1/sqrt(2),t)], t=0..15*Pi,linestyle=[4,1],thickness=[1,3]);[Hnh 9.3 (a)] > plot([f1(1,1/sqrt(2),t),f2(1,1/11,1/sqrt(2),t)], t=0..15*Pi,linestyle=[1,4],thickness=[1,3]);[Hnh 9.3 (b)]

Lu quan trng: Hm f2 phi l hm ca t, nu khng s gp vn khi v hnh ng to hnh ng ta lm nh (9.3)

> g2:=t
display(disk([5.5+Re(f2(1,1/20,1/sqrt(2),t)),0],.3), RS(5+Re(f2(1,1/20,1/sqrt(2),t)),0),w(7)); > movie:=NULL:for i to 45 do movie:=movie,g2(i);od:
Error, (in evalr/shake) not a real nember

Maple xut ra mt thng bo sai. C th cc bn cng c mt thng bo khc:

Thi gian thc hin "on phim". Tuy nhin con s ny rt tng i, n ty thuc vo xc mnh ca my tnh, thm ch trn cng my tnh cng khc nhau ty vo tnh trng my Phm Minh Hong
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171

Chng 9. Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo

Hnh 9.3: Chuyn ng vi gim xc = df rac120 v

1 11

Error, (in plot) range values must be real constants

y l vn thng gp khi phi tnh ton vi nhng biu thc c dng phc. khc phc, ta c th dng Re,evalc,evalf. Re dng tch ra phn thc[4 ], evalc dng biu thc c cha bin hnh thc ( y l bin t) evalf ly gi tr s l. "chc n", ta p dng lun c ba lnh trn, y cng l dp th vi ton t @. Ton t ny c cng dng lin kt hiu lnh:
> super:=evalf@evalc@Re: > g2:=t
display(disk([5.5+super(f2(1,1/20,1/sqrt(2),t)),0],.3), RS(5+super(f2(1,1/20,1/sqrt(2),t)),0),w(7)); > movie:=NULL:for i to 45 do movie:=movie,g2(i);od: > display(movie,insequence=true,scaling=constrained);

Quan st (trn mn hnh) ta thy chuyn ng ca h thng chm dn cho n lc tt hn. c th quan st, cn phi chn cc gi tr ca m, w v mt cch thch hp. y ta chn 3 . Khi = 3 (l xo cng) ta s c  0.5, chuyn ng m = 1 ngha l cn s gc bng 2 2 trong mt giy l rt kh quan st v qu nhanh. Nhng tri li cng khng nn trn qu nh 1 ( ) ngha l l xo qu mm, chu k s rt di v chuyn ng qu chm, khng tin quan 20 st. Cn ring v l lc gim xc ( ), nn ch thy chuyn ng tt dn nhng cng ng qu nh so vi w.
X 0

Phng trnh (9.2) by gi c nghim thc. Dng li f2 c khai bo (9.4) v ly x0 = 1, =

4

4 ?

, =

1 ?

Trnh trng hp th b t on Phm Minh Hong

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9.1. L xo nm ngang

> combine(simplify(f2(1,4/sqrt(2),1/sqrt(2),t)),radical); ( ) ? ? ? ? t?30 ? 1 t 30
4 15 + 15 e
1/2 2t(4+ 15) 4 15e + 15e 30 > plot([f2(1,4/sqrt(2),1/sqrt(2),t),f2(1,8/sqrt(2),1/sqrt(2),t)], t=0..20*Pi,linestyle=[1,4,3],thickness=[3,2,1]);

Quan st Hnh 9.4 (a), ta thy khi lc gim xc ln, th dao ng khng cn tun hon na. L xo ang gin th t t co li tr v v tr ban u. Mt im ng lu khc, l vi cng mt tr ca m v lc gim xc cng nh ( nh) th vn tc tr v v tr cn bng cng nhanh 4 (ng biu din lin tc l ng tng ng vi = ? ). 2

Hnh 9.4: Chuyn ng vi gim xc ln 0 v (b) gim xc tn hn ( = 0) C th thy s kin ny ni ng gim xc xe, c bit l cc xe th thao. ng gim xc cng cng ( nh), thi gian tr v v tr ban u cng nhanh ngha l xe cng bn ng, i li, tin nghi cng km v ngi li mt hn (au lng). Ngc li, sau mt thi gian s dng, ng gim xc mm i (v nht bt nhn), ln, thi gian tr v v tr ban u lu hn, ngha l xe t bn ng hn. To hnh ng (khng cn dng hm super v y l nghim thc):
> g3:=t
display(disk([5.5+f2(1,4/sqrt(2),1/sqrt(2),t),0],.3), RS(5+f2(1,4/sqrt(2),1/sqrt(2),t),0),w(7)): > movie:=NULL:for i to 40 do movie:=movie,g3(i);od: > display([movie],IT,SC);

X =0=
> f2(1,Pi,Pi,t);
Error, (in f2) division by zero

D nhin l hm f2 khng xc nh khi = 0. Ta phi tm li gii bng cch thay cc tr (hnh thc) vo (9.2) v gii trc tip:
Phm Minh Hong

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Chng 9. Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo

> subs(lambda=c,omega=c,eq); dsolve({%,DK});

x2 (t) + 2cx1 (t) + c2 x(t) = 0

Phng trnh (9.2) nhn nghim kp x =
c.

> fc:=unapply(rhs(%),(x0,c,t)): > plot([f2(1,2/sqrt(2),1/sqrt(2),t),fc(1,1/2)], t=0..7*Pi,linestyle=[4,1],thickness=[2,3]);

x(t) = x0e
ct + x0ce
ctt

Trong trng hp 0, chuyn ng khng cn tun hon na nhng chm dn. c bit trong trng hp = 0, [Hnh 9.4 (b)] gi tr ca c gi l gi tr ti hn (critical). Khi thi gian tr v v tr cn bng ngn nht (ng nt m lin tc). V ng cng l tr s c nhiu ng dng trong cng - k ngh khi ngi ta ch to cc ng gim xc, cn, galvannometre...

Kho st hin tng cng hng L xo di nh hng ngoi lc

Gi s by gi ngi ta tc dng vo l xo mt lc f = cos(ut) 1 1 3 Gii v gn kt qu vo hm f3 ri v th vi x0 = , = , = , u = : 2 5 2
> f:=cos(u*t):eq=f; > r:=dsolve({eq=f,x(0)=x0,D(x)(0)=0}): > f3=unapply(rsh(%),x0,lambda,omega,u,t): > plot(f3(1/2,1/5,Pi,3/2,t),t=0..20*Pi);

Hnh 9.5 cho thy trong 10 giy u tin chuyn ng ca l xo bt k, ngi ta gi y l giai on chuyn tip, sau giai on ny chuyn ng tr nn iu ha. Khong thi gian ny d nhin ty thuc vo cc gi tr ca , , u. D nhin, ngoi lc phi l ni lc hon ton.

Hnh 9.5: Chuyn ng vi nh hng ngoi lc To hnh ng:

> g3:=t
display(disk([5.5+super(f3(1,1/5,Pi,2/5,t)),0],.3), > movie:=NULL:for i to 100 do movie:=movie,g3(i);od: > display([movie],IT,SC);

RS(5+(f3(1,1/5,Pi,2/5,t)),0),w(7)):

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Phm Minh Hong

9.1. L xo nm ngang

Hin tng cng hng

n y ngi ta s t cu hi: phi chng chuyn ng iu ha ny s tip tc n v tn? Cu tr li tt nhin l ph thuc vo lc cng bc. Nhng theo cc kt qu thc nghim, th ngi ta thy rng bin ny s cng lc cng tng khi tn s dao ng cng bc trng vi tn s dao ng ring ca h thng. l hin tng cng hng. Di y chng ta hy kim chng li tnh cht c bit ny.
X Gi M, B, K ln lt l khi lng vin bi, lc gim xc, v cng l xo. X Gi f (t) = F0 eiut l lc cng bc c vn tc gc l u. X Dao ng ca h thng cng c cng mt vn tc gc u v c phng trnh l x(t) = Aei(ut+)

Nu dng li phng trnh (9.2), ta c:

M x2 (t) + Bx1 (t) + Kx(t) = x2 (t) + 2x1 (t) + x(t) = f (t) B K 2 = M , 2 = M > f:=F0*exp(i*u*t):x(t):=A*exp(i*(u*t+phi));eq=f; F := F0 eiut Au2 ei(ut+ + 2iAuei(ut+ + 2 Aei(ut+ = F0 eiut M

V phng trnh trn ng vi mi thi im t, vy thi t = 0 ta c:

> collect(subs(t=0,eq=f),exp); F0 e0 (
Au2 + 2iAu + 2 A)ei = M

Phng trnh trn gn lin bin vi tn s cng bc. Nu nhn hai v vi dng lin hp, chng ta s c bnh phng ca bin dao ng:
> lhs(%)*conjugate(lhs(%))=rhs(%)*rhs(%);
(
Au2 + 2iAu + 2 A)ei (
Au2 + 2iAu + 2 A)ei =
2 F0 M2

> assume(phi>0):evalc(%);
2 F0 M2 > op(select(i
sign(i)>0,[solve(%,A)])); F0 ?4 M u
2u2 2 + 42 u2 + 4

(
Au2 + 2 A)ei + 42 A2 u2 =

Tm bin dao ng cc i bng cch ly o hm biu thc trn theo u v gii phng trnh theo u:
> solve(diff(%),u),u);
0, 2
22 ,
2
22

> select(i
i<>0,select(i
sign(i)>0,[%]));

2
22

Chng minh trn cho thy hin tng cng hng xy ra khi:
u2 =

22

K M

B
2M 2

Phm Minh Hong

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Chng 9. Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo

ng dng s
1 1 , = ? ). D nhin 40 2 khng th chn , v lc y khng c dao ng tun hon. Hn na, v: Dng cc tr s tng ng (M = 20, K = 10, B = 1) hay ( =
B2 1 = 2 2M 800 K ! 2 = M 1 2 22 = =

Nn n gin ha vn , ta c th loi

B2 . 2M 2

Ring v lc cng bc ta chn bin bng 3 v vn tc gc u = = phng trnh chuyn ng c gim xc v cng bc s l:
> lambda:=1/40:omega:=sqrt(1/2):u:=1/sqrt(2): > F0:=3/20:x0:=1:f:=F0*cos(u*t):eq=f; 1 1 3 t x2 (t) + x1 (t) + x(t) = cos( ? ) 20 2 20 2 > dsolve({eq=f,x(0)=1,D(x)(0)=0}):
x(t) = 3 2 sin(

2 . Tm li 2

1 1 2 7? 1? 1? t) + e
40 t cos( 799t)
799e
40 t sin( 799t) 2 40 47 40 > p:=unapply(evalf(rhs(%)),t):

> plot(p(t),t=0..120);

Hnh 9.6: Chuyn ng khi ngoi lc (a) cng vn tc gc v (b) khng cng vn tc gc To hnh ng (p(t) P R ), khng cn dng hm super (9.5)):
> tu:=time(): > movie:=NULL:for i to 100 do movie:=movie,g5(i);od:time()-tu;
15.911[5 ]
5

> g5:=t
display(disk([5.5+p(t),0],.3),RS(5+p(t),0),w(10)):

Nu p(t) khong c khai bo vi evalf, thi gian tnh s nhiu hn gp i. V khi t ln, cc phn s s Phm Minh Hong

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9.2. H ba l xo nm ngang

> display([movie],IT,SC);

Qua th 9.6 (a) v nht l qua hnh ng trn, chng ta thy r rng tnh cht, hin tng cng hng v nht l nhng kt qu nghim trng ca n. Lc cng bc y mang mt vn tc gc vi h thng v vi mt bin bng 3. Mc d ta ch ko khi m ra 1 n v chiu di nhng bin dao ng gia tng t t cho n khi c di gp 4!. Chng ta d dng tng tng ra rng nu l xo khng c lm bng mt loi thp tt th n c th t ch sau mt thi gian ngn. Hnh nh khi hi, sinh ng m chng ta thy c trn mn hnh l nguyn nhn ca nhiu tai nn thm khc trn th gii, v k c ca con ngi cn ghi li nhng hnh nh sp y n tng ca chiu tu Tacoma (Hoa K) v nm 1940 (Xem bi c thm cui chng). iu quan trng y khng phi l bin m l tn s dao ng. V nu chng ta tng ? ? 2 tn s ln gp i (t ln 2) th dao ng s gim ng k cho d tng bin ln gp 3 2 ? 3 1 (t ln )! 20 2
> u:=sqrt(2):F0:=1/2:eq=f; ? 1 1 1 x2 (t) + x1 (t) + x(t) = cos( 2t) 20 2 20 > dsolve({eq=f,x(0)=1,D(x)(0)=0}): 1 201 ? 1? x(t) = 799e
40 t sin( 799t)+ 360349 40 ? ? 150 ? 5 601
1 t 1? e 40 sin( 799t) + sin( 2t) 2
cos( 2t) 451 40 451 451 > plot(rhs(%),t=0..200); [Hnh 9.6 (b)]

9.2 H ba l xo nm ngang
Ba l xo nm ngang c cng di l v cng k c ni lin kt vi nhau. L xo bn tri c mc vo tng. mi u l xo c gn mt khi m. Ko khi m th ba mt khong ri bung ra. Kho st chuyn ng ca h Hnh 9.9 di y cho thy cc l xo co hoc gin bt k. Nhng chuyn ng ca h kt ni ny v cng phc tp nhng khi c gii v to ng (animate) bng Maple th y l nhng bi hc rt sinh ng.

Hnh 9.7: H ba l xo trc v sau khi chuyn ng Ta dng li cc nh ngha ca l xo v khi m ging nh chng trc (phng trnh (9.1)).
> restart:with(plots):with(plottools):
tr nn khng l. Phm Minh Hong

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Chng 9. Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo

> alias(SC='scaling=constrained' ,IT='insequence=true'):

> RS:=(a,b)
plot(sin(5*(2*Pi*x/(b-a)-2*Pi*a/(b-a)))/2,x=a..b,SC); ( ) 1 2x 2a RS := (a, b) plot sin(5(
)), x = a..b, SC 2 b
a b
a

Gi x(t), y(t), z(t) l gin ca ba l xo (ch khng phi ta ). Ta c phng trnh d2 y chuyn ng: (dng alias hin th y 2 thay v 2 ) dt
> alias( 'x''(t)'=(D@@2)(x)(t),'y''(t)'=(D@@2)(y)(t),'z''(t)'=(D@@2)(z)(t), 'x'(0)'=(D)(x)(t)(0),'y'(0)'=(D)(y)(0),'z'(0)'=(D)(z)(0)): > p1:=m*(D@@2)(x)(t)=-k*x(t)+k*(y(t)-x(t)): > p2:=m*(D@@2)(y)(t)=-k*(y(t)-x(t))+k*(z(t)-y(t)): > p3:=m*(D@@2)(z)(t)=-k*(z(t)-y(t)):p1;p2;p3; # mx2 (t) =
kx(t) + k(y(t)
x(t)) my 2 (t) =
k(y(t)
x(t)) + k(z(t)
y(t)) mz 2 (t) =
k(z(t)
y(t))

iu kin ban u: v tr v vn tc u ca hai khi bn tri bng 0, khi th 3 v tr bng 1, vn tc u bng 0 (ko gin ra 1 n v chiu di v bung ra khng vn tc u):
> ci:=x(0)=0,y(0)=0,z(0)=1,D(x)(0)=0,D(y)(0)=0,D(z)(0)=0;
ci := x(0) = 0, y(0) = 0, z(0) = 1, x1 (0) = 0, y 1 (0) = 0, z 1 (0) = 0

nhng h phng trnh phc tp nh trn, Maple chc chn s khong th gii bng phng php hnh thc. Ta gii ngay bng phng php s (mc nh Runge-Kutta 4 nt), v chn cc kt qu ca 3 khi x, y, z gn vo ba chui tng ng X, Y, Z trc khi v th chuyn 1 ng. n gin, ta ly 200 im v v mi bc l th c mt mn chp nhn 10 c:
> s:=dsolve({p1,p2,p3}union{ci},{x(t),y(t),z(t)},numeric): > s(1);
[t = 1, x(t) = .00957, z(t) = .76998 d d x(t) = .03668, y(t) = .22026, y(t) = .38403, dt dt

d z(t) =
.42170 dt > X:=seq([i,subs(s(i/10),x(t))],i=1..200):plot(([X]),title='X(t)');

> Y:=seq([i,subs(s(i/10),y(t))],i=1..200):plot(([Y]),title='Y(t)'); > Z:=seq([i,subs(s(i/10),z(t))],i=1..200):plot(([Z]),title='Z(t)');

Quan st 3 th hnh 9.8 chng ta thy chuyn ng ca 3 khi m khng tun hon, nu khng mun ni l bt k. thy c chuyn ng chung, khng g hay hn l lm hnh ng. Nguyn tc kh n gin: ta cng vo ta ca ba khi m v ba l xo cc gi tr ca X, Y, Z. Cc chui ny c cu trc hai phn t: s th t v gi tr chuyn v. D nhin ta ch quan tm n gi tr chuyn v.
X = [1, .00957], [2, .00118], [3, .00374], [4, .00550] . . .

- i vi 3 khi m ta cng vo honh ca chng cc gi tr ca X, Y, Z (v chng ch trt trn Ox) - i vi cc l xo:

X L xo th nht u tri c nh, u phi c gi tr l X[i, 2] X L xo th hai u tri c gi tr l X[i, 2], u phi l Y [i, 2]

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9.2. H ba l xo nm ngang

Hnh 9.8: Chuyn ng ca h thng

X L xo th ba u tri c gi tr l Y [i, 2], u phi l Z[i, 2]

V ta lm nh th i ln, vi i l tham s ca mt hm (th d f ). iu ny c ngha l f (i) l trng thi (v tr) ca m (hay mt l xo) im i. Sau cng to hnh ng ta ch cn cho i thay i v dng insequence=true. Ring y, v mt l do khng gii thch c (c th v s st hoc c th ging trng hp 9.1), khi m bn phi khng hin ra trn mn hnh. V gii quyt, ta phi tip tc "la" Maple bng cch to ra mt hm:
> bidon:=plot(1,x=23..23.1):

V sau cng, chng ta c nhng dng lnh sau (bn cn c mt my tnh kh mnh c th xem "on phim" ny):

Phm Minh Hong

179

Chng 9. Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo

9.3 Bi c thm: Cu Tacoma

Trc tin chng ta cn c mt cht khi nim c bn gia loi loi cu : cu b-tng v cu treo: Cu b-tng : thot u ngi ta xy dng cc tr cu vi khong cch thay i t 20 n di 100m (khong cch ny cn gi l nhp cu). Tip ngi ta mi gc ln gia hai tr nhng cy (cn gi l dm) bng b-tng ct thp. Ty theo b mt cu ln hay nh, ngi ta s b tr s dm cho ph hp. Ly th d cu Sign nm trn xa l H Ni c 21 dm tit din 1.5 x 1 cho mi nhp 24 mt. Trn 21 thanh dm ny ngi ta s nhng tm an lm mt cu. Tt c nhng cu trc ny u c gn cht vi nhau to thnh mt khi c trng lng xp x 2000 tn. Sau khi xong mt nhp, ngi ta li bt u nhp k tip. Cu treo : c hai loi cu treo, cu treo cp thng v cu dy vng (hay cp xo). Vit Nam, n nm 2007 th mi ch c cu M Thun, cu Bi Chy, trong tng lai c cu cn th, cu Rch Miu. Tt c u l cu dy vng. Nhng cho d l dy vng hay cp treo th nguyn tc chung cng ch l treo sn cu ln hai tr chnh. Khong cch gia hai tr (cn gi l nhp chnh) thay i t 400 n 800m cho dy vng v 500 n 2000m cho cp thng. Nhp chnh cu treo di hn rt nhiu so vi cu b-tng, v chnh l nguyn nhn ca nhng tai hi. Th tng tng khi chng ta treo mt vin bi vo u mt si dy, vin bi s lc l nu c gi. Si dy cng di, lc cng d.Nu chiu di ny ln n hng trm mt v vi cn gi 50km/h, vin bi ny s dao ng mnh, v nh ta bit trong chng ny, khi dao ng n mc cng hng, bin s tng dn n s ph hy. iu ny khng th xy ra c vi cu b-tng, v thi vng 2000 tn th gi cng thi vng tt c cc cng trnh khc trn mt t. Cu Tacoma trong bang Washington(M) do Pacific Bridge Company xy dng vi kinh ph 6,4 triu la, c khnh thnh vo ngy 1/4/1940. y l dng cu treo cp thng c nhp chnh 853 mt, b rng mt cu 11.7m. to cho mt cu cng cn thit, ngi ta gia c hai bn thnh cu nhng tm st c chiu cao 2.4m. Ngay sau ngy khnh thnh, ngi ta thy c nhng dao ng bt thng, nhng thi y mi ngi khng quan tm m cn cm thy thch th ! C ngi i hng trm cy s n hng th cm gic "phiu bng" y nh T Thin ng vn gia v y.

180

> bidon:=plot(1,x=23..23.1): > fx:=i)
disk([6+X[i,2],0],.5): > fy:=i)
disk([13+Y[i,2],0],.5): > fz:=i)
disk([20+Z[i,2],0],.5): > systems:=proc(i) plots[display](fx(i),fy(i),fz(i), RS(0,5+X[i,2]),RS(7+X[i,2],12+Y[i,2]), RS(14+Y[i,2],19+Z[i,2]),bidon); end: > movie:=NULL:for i to 100 do movie:=movie,systems(i);od: > plots[display]([movie],IT,SC,view=[0..25,-1..1]);

Bng 9.1: Cc lnh to hnh ng cho h ba l xo c mt u t do

Phm Minh Hong

9.3. Bi c thm: Cu Tacoma

c mt ci nhn c th, chng ta th chia tt c cc kch thc cho 100. Nh th s c mt tm thp tit din hnh ch U lt ngc rng 11.7 cm, cao 2 cm, dy 3 ly v di 8.5 mt. em treo trc gi th tm thp ny s ong a, un o mi chiu. Nu l tm thp v nhng si dy treo bng kim loi th c th khng sao nhng nu l mt vt liu dn nh b-tng th chc chn cc mu ni gia dy v sn s bung ra, v chnh l hnh nh sp ca cu Tacoma. Ngy nh mnh. Vo sng sm ngy 7/11/1940, vn tc gi l 55km/h. n 10g, cnh st ra lnh cm lu thng v ngoi dao ng ln xung li c thm dao ng xon, v bin xon mnh n li sn cu nghing mt gc 450 so vi phng ngang v ko di sut ba ting ng h, sc gi lc ln n 70km/h vi bin 8 mt v tn s 0.2 Hz. Mt mi ni sn gia nhp vi dy treo b bung ra. Mt dao ng xon mnh n ni n "b" cy cu ra lm 2 phn theo chiu di v xon ngc chiu nhau. n 11 gi bt cht mt on sn di gn 200 mt p xung sng : cc mi ni khng chu ni s "tra tn" ca thin nhin v s mt cn bng v trng lng lm phn cn li ca nhp gia nhanh chng ri xung nc. Khng c nhp chnh, hai bn cu dn b nhc bng ln cao 10 mt. Cc cuc iu tra tc khc nhn ra im yu ca cy cu l n qu "mm", ni theo ngn t xy dng l t s chiu dy sn cu 2.4 1 trn chiu di l  350 l qu nh v 850

cy cu xem ra ch "cng" hn mt cng bn ! Cng nn ni, thot u k s thit k l ng 1 Clark Eldridge tnh ton l , nhng sau 112 ch u t thu mt cng ty khc duyt 1 li bn thit k gim xung . C l thi 350 y ngi ta cha bit n kh ng hc, hoc cng n thun l v "chnh" ! Chiu di ca Tacoma a n tr thnh cy cu di th ba th gii vo lc y ! Nhng chi tit l th:
X ng l thit k sai lm nhng chng ta cng cn lu tc xy dng nhanh : ch mt 17 thng hon tt mt cy cu treo di 1800m, khu 853m, tnh khng (khong cch t sn cu n mt nc) 20m, hai tr thp 130m. Mt k lc ng n vo nm 1940. X Rt may, khi cu sp, giao thng gin on nn khng c thit hi nhn mng. "Nn nhn" c nht l mt... con ch. ng ch ca n mun bit cm gic mnh v may mn bm kp vo ch an ton khi nhp gia ri xung nc. X Vo ngy khnh thnh, mt ngn hng Tocoma trng bng qung co cho thng hiu ca mnh l vng chc nh cu Tacoma. Khng cn phi ni cng bit l sau ng gim c h ci bin qung co cht tit ny xung ngay tc khc.

Phm Minh Hong

181

Chng 9. Bi ton dao ng 1: L xo

Hnh 9.9: Cu Tacoma lc sp

182

Phm Minh Hong

Chng10
Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc
10.1 Con lc n
Xt con lc n c ni nh hnh 10.1. Gi l, m l chiu di v khi lng con lc, l gc quay. .

l .

H . A .

m .

m . g Hnh 10.1:

Gi G, T l ng nng v th nng, ta c: $ ( )2 1 2 1 d & T = mv = m l (t) 2 2 dt % V = mgAH = mgl(1
cos((t)));

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

p dng nh l bo ton c nng:

2 d 2 d (T + V ) = 0 ml 2 (t) + mgl sin((t)) = 0 dt dt 2 (t) + g sin((t)) = 0 l

(10.1.1)

Trc tin ta nhp cc th mc v nh ngha ch vit tt: a = .

> restart:with(plots):with(plottools):alias(theta=a): > setoptions(color=black,thckness=2):

Trng hp 1: gc quay nh
Trong trng hp ny sin (t)  (t), v phng trnh (10.1) tr thnh:
> eq1:=diff(a(t),t,t)+g/l*a(t)=0; d d2 eq1 := 2 (t) + (t) = 0 dt l

Chonj a(0) = s(g, t):

, gii phng trnh vi phn, thu gon kt qu v sau gn gi tr mt hm 6

> dsolve({eq1, a(0) = (1/6)*Pi, (D(a))(0) = 0}): > combine(subs(1/l = 1/sqrt(l2), %), radical, symbolic); c g t) (t) = cos( 6 l > s := unapply(rhs(%), g, t): > l:=1:plot([s(9.8, t), s(1, t)],t=0..10,linestyle=[1,4]); > plot([diff(s(9.8,t),t),diff(s(1, t),t)], t=0..10,linestyle=[1,4]);

Dao ng ca con lc trong trng hp ny khng nhng tun hon m cn l mt dao ng iu ha. Hnh [12.2(a)] cho thy khi m c bin ti a l  0.524. Cn Hnh [10.2(b)] 6 cng cho thy tnh iu ha ca tc . Dao ng ny c thy r hn khi ta hin th cc chuyn ng theo thi gian (Hnh [12.2 (c)]). lm iu ny trc tin ta phi dng hm disk v khi m. Ta ca u dy ct m c xc nh bi: x = cos(s(t)), y = sin(s(t)). Tuy nhin y l h ta trc chun bnh thng m Maple dng tnh: Ox dng v pha phi v Oy dng hng ln trn. biu din trong h ta Ox dng v pha phi v Oy dng hng xung di, chng ta cn quay gc
. Trong on 2 chng trnh di y fd tng trng cho khi m v ld tng trng cho si dy (nh trnh dng bin l v l k hiu cho di).
> fd := i
disk(([cos(-(1/2)*Pi+s(9.8, (1/10)*i)), > ld:=i
plot([r, -(1/2)*Pi+s(9.8, (1/10)*i), r = 0 .. 1], coords = polar): > sd := seq(display([ld(i), fd(i)]), i = 0 .. 8): > display(sd, scaling = constrained); sin(-(1/2)*Pi+s(9.8, (1/10)*i))], .03), color = wheat):

184

Phm Minh Hong

10.1. Con lc n

Hnh 10.2: Con lc n vi gc quay nh

to hnh ng (d nhin ch nhn thy c trn mn hnh):

> sd := seq(display([ld(i), fd(i)]), i = 0 .. 20):[1 ] > display(sd, insequence = true, scaling = constrained);

Trng hp 2: gc quay ln khng ma st

Ly li phng trnh (10.1). V Maple khng th tm ra li gii gii tch nn ta i thng vo tnh ton s. n gin ta cho l = g = 1:
> g := 1: eq2 := diff(a(t), t, t)+g*sin(a(t))/l = 0; d2 eq2 := 2 (t) + sin((t)) = 0 dt

Trng hp ny thay v cho iu kin u l bin ta th cho l tc . Ta khai bo 6 vn tc u vi gi tr thay i t 1 n 2 (iu kin sau cng bng 1.98). on chng trnh sau s tnh v v ng biu din bi v tc :
1

Ch s trong hm fd c chia cho 10 v gim vn tc 10 ln.

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185

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

> tk:=1:p:=NULL:q:=NULL: > v:=1,1.4,1.8,1.95,2,1.98;

Hnh 10.3(a) biu din bin dao ng ca 6 iu kin u. Ta nhn thy khi 1 (0) cng ln, chu k cng ln, chuyn ng chm dn. Khi 1 (0) = 2, con lc dao ng n t = 4 v ng yn bin bng 3. ng nt m tng ng vi 1 (0) = 1.98 biu din cho dao ng c bin ln nht trc khi ng yn. Hnh 10.3(b) biu din tc dao ng ca 6 iu kin u. Ta nhn thy khi 1 (0) cng ln, chu k cng ln. (ng nt m tng ng vi 1 (0) = 1.98). v hnh tnh cc chuyn ng, cn phi xc nh thi gian con lc thc hin ht mt chu k. Khi lng m khi ng im cn bng ((0) = 0) vi vn tc bng 1.98 i n bin cc i v ri xung. im ny c xc nh khi 1 (t) i du t dng sang m:
> for i to 1000 while eval(diff(a(t),t),u(i/100))>0 do od: i;
336

V im chm dt mt dao ng chnh l lc con lc t n bin ln nht ln th hai v ri xung. tm im ny ta ch cn i tm t sao cho 1 (t) i du t m sang dng:
> for i from 336 to 2000 while eval(diff(a(t),t),u(i/100))<0 do od: i;
1007

Quan st hnh 10.4 biu din tc dao ng ca 6 iu kin u, ta thy ng nt m ct trc honh ln th nht ta xp x 3.4 v ln th hai ta xp x 10. iu ny ng vi kt qu va tnh c l 336 v 1007 (phi chia cho 100) nh lm trong vng lp for. V sau cng, v hnh tnh - Hnh 10.3(c) ta lm:
> npas:=10: > fd:=i
disk([cos(-Pi/2+eval(a(t),u(i/npas))), > ld:=i
plot([r,-Pi/2+eval(a(t),u(i/npas)), r=0..1],coords=polar): > sd:=seq(display([ld(i),fd(i)]),i=34..101): > display(sd,insequence=false,scaling=constrained); sin(-Pi/2+eval(a(t),u(i/npas)))],.05):

186

> for i to 6 do cond ini:=a(0)=0,D(a)(0)=v[i]: u:=dsolve({eq2,cond ini},{a(t)},numeric): if i=6 then tk:=2:fi: p:=p,odeplot(u,[t,a(t)],0..15,numpoints=200,thickness=tk); q:=q,odeplot(u,[t,diff(a(t),t)],0..15,numpoints=200,thickness=tk); od: display([p]); display([q]);

Bng 10.1: Cc lnh to hnh tnh chuyn ng con lc n.

Cn ring v hnh ng th ta cn phi xc nh gi tr t khi con lc i qua khi im

Phm Minh Hong

10.1. Con lc n

Hnh 10.3: Con lc n vi gc quay ln

((t) = 0) ln th hai ngha l khi vn tc cc i ln th hai. Trn hnh (10.4) gi tr ny xp x 13.5. kim chng:
> for i from 1346 do print(i,eval(diff(a(t),t),u(i/100))) od;
1341, 1.97973316191072302 1342, 1.97996068705870898 1343, 1.97999024276781444 1344, 1.97982181399630108 1345, 1.97945548237287984 1346, 1.97889142619671188

Chnh xc l t = 1343, a1 (t) cc i. V c hnh ng:

> sd := seq(display([ld(i), fd(i)]), i = 0 .. 134): > display(sd, insequence = true, scaling = constrained);
Phm Minh Hong

187

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

Trng hp 3: gc quay ln vi ma st
Dao ng by gi chu thm mt lc ma st fr t l vi vn tc, phng trnh vi phn c dng g = l = 1):
> eq3:=diff(a(t),t,t)+f[r]*(diff(a(t),t))+g*sin(a(t))/l=0; d2 d eq3 := 2 (t) + fr (t) + sin((t)) = 0 dt dt

Chn fr = 1.5 v bn vn tc u ging nh trng hp khng ma st:

> f[r] := 1/5: tk := 1: p := NULL: q := NULL: > v := 1, 1.4, 1.8, 2:

Hnh 10.5 (a), (b) cho thy chuyn ng chm dn n khi tt hn. Hnh 10.5 (c) cho thy chuyn ng khng u (khng tuyn tnh). to hnh ng ta li phi i tm t sao cho
2

188

> for i to 4 do cond ini:=a(0)=0,D(a)(0)=v[i]: u:=dsolve({eq3,cond ini},{a(t)},numeric): if i=4 then tk:=2:fi: p:=p,odeplot(u,[t,a(t)],0..15,numpoints=200,thickness=tk); q:=q,odeplot(u,[t,diff(a(t),t)],0..15,numpoints=200,thickness=tk); od: display([p]); display([q]);

Bng 10.2: Cc lnh to hnh tnh chuyn ng con lc n vi ma st.

> sd := seq(display([ld(4*i), fd(4*i)]), i = 0 .. 18):[2 ] > display(sd, scaling = constrained); [Hnh 10.5 (c)]

y ta hin th mt hnh trn bn thy r chuyn ng phi tuyn. Phm Minh Hong

10.2. Con lc kp

Hnh 10.4: Con lc n vi gc quay ln v lc ma st (t) = 0. Ta tm c t  307.

> sd := seq(display([ld(i), fd(i)]), i = 0 .. 307); > display(sd, scaling = constrained);

10.2 Con lc kp
[3 ] Xt con lc kp bao gm hai con lc n c ni vi nhau nh Hnh 10.6. Gi l1 , m1 , l2 , m2 l chiu di v khi lng ca hai con lc n, u1 , u2 l hai gc quay tng ng. Trong sut pn di y, d c, cc i lng u1, l1, m1 s c vit l u1 , l1 , m1 . Gi T, V l ng nng v th nng, ta c:
> x1 := l1*cos(u1(t)); y1 := l1*sin(u1(t));
3

Theo [4].

Phm Minh Hong

189

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

. l .1 u .1 m . 1 u .2 l .2

y .

m . 2

x . Hnh 10.5: Con lc kp

"

x1 := l1 cos(u1 (t)) y1 := l1 sin(u1 (t))

(10.2.1)

> x2 := l1*cos(u1(t))+l2*cos(u2(t)); > y2 := l1*sin(u1(t))+l2*sin(u2(t)); " x2 := l1 cos(u1 (t)) + l2  cos(u2 (t)) y2 := l1 sin(u1 (t)) + l2  sin(u2 (t))

(10.2.2)

> T[1] := simplify((1/2)*m1*((diff(x1, t))2+(diff(y1, t))2)); > T[2] := (1/2)*m2*((diff(x2, t))2+(diff(y2, t))2); $ ( )2 1 ' 2 d u (t) ' ' T1 := m1 l 1 1 ' ' 2 ( dt ' ' ( )2 ' & 1 d d
l1 sin(u1(t)) dt u1(t)
l2 sin(u2(t)) dt u2(t) + T2 := m2 2 ' ' ' ( )2 ) ' ' d d ' ' ' l1 cos(u1 (t)) u1 (t) + l2 cos(u2 (t)) u2 (t) % dt dt > V[1] := m1*g*(l1-l1cos(u1(t))); > V[2] := m2*g*(l1+l2-(l1*cos(u1(t))+l2*cos(u2(t))); " V1 := m1 g(l1
l1 cos(u1 (t))) V2 := m2 g(l1 + l2
l1 cos(u1 (t))
l2 cos(u2 (t)))

(10.2.3)

(10.2.4)

Lagrange l mt biu thc xc nh bi cng thc L = T

> L := T[1]+T[2]-V[1]-V[2]:

V:

V phng trnh Lagrange ca h l:

$ ' ' & ' ' %

( d BL )
BL = 0 dt ( B u1 (t) ) B u1 (t) d B1L
B1L = 0 dt B u1 (t) Bu12(t) 2

(10.2.5)
Phm Minh Hong

190

10.2. Con lc kp

Vi mt h phc tp nh trn, ta ly o hm theo u1i (t), ui (t) ca tng phn ri cng chung ( d BL ), trn nguyn tc ta lm: vo. Trc tin vi dt B u11 (t)
> diff(L,diff(u1(t),t));
Error, wrong number (or type) of parameters in function diff

Maple xut ra mt thng bo sai, v diff(u1(t),t) khng c hiu l mt bin ly o hm. gii quyt, ta s t tn cho cc bin ui (t) v u1i (t) thnh nhng k t n gin, ri sau khi ly o hm theo cc k t n, ta s i li:
> L := subs({u1(t)=t 1,u2(t)=t 2,diff(u1(t), t)=t1p, diff(u2(t), t)=t2p}, L):[4 ]

t: ( d BL ) = dL dt1p, BL = dL dt1, d ( BL ) = dL dt2p, BL = dL dt2 dt B u11 (t) Bu11(t) dt B u12 (t) Bu12(t) V nh th, cc i lng trong h (10.6) ln lt l:
> dL dt1p:=diff(L, t1p): dL dt1:=diff(L, t 1); > dL dt2p:=diff(L, t2p): dL dt2:=diff(L, t 2):

Sau khi ly o hm, i tr li cc bin ban u:

> rp:={t 1=u1(t),t 2=u2(t), t1p=diff(u1(t), t),t2p=diff(u2(t),t)}: > dL dt1p:=subs(rp, dL dt1p): dL dt1:=subs(rp, dL dt1): > dL dt2p:=subs(rp, dL dt2p): dL dt2:=subs(rp, dL dt2): > m1:=m2: m2:=m: l1:=l2: l2:=l: > ode[1] := combine(diff(dL dt1p, t)-dL dt1, trig); > ode[2] := combine(diff(dL dt2p, t)-dL dt2, trig); $ )2 ( 2 ' ' 2 d u (t) + ml2 d u (t) ' ode := 2ml sin(u1 (t))
u2 (t))+ ' 1 2 1 ' dt2 dt ' ' ' ' d2 ' & ml2 2 u2 (t) cos(u2 (t))
u2 (t)) + 2mgl sin(u1 (t)) ( dt )2 ' ' 2 d u (t) ' ode :=
ml sin(u1 (t)
u2 (t))+ (10.2.6) 2 1 ' ' dt ' ' ' ' d2 d2 ' % ml2 2 u1 (t) cos(u1 (t)
u2 (t)) + ml2 2 u2 (t) + mgl sin(u2 )) dt dt

n gin, chn m1
m2 = m v l1 = l2 = l. H Lagrange (10.6) tr nn:

Trng hp 1: gc quay nh, tnh ton hnh thc

Gi thuyt u1 , u2 nh ta c th vit: sin(u1 ) = u1 , sin(u2 ) = u2 , sin(u1
u2 ) = 0, cos(u1
u2 ) = 1[5 ]
> eq1:=subs(sin(u1(t)-u2(t))=0, cos(u1(t)-u2(t))=1,sin(u1(t))=u1(t),ode1); > eq2:=subs(sin(u1(t)-u2(t))=0,
4 5

Cc du ngoc nn ({) trong trang ny rt quan trng. Ty version v ty lc chy, i khi phi thm iu kin cos(u2
u1 ) = 1.

Phm Minh Hong

191

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

cos(u1(t)-u2(t))=1,sin(u2(t))=u2(t),ode2); $ d2 d2 ' & eq1 := 2ml 2 u1 (t) + ml2 2 u2 (t) + 2mglu1 (t) dt2 dt 2 d2 ' 2 2 d u (t) + mglu (t) % eq2 := ml 2 u1 (t) + ml 2 2 2 dt dt

(10.2.7)

tm nghim ca h (10.2.7), t u1 = H cos(wt), u2 = K cos(wt) :

> u1(t):=H*cos(w*t):u2(t):=K*cos(w*t): > eq1 := subs(cos(w*t) = 1, map(x
x/(m*l),eq1)); > eq2 := subs(cos(w*t) = 1, map(x
x/(m*l),eq2)); "
2lHw2
lKw2 + 2gH
lHw2
lKw2 + gK

(10.2.8)

V H, K bt buc khc khng nn:

> with(linalg):genmatrix({eq1,eq2},{H,K}; [ ]
2lw2 + 2g
lw2
lw2
lw2 + g

Gii theo w v ch chn nghim dng. Cc nghim c bin i cht cho gn (a l vo trong cn)[6 ]
> select(i
sign(i)>0, [solve(det(%), w)]): > gu := combine(map(x
x*l/sqrt(l2),%), radical, symbolic); [c ? c1 ? ] 1 (2 + 2)g, (2
2)g gu := l l

Thay cc gi tr ca w vo (10.2.6). Trc tin vi w = gu[2]:

> K = expand(rationalize(solve(subs(w=gu[2], eq1), K)));
K=H 2

H v K cng du, vy hai con lc dao ng cng chiu. ? Tng t, khi w = gu[2], ta c K =
H 2. Hai con lc dao ng tri chiu. thy c th chuyn ng ca chng ta cn v cc ng biu din cng nh thc hin cc hnh ng. Trc tin ta nhp cc s liu thch ng:
> l := 1: g := 9.8: H := 1/2: K := H*sqrt(2):

Sau khai bo hai hm tng ng vi hai dao ng. Vi w = gu[2]:

> r1 := t
H*cos(gu*[2]*t); r2:=t
K*cos(gu*[2]*t); ] [ r1 := t H cos(gu[2]t) r2 := t K cos(gu[2]t)

thc hin cc hnh ng ta cn khai bo honh v tung ca hai con lc. Trc tin nn lu rng cho n lc ny tin li, chng ta tnh ton da theo ta nh trong Hnh 10.6 (trc Oy nm ngang v Ox nm dc vi chiu dng hng xung di). hin th trong mt ta "bnh thng", ta cn phi lm mt php quay vi gc quay bng
, ngha l sin(a) s 2 tr thnh
cos(a) v cos(a) thnh sin(a): xi , yi v ta bi l hnh v hai con lc. Lnh display dng v 20 chuyn dng ban u. Tuy nhin l tng l xem trn mn hnh vi insequence=true. Hnh 10.7 (a) cho thy biu din cng chiu ca hai bin .
6

Trc khi bin i c dng

1 l

lg(2 +

2),

1 l

lg(2

2) Phm Minh Hong

192

10.2. Con lc kp

Tng t, vi w = gu[1]. Cc bin xi , yi , bi u l cc hm nn chng t ng thay i. Ta ch cn lm li cc lnh t 7 n 13:

> K:=-2*H/sqrt(2): > r1:=t
H*cos(gu[1]*t); r2:=t
K*cos(gu[1]*t);

V d nhin Maple khng th tm ra li gii gii tch cho h (10.2.6). Ta bc ngay vo tnh ton s vi cc s hiu tng ng, v ta chn hai gc quay ban u u1 (0) = u2 (0) = 1:
> g:=9.8:l:=1: > F:=dsolve({ode1,ode2,u1(0)=1,u2(0)=1,D(u1)(0)=0,D(u2)(0)=0},
{u1(t),u2(t)},type=numeric);

Cch sp xp cc phn t ca F rt bt k v ty theo mi ln chy chng trnh. chc chn ly c ng cc gi tr ca u1 (t), u2 (t), ta phi lm cc lnh kh phc tp:
> s1:=i
subs(F(i),u1(t)): > s2:=i
subs(F(i),u2(t)): > s1(.5),s2(.5);
0.25702286, 0.67122248

Phm Minh Hong

1. > with(plots):with(plottools): 2. > x1:=t
sin(r1(t)): y1:=t
-cos(r1(t)): 3. > x2:=t
sin(r1(t))+sin(r2(t)): 4. > y2:=t
-cos(r1(t))-cos(r2(t)): 5. > b1:=t
disk([x1(t),y1(t)],.05,color=black): 6. > b2:=t
disk([x2(t),y2(t)],.05,color=black): 7. > for i from 0 to 10 by 1/10 do 8. > plot([[0,0],[x1(i),y1(i)],[x2(i),y2(i)]]): 9. > P[i]:=display(%,b1(i),b2(i)); 10. > od: 11. > sq:=seq(P[i/10],i=0..20): 12. > display(sq,scaling=constrained,view=[-2..2,-2.1..0]); 13. > plot([r1,r2],0..10,color=black,linestyle=[1,4]);

Bng 10.3:

Trng hp 2: gc quay ln - Tnh ton s

Trc tin, ta gii phng cc bin ly li cc phng trnh trong (10.2.6):
> l:='l':g:='g':u1(t):='u1(t)':u2(t):='u2(t)':

F l mt dy nhiu phn t v mi phn t gm 4 i lng ( y ch hien th 4 s l):

> F(0.5); [ t = .5, u2 (t) = .6712,

B u (t) =
2.4404, u (t) = .2570, B u (t) =
1.8854] 1 Bt 2 Bt 1

hin th chuyn ng di dng tnh v ng, lm ging nh khi gc quay nh: > plot([s1,s2],0..11,color=black,linestyle=[1,4]); [Hinh 10.9 (a)] 193

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

Hnh 10.6: Chuyn ng cng chiu vi gc quay nh

> x1:=t
sin(s1(t)):

> y1:=t
-cos(s1(t)):

> x2:=t
sin(s1(t))+sin(s2(t)):

> y2:=t
-cos(s1(t))-cos(s2(t)):

> b1:=t
disk([x1(t),y1(t)],.05,color=black): > b2:=t
disk([x2(t),y2(t)],.05,color=black): > for i from 0 to 10 by 1/10 do plot([[0,0],[x1(i),y1(i)],[x2(i),y2(i)]]): P[i]:=display(%,b1(i),b2(i)); od: > sq:=seq(P[i/10],i=0..20): > display(sq,insequence=false,scaling=constrained,view=[-2..2,2.1..0]); [Hnh 10.9 (b)]

Quan st Hnh 10.9 (b) th ta thy chuyn ng ca hai khi gn nh ng b vi nhau. By gi ta cho khi ng vi mt gc quay ln hn u1 (0) = , u2 (0) = 1. 2
{u1(t),u2(t)},type=numeric):

> F:=dsolve({ode1,ode2,u1(0)=Pi/2,u2(0)=1,D(u1)(0)=0,D(u2)(0)=0}, > plot([s1,s2],0..11,color=black,linestyle=[1,4]);

Cc hm s1 , s2 c khai bo bng hm mi tn nn cc gia tr ca n c i t ng sau lnh dsolve.

> for i from 0 to 20 by 1/10 do plot([[0,0],[x1(i),y1(i)],[x2(i),y2(i)]]): P[i]:=display(%,b1(i),b2(i)); od:

194

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10.2. Con lc kp

Hnh 10.7: Chuyn ng ngc chiu vi gc quay nh

> q:=seq(P[i/10],i=0..140): > display(sq[95..125],scaling=constrained,view=[-2..2,-2.1..0.2]);

[Hnh 10.10 (b)] (Hnh 10.10 (b) din t chuyn ng trong khong thi gian [95..125]). C hai hnh 10.10 u chng t mt iu: khi iu kn u vt qu mt gii hn no , chuyn ng khng cn tun hon na. Sau mt thi gian chuyn ng s tr ln bt k, nu khng mun ni l "ri tung ln". Vi hnh ng ta s thy c hin tng kh vui mt ny:
> display(sq[95..125],scaling=constrained,view=[-2..2,-2..0.2], insequence=true);

Kim chng
Xem Hnh 10.10 (b), ta thy sau mt thi gian, hai khi m chy lung tung c ln. Hn na, cho d c hai khi c th t do t hai gc nh hn nhng c nhng lc khi m2 chy 2 vt ln khi trc Ox, iu ny khin chng ta khng khi t vn "chuyn ng c thc s nh th hay khng? hay ch nhng con s cho bi Maple (dsolve) ch l nhng kt qu v ngha?". Mt khc, nu c c hai khi m nhng gc ln u1
u2 = 1, 5radian( 86o ) v quan st th chuyn ng s cn "ln tng pho" n mc ng ng. Khi ta hi liu "chuyn ng trn mn hnh c ng hay khng?", c ngha l ng so vi ci g? ng so vi th nghim thc trong phong th nghim? Nhng lm th no ta to ra c mt h thng hon ton khng ma st? V chng l mi ln thay i , thay li li phi lm th nghim? Cch hay nht, khoa hc nht (v kh thi nht) l kim chng rng c nng (ng nng + th nng) ca h l mt hng s. Dng li cc cng thc l thuyt v con lc kp (cc phng trnh (10.2.1), (10.2.2), (10.2.3) trang ...) ri kim chng li bng cc con s va tnh c v cn ang cha trong hai bin s1 , s2 .
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Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

Hnh 10.8: Chuyn ng vi u1 (0) = u2 (0) = 1 radian

d ui bng vi (t) vi vi (t) l vn tc dt tnh c t dsolve ng thi cho m1 = m2 = l1 = l2 = 1: Vit li cc cng thc v thay ui (t) bng si (t) v thay
> v1:=i
subs(F(i),diff(u1(t),t)): > v2:=i
subs(F(i),diff(u2(t),t)):

Ta c ng nng ca h T = T1 + T2 v th nng ca h V = V1 + V2 .
$ ' ' & ' ' % "

V1 := g(1
cos(u1 (t))) V2 := g(2
cos(u1 (t))
cos(u2 (t)))

1 T1 := v1 (t)2 2 1 T2 := (
sin(u1 (t))v1 (t)
sin(u2 (t))v2 (t))2 + 2 cos(u1 (t))v1 (t) + cos(u2 (t))v2 (t))2

T, V c khai bo di dng hm theo t (hm mi tn), iu ny v cng tin li khi tnh cc gi tr mt thi im bt k.
> T:=t
1/2*v1(t)2+1/2*((-sin(s1(t))*v1(t)sin(s2(t))*v2(t))2+(cos(s1(t))*v1(t)+cos(s2(t))*v2(t))2:

> V:=t
g*(l-cos(s1(t)))+g*(2-cos(s1(t))-cos(s2(t))):

Th d ng nng, th nng v c nng ca h t = 0.5 l:

> T(.5),V(.5),T(.5)+V(.5);
17.79175211, 6.313285446, 24.10503756

Nu nhng g tnh l ng th c nng ca h mi thi im s l mt hng s. d thy, chng ta s v trn cng mt th ng biu din ca ng nng T (t) (ng g1 ), th nng V (t) (ng g2 ) v c nng T (t) + V (t) (ng g3 ). Nu ng, g1 v g2 phi i xng qua mt ng thng song song vi trc Ox ng thi g3 cng phi l mt ng thng song song Ox. Cc ng biu din c khai bo d dng di dng dy. Ta ly t P [0, 50]: 196
Phm Minh Hong

10.2. Con lc kp

Hnh 10.9: Chuyn ng vi u1 (0) =

, u2 (0) = 1radian 2

> r1:=seq([i,T(i)],i=0..50):g1:=plot([r1],t=0..50,linestyle=3): > r2:=seq([i,V(i)],i=0..50):g2:=plot([r2],t=0..50,color=red): > r3:=seq([i,T(i)+V(i)],i=0..50): > g3:=plot([r3],t=0..50,color=blue): > display(g1,g2,g3,labels=[t,Energy], labeldirections=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]);

Hnh 10.10: th ca ng nng, th nng v c nng ca con lc kp Hnh 10.11 (a) cho ta thy r g1 v g2 i xng qua ng thng y  12, v g3 l ng y  24. Vy cc phng trnh u ng v lnh dsolve cho kt qu ng.
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197

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

Mt khc, cc khong cch trn Hnh 10.11 (a) qu kht nhau, thy r hn ta c th phng i bng view. Chn khong thi gian t P [17, 36] l khong tng i "g gh, phc tp" hn c.
> display(g1,g2,g3,view=[17..36,0..25],labels=[t,Energy], labeldirections=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL],tickmarks[3,5]);

Kt qu l [Hnh 10.11 (b)]. V nu ai "cha va lng" xin hy xem dy r3 :

> r3[21..32];

Kt qu chnh xc n nm s l! Qu tt. Vy th ta c th khng nh cc chng trnh l thuyt u ng, ({dsolve,numeric}) theo Runge-Kutta ng, v chuyn ng "ln tng pho" ng nghi ng kia ng nt.

10.3 Con lc n n hi
Trong chng 9 v 10 chng ta kho st ring bit l xo v con lc n. n giai on ny, u ng nhin phi xt ti l phi hp c hai vo lm mt. y thay v si dy chiu di c nh, chng ta s c mt l xo.

Hnh 10.11: Con lc n n hi

V hnh
Khc vi chng 9, by gi l xo chuyn ng trong khng gian hai chiu, v ta s ging nh Hnh 10.12. lm iu ny, trc tin ta dng li hm RS c khai bo trang ?? Chng 9. Xin nhc li, mt l xo c 5 vng xon v hai u dy di chuyn trn trc honh hai ta a, b l:
( ( x 1 sin 10 plot 2 b
a (

a b
a

))

, x = a..b

Trong trng hp ny l xo c mt u c nh v c th quay trong mt phng quanh gc ta nn phi khai bo khc i mt cht. Ta s lm cc giai on: 198
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10.3. Con lc n n hi

a) Trn trc honh v mt l xo mt u c nh, c chiu di r, 8 vng xon v bn knh mi vng khong 0.3.
> restart:with(plots):with(plottools): > setoptions(color=red): alias(SC='scaling=constrained'): > RS:=r
plot(sin(5*(3*Pi*x/r)-2*Pi)/8,x=0..r,SC);

Mt l xo c chiu di c khai bo nh sau [Hnh10.13 (b)]:

> display(RS(Pi));

b) hai u l xo v hai on thng biu tng biu tng cho hai u l xo.
> RS0:=plot(0,x=0..0.1): > RS2:=a
plot(0,x=a+0.1..a+0.2):

Tham s a c th coi nh chiu di l xo. c) Cho l xo tnh tin i mt on "gn" hai u on thng ny vo. Tip theo gp khi m vo u t do.
> RT:=a
display(RS0,translate(RS(a),0.1,0), RS2(a),disk([a+.3,0],0.1));

d) Cho c h thng quay mt gc ty theo ta ca m khi chuyn ng. Gi s khi( di m) x chuyn n ta l (x, y) xem Hnh 10.12), c h thng s phi quay mt gc = arctan y quanh gc ta :
> RR:=(y,x)
rotate(RS(sqrt(x2+y2)),arctan(x,y),[0,0]);
RR := rotate(RT ( x2 + y 2 ), arctan(x, y), [0, 0]);[7 ]
a

> display(RR(3, 1), disk([3.15, 1.1], .2), color = gray, RR(1, -1), disk([1.15, -1.15], .2), color = gray, RR(-1, -2), disk([-1, -2.2], .2), color = gray);

Tnh ton
Khc vi con lc kp, hai n s trong trng hp con lc n n hi l ta (xm , ym ) ca khi m. Vi k, l0 l cng v chiu di ban u ca con lc l xo (khi cha treo khi m), g l gia tc trng trng. Th nng V v ng nng T ca h [Hnh 10.13 (a)] l:
$ ' ' & ' ' %

( )2 1 a 2 + (y(t))2
l V =
mgx(t) + k (x(t)) 0 2) (( ( )2 ) 2 d d 1 x(t) + y(t) T = m 2 dt dt

Bi ton c hai n s l x(t), y(t); ngha l v tr ca khi m.

> l:=sqrt(x(t)2+y(t)2): > V:=-m*g*x(t)+1/2*k*(l-10)2: > x1:=diff(x(t),t): y1:=diff(y(t),t):
7

Xin xem cch s dng hm arctan

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199

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

Hnh 10.12: Khai bo con lc n hi v vi chuyn ng

> T:=m/2*(x12+y12):

Lagrange ca h l L = T v h phng trnh vi phn:

> L:=T-V:

V , chng ta khai bo li cc mnh lnh nh trang ?? a

> L:=subs(x(t)=t 1,y(t)=t 2,diff(x(t),t)=t1p,diff(y(t),t)=t2p,L): > dL dt1p:=diff(L,t1p): dL dt1:=diff(L,t 1): > dL dt2p:=diff(L,t2p): dL dt2:=diff(L,t 2): > rp:=t 1=x(t),t 2=y(t),t1p=diff(x(t),t),t2p=diff(y(t),t): > dL dt1p:=subs(rp,dL dt1p): dL dt1:=subs(rp,dL dt1): > dL dt2p:=subs(rp,dL dt2p): dL dt2:=subs(rp,dL dt2): > ode1:=expand(combine(diff(dL dt1p,t)-dL dt1,trig)); > ode2:=expand(combine(diff(dL dt2p,t)-dL dt2,trig));

200

Phm Minh Hong

10.3. Con lc n n hi
$ ' ' ' & ' ' ' %

ode1 := m

kx(t)l0 d2 x(t) + kx(t)
a
mg 2 dt (x(t))2 + (y(t))2 d2 ky(t)l0
mg ode2 := m 2 y(t) + ky(t)
a dt (x(t))2 + (y(t))2

Cho cc tr s thch ng v gii bng s:

> m:=1:g:=10:l0:=1:k:=30: > F:=dsolve({ode1,ode2,y(0)=1.5,x(0)=0, D(x)(0)=0,D(y)(0)=0},{x(t),y(t)},type=numeric):

V tr s(t) v vn tc v(t) ca khi m l:

> s1:=i
eval(x(t),F(i)): s2:=i
eval(y(t),F(i)):

> v1:=i
subs(F(i),diff(x(t),t)): v2:=i
subs(F(i),diff(y(t),t)):

Vi (s1 (t), s2 (t)) l honh v tung con lc, ta v qu o d dng bng ng biu din tham s. Nhng xin lu : tt c cc d kin u c thit lp vi trc ta nh trong Hnh 10.13 (a), theo y l trc honh v x l trc tung vi chiu dng hng xung di, nn c ng biu din trong h trc ta quen thuc ta phi nhn x(t) vi (
1) ng thi i ch hai gi tr x(t) v y(t). V qu o ca con lc trong 5 giy u l: [Hnh 10.14 (a)]
> plot([s2,-s1,0..5]);

Hnh 10.13: (a) Qu o con lc v (b) th nng lng

Kim chng
Hnh 10.14 (a) cho thy chuyn dng con lc rt phc tp. Cu hi t ra l liu chuyn ng ny c ng? V cng ging nh trng hp con lc kp, cch n gin v chnh xc nht kim chng tnh xc thc ca chuyn ng l v ng biu din nng lng ca n. Ta khai bo li biu thc ng nng v c nng vi cc kt qu t ({dsolve,numeric}) v cn ang lu trong bin F :
> V:=t
-m*g*x(t)+1/2*k*(sqrt(s1(t)2+s2()2)-l0)2;

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201

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

> T:=t
m/2*(v1(t)2+v2(t)2); > r1:=seq([i,T(i)],i=0..40): > g1:=plot([r1],t=0..40,linestyle=3): > r2:=seq([i,V(i)],i=0..40): > g2:=plot([r2],t=0..40,color=red): > r3:=seq([i,T(i)+V(i)],i=0..40): > g3:=plot([r3],t=0..40,color=blue): > display(g1,g2,g3); [Hnh 10.14 (b)]

Quan st Hnh 10.14 (b) ta thy r th nng v ng nng ca con lc i xng qua ng thng y  2 v c nng l ng y  4. Vy kt qu ny ng.

To hnh ng
> p:=NULL: for i from 0 to 20 by 1/10 do > display(RR(s2(i),-s1(i))); > p:=p,%; od: > display(p,insequence=true,SC,view=[-2..2,-2.8..0.2]);

Sau khong 200 giy (Pentium III, 65M hz) s c mt kt qu tuyt vi, chng ta c th xut pht di dng GIF s dng trong cc bi ging.

Cc hng pht trin cho ch ny

Nu thy chuyn ng "ln tng pho" ca con lc kp v con lc n n hi, th chc chn chng ta s d dng tng tng ra mc phc tp khi n l con lc kp n hi!. C hai loi con lc khc nhau (Hnh 10.15). Cc cng thc di y c trch nguyn vn t [21]. H to c xoay 180o , nhng vi nhng g lm trn, hy vng bn c c th to ra cho mnh nhng th d l th. V c ba n s (u, x(t), y(t)) -Xem Hnh 10.5 -Nn trong h Lagrange (cng thc (10.2.5) trang??), chng ta s c ba phng trnh:
$ ' ' ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' ' %

( d BL )
BL = 0 dt ( B u1 (t) ) B u(t) d BL
BL = 0 dt ( B x1 (t) ) B x(t) d BL
BL = 0 dt B y 1 (t) By(t)

(u l gc to bi con lc n m1 v trc tung ) Trong c hai trng hp ca Hnh 10.15 ta u c ba n s: - gc quay u l gc to bi con lc n m1 v trc tung. - x(t), y(t) l ta ca khi m2 . Trng hp a) Trong a), tc gi gi l2 l chiu di ban u ca l xo (ngha l khi cha treo khi m2 ), e g l gin ca l xo khi ng yn. Ngi ta gi y l gin tnh. Ta c e = m2 . k 202
Phm Minh Hong

10.3. Con lc n n hi

Hnh 10.14: Con lc kp n hi

$ ' ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' %

(( )2 ( )2 ) ( )2 1 d 1 d d T = m2 x(t) + y(t) + m1 l 1 u(t) 2 dt dt 2 dt V =
m1 gl1 cos(u)
m2 gy(t) 1 + k((x(t)
l1 sin(u))2 + (l2 + e + y(t) + l1
l1 cos(u))2 ) 2 a
kl2 (x(t)
l1 sin(u))2 + (l2 + e + y(t) + l1
l1 cos(u))2

Trng hp b) Tng t, l1 l chiu di ban u ca l xo (ngha l khi cha treo khi m1 , l2 , m2 ), e l g gin tnh. Ta c e = (m1 + m2 ). k
$ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' %

(( )2 ( )2 ) ( )2 1 d 1 d d T = (m1 + m2 ) x(t) + y(t) + m2 l 2 u(t) 2 dt )(( ) dt ( 2 ) dt ) ( d d d +m2 l2 u(t) u(t) cos(u)
y(t) sin(u) dt dt dt 1 V =
(m1 + m2 )gy(t)
mgl2 cos(u) + k((x(t))2 + (l1 + e + y(y))2 ) 2 a
kl1 x(t) + (l1 + e + y(y))2

Mt khi gii xong bi ton con lc kp n hi, cc bn c th t "pht minh" ra nhng trng hp phc tp hn, vi nhiu ni kt khc nhau.

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Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

10.4 Bi c thm: Lch s s

Nu phi ni v mt hng s c lin quan mt thit n i sng con ngi, mt hng s to s qan tm ca cng ng Ton hc t thi C i cho n ngng ca th k 21, chnh l s . Thi C i. C l chng c ai c th ni c vo nm no con ngi khm ph ra s , nhng theo nhng ghi chp cn gi li n ngy hm nay th s xut hn ln u quanh qun bn nhng Kim t thp Ai Cp. Theo s gia Herodote, khi ng ta n ving Kim t thp Gizeh v nm 450 trc Cng Nguyn (vit tt CN), ngha l 2000 nm sau ngy xy Kim t thp th c nhng hnh v, nhng h thc lin quan n s . Chng hn nh nguyn tc khi xy Km t thp l t l chiu cao trn cnh y lc no cng l . Tuy nhin nhng ti liu ny khong 2 minh chng cho s xut hin ca s v ngi ta c th "xo nu" trn cc kch thc ca Kim t thp tm ra mt ci g lin quan n s . n nm 1936, cc nh kho c tm ra mt tm th c lin i 2000 nm trc Cng Nguyn, ngha l vo thi Babylone. Tm th c khc 24 cc h thc cho thy chu vi ca mt lc gic u bng 2r (Babylone) = 3.125. Cho 25 n ngy hm nay, cng ng khoa hc cng nhn chnh l nhng tnh ton u tin ca s . Trc , vo nm 1855, nh kho c A.H. Rhind o c ti Luxor (Ai Cp) nhng ghi chp trn papyrus (mt loi giy c lm t v cy), theo c xc nh din tch mt ci a ng knh D = 9 l S = 64, v S s bng bnh phng din tch ca ci a y nu ta bt D 16 ng knh D i mt on bng . iu ny c ngha l (Ai Cp)=( )2 = 3.1604... 9 9 Cng theo cc ti liu c th vo nhng nm 1200 trc Cng Nguyn th ngi Trung Hoa tnh ra rng = 3 (c l h cha bit n s l). Ni tm li vo nhng nm thng y con ngi "ng ng" c ci g lin h gia chu vi v ng knh mt hnh trn. "Ci g " xp x 3 nhng khng r chnh xc n l bao nhiu v li cng khng bit ti sao n phi l nh th. Phi i n nm 287 trc Cng Nguyn vi s xut hin ca "ng tng cng" th con ngi mi bit r rng hn v con s . Archimede dng tnh cht vng trn ni v ngoi tip mt a gic u chng minh. Trc tin ta xt mt ng gic u ngoi tip mt hnh 2 z trn bn knh r = 1. AOB chn 1/5 chu vi hnh trn v bng . 5

A . O . .

B . Hnh 10.15:

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Phm Minh Hong

10.4. Bi c thm: Lch s s

By gi ta xt hnh trn bn knh r = 1 ni v ngoi tip hai ng gic u. R rng l: AM AM 1 A1 M 1 z z sin(AOB) AM 1 tan(AOB) sin( ) tan( ) 5 5 5 5 sin( 5 ) 5 tan( ) 5

A . O . . M .

A . 1 M . 1

Hnh 10.16: V trong trng hp n
gic u: n sin( ) n

n tan( ) n

(10.4.1)

Bng sau tm tt nhng gi tr ca phng trnh (10.4.1)

.5*(n*sin(Pi/n)+n*tan(Pi/n))]); > f(10),f(100),f(1000),f(10000);

> f:=n
evalf([n*sin(Pi/n),n*tan(Pi/n),

n 10 100 1.000 10.000

n sin( ) n 3.090169944 3.141075908 3.141587486 3.141592602

n sin( ) n 3.249196963 3.142626605 3.141602989 3.141592757

Trung Bnh 3.169683454 3.141851256 3.141595237 3.141592679

tng ca Archimede n gin m chnh xc. Tuy nhin nu chng ta bit rng vo thi ca ng, hon ton cha c khi nim lng gic v nhng tnh ton khng phi c thc hin trong h thp phn nh ngy hm nay, th chng ta li phi ng m thn phc cng sc ca nh ton hc Hy Lp C i ny. C l cng v l do , vo nm 1660, nh ton hc W.Oughtred dng k t biu tng cho s ny. Trong ting Hy Lp, l ch u tin ca ch (perimetron) c ngha l chu vi.
Phm Minh Hong

205

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

S c nh hng mt thit n i sng con ngi nn khp ni u c cch tnh c o. Ti chu, vo nm 380 ngi Siddantas ti n 177 a ra cng thc 3 + = 3.1416 c tnh ton trn c s... 1250 60. Ring ti Trung Quc, vo thi nh Tn (th k th III), nh ton hc Liu Hui cng da trn nguyn l a gic ni tip trong hnh trn. Liu Hui dung mt a gic 192 cnh xp x s . Hai th k sau, h tng ln 3072 cnh v xp x 3.1415926 3.1415927 (tt c c tnh trong c s thp phn), mt chnh xc m mi ti n th k XII u chu mi t n.

Hnh 10.17: Tukey

Ti u chu, sau Archimede l mt s trng vng v i v giai on ti tm ny ko di sut 1500 nm. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cn tr bc tin ton hc l cch biu din bng s La M (th d: 58  96 = 5568) c vit thnh LV III  XCV I = V DLXV III[8 ], v phi i n thi i ca Fibonacci, mt nh ton hc du nhp s Rp vo u chu th tt c mi bng pht mnh m. Cc a gic ca Archimede c tng ln n cc ln. Nh ton hc c Van Ceulen tnh ton mt a gic 60  233 = 480 t cnh tm ra 32 s l ca v dnh trn i mnh cho bi ton ny. n ni khi qua i ng ta yu cu khc ln m bia 35 s ca . Lc y l nm 1621.

Th h chui s i trc u chu c trm nm, mt nh ton hc n l Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1545) tm ra cng thc u tin v chui:

12

(
1)n (2n + 1)3n n=0

kim chng bng Maple:

> f:=evalf(sqrt(12)*Sum((-1)n/((2*n+1)*3),n=0..infinity)); f:=3.141592654

(10.4.2)

Hn 200 nm sau A. Sharp dng mt trng hp c bit ca cng thc trn tm ra ( ) 1 = arctan ? vi 71 s l. 6 3 K t thi im ny u chu "vng ln" vi nhng k thut tnh ton mi da trn o hm, nguyn hm, chui... Ngi ta phi nhc n cc cng trnh ca: [9 ]

Trong s La M, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1000. Mt s c gch ngang trn u th nhn ln vi 1000 9 Trong bng ny, cc nm khng ng ngoc l nm pht minh.

206

Phm Minh Hong

10.4. Bi c thm: Lch s s

Viete Wallis Machin Leibniiz Euler

(1540
1603) 1665 1706 (1646
1716) (1707
1783)

2 2 2 = 2? a ? b a ? ... 2 2+ 2 2+ 2+ 2 2 4n =2 8 n=1 4n2
1 1 1 = arctan(
4 arctan( 5 239 8 1 = 8 n=1 (4n + 1)(4n + 3) 8 1 2 = 6 n=1 2 n

16 s l 100 s l

20 s l trong 1 gi

Th h ca my tnh Vo na u th k 19, u tin ca cc hng nghin cu dnh cho cc l thuyt mi ca Cantor, Kolmogorov, Hilbert... S c qung vo mt x hoc nhng cho nhng k "v danh", l mt trong nhng k "v danh" l Ramanujan, mt nh ton hc n khng bng cp. Nhng vi lng am m v s kin tr ng dnh sut 25 nm tm ti, nghin cu. Ramanujan sau ny vit mt cun sch vi 6165 nh l ton hc m khng c ci no c chng mnh! ng cng t nhn l c nhiu th "khng bit t u ra", v mt trong nhng th l cng thc tnh cc k kh hiu, gm ton nhng s "khng bit t u ra": 9801 = ? 8 (

8 (4n)!(1103 + 26390n) )
1

(n!)4 3964n

n=0

Cng thc ny c cng b vo nm 1914 (su nm sau th ng mt) v mi ti nm 1980 ngi ta mi chng mnh c. Sau vo nm 1985, my tnh tm ra 10 triu s l t cng thc ca Ramanujan!. Vi s tin b vt bc ca my tnh v cc phn mm, nhiu -kp a ra nhng kt qu dng kinh ngc. Nm 1948 Wrench v Smith tnh c 1000 s l, nm 1958, 10000 s; nm 1961, 100 ngn; nm 1973, 1 triu s[10 ]. Nm 1982, Myioshi v Kanada tnh c 16 triu s. Cuc chy ua ny din ra lin tc gia nhiu nhm khc nhau v n nm 2000, con s ny l 1200 t v c tnh t mt my tnh siu mnh Hitachi. Thit ngh n khi cun sch ny n tay bn c th c l chng ta phi dng n ch peta = 1015 hoc exa = 1018 !. n y chc chn s c nhiu ngi t hi: "ch li g m c si sng sc i tm cc s l ca , v thc ra ch cn 3 hoc 4 s l l qu chnh xc?".Qu ng nh vy, trn gh nh trng chng ta ch cn 3 s l qu . n khi ra lm vic th yu cu cong thp hn. V d v mt cn nh, mt cy cu, ngi k s ch cn 2 s l. Tuy nhin, trong cc vin nghin cu th khc. Cc l do con ngi "si sng sc" sau cc s l l v:
X c c nhiu s l, ngi ta phi pht minh ra nhiu thut ton mi, nhng cng thc mi. Th d trong Maple, tnh cng thc (10.4.2), ta mt 0.1 giy vi 10 s l, nhng phi mt hn 70 ln hn nu mun c chnh xc 100 (Digits:=100:). Nu tnh 200 s l phi mt trn 1 pht. Cng chnh xc cng tn thi gian v n i hi nhng thut ton phc tp hn. V vic tm ti nhng thut ton, nhng cng thc ny dn n nhng pht minh mi v cng ngh.
k nim, cc tc gi ngi Php cho xut bn mt cun sch dy 415 trang ghi li ton b 1 triu con s ny. Cun sch c mnh danh l "cun sch chn nht ca mi thi i". Phm Minh Hong
10

207

Chng 10. Bi ton dao ng 2: Con lc ton hc

X Vic tnh cc s l cho php cc k s kim sot li d chnh xc ca my tnh. Chnh v l do cng ty IBM tm ra nhng li trong cc siu my tnh IBM-590 v R-8000.

*** Trong sut bi ni v s ny, chng ta khng t ln nghe n nhng con ngi "v danh" nh Liu Hui, Somayaji, Ramanujan, Wrench, Smith... v kt thc chng ta s ni n mt ci tn khc "khng km phn v danh" l Akira Haraguchi, mt y t ngi Nht. Vo ngy 3/10/2006, tui 60, ng c vanh vch v cc k chnh xc 100.000 s l ca trong sut 16 ting lin tc! Khi c phng vn v k lc ngoi hng ny, Haraguchi khim tn tr li "Ti chng thy c g l n tng c, ti ch n thun x ht nhng g c trong u ra..." Ton hc qu t c nhng bc tin v i v n to ra s hp dn i vi nhng con ngi v danh.

208

Phm Minh Hong

Chng11
S hc v ng dng
S hc l mn hc v cc s nguyn dng khc khng (N  ) v d nhin n c t thu hng hoang ca Ton hc. Ngi ta c tnh rng t tin ca loi ngi bit cc thao tc v s hc cch y 5000 nm v s dng n trong cc giao dch thng nht lin tc trong nhiu th k. Nhng n thi hong kim ca Ton hc, s hc phi nhng ch cho nhng php tnh phc tp nh nguyn hm, vi phn v v s nhng bi ton cc k kh khn khc. Nhng cng chnh t my tnh vn l mt tinh hoa ca vn minh nhn loi vo th k 20 lm "ti sinh" mn hc c xa ny. My tnh khng nhng pht huy ht ci p truyn thng ca s hc m cn khai trin ra nhng ng dng ang v s cn hu dng cho chng ta trn thm ca th k 21.

11.1 Tm tt l thuyt S hc m-un

X S nguyn t

S nguyn t l s ch chia chn cho 1 v cho chnh n. Th d (7, 13, 61, 137...). Maple c sn nhiu lnh lin quan n s nguyn t: isprime(n): n c phi l s nguyn t?, ithprime(n): s nguyn t th n, prevprime(n): s nguyn t trc s n, nextprime(n): s nguyn t k tip sau s n. Th d:
> isprime(61), ithprime(33);
true, 137

> nextprime(137), prevprime(137);

139, 131

X c s chung ln nht (c nhiu cch vit theo ting Anh l gcd[1 ]). V cng l lnh Maple:
1

greatest common divisor

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

> gcd(42, 24);

6

Hai s c gi l nguyn t cng nhau khi c s chung ln nht ca chng l 1. Th

d: 24 v 7 > gcd(24, 7);
1

X Thut ton Eculide: Dng tm c chung ln nht ca hai s.

a 19 7 5 2 7 5 2 1

2 1 2 2

r 5 2 1 0

Th d: tnh gcd(19, 7). Ta c hng th nht 19 = (7  2) + 5. em 7 xung ct a v 5 xung ct b hng th 2, ta c 7 = (5  1) + 2 v c tip tc nh th cho n khi r = 0. Khi c s chung ln nht l kt qu ct b

K hiu: nu c s chung ln nht ca a v b l f , ta vit (a, b) = f . Lu : (19, 7) = 1. Vy 19 v 7 l hai s nguyn t cng nhau.
X nh l 11.1.1 nh l Bezout: c s chung ln nht ca (a, b) l s f nh nht c th biu din c di dng t hp tuyn tnh ca a v b.

(a, b) = f

D(u, v), f = au + bv

Lnh Maple tng ng ca nh l Bezout:

> igcdex(28, 12, 'u', 'v'), u, v;
4, 1,
2

c chung ln nht ca 28, 12 l 4, u = 1, v =
2 v 4 = 28
2  12 Mt khc ta cng c th tnh (u, v) t mt cch m ngi ta hay gi l thut ton Eculide m rng. Ly li th d gcd(19, 7) ca bng trn ta c th vit: 1 = 5
2  2 = 5
2(7
5) = 3  5
2  7 = 3(19
2  7)
2  7 3 8 =  19
 7 Vy: u = 3, v =
8. Kim chng:
> igcdex(19, 7, 'u', 'v'), u, v;
1, 3,
8

(11.1.1)

Php chia Eculide trong Z /mZ

X Php tnh ng d

Gi a v m l hai s nguyn , m  0. S c v ch c mt cp s nguyn (q, r) sao cho a = mq + r(0 r 210

|m|)

(11.1.2)

Phm Minh Hong

11.1. Tm tt l thuyt

r c gi l s d. Nu r = 0, a = mq, a chia chn cho m v k hiu l m|a. nh x tng ng vi biu thc 11.1.2 l nh x t vnh cc s nguyn Z sang tp hp cc m-un m v c k hiu l Z /mZ . Th d: Z /5Z = t0, 1, 2, 3, 4u Mt khc ngi ta cn c mt cch vit khc cho biu thc 11.1.2: a  r[m] hay a = r mod m v c l a ng d vi r trong m hay a dng d vi r m-un m ng d c ngha l a v r c cng s d trong php chia cho m. Tm li ta c nh ngha ca ng d nh x: Z Th d: 47  5[7], 212  5[3]
X Tnh cht ng d
"

Z /mZ : a  r[m]

a1 a2

 b1[m]  b2[m]

"

a1 + a2 a1 a2 a1 k

 b1 + b2[m]  b1b2[m]  bk1 [m]

(11.1.3)

Nhng khng phi lc no ta cng c

$ &

Thd :

14  8[6] 8  2[6] 20  6[7]

' & ' %

14 + 8 = 22  8 + 2 = 10[6] 14  8 = 112  8  2 = 16[6] 20 6 = 10  = 3[7] 2 2

(11.1.4)

Nhng :

14  8[6]

14 8 = 7  = 4[6] 2 2

(11.1.5)

X Phn t o Quan st biu thc 11.1.4 ta thy (20, 7) = 1 nhng 11.1.5 th (14, 6) = 2. Ngha l php chia (nh trong Z ) ch c ngha khi l hai s nguyn t cng nhau). Ni khc i, khng phi lc no phn t trong Z /mZ cng hin hu nh trong Z .

nh ngha 11.1.1 a c gi l phn t o ca a[m] khi v ch khi a  1[m] a tnh phn t o ca mt s a trong Z /mZ ta dng thut ton Eculide m rng. Ly li v d cch tnh gcd(19, 7), ta c (theo 11.1.1 v 11.1.3): 3  19
8 = 1 3  19
1 = 8  7 319  1[7] Vy phn t o ca 19[7] l 3
Phm Minh Hong

211

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

ng dng ca php tnh ng d

X Tnh s d trong cc con s ln:

Th d 1: Tnh s d ca php chia 753/7. 753 = 700 + 53; 700  0[7]; 53  4[7]

S d x ca php chia ny l 753  x[7]. Ta c: Vy 753  4[7]. S d l 4. Ta c:

Th d 2: Tnh s d ca php chia 3343  1771 trong Z /4Z

3 
1[4], 17  1[4] 3  1771  (
1)343  171 [4]  (
1)[4]  3[4]

343

Vy s d l 4. Th d 3: Tnh s d ca php chia 19871987 trong Z /5Z . 19871987 [5] S d l 3. Ni chung khi tnh s d m-un m, ta cn dn xp tm bi ca m tr 1. Th d trong Z /5Z ta cn tm ra 4, 9, 14, 19, 24 . . .
X Tnh s n v trong cc con s ln:

 21987  21986  2[5]  (22)993  2[5]  4993  2[5]  (
1)993  2[5] 
2[5]  3[5]

y n thun l php chia cho 10 hay l tnh s d trong Z /10Z Th d: Tnh s n v ca 19971996 19971997 [10] S n v l 1. Trong trng hp ny (Z /10Z ), ta cn tm ra 9, 19, 29, 39 . . .
X Gii phng trnh ng d ax  b[m]:

 71996[10]  (
3)1996[10]  (
32)998[10]  9998[10]  (
1)998[10]  1[5]

1 ax  b[m] x  b[m] vi iu kin a kh o ngha l a  [m] a a Th d: Gii phng trnh ng d 19x  6[7] Vy x P t4 + 7k, k

Ta cn c phn t o ca 19 l 3[7], do x  6  3[7]  18[7]  4[7] Kim chng bng Maple qua lnh isolve, ta gii phng trnh 19x
6 = 7k
> isolve(19*x-6=k*7);
x = 4 + 7 Z1, k = 10 + 19 Z1

P Z.

> f:=unapply(%, Z1):f(0);

x = 4, k = 10

> seq(4+7*i, i=-5..4);

Tt c 10 gi tr trn u nghim ng phng trnh 19x  6[7]: 212

Phm Minh Hong

31,
24,
17,
10,
3, 4, 11, 18, 25, 32

11.1. Tm tt l thuyt

> seq(((4+7*i)*19-6)/7, i=-5..4);

85,
66,
47,
28,
9, 10, 29, 48, 67, 86

"

X Gii h phng trnh ng d

a1 x + a2 y  u[m] b1 x + b2 y  v[m]

Cng ging nh phng trnh ng d, h ch c li gii khi cc h s (a1 , a2 , b1 , b2 ) kh o trong Z /mZ , v gii nh phng trnh trong Z . Tuy nhin ta cng c th gii bng Maple vi cc lnh ma trn.
"

Th d: Gii h phng trnh ng d

> with(linalg):

3x + 2y 4x
y

 3[7]  1[7]

> p:=matrix([[3, 2], [4, -1]]): > u:=Inverse(p) mod 7: p=eval(p), u=eval(u);

[ 3 p= 4

> map(i
mod 7, evalm(u&*[3, 1]));

[3, 4]

] [ ] 2 2 4
1 , u = 1 1

Vy li gii l x P t3 + 7k u, y

P t4 + 7ku(k P Z ).

nh l Trung Quc
c cc truyn nh ng Chu Lit Quc, Tam Quc Ch, Hn S Tranh Hng... ta thy cch y 20 th k cc nh qun s Trung Quc bit nhn sao, bm n bit thi tit cng nh bit...tnh hnh ch qun(!). y ch l nhng thu dt mang tnh hoang ng v cng iu. Nhng iu chc chn l ngay t thu xa xa, cc nh thin vn Trung Quc bit quan st v tr, tnh chu k cc thin th cng nh pht minh ra m lch. lm c iu ny h da trn nhng tnh ton suy lun ra t hng trm nm quan st bu tri. V v tnh vo th k th 3, h tm ra mt nh l v h ng d m n by gi cc giao dch hin i ca th k 21 nh my tnh in t, th tn dng, mt m... vn hot ng da theo pht minh ny. nh l 11.1.2 Cho h phng trnh ng d: $ ' x  a1 [m1 ] ' ' & x  a2 [m2 ] (mi P N zt0, 1u, ai P Z ) . ' . ' .
' %

x  an [mn ]

Gi (mi , mj ) = dij . H phng trnh trn c nghim khi v ch khi dij |ai
aj

@i, j(i  j)
213

Phm Minh Hong

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

v nghim c dng: x  a1 M1 e1 + a2 M2 e2 + . . . an Mn en [m1 m2 . . . mn ] [ ] (11.1.6)

i=n i=1

i=n i=1

ai Mi ei

mi

vi Mi =

mi v ei l s o ca Mi [mi ] mi
$ &

Th d 1: Tm li gii ca h

x  3[13] x  7[8] % x  2[9] M1 = 8  9 = 72, M2 = 13  9 = 117, M3 = 13  8 = 104

Bng thut ton Eculide m rng ta c: 2 1 1 1 [13], 5  [8], 2  [9] 72 117 104

x  (3  72  2) + (7  117  5) + (2  104  2)

 4943[13  8  9] = 263[936]
Vy li gii l x P t263 + 936k u, (k P Z ) Maple c sn lnh chrem h tr cho nh l ny. Lnh chrem gm 2 dy(dy cc h s ai v dy cc m-un mi ):
> chrem([3, 7, 2], [13, 8, 9]);

x  3[17] x  7[12] Th d 2: Tm li gii ca h % x  3[8] Khc vi th d 1 (trong (mi , mj ) = 1, D(i, j)), y (12, 8) = 4 nhng v 4|(7
3) nn h trn s c li gii. gii mt h trong cc m-un khng nguyn t cng nhau, phng php chung l phn tch cc m-un y thnh nhiu m-un nh hn ri loi b cc phng trnh tng ng vi nhau cho n khi ch cn li cc m-un nguyn t vi nhau tng i mt. , $ x  3[7] / / $ " / ' x  3[17] ' x  7[3] / . & & x  3[17] x  7[12] x  7[4] ' x  7[3] % x  7[3] " x  3[4] / ' x  3[4] / x  3[4] / % / x  3[2] x  3[8] x  3[2]
$ &

> 263

(Cc phng trnh c du  b loi: x  7[4] b loi v n tng ng vi x x  3[2] b loi v x  3[4] x  3[2]) Bng thut ton Eculide m rng ta c: 1 1 1
7  12 [17],
1  68 [3],
1  51 [4] x  (
3  12  7)
(7  68)
(3  51) 
881[204]  139[204] Vy l li gii l 139. 214

 3[4] cn

Phm Minh Hong

11.1. Tm tt l thuyt
"

Th d 3: Tm li gii ca h

H trn c nghim v (6, 9)|5
2. p dng phng php dng trong th d 2 l phn tch cc mi thnh cc m-un nh hn ri loi tr nhng g ging nhau: x  5[6] x  1[2] v x  2[3] Nhng nu phn tch x  2[9] ta li ri trng x  2[3]. Phi dng cch khc. Ta l lun rng mt s chia cho 9 d 2 th chc chn cng s d 2 khi chia cho 3, vy c th " x  1[2] thay x  2[3] bng x  2[9] v h tr thnh x  2[9] Bng thut ton Eculide m rng ta c: 1 1 1  [2],
4  [9] 9 2 x  9
(2  2  4) 
7[18]  11[18] Vy li gii l 11 + 18k. Kim chng bng Maple. Trc tin nu dng hm chrem ta c:
> chrem([5,2], [6,9])
Error, (in chrem) the modular inverse does not exist

x  5[6] x  2[9]

iu ny c ngha l Maple khong chp nhn mt phn t o khng thuc tp Z . Thiu st ny n phin bn V8 cng cha c sa cha. Tuy nhin, ta c th gii bng lnh isolve:
> isolve({x-5-k1*6, x-2-k2*9)})
{x=11+18 Z1, k1=1+3 Z1, k2=1+2 Z2}

Vy x P {11+18k}(k P Z ) ng dng vo my tnh Tt c my tnh u lm vic trong h nh phn v bn trong my tnh cc d liu c chuyn trn nhng ng truyn gi l bus. Nu bus hot ng trn 8 bits th kh nng tnh ton ca my (cn c gi l c t) l 28
8 = 255. Cu hi t ra l lm sao c th tnh ton vi nhng con s ln vi c t nh nh th? gii quyt ta phi nh vo nh l Trung Quc. Gi s mun cng v nhn hai s a, b trong mt my tnh c t 100 (ngha l ch c php thao tc trn cc s < 100), trc tin ta chn k s nguyn t nh hn 100 v nguyn t cng nhau tng cp sao cho tch ca chng ln hn a  b[2 ].
> a:=352:b:=394 > m:=[51,52,53];'m'=%,convert(m, '*');'a*b'=a*b[3 ]
m = [51, 52, 53], 140556, ab = 138688

Tnh s d ca a v b trong m-un mi :

> p:=[seq(amodi,i=m)]: q:=[seq(bmodi, i=m)]:'p'=p,'q'=q;
p = [46, 40, 34], q = [37, 30, 23]

Theo nh l Trung Quc: nu x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xr )vy = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yr ) l s d trong m-un (m1 , m2 , . . . , mr ) th: " x + y = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , . . . , xr + yr ) x  y = (x1  y1 , x2  y2 , . . . , xr  yr )
> chrem(p+q,m);
746
2

Theo nh l Trung Quc, x = ai Mi ei [ mi ], nu mi nh, khng phng trnh trong nh l 3 Ta cng c th chn 13,19,22,27 v tch ca chng ln hn 138688 Phm Minh Hong

215

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

Vi php nhn th hi phc tp hn, phi dng lnh seq nhn trc:
> seq(p[i]*q[i], i=[seq(i,i=1..nops(m))]);
1702, 1200, 782

> chrem([%],m);
138688

By gi ta chn a, b ln hn:
> a:=1234;b:=3457:'a'=a,'b'=b,'a*b'=a*b;
a = 1234b = 3457, ab = 4288150

Nu ly m = [51, 52, 53] nh trn, a + b ng nhng a  b sai v 51  52  53 a  b. Ta chn mi nhiu hn (cc m-un phi nguyn t cng nhau tng cp):
> m:=[23,45,47,89]:'m'=%,convert(m,'*');
m = [23, 45, 47, 89], 4329405

Thc hin li cc thao tc trn, ta c:

4288150

> chrem(zip((x,y)
x*y,p,q),m);

11.2 Mt m
i cng T ngn xa, bo mt vn l iu quan trng, nht l khi c xung t gia hai quc gia. Ngy nay, vic ny li tr nn v cng quan trng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau nh ngoi giao, kinh t, ti chnh v d nhin l c qun s na. Trong phn ny chng ta s kho st 3 mt m khc nhau c lin quan trc tip n php tnh ng d l m Csar, m khi v m RSA. Trc tin chng ta cn thng nht vi khi nim. Php tnh ng d ch p dng cho s nguyn (Z Z /nZ ) cc cng on ca c 3 phng php m s nh sau: 1. Bin vn bn gc gm nhng mu t thnh con s, 2. M ha nhng con s ny bng cch p dng mt cng thc no , 3. Bin nhng con s mi ny tr li cc mu t trc khi chuyn n ni nhn. Khi nhn c mt m, ngi nhn ch lp li tin trnh trn nhng thay cng on 2 bng cng thc gii m. Vy trc tin chng ta s thc hin cng on 1 v 3 l cng on chung cho c 3 phng php. Bin mu t thnh s n gin, ta chp nhn ch c 26 mu t khng du cng vi du cch (khong trng, ), v trong sut phn sau y, 27 tng trng cho tng s mu t:
> restart: > char:=[" ",op([ii="a".."z"]);
char := ["", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f ", "g ", "h", "i", "j ", "k ", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q ", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v ", "w", "x", "y ", "z "]

> NB:=nops(char);
N B := 27

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Phm Minh Hong

11.2. Mt m

> numb:=[jj=0..26];
numb := [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]

> AN:={seq(char[i]=numb[i],i=1..BN};[4 ]

AN := t"" = 0, "a" = 1, "b" = 2, "c" = 3, "d" = 4, "e" = 5, "f " = 6, "g " = 7, "h" = 8, "i" = 9, "j " = 10, "k " = 11, "l" = 12, "m" = 13, "n" = 14, "o" = 15, "p" = 16, "q " = 17, "r" = 18, "s" = 19, "t" = 20, "u" = 21, "v " = 22, "w" = 23, "x" = 24, "y " = 25, "z " = 26u N A := t"" = 0, "a" = 1, "b" = 2, "c" = 3, "d" = 4, "e" = 5, "f " = 6, "g " = 7, "h" = 8, "i" = 9, "j " = 10, "k " = 11, "l" = 12, "m" = 13, "n" = 14, "o" = 15, "p" = 16, "q " = 17, "r" = 18, "s" = 19, "t" = 20, "u" = 21, "v " = 22, "w" = 23, "x" = 24, "y " = 25, "z " = 26u

> NA:={neq(numb[i]=char[i],i=1..NB};}

Tt c c tm tt trong bng hon chuyn di y: a 1 n 14 b 1 o 15 c 3 p 16 d 4 q 17 e 5 r 18 f 6 s 19 g 7 t 20 h 8 u 21 i 9 v 22 j 10 w 23 k 11 x 24 l 12 y 25 m 13 z 26

Bng 11.1: Bng hon chuyn mu t s

M Csar
Csar (Julius Ceasar (100-44) trc Cng Nguyn) l mt thin ti qun s ca quc La M. Ngoi lnh vc qun s, ng cn l ngi bit rng chu k ca tri t quay quanh mt tri l 365.25 ngy v t pht minh ra dng lich vi nm nhun nh chng ta ang dng ngy hm nay[5 ]. Ngi ta cho rng phc v cho nhu cu qun s, ng ta l ngi u tin s dng mt m. Cch m ca Csar kh n gin, ng tnh tin cc ch i mt khong nht nh. Gi s khong l 3 th ch a s thnh ch d, ch b thnh ch e ... Tm li m Csar c thnh lp theo phng trnh ng d: f : x y  x + 3[7] Trong x l mu t trong vn bn gc, y l mu t tng ng trong vn bn mt. S 3 trong hm f (x) c th gi l kha ca m. By gi ta thc hin vic m ha ch "van hoa giao duc" vi kha l 3:
> vb:="van hoa giao duc": > vb2:=seq(vb[i],i=1..length(vb))];
vb2 := ["v ", "a", "n", "", "h", "o", "a", "", "g ", "i", "a", "o", "",

(11.2.1)

"d", "u", "c"] > X:=subs(AN,vb2);

4 5

ng qun hai du { } V th dng lich cn c goi l lch julien

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217

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng X := [22, 1, 14, 0, 8, 15, 1, 0, 7, 9, 1, 15, 0, 4, 21, 3]

> f:=i
irem(i+3,27); > Y:=map(f,X);

Y := [25, 4, 17, 3, 11, 18, 4, 3, 10, 12, 4, 18, 3, 7, 24, 6]

> subs(NA,Y)
["y ", "d", "q ", "c", "k ", "r", "d", "c", "j ", "l", "d", "r", "c",

"g ", "x", "f "] > Z:=map(cat,op(%));

Z := "ydqckrdcjldrcgxf "

gii m, ta thc hin li ng nhng lnh trn bng cch thay vb bng Z, v hm f (x) bng hm g(y): g : y x  y
3 mod 27[6 ] ta d dng tm li vn bn gc. Nh th gia vi m v gii m ch khc nhau mt im duy nht l hm f (x) hoc g(y), v th ta c th gom tt c vo mt chng trnh 3 tham s gm: vn bn, kha v sau cng l mt bin cho php m hoc gii m. By gi ta phc tp m Csar bng cch dng hm: f : x y

 ax + b[27]

Cch m v gii m cng tng t, hm ngc ca f (x) c nh bi: g:y

x  y
b mod 27 a

d nhin g(y) ch xc nh khi a hin hu hay (a, 27) = 1 Ta cng c th d dng gom chung hai cng on vo mt chng trnh c 4 tham s: vn bn, kha (a, b) mt bin cho php m hoc gii m.
6 7

cesar:=proc(vb, k, u) local f:f:=i
(i+u*k) mod 27; [seq(vb[i], i=1..length(vb))] subs(AN, %); map(f, %); subs(NA, %); map(cat, op(%)); end:

cesar2:=proc(vb, a, b, u) local f, g, ya, h: ya:=1/a mod 27: f:=i
(a*i+b) mod 27; g:=i
(i-b)*ya mod 27: if u=1 then h:=f else h:=g: fi: [seq(vb[i], i=1..length(vb))] map(h, subs(AN, %)); map(cat, op(subs(NA, %))); end:

Bng 11.2: Chng trnh m Csar

> p:="rendez a cesar ce qui est a cesar":[7 ]
L do v lnh irem c th cho nhng gi tr m Hy tr cho Csar nhng g thuc v Csar Phm Minh Hong

218

11.2. Mt m

> cesar2(p,2,7,1); cesar2(%,2,7,-1); "pqhoqegigmqripgmqgnvygqrtgigmqrip" "rendezacesarcequiestacesar" Bo Mt. Tnh bo mt ca m Csar khng cao v hai cch m u l nhng song nh,

tuyn tnh v ti a ch c 27 cch m khc nhau. Ch cn bit lp trnh s si l "b kha" d dng. Thm ch ch bng mt cng c th cng l hai a ng tm, mt a ghi mu t, a kia ghi s. Ngi ta ch cn "my m" mt t bng cch gi c nh mt a v xoay a kia l gii m d dng.

M Khi
S kin hm m l php bin i a-phin khin vic b kha tng i d dng. M khi c to ra trong mc ch chng li vic ny bng cch khng m tng ch m tng cm u ch. Nu trong m Csar chng ta m bng mt phng trnh th y ta s m bng u phng trnh. " y1  ax1 + bx2 [m] Th d vi u = 2 v vi h y2  cx2 + dx2 [m] Gi xi , yi ln lt l cc phn t trong vn bn gc v vn bn mt. Ta m vn bn gc bng: [ ] [ ] ( ) y1 x1 a b  A x2 mod m vi A = c d y2 V gi m bng: [ ] [ ] x1
1 y1 mod m  A y2 x2 Ma trn A c gi l kha ca bi ton. ( ) ( 1 3
1 = 1 7 Gi s vi ch v = 22 v a = 1, A =
2 7 , A 13 2 ] [ ] [ ] [ y1 25 22 =A = y2 1
37 v [ ] [ ] [ ] x1
1 25 = 22  A
37 x2 1 Vic m v gii m khi tng i d dng, nhng cn lu :
X Nu chiu di vn bn gc l n v nu lm vic vi khi bng u, ta phi c u|n. Nu khng phi thm vo mt s lng khong trng iu kin ny tha. S khong trng phi thm l [u
irem(n, u)] mod u, X Sau khi m bng cch nhn ma trn kha vi cc khi s ( y ta chn u = 2), kt qu cho ra l mt bng (array) khng th p dng tip theo cc lm map (vn ch dnh cho dy list) nn cn thit phi bin chng thnh nhng dy trc khi i tip, X Ma trn kha A phi c chn sao cho detA v n l hai s nguyn t cng nhau ngha l (det A, n)=1. Nu khng tha ta vn thu c kt qu nhng sau khi gii m s khng tm li c vn bn gc.

3
1

) ta c:

By gi ta m v gii cu "van hoa giao duc" dng trong m Csar v cn lu trong bin vb2(11.8 Trang ...)
Phm Minh Hong

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Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

> with(linalg):u:=2
u := 2

> vb3:=[op(vb2)," " i=1..(u-irem(n,u))mod u];

vb3 := ["v ", "a", "n", "", "h", "o", "a", "", "g ", "i", "a", "o", "",

"d", "u", "c"] > X:=subs(AN,vb3);n:=nops(X);

X := [22, 1, 14, 0, 8, 15, 1, 0, 7, 9, 1, 15, 0, 4, 21, 3] n := 16

> A:=matrix([[1,3],[-2,7]]); > seq(convert(evalm(A&*X[u*i+1..u*i+u]),list),i=0..n/u-1);

[25,
37], [14,
28], [53, 89], [1,
2], [34, 49], [46, 103], [12, 28], [30,
21]

> Y:=map(op,[%]);

> Z:=map(i
(imod27),Y); > Z:=subs(NA,%);

Y := [25,
37, 14,
28, 53, 89, 1,
2, 34, 49, 46, 103, 12, 28, 30,
21] Z := [25, 17, 14, 26, 26, 8, 1, 25, 7, 22, 19, 22, 12, 1, 3, 6] Z := ["y ", "q ", "n", "z ", "z ", "h", "a", "y ", "g ", "v ", "s", "v ", "l", "a",

"c", "f "] > msg:=map(cat,op(%));

msg := "yqnzzhaygvsvlacf "

d nhn ta t kt qu vo mt bng: [here] vn bn gc vn bn m v y a q n n z h z o h a a y g g i v a s o v l d a u c c f

Bng 11.3: Kt qu m khi.

Theo Bng 11.3 ta thy trong vn bn gc c ba ch a, c bin ln lt thnh q, a, s; trong vn bn m c hai ch z c bin t khong trng v ch h. L do l v kt qu ca vic m mt mu t cn ty thuc vo ch i km. mi ch l khi 2. Ta d tng tng ra s phc tp khi dng cc khi c gia tr ln. V d nhin vic "b kha" l iu khng n gin cht no. gii m, ta ch cn lp li cc cng on trn, nhng thay a bng A
1 :
> vb2:=[seq(msg[i],i=1..length(msg))]; > vb3:=[op(vb2)," "i=1..(u-irem(n,u))modu] > X:=subs(AN,vb3);
X := [25, 17, 14, 26, 26, 8, 1, 25, 7, 22, 19, 22, 12, 1, 3, 6] > seq(convert(evalm(inverse(M)&*X[u*i+1..u*i+u]),list),

i=0..n/u-1); > Y:=map(op,[%]);

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Phm Minh Hong

11.2. Mt m 124 67 20 54 158 60 68 27 17 36 67 60 81 25 3 12 Y = , , , , , ,
, ,
, , , , , , , 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 > Z:=map(i
(imod27),Y); Z := [22, 1, 14, 0, 8, 15, 1, 0, 7, 9, 1, 15, 0, 4, 21, 3] [ ]

> Z:=subs(NA,%);
Z := ["v ", "a", "n", "", "h", "o", "a", "", "g ", "i", "a", "o", "",

"d", "u", "c"] > map(cat,op(%)); "vanhoagiaoduc"

By gi ta t tt c vo trong mt chng trnh c tn cube. cube c ba tham s l vn bn, ma trn kha v mt bin cho bit phi m hoc gii m. cube:=proc(vb, M, u) local p,u,n,V,XM,X; u:=linalg[rowdim](M): [seq(vb[i], i=1..length(vb))] V:=[%," "i=1..(u-irem(length(n,u),u))modu] X:=subs(AN,V);n:=nops(X); if u=1 then XM:=M else XM:=linalg[inverse](M): fi: seq(convert(evalm(XM&*X[u*i+1..u*i+u]),list),i=0..n/u-1); map(i
(imod27), map(op, [%])); map(cat, op(subs(NA, %))); end:

Bng 11.4: Chng trnh m khi Th d vi hai ma trn bc 3, ma trn M1 c (det(M1 ), 27) = 1 v ma trn M2 c (det(M2 ), 27)  1:
> M1:=matrix([[1,2,-1],[9,3,2],[-2,1,-1]]); > M1:=matrix([[1,1,2],[9,3,2],[-2,1,-1]]); > M[1]=eval(M1),det(M1),M[2]=eval(M2),det(M2); ] ] [ [ 1 1 2 1 2
1 M1 = 9 3 2 , 10, M2 = 9 3 2 , 30
2 1
1
2 1
1 > mot:="cung chuc tan xuan":

> cube(mot,M1,1):%,cube(%,M1,-1); "djadojtf blhsqlbidz ", "cungchuctanxuan" > cube(mot,M2,1):%,cube(%,M2,-1); "yjamojhf bvhshlbwdz ", "ucnyiczcctaeixljn"

R rng l khi det(M2 ) khng nguyn t cng nhau vi 27 kt qu thu c sai v ta khng tm li c vn bn gc. Hai phng php m m chng ta va kho st l Csar v m khi xp vo h cc m theo cha kha b mt. c gi nh th cng d hiu v c hai pha gi v nhn u phi gi kn cha kha ny, nu l th vic trao i thng tin s khng cn c bo mt.
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221

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

Nhng phng php ny c mt nhc im v cng to ln l khi c s trao i thng tin hai chiu gia nhiu ngi th tt c mi thnh vin trong cng ng phi tuyt i gi kn "cha kha chung". Vic ny qu thc rt kh khn. Phi tm ra mt phng php no lm cho s bo mt khng ty thuc vo chic cha kha b mt, v l phng php vi m mi, m RSA.

M RSA C s l thuyt
Mt phng php mi l m theo kha cng khai. tng ny do Diffie v Hellman cng b vo nm 1976. n nm 1977, ba nh ton hc l Rivest (M), Shamir (Do Thi) v Adlemann (M) ca Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T) mi c th ra pht minh m RSA . RSA chnh l vit tt tn ca ba ngi ny. Sau nhiu nm ci tin, kt hp vi nhiu phng php khc nhau cng vi s xut hin cc my tnh gia nh, con ngi ta hon thin nhng phn mm vi bo mt cc tt. RSA ngy nay c dng rng ri trong x hi trong phi nhc n phn mm bo mt PGP (Pretty Goods Privacy). Nguyn tc:

Cho hai s nguyn t p, q Tnh n = pq, m = (p
1)(q
1) Cho e P N , (m, e) = 1. Tnh d P Z , e.d  1[m]

, / / . / / -

@(x, y) P Z 2, y = xe[n] x = yd[n]

C th, sau khi chn p, q l hai s nguyn t, tnh n, m. Sau chn e nguyn t cng nhau vi m v tnh phn t o d ca e trong m-un m. Cch s dng: m mt mu t (sau khi i thnh s) ta lm: y = xe [n] gii m mt mu t (sau khi i thnh s): x = y d [n] (11.2.2) (11.2.3)

X (n, e) c g l kha cng khai. Kha ny c gi cho mi ngi. H ai mun gi vn bn cho ta, h ch cn m bng cng thc 11.2.2 trc khi gi. X d c gi l kha b mt, c dng gii m theo cng thc 11.2.3

Trc khi i vo th d, cn lu vi iu sau: 1. Vn bn gc sau khi chuyn thnh s (bng dy AN v N A) cn phi chuyn sang c s n = pq m. lm c iu ny ta phi cng chng li trong c s 27 (tng s k t) ri dng lnh convert chuyn sang c s n 2. n = pq l mt s tng i ln (1000 chng hn). Sau khi m bng y = xe [n] ta s thu c cc con s nh hn 1000 nhng ln hn 27 l s k t m chng ta khai bo trong hai dy AN v N A. V th sau khi m ta phi bin chng sang c s 27 (ging nh trong cng on 1) c th chuyn thnh mu t la-tinh. 222
Phm Minh Hong

11.2. Mt m

Th d: M ha cu "van hoa giao duc". Trc tin ta chn p = 7, q = 137 n = 2329, m = 2176. Chn e = 31, thut ton Euclide m rng cho ta d = 351. Vy nu gi hm f (x) l hm m v hm g(y) l hm gii m, ta c:
> f := x
xp mod 2329; g := x
xp 31 351 mod 2329;
f := x x31 mod 2329 g := x x351 mod 2329

Cng on 1 bin vn bn gc thnh s trong c s 27

> goc:="van hoa giao duc": > goc2:=[seq(goc[i],i=1..length(goc))]; > X:=subs(AN,goc2); > N1:sum(%i*27p
1),i=1..nops(%)); (i
N 1 := 11177030774433958008007 X := [22, 1, 14, 0, 8, 15, 1, 0, 7, 9, 1, 15, 0, 4, 21, 3]

Cng on 2: M trong c s n
> convert(N1,base,2329);
[486, 323, 1262, 1692, 943, 79, 70]

> map(f,%); > N2:sum(%i*2329p
1),i=1..nops(%)); (i

N 2 := [275523346071718557966724] [114, 1785, 880, 1838, 49, 932, 1726]

Cng on 3: Bin i sang c s 27 trc khi chuyn thnh mu t

> convert(N2,base,27);
[22, 26, 1, 6, 25, 7, 1, 15, 14, 10, 25, 4, 15, 1, 7, 12, 3]

> sub(NA,%); > msg:=map(cat,op(%));

msg := "vzaf ygaonjydoaglc"

gii m, cng ging nh m Csar v m khi, ta ch vic lp li tt c cc cng on trn sau khi thay vn bn gc bng vn bn m v f (x) bng g(y). Sau cng ta gom chung tt c vo mt chng trnh c tn RSA. Chng trnh RSA c ba tham s: vn bn (gc hoc m), s e (hoc d), v n: By gi chng ta th chng trnh RSA vi mt kha cng khai khc. Ta la chn ngu nhin hai s nguyn t p, q bng lnh nextprime
> nextprime(45), nextprime(835);
47, 839

Ta c n = 47  839 = 49433, m = 46  838 = 38548. Chn ngu nhin e = 125 lnh igcdex cho phn t o d[m] (d c th m).
> igcdex(125,38548,'a'),a;
1, 4009

(11.2.4)

> mot:="ly thuyet ma khoa cong khai":

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223

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

Nhn xt:

Trc khi i tip mi bn c xem mt cch gii thch vui nhng rt c th v m RSA (trch t Internet): Mt ngi (A chng hn) gi n cho tt c bn b mnh mi ngi mt kha ging nhau trong t th m v gi li cha. Ai mun gi th cho A th b l th vo ci hp kn ri bm kha y li trc khi gi bu in. Cho d trn ng gi c b nh cp hoc tht lc 224
Phm Minh Hong

RSA:=proc(mot, u, n) local f,NB:NB:=27; f:=x
xu mod n: [seq(mot[i],i=1..length(mot))] subs(AN, %); sum(%i*NB(i-1),i=1..nops(%)); map(f, %); sum(%i*n(i-1),i=1..nops(%)); convert(%,base,NB); subs(NA, %); map(cat, op(%)); end:

expo:=proc(m,e,n) local L,f,r,i: L:convert(e,base,2) f:=m mod n: if L[1]=1 then r:m else r:1: fi: for i in subsop(1=NULL,L) do f:=f2 mod n: if i=1 then r:=(r*f) mod n: fi:od: end:

Bng 11.5: Chng trnh m RSA v php bnh phng lin tip

> RSA(mot,125,39433); "iroaixnf qacrf ngsghccoivxqqgc" > RSA(%,4009,39433); "lythuyetmakhoacongkhai"

X So snh gia vn bn gc v vn bn m th ta thy khng c cch no "ln m" ra logic gii m.

Chng nhng th chiu di vn bn li khc nhau nn mi c gng i chiu u v ch. ( th d trn length(mot)=27,length(RSA(mot,125,39433))=29)
X Cch duy nht gii m l dng cng thc 11.2.3, ngha l tm ra d = 1 [m].e th ta c e (kha cng khai), phi tm m = (p
1)(q
1), ngha l phi tm p, q t n.

Ni tm li mun b kha phi tha s ha n, v tha s ha mt s ln (khong vi chc ch s) l mt vn nt c ca con ngi t ngn nm nay (xem Bi c thm cui chng)
X V y chnh l s tuyt vi em n thnh cng cho m RSA: Mi ngi c th m bng kha cng khai (n, e) nhng ch c ngi c cha kha (d) mi c th gii m. Bt k ai chim ot c vn bn m cng v ch, v v ai cng c th c "cha kha chung" nn hon ton khng c vn cha kha b tit l.

11.2. Mt m

cng khng ai c c l th trn. V ch c mnh A mi c th m hp bng ci cha kha ca mnh. Ci kha chnh l n, e v cha kha l d.

Php bnh phng lin tip

Mt trong nhng iu quan trng khi ly p, q ngu nhin l phi chn nhng s ln bo mt v nh th n s ln. Th d p, q gm 20 ch s , n s c 40 ch s a n hu qu l mt nhiu thi gian tnh hai cng thc y  xe [n] v x  y d [n]. gii quyt, chng ta phi dng n php bnh phng lin tip: Nu nhn trc tip a13 = a  a  a  a  a  . . . ta mt 13 php nhn. Nhng khi vit: 13 a = a1+4+8 ta ch cn bnh phng lin tip 3 ln sau nhn cc kt qu nhng ly tha no tng ng vi s 1 trong biu din 13 trong c s 2. Ta c 13 = (1011)2 , vy ta nhn kt qu ca ly tha 1, 4, 8.
> convert(13,base,2);
[1, 0, 1, 1]

Th d trong ?? ta cn tnh y 4009

> seq(y(2(i-1)),i=1..12);
y, y 2 , y 4 , y 8 , y 16 , y 32 , y 64 , y 128 , y 256 , y 512 , y 1024 , y 2048

> convert(4009,base,2):%,nops(%);
[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 12

Thay v thc hin 4009 php nhn, ta ch bnh phng lin tc 12 ln v ch nhn vi nhau cc ly tha 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, tng cng ch l 20 php nhn, v nh th tit kim c mt khong thi gian ng k. Thut ton n gin nhng hu hiu ny c thc hin trong chng trnh expo (Bng 11.5, trang...). V ci tin chng trnh RSA, ta ch cn thay th ng mt dng f := x
xp mod n tr thnh f := x
expo(x, u, n) u Ta gi chng trinh mi ny l RSA2: kim chng, ta dng cc s tng i ln:
> p:=nextprime(953):q:=nextprime(735):n:=p*q:m:=(p-1)(q-1): > 'p'=p,'q'=q,'n'=n,'m'=m;
p = 967, q = 739, n = 714613, m = 712908

Chn e = 9491. Tm phn o ca e trong m-un m:

> e:=9491:igcdex(e,m,'d'),d;
1,
36205

> word:="the period is always independent of the amplitude"; > u:=RSA(word,e,n);

u := "if lvhagwkbpbzrsvrmygtbrwborvlkstmxef ykpeadf ss"

Kt qu gii m v thi gian thc hin bng chng trnh RSA (Cha ci tin):
> t:=time():RSA(u,d,n);time()-t; "theperiodisalwaysindependentof theamplitude"
14.963
Phm Minh Hong

225

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

V vi RSA2, chng trnh s dng php bnh phng lin tip[8 ]

> t:=time():RSA(u,m-d,n);time()-t;
0.015

Khi dng vi php bnh phng ti thiu gii m, chng trnh chy nhanh gp 1000 ln!.[9 ] V s cch bit ny cn ln hn na khi vn bn di v d ln.

Ch k RSA
Vn ca chng ta nh sau: gi s mt thnh vin nhn c mt vn bn, lm th no ngi y bit ai l ngi gi v ai cng c kha cng khai ca mnh? v khng bit c ai gi mo mt thnh vin lin h vi mnh hay khng? Ch k RSA c p dng :
X Bit chnh xc ngi gi (trnh tnh trng th nc danh) X Trng ra mt bng chng ca ngi gi (khng th chi mnh khng gi) X Khng ai c th gi mo ch k ngi khc X Khng ai c th sa vn bn gi cho mt thnh vin khc

Nguyn tc: A v B l hai thnh vin trong cng ng. C hai u c kha cng khai ca (nhng) ngi khc: + Kha cng khai ca A l (na , ea ), kha b mt l da + Kha cng khai ca B l (nb , eb ), kha b mt l db Gi s A gi cho B. Cc cng on ca ch k in t nh sau:
X A m vn bn ln th nht bng kha b mt ca mnh (da ) X A m thm ln na bng m cng khai ca B (nb , eb ) ri gi X B gii m ln th nht bng kha b mt ca mnh (db ) X B gii m thm ln na bng m cng khai ca A (na , ea )

Nh th B bit chc chn ngi gi ch c th l A (v c "k" da ) v A bit chc chn ch c B c c vn bn m bng kha ca B. Th d: + Vi p = 17, q = 137, (na , ea ) = (2329, 31), da = 351 + Vi p = 23, q = 191, (nb , eb ) = (4393, 43), db = 1847 Trc tin, khai bo 4 hm. Hai bn pha A, hai bn pha B: > f a := x
xp mod 2329 : ga := x
xp 31 351 mod 2329 > f b := x
xp mod 4393 : gb := x
xp 43 1847 mod 4393 " " 31 f a := x x mod 2329 f b := x x43 mod 4393 351 ga := x x mod 2329 gb := x x1847 mod 4393
8 9

Chng trnh expo khng chp nhn d 0 nn phi ly modulo theo m Con s ny c th thay i theo s ln thc hin Phm Minh Hong

226

11.2. Mt m

Dng li cc lnh c ta c:
> goc:="chu ky dien tu rsa": > goc2:=[seq(goc[i],i=1..length(goc))]; > X:=subs(AN,goc2);
X := [3, 8, 21, 0, 11, 25, 0, 4, 9, 5, 14, 0, 20, 21, 0, 18, 19, 1]

> n:=sum(%[i]*27(i-1),i=1..nops(%));

M ln th nht trong c s na
2329 nn trc tin phi bin i s n va c sang 2329, sau m ln th hai trong nb = 4393 nn phi tm li s n trong c s 4393 10
> convert(n,base,2329);
[637, 1671, 2160, 2215, 1874, 2166, 34, 10]

n := 3722522118728157707349423

> map(ga,%);
[1528, 58, 1463, 1843, 472, 770, 1904, 233]

> map(fb,%);
[191, 3613, 4237, 514, 4096, 136, 55, 1572]

> n:sum(%[i]*4393(i-1),i=1..nops(%));
n := 49634588465268377202756366854

Bin i sang c s 27 chuyn sang mu t la-tinh

> convert(n,base,27);
[23, 18, 12, 20, 6, 24, 26, 4, 13, 25, 9, 7, 25, 2, 18, 26, 6, 15, 16, 4, 1]

> msg:=map(cat,op(subs(NA,%)));
msg := "wrltf xzdmyigybrzf opda"

gii, ta lp li cc lnh trn nhng o ngc cc con s trong phn m:

> convert(n,base,4393); > map(gb,%); map(fa,%); > n:=sum(%[i]*2393(i-1)..nops(%));

V sau cng ta c th gom vo mt chng trnh RSA3 vi 5 tham s: vn bn (m hoc gii m), kha b mt ca mnh, kha cng khai ca ngi kia: Vi:
X (n, d) l kha b mt ca mnh X (nb, eb) l kha cng khai ca ngi kia.

Ly li cc con s ca A v Ban
X (na , ea ) = (2329, 31), da = 351 X (nb , eb ) = (4393, 43), db = 1847

A gi cho B cu sau:
> word:="i disapprove of what you say but i will defend to the death your right to say it":[11 ]
10 11

Lu quan trng: Trong ch k RSA lhi A gi cho B, iu kin cn thit: na nb Ti khng ng vi nhng g bn ni nhng ti sn sng cht bn c ni ln iu y. (Voltaire)

Phm Minh Hong

227

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

Bng 11.6: Chng trnh m RSA c k tn v lin kt vi php bnh phng lin tip.

Vi lu khi chon kha RSA: Mc d c tnh bo mt cao, nhng cn quan tm chi tit khi s dng RSA.
X Hai thut ton c dng "m" ra p, q l Pollard v Fermat. Pollard khi u bng cc s nguyn t nh 3, 5, 7 . . ., nu n chia chn cho chng l kha b b. Ngc li Fermat ? khi u bng n v "bung" ra hai bn, nu n chia chn cho mt trong nhng s y l k nh xong.

228

RSA3:=proc(mot,n,d,nb,eb) local f,g: f:=x
expo(x,eb,nb):g:=x
expo(x,d,n): [seq(mot[i], i=1..length(mot))] subs({AN},%); sum(%[i]*NB(i-1),i=1..nops(%)); convert(%,base,n): map(g,%);map(f,%): sum(%[i]*nb(i-1),i=1..nops(%)); convert(%,base,NB); map(cat,op(subs(NA,%))); end:

> RSA3(%,2329,351,4393,43);
woapboteeqkwmubswdlxwublqbvhcjcvjf ptaxade gctxgauowhjtlwbnqoitbtnlxiiteaqihvojpkbd

V B s tm li c cu ni bt h trn bng lnh:

> RSA3(4393,43,2329,31);

Vy: trnh chn p (hoc q) nh, ln cn

?n v phi tng i cch bit nhau.

X Gi s A gi cho 3 bn vi 3 kha cng khai (ni , ei ) khc nhau, nhng v "lm bing" h chn cng gi tr e, chng hn (85, 3), (143, 3), (133, 3). Nu A gi x = 62 th 3 ngi kia s nhn c 73, 90, 125(73  623 [85] . . .). Nhng ai c c ba kt qu ny cng vi ba kha cng khai th k nh "tiu i". Hn ta ch dng nh l Trung Quc mt pht l tm ra vn bn gc:
> chrem([73,90,125],[85,143,133])(1/3):%=simplify(%);

?
3

238328 = 62

Vy: trnh "lm bing" hoc l th A phi c gng sa cho 3 vn bn ng ging nhau hon ton (thm vo cc khong trng gia cc ch...)
X Tuy nhin c nhng cch ch cn bit khi nim v RSA v mt cht "ma lanh" l c th b kha d dng. Gi s mt ngy p tri, bn nhn c mt email ca ngi bn nh km mt vn bn ri yu cu bn m v k tn bng kha b mt ca bn. Nu bn lm iu ny th k nh ... xong. V lc y vi vn bn gc v vn bn m cng vi kha cng khai ca bn, hn s tm ra kha b mt, v d nhin bn s lnh hu qu.

Vy: khng bao gi "lm n" m v k tn vo mt vn bn nu c kh nghi. Bn c th lm vic nhng nh thm vo vn bn gc mt vi du trng.
Phm Minh Hong

11.3. Bi c thm B kha RSA: Con ng chng gai

11.3 Bi c thm B kha RSA: Con ng chng gai

Trong sut chng ni v mt m RSA chng ta thy to ra mt kha l chuyn rt d dng, nhng b kha (tm ra d) l mt vic cc k kh khn. L do l t hi con ngi bit lm tnh cng bng nhng thanh tre, cc cho n ngy nay, khi ch mt ci clic chut l mt t php tnh c hon tt, con ngi vn cha tm ra thut ton tha s ha mt cch tht hu hiu v nhanh chng. Ta th vi php ton s ng. Cho n = 33  34  35 . . .  72  73 ta s c mt s 71 ch s.
> seq(k,k=33..73); > n:=convert([%],'*'):length(%);
71

Ch cn 4/1000 giy Maple c th tha s ha n thnh tch ca 21 s nguyn t. Nhng phi mt 400 giy phn tch n + 1 thnh 4 s nguyn t. Ch cng thm 1 m phi mt 100.000 ln thi gian nhiu hn. n gin l v cng t tha s thi gian tm cng lu. Vy nu n + 1 l tch ca 2 s nguyn t th thi gian tm s rt lu. V tch ca hai s nguyn t chnh l kha RSA m chugns ta va kho st. B kha RSA hay tha s ha ni chung l mt trong nhng cuc chy ua k th nht ca cc nh khoa hc. Phng php u tin v d nhin s khai nht do Eratosthne, mt m Ton hc Hy Lp c i pht minh ra t nm 250 trc Cng Nguyn[12 ].? Theo phng php ny, tha s ha n, ngi ta em chia n cho cc s nguyn t nh hn n. D nhin phng php ny ch c th p dng khi n nh m thi, v theo Tchebicheff, nu n 10 th s nguyn t nh hn n (c gi l (x)) c tnh bng cng thc: (x) x 21/2 31/3 51/5 ln ln(x) 301/30

Theo cng thc ny, tha s ha mt kha RSA 100 ch s ngha l tch ca hai s nguyn t 50 ch s phi cn n 1050 / ln(1050 )  0.92 0.8  1048 php chia. Nu em thc hin trn mt my tnh lng t(!) c kh nng tnh 1000 php chia mi nano-second, ta cn khong 2  1028 nm. Mt khong thi gian vt ngoi tr tng tng khi chng ta bit rng v tr ch "mi" c hnh thnh vo khong 13  109 nm... (theo nhng d kin thu thp t knh thin vn Hubble ngy 26/4/2005) Mt chi tit cng cn c quan tm l v chng ta lm vic trong h nh phn. Nu dng k bits m th s kha l 2k , v khi tng thm mt bit l tng ln gp i s kha v d nhin cng tng ln gp... nhiu ln thi gian tnh ton. S tng ng gia k v chiu di kha (s cc ch s) c tnh bng:
> seq([2k,length(2(2k))],k=5..11);
[32, 10], [64, 20], [128, 39], [256, 78], [512, 155], [1024, 309], [2048, 617]

C th l khi m trn 64 bits, chiu di kha l 20, v khi cng 128 bits chiu di kha l 39 v c thm 1 bits l s kha tng gp i (2k+1 = 2.2k ). Mt kha m vi 128 bits s kh tha s hn gp 2128 /264 = 18 t t lm mt kha 64 bits. D nhin con ngi tm ra nhiu phng php khc tha s ha mt kha RSA, c th
12

Xem bi c thm trang ...

Phm Minh Hong

229

Chng 11. S hc v ng dng

k n l cc phng php Fermat, Pollard, ng cong ellips, sng ton phng (tm dch t ting Php l crible quadratique). Vo ngy 22/8/1999, con ngi ph k lc khi thnh cng "b" kha RSA-155 (512) bits. Kt qu ny khng nhng thnh cng v mt tnh ton thun ty (thut ton Pollard) m cn l mt im son cho k thut my tnh hin i: 300 my tnh ca 11 phng th nghim c ni kt lin lc a qua 6 quc gia ng hng u trong c hai lnh vc ny l H Lan, M, Canada, c, Anh v Php. Cc thnh vin tham d u l nhng chuyn gia hng u v tnh ton hnh thc, l thuyt s v mt m. Cng vic khng l ny c chia lm hai gia on. Giai on u do 300 my tnh c nhn thc hin vi kt qu l mt ma trn kch thc khong 7.000.000. Giai on th hai "n thun" ch l gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng ng vi ma trn khng l trn. Vic ny ko di 224 gi trn Cray-C916 vi 2 giga-byte, mt my tnh vc-t cc mnh ca trung tm SARA Amsterdam, l ni iu hnh mi cng vic. Tng cng ngi ta mt khong 3 thng ri vi mt ngn qu khong 2 triu USD tha s mt s 155 ch s thnh hai s nguyn t c chiu di 78:
RSA155=1094173864157052742180970732204035761200373294544920 5990913842131476349984288934784717997257891267332497 625752899781833797076537244027146743531593354333897 =102639592829741105772054196573991675900 716567808038066803341933521790711307779 207958575989291522270608237193062808643

106603488380168454820927220360012878679
Sau ny nhiu phn thng c ha hn cho ai c th tha s nhng kha RSA di hn. Gii thng cho kha RSA-576 (147 ch s) l ... 10.000 USD ( c ngi m vo nm 2003), cho RSA-640 (193 ch s) l 20.000 USD (cha ai m), cho RSA-2048 l 200.000 USD. Cc bn mun th thi vn c th xem chi tit ti: http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/challenges/factoring/numbers.html Mt li khuyn: c xem nhng g ngi ta lm nm 1999, nu bn thc s cn tin ch nn th thi vn khi bn c aspirine v thi gi. V theo lut Moore[13 ], con ngi s tha s c RSA-2048 v nm 2079...

13

Theo lut ny kh nng my tnh tng ln 8 ln sau 3 nm Phm Minh Hong

230

Chng12
X l hnh ng
Khng nhng Maple c th gii quyt c nhng bi ton cc k phc tp, m n cn c kh nng to ra cc hnh ng (animation). Nhng hnh ng ny rt hu ch khi chng ta mun thy c s thay i ca nhng g va tnh ton-m con ngi thng khng th thc hin c. Vic ny s gip cho cng vic ging dy tr nn hp dn v to s ch cho hc vin, gip h hiu nhanh hn bi ton. Ni "Maple c kh nng to ra cc hnh ng" tht ra cng khng ng, v Maple ch to nn nhng hnh tnh (fixed), v chnh chng ta phi tm cch bin i v "ghp" chng thnh mt hnh ng. Nguyn tc ch c th nhng i khi bi ton i hi nhiu ci tin, lm c chuyn ny, ch c cch "my m" gii quyt nhng yu cu trn, ng thi t tm ra nhng phng thc mi. Nguyn tc c bn ca hnh ng c l tt c mi ngi u bit: nguyn tc chiu phim. l mt dy nhng hnh tnh c xp theo th t, hnh sau khc hnh trc mt chi tit nh. V khi ln lt hin th vi mt vn tc no , nhng hnh tnh ny s to ra chuyn ng. Trnh by nguyn tc c bn v cc ng dng c th l mc ch ca chng ny

12.1 Chuyn ng n gin Th d

u tin chng ta nhp cc th vin tin ch v khai bo mt s ch vit tt trong sut chng:
> with(plots):with(plottools): > alias(IT='insequence=true',SC='scaling=constrained'):

Cho hm f (x) = sin(x), th l hnh 12.1 (a):

> plot(sin(x),x=0..5*Pi,tickmarks=[3,3];

To hnh ng cho th trn. Gi s chng ta mun th chuyn ng theo phng x (ging nh trong cc oscilloscope), chng ta ch cn cho bin x di chuyn mt khong cch l cc th s tnh tin mt khong cch . lm iu ny, cn khai bo mt dy vi ch s i. y ta khai bo i chuyn dch t 0 n 3. Sau , dng hm display hin th 4 chuyn ng tnh.

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

Hnh 12.1: Hnh tnh ca hm sin(x) v 4 chuyn ng khc nhau

> p:=seq(plot(sin(x-i),x=0..5*Pi).i=0..3): > display(p,tickmarks=[3,3];

V kt qu l Hnh 12.1 (b) to hnh ng, ta cn hin th hnh th n sau khi tt hnh th n
1, ta t option insequence=true (vit tt bi alias) l IT)
> display(p,IT);

Dng nt chut tri bm vo hnh ri dng cc nt trn thanh cng c [Hnh 12.1 (c)] xem hnh chuyn ng. Ta thy c chuyn ng nhng qu nhanh. ko di thi gian, ta cho i chy t 1 n 10:
> seq(plot(sin(x-i),x=0..5*Pi).i=0..10): display(%,IT);

Tuy nhin chuyn ng vn cn qu nhanh. L do l v i chy t 1 n 10 vi bc nhy l 1. gim vn tc ta chia nh bc ca i. Th d gim 4 ln ta chia i cho 4, v m bo thi gian nh c, ta phi cho i chy t 1 n 40 thay v 10:
> seq(plot(sin(x-i/4),x=0..5*Pi).i=0..4*10): display(%,IT);

Nh vy "on phim" s gm 40 hnh, thi gian tnh s lu hn, nhng kt qu d qua st hn. K thut gim vn tc bng cch chia nh cc bc trong dy seq s c chng ta p dng cho sut chng ny.

Th d 2
Cho hm f (x) = sin(x) trong khong [0, 10]. Hnh tnh ny l (khng hin th):
> plot(x,x=0..10):

By gi, gi s chng ta mun to hnh ng, trc tin th trn c v t 0 ti 1, sau t 1 ti 2 v tip tc nh th ti 10. Nh th hnh ng s gm cc hnh tnh c x t 0 ti i, i chy t 1 n 10. Dy (seq) s c 10 hnh tnh:
> seq(plot(x,x=0..i),i=1..10): display(%,IT);

Nu chng ta mun chuyn ng chm hn, ta chia tng ca i cho 5 ln chng hn, khi x = 10, i phi chy t 1 n 50:
> seq(plot(x,x=0..i/5),i=1..50): display(%,IT);

232

Phm Minh Hong

12.1. Chuyn ng n gin

By gi ta mun to hnh ng cho mt on thng c chiu di 1 (c nh) chy theo ng f (x) = x. Cng ging trng hp trn, y x i t i n i + 1 v i chy t 0 n 45. Mun i i hnh v mn ta gim bc nhy, x i t n + 1: 5 5
> seq(plot(x,x=i/5)..(i/5)+1,i=0..45): display(%,IT);

Th d 3
Trong th d ny chng ta s cho quay mt chong chng c ba cnh. Cch n gin nht v l dng ta cc [Hnh 12.2 (a)]:
> p:=polarplot(cos(3*t),t=0..Pi,SC): display(p)

to hnh quay, ta dng lnh rotate [Hnh 12.2 (b)]:

> rotate(p,Pi/6);

Hnh 12.2: (a) Chong chng v tr u, (b) sau khi quay 30o v (c) 4 chuyn ng 5o 2 , hay ni cch khc, khi chong chng 3 233

V chong chng c 3 cnh nn gc gia hai cnh l

Phm Minh Hong

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

2 = 120o . Nh th ta ch 3 cn chia gc ny ra lm nhiu phn. Gi s gia hai hnh tnh, chong chng quay mt gc 5o 36 . n gin ta s khai bo mt hm mi tn theo i, v 4 hnh tnh lin tc ta lm [Hnh 12.1 (c)]: quay, mt cnh v n v tr ca cnh i trc sau khi quay mt gc
> f:=i
rotate(p,i*Pi/36): display(seq(f(i),i=0..3),SC);
V to hnnh ng ta chn bc quay l 10o 18 , nhe th phi mt 12 bc mi i ht mt gc 120o . Nh th trong dy, i s thay i t 0 n 11 l xong mt chu k:

> f:=i
rotate(p,i*Pi/18):

> display(seq(f(i),i=0..11),IT,SC);

Ta cng c th dng hm s hp lm hnh ng. C mi hm f (i), chong chng s quay 10o , vy khi p dng k ln ta c:
> g:=k
(f@@k)(p);
g := k

(f (k))(p)

Cng mt l lun nh trn, phi quay 12 ln mi xong mt chu k:

> display(seq(g(i),i=1..12),IT,SC);

12.2 Chuyn ng phc tp

Trong trng hp ny ta c ti thiu hai chuyn ng. y .

t .

. Hnh 12.3:

x .

Th d 1
Cho mt bnh xe bn knh r ln khng trt trn Ox. Trn vnh bnh xe c gn mt van. To hnh ng ca h thng. 234
Phm Minh Hong

12.2. Chuyn ng phc tp

v hnh trn. ta dng lnh di y v gi s r = 0.5.

> display(circle([0,1/2],1/2), disk([1/2*cos(Pi/6),1/2*sin(Pi/6)],.03),SC);

Khai bo chuyn ng ca bnh v van xe

V bnh xe ln trn trc Ox nn phng trnh ca n l:
> cr:=t
circle([t,r],r);

V k chuyn ng ca n l:

> q:=k
seq(cr(i),i=0..k); > r:=4: display([q(4)],SC);

(12.2.1)

Ta gi s r = 4. Nm chuyn ng u tin ca bnh xe: [Hnh 12.4 (a)] Ring i vi van xe, ta dng hm disk khai bo. y ta t xm phn bit vi vnh xe. Nm chuyn ng u tin ca van xe (bn knh van: 0.5) l:
> p1:=k
seq(disk([sin(t),cos(t)],.5,color=wheat),t=1..k): > display(p1(5),SC);

y ta khai bo ta ca van l [sin(t),cos(t)] th bnh xe ln theo chiu kim ng h, tng ng vi chiu ln v pha x 0 [Hnh 12.4 (b)]. Nu khai bo [cos(t),sin(t)] th bnh xe ln theo chiu lng gic, tng ng vi chiu ln v pha x 0.

Hnh 12.4: (a) Chuyn ng tnh tin ca bnh xe v (b) chuyn ng quay ca van

Ghp bnh xe v van

Trc tin ta xc nh ta ca van trong h trc chun xOy. Xt mt bnh xe bn knh r, van xe gn ti M . Vo thi im u, tm C [0, r]. Sau khi ln mt gc t, ta ca M l cung P M = OP = rt:
Phm Minh Hong

235

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

"

xM = ON = OP
N P = rt
r sin(t) yM = N M = P C
AC = r
r cos(t) y .

r . t . M .

C . A .

. O . N . P . Hnh 12.5:

x .

y l phng trnh ca ng cycloid m ta c th v d dng bng hm tham s. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th v bng ta Descartes:
> eqx:=x=r*t-r*sin(t): eqy:=y=r-r*cos(t):

loi t ta bt buc phi gii t theo y (biu thc ca eqy) ri th vo eqx[1 ]. tm li ng cycloid ta phi ly hnh i xng qua ng phn gic th nht (ly r = 1):
> solve(eqy,t): eq:=subs(t=%,eqx): eq;
c

y
r (y
r)2 x = r(
arccos( ))
r 1
r r2 > plottools[reflect](plot(subs(r=1,rhs(eq)),y=0..5),

[[0,0],[1,1]]);

To hnh ng
to hnh ng chung cho bnh xe v van - ta lu rng khi bnh xe di chuyn mt on thng u = OP th van quay c mt gc sao cho cung ru = u . Vy nu ta r dng t l di m bnh xe ln c (thay cho k trong biu thc 12.2.1) th ta ca van tng ng vi phng trnh cycloid, ta phi chia t cho bn knh r lc no van cng "dnh" trn vnh bnh xe: Gi s t quay c 3 vng (bnh xe quay 3 vng) th on thng tng ng l 3  2r 19r. Vi r = 4, ta c chuyn ng ring ca van xe:
> display(s(19*r),SC);
1

> s:=i
seq(disk([r*t/r-r*sin(t/r),r-r*cos(t/r),.05]),t=0..i):

v Maple khng th lm ngc li Phm Minh Hong

236

12.2. Chuyn ng phc tp

Hnh 12.6: Chuyn ng ca van xe trong 3 vng quay

Ghp chung hai chuyn ng:

> display([q(19*r),s(19*r)], insequence=true,SC); > display([q(19*r),s(19*r)],SC);

Ta thy kt qu khng nh mun. ( lnh trn vi du []), ta c hai chuyn ng ln lt. Bnh xe quay ht on 19r ri n van. chuyn ng th hai (vi du {}) cn th thm hn, bnh xe hin ra mt hnh ri n van xe mt hnh. C th cho n khi ht. Trng hoa ht c mt! hai chuyn ng xy ra ng thi, phi khai bo chung trong mt dy seq:
> p:=i
seq(display( cr(t),disk([r*t/r-r*sin(t/r),r-r*cos(t/r),.05])),t=0..i);
p := i seq(display( t t cr(t), disk([t
r sin( ), r
r cos( ), .05])), t = 0..i) r r

(12.2.2)

V chuyn ng (d nhin ch thy trn mn hnh) l:

> display([p(19*r)], insequence=true,SC);

Ta c th lm cch khc - bng cch dng cc lnh display ngay khi khai bo cc hm q(i), s(i) v k t by gi ta vit tt lnh color=wheat):
> alias(CW='color=wheat'): > q:=k
display(seq(cr(i),i=0..k),IT,SC):

> s:=i
display(seq( disk([r*t/r-r*sin(t/r),r-r*cos(t/r),.05],color=black),t=0..i),IT,SC);

V cch to hnh ng by gi n gin hn. Lu : vi cch ny v khng cn khai bo IT, SC trong lnh to chuyn ng sau:
> display([s(19*r),q(19*r)]);

Chuyn ng ca van xe c hnh cycloid. Chng ta s tr li th d ny mc (12.5.3) vi nhiu tnh ton phc tp v l th.

Phm Minh Hong

237

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

Th d 2
Cho hai chic xe A v B khi hnh cng lc vi hai vn tc khc nhau v chy theo phng Ox. To hnh ng ca chuyn ng.

Khai bo chuyn ng ca tng xe

Th d ny c phn phc tp hn th d 1 v nu ch xt ring mt hnh tnh th th d 1 c hai chuyn ng (bnh xe v van xe) v mi chuyn ng c mt chi tit. Trong trng hp ny cng ch c hai chuyn ng (hai xe) nhng mi chuyn ng c ti 4 phn t: thng xe, hai bnh v tn xe. V th trc tin ta phi khai bo tng chi tit ny trc khi "rp" chng li vi nhau. Dng lnh polygon v thng xe (bin v1 ), lnh disk dng v hai bnh xe. Bnh trc r1 , bnh sau s1 . Bin n1 dng v ch A hoc B ln thng xe. Tt c cc khai bo u di dng hm mi tn vi bin i l honh ui xe.
> v1:=i
polygon([[i,1.2],[i+1.5,1.2],[i+1.5,.7],[i+2,.7], [i+2,.2],[i,.2]]): > r1:=i
disk([i+.5,.2],.2,CW): s1=:i
disk([i+1.5,.2],.2,CW): > n1:=i
(textplot([i+.9,.8,"A"],font=[COURIER,BOLD,14])):

rp 4 phn ny:

> f1:=i
display(v1(i),r1(i),s1(i),n1(i)): > seq(f1(1.5*i),i=1..4): display(%,SC);

V 4 hnh tnh ca chuyn ng [Hnh 12.7 (a)] l: Hnh 12.7 (a) tng trng cho mt chuyn ng u vi khong cch thi gian l 1.5. Tuy nhin ta cng c th to ra mt chuyn ng vi nhng khong cch thi gian bt k [Hnh 12.7 (b)] (nh dng mc vung trong trng hp ny):
> seq(f1(i),i=[1,2.4,4.3,6.4]): display(%,SC);

Hnh 12.7: 4 chuyn ng vi khong cch thi gian (a) u v (b) khng u

238

Phm Minh Hong

12.2. Chuyn ng phc tp

V to hnh ng, chng ta s chia nh thi gian 5 ln d quan st:

> g1:=seq(f1(i/5),i=1..50): display(g1,SC,IT);

i vi chic xe th 2 (xe B), cc khai bo cng tng t, ch khc chic xe A tung ca xe. Mt khc chng ta cn thm th ca con ng ca xe B:
> v2:=i
polygon([[i,3],[i+1.5,3],[i+1.5,2.5],[i+2,2.5], [i+2,2],[i,2]]): > r2:=i
disk([i+.5,2],.2,CW): s2:=i
disk([i+1.5,2],.2,CW): > n2:=i
(textplot([i+.9,2.6,"B"],font=[COURIER,BOLD,14])): > f2:=i
display(v2(i),r2(i),s2(i),n2(i)): > p2:=plot(1.98,x=0..12): > g2:=seq(f2(i/5),i=1..50):

Ghp hai chuyn ng

Cng ging nh th d 1, chng ta ghp hai chuyn ng bng cch gom chng vo trong cc lnh display v cng thu nhn c cc kt qu ngoi mun. Lnh u to ra hai chuyn ng ln lt v lnh th hai th cng...hoa c mt
> display([g1,g2],SC,IT); > ff:=seq([f1(i/5),f1(i/5)],i=1..50): > display(ff,IT,SC);

gii quyt ta cng phi khai bo chung trong mt dy. V c bit, y chng ta cho xe B chy nhanh hn xe A bng cch chia nh thi gian v thay i thi lng cc xe vn i ht cng mt khong cch:
> ff:=seq(display([f1(i/5),f2(i/4)]),i=1..40): > display(ff,IT,SC);

Xem kt qu trn mn hnh th xe B chy nhanh hn, ui xe n honh 10 = 40 trong 4 khi xe A mi n honh 8 = 40 [Hnh 12.8 (a)]. Ta c th v mu s nh nghch o vi vn 5 tc ca xe. Xem hnh ng th ta thy c hai xe u ngng khi mt trong hai "cn mc n" hay ni khc i, mt trong hai xe thc hin xong dy thi gian i = 1..40. Ci chng ta mun by gi l d nhanh hay chm, trc hay sau c hai xe u phi cn mc. C ngha l sau khi xe B n ch th xe A vn tip tc chy cho n khi cn mc. Ta l lun nh sau: chuyn ng chm dt khi i t v tr cc i ( y l 40), lc y ui xe B n 10. Vy th ta c chi i chy n bao nhiu cng c ri ta ngng chuyn ng khi i i c hai ui xe n 10. lm c iu ny ta ch cn ly cc tiu ca 5 hoc 4 v 10. Ni i chy n bao nhiu cng c nhng trn thc t, v ng nht l ta ly 5 40 = 50, v vi tr 4 ny c hai u n ch. Sau cng ta c:
> ff:=seq(display([f1(min(10,i/5)),f2(min(10,i/4))]),i=1..50): > display(ff,IT,SC);

Lu : lu mt hnh to t Maple vo mt file th bnh thng ta nhp nt bn phi chut vo hnh v dng export xut ra file di dng mun lu (jpg, bmp, eps). Nhng iu ny ch ng vi hnh tnh, nu ta lm nh th vi hnh ng th ta s c hnh tnh u tin, thng th khng ng nh mun. Nu mun c mt hnh nh mun, th ch c cch to ra
Phm Minh Hong

239

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

Hnh 12.8: (a) C hai xe ngng cng lc v (b) ln lt ngng

hnh tnh . y ta mun l hnh cui cng, c ngha l hnh i = 8 hoc i = 10 [2 ].

> display([f1(8),f2(10)],SC,view=[0..12,0..3]); > display([f1(10),f2(10)],SC,view=[0..12,0..3]);

Lnh th nht to ra [Hnh 12.8 (a)]. Mt lu khc l y ta dng view xc nh khong chia trn cc trc ta . iu ny bt buc v nu khng s mc nh t 10 (hoc 8) n 12.

12.3 Chuyn ng c s thay i vn tc Thay i u

c gi l thay i u khi vn tc i tng thay i v c gi nguyn cho n ht chuyn ng. l trng hp ca chic xe m ta thy trong phn trn. By gi chng ta s thay i th d chng chng 3 cnh trong mc (12.1.3), trang(...). to hnh ng, ta phi khai bo mt php quay 18 = 100 v nh th phi 12 ln (t 0 n 11) cnh qut i xong mt chu 2 0 k 120 = 3 :
> p:=polarplot(cos(3*t),t=0..Pi,SC): > f:=i
rotate(p,i*Pi/18): > display(seq(f(i),i=0..11),IT,SC);

Nguyn tc thay i vn tc rt n gin, th d tng vn tc ln 2 ln, ta cho chong chng quay mi ln khng phi 18 = 100 m l 2 18 = 200 v ng thi ch 6 ln quay l xong 1 chu k thay v 12 nh vn tc bnh thng. Tm li:
> display([seq(f(2*i),i=0..11/2)],SC,IT);
2

Ta c th dng hard copy bng cch nhn Alt-PrtSc ri dn vo Corel Draw x l. Phm Minh Hong

240

12.3. Chuyn ng c s thay i vn tc

Khi quan st kt qu trn mn hnh ta thy chuyn ng khng "nhuyn" nh trc. y l iu khng trnh khi khi tng vn tc. Mt khc khi dng nt chy tng bc, ta thy khi i = 5 cnh qut hon tt chu k ng nh khai bo i = 0.. 11 (Maple ch ly s nguyn 2 trong lnh seq). Mt cch tng qut hn khi mun thay i vn tc n ln (n P Q ). Ta khai bo mt hm fp vi bin l n:
> fp:=n
display([seq(f(n*i),i=0..11/n)],SC,IT);

Chng hn:
X fp(2) chong chng quay nhanh gp 2 ln X fp(1/3) chong chng quay chm gp 3 ln

Thay i khng u - Th d 1
i khi cch "chia u thi gian" nh trn li khng biu din chuyn ng mt cch trung thc, chng hn nhng chuyn ng tun hon. Th d, chng ta mun quan st chuyn ng ca hm f (x) = sin x , (x P [0, 5], n P [1, 8]). Hnh tnh ca chuyn ng l: n
> seq(plot(sin(x)/i,x=0..5*Pi),i=1..8): display(%);

Hnh 12.9: (a) Chuyn ng vi thay i u v (b) thay i khng u Quan st [Hnh 12.9 (a)] ta thy bin ca th gim dn khi i tng, nhng s gim ny r rng l khng u. nhng bc u i 3 th ta cn phn bit c s gim ny nhng khi i 7 th cc ng cong st li vi nhau v bin gim mt lng rt nh. Nu tip tc cho i tng ln th ch thy mt nt en m v ng cong tin v trc honh v cng chm. Khi mun to hnh ng vi i ln, th chuyn ng khng c phn b u, ta thy chuyn ng s v cng chm:
> seq(plot(sin(x)/i,x=0..5*Pi),i=1..20): display(%);

gii quyt tr ngi ny, ngha l lm sao cho chuyn ng tht u, khng cn lc nhanh lc chm, ta phi lm sao cho ch s i khng thay i mi ln vi bc nhy 1, m i cng ln
Phm Minh Hong

241

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

th khong [i, i + 1] cng ln. L tng nht l ta dng dy Fibonacci v hai l do: th nht dy ny c khai bo sn trong Maple, th hai tng ca dy v cng ln, tha mn yu cu ca chng ta l "chia u" chuyn ng. dng dy Fibonacci, phi nhp th vin combinat
> with(combinat): > s:=fibonacci(i)i=1..19;
s := 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181

y ta ch cn ly 10 s hng u hin th:

> seq(plot(sin(x)/i,x=0..5*Pi),i=s[1..10]): display(%);

Xem [Hnh 12.9 (b)] ta thy 10 ng cong tng ng vi 10 gi tr ca i c v c dn tri ra u hn v tin st ti trc honh hn trng hp thay i u. V to hnh ng:
> seq(plot(sin(x)/i,x=0..5*Pi),i=s[1..10]): display(%,IT);

Ta cng c th khai bo thm mt chuyn ng i xng vi chuyn ng trn qua trc honh, v khi cho chy c hai hnh ta s c mt chuyn ng thng thy trong lnh vc in, in t:
> p1:=seq(plot(sin(x)/i,x=0..5*Pi),i=s[1..10]): > p2:=seq(plot(-sin(x)/i,x=0..5*Pi),i=s[1..10]): > display([p1,p2],IT);

Trong trng hp tng ca dy Fibonacci qu ln khng ph hp vi chuyn ng tht, ta c th chia i cc phn t ca dy ny:
> s:=fibonacci(i)/2i=1..20:

Nu cng cha thch hp, ta bt buc phi t to ra cc dy theo mun. Chng hn dy vi tng l s th t ca ln tng, c ngha l s th hai bng s th nht +1, s th ba bng s th hai +2, s th t bng s th ba +3 ... Maple khng c sn cc dy ny, nhng lp trnh rt d dng:
> k:='k': i:='i': j:='j': k:=1: j:=0: P:=NULL: > for i to 20 do k:=k+j: j:=j+1: P:=P, k; od: P;
1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, 46, 56, 67, 79, 92, 106, 121, 137, 154, 172, 191

Mt iu cn lu y l khi lp trnh chng ta nn cn thn nhp cc gi tr u cho cc bin. Chng hn vi lnh for nh trn, nu k, j khng c gi tr u, lnh ny s sai.
> k:='k': i:='i': j:='j': > j:=0: P:=NULL: for i to 20 do k:=k+j: j:=j+1: P:=P, k; od:
Error, recursive assignment

Mt khc, sau khi thc hin lnh for, ta li gii phng cc bin trn trnh nhm ln.

Thay i khng u - Th d 2
Theo nh lut Kpler th 2 [Xem bi c thm trang 137], khi mt trng quay quanh tri t trn qu o ellipse trong tri t l mt tiu im th vn tc ca mt trng s nhanh khi gn tri t v chm khi xa tri t. Xem [Hnh 12.10 (a)] th th t t chm nht n nhanh nht l m3 , m3 , m4 , m1 . n 80 nm sau, nh vo khm ph ca Newton v trng trng, ngi ta kim chng c nh lut ny. 242
Phm Minh Hong

12.3. Chuyn ng c s thay i vn tc

m . 2

m . 1

m . . 3
5 A .

B .

m . 4 ( . a)

. 4
( . b) Hnh 12.10: Chuyn ng theo nh lut Kpler

Teo Newton th mt vt khi lng m c "ht" bi mt vt bn cnh khi lng M m bng mt lc f = G M2 --trong r l khong cch gia hai vt v G l hng s v tr r 11 (G = 6.67  10 ) trong h MKS. V chnh lc hng tm ny to ra qu o ellipse v chuyn ng m Kpler kim chng trn. Di y ta s to hnh ng ly c chuyn ng phc tp ny. Trc tin ta to ra qu o ellipse. Trong h ta trc chun Oxy, phng trnh ca ellipse c bn knh theo (x, y) l (5, 4) l:
> eq:=x2/25+y2/16=1; y2 x2 + =1 eq := 25 16

ng biu din c gn vo bin tj [Hnh 12.11 (a)]:

> tj:=implicitplot(eq,x=-5..5,y=-4..4): display(%);

T phng trnh ellipse, ta khai bo mt hm y = f (x). Hm ny dng tnh tung ca mt im sao cho im y nm trn ellipse.
> f:=unapply(sqrt(rhs(isolate(eq,y2))),x); f:= x

4 5

25
x2

By gi ta bc vo phn phc tp ca vn l tnh honh ca mt trng (im m). chuyn ng phn nh chnh xc nh lut Kpler, ta phi i t gc ca n l nh lut Newton: trng lc l mt lc t l vi khong cch bnh phng. Gi s ban u mt trng A [Hnh 12.11 (a),(b)], honh l
5. Ta thit lp mt dy cc honh t l vi k 2 , trong k s thay i t 0 n mt gi tr kmax no sao cho honh kmax ny tng ng vi B(5, 0). Sau khi "ln m" chng ta c mt dy c cng thc tng qut l:

5 + 0.0493k2, (k P [0, 14])

> s1:=seq(-5+k2*.0493, k=0..14);
s1 :=
5.,
4.95,
4.80,
4.56,
4.21,
3.77,
3.23,
2.58,
1.84,

Cc tr ny u thuc khong [
5, 5]. V chuyn ng tng ng ca mt trng l:

> g1:=seq(display(tj,disk([k,f(k)],.2,CW)),k=s1): display(%);

1.01,
.07, .97, 2.10, 3.33, 4.66.

Chuyn ng ny [Hnh 12.11 (a)] c thit lp t 15 v tr ca mt trng v honh i t
5 n +5 ngha l mt na ellipse trn trc honh. to mt na cn li ta phi thit lp
Phm Minh Hong

243

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

mt dy s2 vi cc phn t ging nh s1 nhng th t ngc (v honh ca mt trng by gi i t +5 n 5 ), mt khc tung tng ng s i xng vi chuyn ng na ellipse trn qua trc honh, ngha l f (i) s tr thnh
f (i):
> s2:=seq(-5+k2*.0493,k=-14..0);
s2 := 4.66, 3.33, 2.10, .97,
.07,
1.01,
1.84,
2.58,
3.23,
3.77,

4.21,
4.56,
4.80,
4.95,
5.

[Hnh 12.11 (b)] biu din chuyn ng t B n A (na ellipse di), cn [Hnh 12.11 (c)] biu din ton chuyn ng:
> g2:=seq(display(tj,disk([k,-f(k)],.2)),k=s2): display(%); > display(%): display(g1,g2);

Hnh 12.11: Chuyn ng ca mt trng quanh tri t theo nh lut Kpler Quan st [Hnh 12.11] ta thy r rng l mt chuyn ng thay i khng u. Cc hnh trn nh tng trng cho v tr mt trng st nhau khi gn A[
5, 0] v cng tin n B[5, 0] th cc v tr cng ri xa nhau. Ni cch khc, cng gn A, mt trng di chuyn cng chm v nhanh nht khi n B, Tri t s u gn v tr [2, 0] [Hnh 12.11 (c).] 244
Phm Minh Hong

12.4. Chuyn ng vi mt hay nhiu hnh tnh

V to hnh ng, may mn cho chng ta l trng hp ny n gin hn nhiu so vi trng hp hai chic xe ca th d trc. y ch c hai chuyn ng g1 nm trn trc Ox, g2 nm di Ox v g2 ch c khi ng sau khi g1 chm dt. Ta c:
> display([g1,g2],insequence=true);

Trn mn hnh ta thy tr v A th c v nh "git li" (nu dng nt autoreplay, [xem Hnh 12.1 (c)], trang...). L do l v dy s2 c kt thc honh
5 v dy g1 cng li bt u bng
5. Khi kt hp hai dy ny th to ra hiu ng trn. gii quyt, ta ch cn loi phn t sau cng ny trong dy s2 :
> s2:=seq(-5+k2*.0493,k=-14..-1;

Nhng vi nhng khai bo trn, chuyn ng cn qu nhanh. Ta cn phi chia nh hn, sau vi ln th nghim ta s tm c cng thc tng qut ca dy l:

5 + 0.0062k2, k P [1, 40]

V cng lm ging nh trn, sau cng ta c:
> s1:=seq(-5+k2*.0062,k=1..40): > s2:=seq(-5+k2*.0062,k=-40..-1): > g1:=seq(display(tj,disk([k,f(k)],.2,CW)),k=s1): > g2:=seq(display(tj,disk([k,-f(k)],.2,CW)),k=s2): > display([g1,g2],insequence=true);

12.4 Chuyn ng vi mt hay nhiu hnh tnh

Trong th d trc (mc 12.3.3, trang...) ta thy mt trng chy trn mt qu o ellipse. Ellipse ny l mt hnh tnh hin hu trong sut chuyn ng. y l mt trng hp c nhiu ng dng.

Th d 1
Cho hm f (x) = e
x sin x . To thnh hnh ng ca tip tuyn vi th ca f . Ta khai 2 bo f (x) di dng hm mi tn:
2

Theo th th cch d nht l tm cc tip tuyn trong khong [
2, 2]. Phng trnh tip tuyn ca mt im l:
> tg:=a
D(f)(a)*(x-a)+f(a);
tg := a D(f )(a)(x
a) + f (a)

> f:=x
exp(-x2)*sin(x/2):

Trc tin ta s to hnh tnh vi tip tuyn ti cc im c bit: u l cc i ca f (x) v v l in un. u l nghim ca f 1 (x) = 0 v v l nghim ca f 2 (x) = 0:
> u:=solve(diff(f(x),x),x);
u := 2RootOf (8 Ztan( Z)
1

Phng trnh f (x) = 0 phc tp v va c hm m va c hm lng gic khng th c li gii gii tch hung h g f 2 (x) = 0. Gii bng gii tch khng c[3 ], ta bt buc phi tnh
3

cho d maxsols hay EnvAllSolutions=true kt qu vn khng kh qua hn

Phm Minh Hong

245

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

gn ng:
> u:=fsolve(diff(f(x),x),x);
u :=
.6927082534

> v:=fsolve(diff(f(x),x,x),x,x=0.5..2);[4 ]
v := 1.199815154 > seq(plot([f(x),tg(i)],x=-2..2,view=[-2..2,-.3..0.3],

thickness=[2,1],linestyle=[1,4]),i=[-3/2,u,v,2]): > display(%); [Hnh 12.12 (a)]

c hnh ng ta chia nh thm [Hnh 12.12 (b)] v d nhin phi dng insequence=true:
> seq(plot([f(x),tg(i/10)],x=-2..2,view=[-2..2,-.25..0.25], thickness=[2,1],linestyle=[1,4]),i=-20..20): > display(%,insequence=false);

x 2 Hnh 12.12: Tip tuyn ca hm f (x) = e
x sin( ) 2

Th d 2
Cho un =
1 n

cosn (x) cos(nx). Tnh

un v biu din s hi t di dng hnh ng.

n=1

> u:=cos(x)n*cos(n*x)/n;

Php tnh trc tip khng cho ra kt qu:

> sum(u,n=1..infinity); n 8 (cos(x)) cos(nx) n n=1

t hm lng gic di dng hm m: cos x = (eIx ), cos nx = (eInx )

> sum(exp(I*x)n*exp(I*n*x)/n,n=1..infinity);
4

bt buc phi xc nh khong mun tm, nu khng Maple s ch tm ra x = 0 Phm Minh Hong

246

12.4. Chuyn ng vi mt hay nhiu hnh tnh

(e

Ix )2 ln(1

e2Ix)

e2Ix

Ly phn thc ca kt qu trn. Biu thc ny cc k phc tp khng th in ra y, nhng khi n gin xong th tht ngn gn, chnh l kt qu mun tm:
> evalc(Re(%)): > S:=simplify(expand(%),symbolic); 1 1 S :=
ln(2)
ln(1
cos(2x)) 2 2

to hnh ng, trc tin ta khai bo hm tng tng phn Sk =

k n=1

un v cho k tin n

gi tr ln. Nu ng, Sk s hi t v S. Di y ta ly 12 gi tr u tin ca Sk :

> Sk:=k
sum(cos(x)n*cos(n*x)/n,n=1..k); n 8 (cos(x)) cos(nx) Sk = k n n=1 > g1:=seq(plot([S,Sk(i)],x=0..Pi-.01,view=[0..3,-.8..2], > display(g1,SC); [Hnh 12.13 (a)]

thickness=[3,1]),i=[k/2k=0..12]):

Hnh 12.13: S hi t ca

n=1 [

1 cos(x)n cos(nx)] n

Quan st [Hnh 12.13 (a)] th thy "c vn ". k = 12 r rng Sk khng hi t v S. L do l khi ly phn thc ca un (x), chng ta lm (eInx )(eIx ). Nhng: (un ) = (eInx  eIx

 (eInx)(eIx)

By gi ta dng hm m thay th cho cos(nx), cn cos(x)n nguyn:

> sum(1/n*exp(I*n*x)*cos(x)n,n=1..infinity);

ln(1
xIx cos(x))

Ly phn thc v thu gn kt qu:

> evalc(Re(%)): %=combine(%,trig);
Phm Minh Hong

247

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

ln( (
1 + (cos(x))2)2 + (sin(x))2(cos(x))2)) =
ln( 1 2

a

2
2 cos(2x))

> algsubs(cos(2*x)=1-2*sin(x)2,rhs(%)): %=simplify(%,radical,symbolic);

ln( 1 2

4 sin(x)2 ) =
ln(sin(x))
a

to hnh ng ta lm ging nh [Hnh 12.13 (b)] l hnh tnh tng ng:

> g2:=seq(plot([-ln(sin(x)),Sk(i)],x=0..Pi-.01,view=[0..3,0..2], thickness=[3,1]),i=[k/2k=0..12]): > display(g2,IT,SC);

12.5 ng lp ln bi hnh ng
Nu trong phn (12.4) mt phn t chuyn ng vi mt hnh tnh, th hnh tnh ny xut hin l bt bin trong sut chuyn ng. By gi chng ta mun phn t ny khi di chuyn n u s "v" ra con ng n i n . Nhng tng "i n u v n y" tri ngc vi nhng g ta thy trong sut phn x l hnh ng va qua. V nguyn tc lm hnh ng l lin tc hin th cc hnh tnh, v hnh sau khi xut hin ch khi hnh trc bin mt. Vy th lm th no sau khi i quay li c th li on ng va i? tng xem ra mu thun v phc tp nhng thc s n gin hn chng ta ngh. Nu nguyn tc hnh ng l hnh sau "" ln hnh trc th ta phi lm sao cho hnh th n ging y nh hnh th (n
1) nhng ch khc nhau mt chi tit, v hnh th (n + 1) ch khc mt chi tit nh so vi hnh th n, v c tip tc nh th. Chng ta bt u bng mt th d n gin.

Vin bi ln theo ng thng

Gi s chng ta c mt cin bi ln theo ng thng f (x) = x. Khai bo chuyn ng ny cng ging nh mc (12.3.3), nhng n gin hn nhiu v y l ng thng:
> s:=i
display(seq(disk([t/10,t/10],.05),t=0..i),IT,SC):

y ta chia cho 10 gim vn tc 10 ln. Ring v qu o ca vin bi ta dng hm

plot. Ta s v sao cho hnh sau ch khc hnh trc mt chi tit:

- Ln th nht i t 0 n honh

1 10

(v gim vn tc 10 ln)

- Ln th hai i t 0 n honh vi IT[5 ] th ny s "chng ln" th th nht v di hn mt on lm cho ta cm thy ng thng "di" ra 3 - Ln th ba i t 0 n honh 10 , v di hn ln th hai mt qung - Ln th i i n honh
i . 10 t , 10

2 , 10

C ngha l ta phi to mt dy cc th m mi hnh v i t 0 n i l honh xa nht m chng ta mun n.

v t s i t 0 n (12.5.1)

> p:=i
display(seq(plot(x,x=0..t/10),t=0..i),IT):

to chuyn ng ca ring vin bi v ca ng thng - gi s t honh 0 n 3:

> s(30); p(30);
5

insequence=true Phm Minh Hong

248

12.5. ng lp ln bi hnh ng

4 .

4 .

2 .

2 .

0 . 4 .

. 2 .

x .

4 .

0 . 4 .

. 2 .

x .

4 .

2 .

2 .

0 .

. 2 .

x .

4 .

0 .

. 2 .

x .

4 .

Hnh 12.14: Chuyn ng thng ca vin bi

Khi gom hai chuyn ng s thy vin bi va chy va vch ra ng ca n:

> display(p(30),s(30));

Quan st trn mn hnh th thy c mt vn nh: khi vin bi chy mt mnh th trn nhng khi vch ra on thng th n b khuyt mt mt na, trng rt kh chu. L do l v khi gom hai chuyn ng (mt c to bi disk, mt bi plot), th trong plot c khai bo t khong hin th (x = 0.. 10 ) nn Maple s dnh "u tin" cho khong ny. Phin mt ni khi v t t t 0 n 10 th cng mi hin th c na vin bi bn tri (v tm vin bi 10 ), cn bn phi th.. mt tiu. gii quyt, chng ta phi "la" Maple bng cch khai bo mt chuyn ng plot di hn hm p(i) trn mt t, v khi cho chy th ta s "giu" n i: Hm q(i) v ng thng y =
1, nhng vi chia cho 9 thay v chia cho 10 nh s(i) v p(i) v th q(i) s lun lun di hn p(i) mt on ngn. V khi i = 30, q(30) = 30 = 3.33. 9 Nhng khi display, ta gii hn tm hin th nn mi vic xy ra ging nh khng c hm q(i).
> display(p(30),s(30),q(30),view=[0..3,0..3]); > q:=i
display(seq(plot(-1,x=0..t/9),t=0..i),IT,SC):

Mt iu khc cn lu y: hm s(i) ca chng ta c khai bo vi display(s(30)); ta s c trn mn Hnh 31 hnh tnh ca vin bi.
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249

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

V chng ta cng s sai lm nu thm IT:

> display(s(30),IT);
Plotting error, ANIMATE must contain lists of objects

Vin bi ln theo mt ng bt k
By gi cng vin bi ny nhng ta cho ln v v theo hm f (x) =  sin x  x
> f:=x
abs(sin(x)/(x));
 

i theo hm f (x) ta s c mt chuyn ng "tng ng" kh vui mt. c c 3 th [Hnh 12.15] ta ch ly x 3, v ta c th dng mnh hoc hm v hnh ny.

Hnh 12.15: th ca hm (a),

sin x x , (b)f (x) v (c)f ( ) nhn ln 30 ln x 3

> plot(20*sin(x)/(x),x=3*Pi..8*Pi); [Hnh 12.15 (a)] > plot(30*f,3*Pi..4*Pi); [Hnh 12.15 (b)] > plot(30*f(x/3),x=3*Pi..9*Pi); [Hnh 12.15 (c)]

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12.5. ng lp ln bi hnh ng

Cch khai bo th cng tng t nh th d trn. Trc tin l vin bi. lnh sau, vn tc c gi nguyn bnh thng v gi hnh tnh (khng c IT):
> s:=i
display(seq(disk([t,30*f(t)],.4),t=evalf(3*Pi)..i),SC): > s(evalf(4*Pi));

Hnh 12.16: Chuyn ng ca vin bi (a) trc v (b) sau khi chnh vn tc Quan st [Hnh 12.16 (a)], t thay i t 3 n 4 hay t = 9, 10, 11, 12. Ta thy r rng l khng th gi vn tc ny, phi chia nh ra. Mt lu : khi dng seq th cc ch s ( y l t) c th l mt phn s. Nhng khi dng vi th phi dng evalf ly gi tr bng s. By gi ta gim vn tc 3 ln. Nu chia t cho 3 th ta phi nhn gi tr tn cng ca t vi 3:
> s:=i
display(seq(disk([t/3,30*f(t/3)],.4,CW), > s(evalf(4*Pi)); t=evalf(3*Pi)..3*i),SC):

Quan st [Hnh 12.16 (b)] th ta thy khong cch gia cc vin bi cn qu ln. By gi ta chia nh hn 5 ln v khai bo vi IT.
> s:=i
display(seq(disk([t/5,30*f(t/5)],.4,CW), t=evalf(3*Pi)..5*i),IT,SC):

Bc sang phn khai bo qu o ta cng lm ging (12.3): chia khong cch th hin ra 5 3 t ln (x = .. ) v nhn gi tr tn cng ca t vi 5: 5 5
> p:=i
display(seq(plot(30*f(x),x=evalf(3*Pi/5)..t/5), t=evalf(3*Pi)..5*i),IT,SC):

V chuyn ng ca vin bi cng con ng - t 3 n 6 l:

> display(s(evalf(6*Pi)), p(evalf(6*Pi)));

y vin bi cng b mt mt na, v chng ta cng tip tc lm nh trn:

> q:=i
display(seq(plot(-2,x=evalf(3*Pi/5)..t/4), t=evalf(3*Pi)..4*i),IT): > display(s(evalf(6*Pi)), p(evalf(6*Pi)),q(evalf(7*Pi)), view=[evalf(3*Pi/5)..18,0..14]);

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Chng 12. X l hnh ng

Cycloid
Trong phn (12.2.1) chng ta thy cch to hnh ng ca mt van gn trn mt vnh xe ln khng trt trn ng thng. By gi, trong phn ny, ta s to qu o ca n. v qu o ta phi i t ta va van xe. mc (12.2.1) ta c ta ny l: " rt
r sin t r
r cos t

Hnh 12.17: Trc tin ta v hnh tnh ca chuyn ng. [Hnh 12.17] c to bi 3 hnh: g1 v g2 l vin bi thi in t = 2 v t = 10(2 10 4), hnh g3 l qu o c v t 0 n 10 ( y chn r = 4): > g1:=disk([r*2*Pi-r*sin(2*Pi),r-r*cos(2*Pi),.05],CW):[6 ]
> g2:=disk([r*10-r*sin(10),r-r*cos(10),.05],CW): > g3:=plot([r*t-r*sin(t),r-r*cos(t),t=0..10],SC):
6

Nhc li cc ch vit tt: SC=scaling=constrained, IT=insequence=true, CW=color=wheat Phm Minh Hong

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12.5. ng lp ln bi hnh ng

> display(g1,g2,g3);

to hnh ng cho van v vnh bnh xe, ta lm ging nh mc 12.2.1:

> cr:=t
circle([t,r],r): > q:=k
display(seq(cr(i),i=0..k),IT,SC): > s:=i
display(seq(disk([r*t/r-r*sin(t/r), r-r*cos(t/r),.05],CW),t=0..i),IT):

Ring qu o ta khia bo mt dy th, mic th c v t phng trnh thng s v t i t gc ta n mt im m ta khai bo l bin. Bi v tc vin bi gim i r ln ( r , theo biu thc trn), nn ta cng phi chia cc bin l r ln v nhn gi tr sau cng vi r:
> p:=k
display(seq(plot([r*t-r*sin(t), r-r*cos(t),t=0..(i+0.1)/r],SC,color=red),i=0..k*r),IT):

Trong lnh trn ta bt buc cng i vi 0.1 v Maple khng chp nhn v th (plot) trn khong khng (t = 0..0 khi k = 0) V sau cng c hnh ng ta phi xc nh qung ng i. Trong [Hnh 12.17] ta thy vin bi c chu k 2, vy mun ln 3 vng ta phi cho tr ti a l 3  2 19:
> display(p(19),q(r*19),s(19*r));

Qu o ca van xe trong trng hp ny gi l ng cycloid.

im ng hc
Cho mt chuyn ng trong mt phng. Hy to hnh tnh v ng ca chuyn ng cng vi cc vector vn tc v gia tc ca mt im trn qu o .

a) Chuyn ng cycloid
c s lin tc, ta dng li ngay kt qu phn cycloid va tnh xong. Phng trnh ca mt im trn cycloid l: [rt
r sin t, r
r cos t]. Ta khai bo cc vector vn tc v gia tc bng cch ly o hm (ton t D) ca vector v tr, v vector v tr c khai bo bng mt vector hm:
> OM:=vector([t
r*t-r*sin(t),t
r-r*cos(t)]): > vt:=map(D,OM); gt:=map(D,vt);
$ & %

OM := [t rt
r sin(t), t r
r cos(t)] vt := [t r
r cos(t), t sin(t)] gt := [t r sin(t), t r cos(t)]

Tip theo, ta dng hm arrow khai bo cc mi tn biu tng cho cc vector vn tc v gia tc v v bnh xe. v qu o cycloid cch ngn gn nht l dng ng cong tham s:
> pvt:=t
arrow(OM(t),(vt(t)),.05,.1,.1,color=black): > pgt:=t
arrow(OM(t),(gt(t)),.05,.1,.1,color=white):

v vng trn v qu o ca chuyn ng, ta lm th mc 12.5.3:

> cr:=t
circle([t,1],1): > qd:=i
plot([OM(t)[1],OM(t)[2],t=0..i],color=red,SC):

Gom cc lnh trn vo mt ri xc nh gi tr r trc khi v hnh tnh:

> sys:=i
(pvt(i),pgt(i),cr(i),qd(i),SC):

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Chng 12. X l hnh ng

> r:=1:display(sys(1.2),sys(3),sys(4.3));

Hnh 12.18:

Quan st [Hnh 12.18] ta thy vn tc lun lun tip tuyn vi ng cycloid v gia tc lun lun hng v tm bnh xe. Mt khc ln ca vn toc cng c th hin qua cc di ca vector ny trong khi di chuyn trn qu o. To hnh ng: vi gim tc bng 5 v chuyn ng 2 chu k (2  2  5):
> display(seq(display(sys(i/5)),i=1..evalf(4*Pi)*5),IT,SC);

b) Chuyn ng bt k - Lp trnh
By gi chng ta s to chuyn ng vi mt qu o bt k, v cch duy nhtl lp trnh. Nu hiu cch khai bo phn a), th trong phn ny ta chng cn phi lm g ht. Ch cn ghp cc lnh trn vo l : Chng trnh cine nhn 3 tham s (OM vector-hm, n: di ca ng mun v, s = 1: hnh ng, s  1: hnh tnh. Mc nh ly s = 1) 254
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12.5. ng lp ln bi hnh ng

Th d 1: to hnh tnh v hnh ng ca hnh cardiod [Hnh 12.19 (a)]:

t
(1+cos(t/2))*sin(t/2)]); > OM:=vector([t
(1+cos(t/2))*cos(t/2),
t t t t OM := [t (1 + cos( 2 )) cos( 2 , t (1 + cos( 2 )) sin( 2 ]

Th d 2: to hnh tnh ca hnh "c sn" [Hnh 12.19 (b)]:

OM := vector([t
t 6 t sin( 2 ), t t 6 t cos( 2 )])

Phm Minh Hong

7 8

cine:=proc(OM,n,s) local i,p,vt,gt,pvt,pgt,movie,sys,u: u:=NULL: if nargs=3 then u:IT: fi: p:=i
plot([OM(t)[1],OM(t)[2],t=0..i,SC): vt:=map(D,OM): gt:=map(D,vt): pvt:=t
arrow(OM(t),(vt(t)),.05,.1,.1,color=wheat): pgt:=t
arrow(OM(t),(gt(t)),.05,.1,.1): sys:=t
display(p(t),pvt(t),pgt(t)): movie:=NULL: for i from 0 to n do movie:=movie, sys(i/5):od: display([movie],SC,u): end:

Bng 12.1: Chng trnh cine

> cine(OM,evalf(20*Pi)); cine(OM,evalf(20*Pi),1); [7 ]

> OM:=vector([t
t*sin(t/2)/6,t
t*cos(t/2)/6]); > cine(OM,77); [8 ]

y l mt ng cong kn nn ta c th dng nt "auto-replay" cho chy khng ngng. y bn knh vector r = 1, khi r 1 vn t ca hai vector vn t v gia tc phi c iu chnh.

255

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

Hnh 12.19: Biu din ca vn tc v gia tc hnh (a) cardiod v (b) hnh c sn

12.6 Bi c thm
Di y l bng tm tt cc pht minh, cc cng trnh nghin cu cng nh nhng thi im quan trng ca Ton hc t nm 2000 trc Cng Nguyn n nay. Bng ny c trch ra t a ch Internet: http://www-groups.dsc.st-and.ac.uk/history/Chronology/full.html Trong chng ti ch gi li nhng chi tit gn gi vi bn c Vit Nam. Mt v lu :  Du dng khi khng r chnh xc thi im  Tn ca cc khoa hc gia cng nh cng trnh c phin dch sang ting Php hoc ting Anh gn gi vi ngi c.

4000 nm lch s Ton hc

X -1950 () Dn thnh Babylone pht minh bn tnh nhn.

Hnh 12.20: Babylone

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12.6. Bi c thm

X -530 Pythagore v nh l ni ting mang tn ng.

Hnh 12.21: Pythagore

X -575 Thales bit cch tnh chiu cao kim t thp vi nh l mang tn mnh.

Hnh 12.22: Thales

X -440 () Hippocrates vit cun Elements, c xem nh sch hnh hc u tin ca nhn loi.

Hnh 12.23: Hippocrates

X -300 () Euclide h thng ha cc khi nim v Hnh hc trong Elements.

Hnh 12.24: Euclide

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Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X -290 () Aristote dng Hnh hc tnh khong cch t Mt Trng n Mt Tri. ng l ngi u tin cho

Hnh 12.25: Aristote

X -250 () Archimede khm ph ra nguyn l Thy tnh, tnh xp x s , tnh th tch hnh cu v hnh tr.

Hnh 12.26: Archimede

X -235 () Eratosthene tnh c chu vi Tri t ch bng phng php Hnh hc v thut ton tm s nguyn t.

Hnh 12.27: Eratosthene

X -225 () Apollonius vit Conics trong ln u tin xut hin cc t "parabola", "ellipse", "hyperbola".

Hnh 12.28: Apollonius

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12.6. Bi c thm

X 150 () Ptoleme a ra thuytd chuyn ng a tm (Tri t l trung tm Thi Dng h), thuyt ny l mt chn l trong sut hn ngn nm.

Hnh 12.29: Ptoleme

X 250 () Liu Hui (Trung Quc) bit dng phn s hu t. Sau ng xp x c s vi 5 s l bng cc a thc u.

Hnh 12.30: Liu Hui

X 250 Diophante vit Arithmetica, mt nghin cu v l thuyt S.

Hnh 12.31: Diophante

X 594 H thp phn c dng ti n . y l c s gn gi vi cch dng ca chng ta ngy hm nay.

Hnh 12.32: H Thp Phn

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259

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X 810 () Al-Khwarizmi vit nhiu nghin cu v S hc, i s, a, v Thin vn. ng l ngi ln u tin s dng t al-fabr c phin m thnh Algebra (i s). Chnh tn ca ng cng l ngun gc ca t algorith (thut ton).

Hnh 12.33: Abubin-Musa-alKhwarizmi

X 1150 S -Rp (s m chng ta dng ngy hm nay) c thu thp vo u Chu bi Fibonacci. ng l ngi u Chu u tin c nhng nghin cu su v S hc k t thi Diophant. Ngoi ra Fibonacci cng cng b dy s mang tn ng.

Hnh 12.34: Fibonacci

X 1247 Qin Jinshao v nh l Trung Quc v phn d (Chnese Remainder Theorem).

Hnh 12.35: Qin Jinshao

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12.6. Bi c thm

X 1382 Nicolas d'Oresme vit cun Le Livre du ciel et du monde (The book of Heaven and Earth) vi nhng ch v Ton, C cng nh nhng khi nim v Thin vn.

Hnh 12.36: Nicolas

X 1543 Copernic a ra mt l thuyt v Thi Dng h: l mt h nht tm (Mt Tri l tm) ch khng phi a tm (Tri t l tm).

Hnh 12.37: Copernic

X 1591 Vite vit Art analytique, l ngi u tin dng cc k t biu din cho cc i lng (t trc ti gi ch dng s).

Hnh 12.38: Vite

X 1609 Kepler cng b cc nh lut v qu o ellipse ca cc thin th trong v tr.

Hnh 12.39: Kepler

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261

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X 1614 Neper cng b cc nghin cu v logarithme.

Hnh 12.40: Neper

X 1635 Cavalieri cng b cc nghin cu v l thuyt cc nh infinitesimal.

Hnh 12.41: Cavalieri

X 1637 Descartes vit La Gomtrie ni v cc ng dng i s vo Hnh hc.

Hnh 12.42: Descartes

X 1639 Desargues bt u nhng nghin cu v Hnh hc quy chiu projective geometry.

Hnh 12.43: Desargues

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12.6. Bi c thm

X 1642 Pascal ch to thnh cng mt my tnh. My ch bit lm tnh cng.

Hnh 12.44: Pascal

X 1647 Fermat a ra khi nim m sau ngi ta gi l nh l Fermat ln (phng trnh xn + y n z n vo nghim khi n 2).

Hnh 12.45: Fermat

X 1673 Huygens cng b ngng khm ph v ng cycloid.

Hnh 12.46: Huygens

X 1675 Leibniz ln u tin s dng k hiu tch phn v sau khm ph ra vi phn ca cc hm c bn.

Hnh 12.47: Leibniz

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263

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X 1683 Seki Kowa cng b cc nghin cu v nh thc.

Hnh Kowa

12.48: Seki

X 1687 Newton vit Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy c cng ng khoa hc cng nhn l cun sch khoa hc gi tr nht t trc ti gi. Newton cng b cc cng trnh v chuyn ng, trng trng v c hc. L thuyt ca ng gii thch cho cc hin tng trong v tr cn trong vng un khc.

Hnh 12.49: Isaac Newton

X 1690 Jacques Bernoulli ln u tin dng t tch phn (integral) v chng t ngha hnh hc ca tch phn. Mt nm sau ng pht minh ra ta cc, mt cch mi biu din mt im trong khng gian. n nm 1718 (sau khi ng mt) ngi ta cng b nghin cu ca ng v php bin phn (calculus of variations).

Hnh 12.50: Jacques Bernoulli

264

Phm Minh Hong

12.6. Bi c thm

X 1690 Rolle cng b cc l thuyt sau tr nn nh l Rolle.

Hnh 12.51: Rolle

X 1694 Jean Bernoulli v quy tc "L'Hpital". Sau ng t ra bi ton brachis-tochrone: i tm con ng nhanh nht trong mt phng di nh hng trng trng.

Hnh 12.52: Jean Bernoulli

X 1707 De Moivre dng lng gic t biu din s phc (ez = cos z + i sin z).

Hnh Moivre

12.53: De

X 1724 Jacapo Riccati nghin cu v mt dng phng trnh vi phn.

Hnh 12.54: Jacapo Riccati

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265

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X 1727 Euler ln u tin dng k t e cho c s logarith v gii bi ton v L thuyt th: Nhng cy cu Kronigsberg. Sau vit Mechanica c xem nh cun sch u tin dng phng trnh vi phn gii cc bi ton C. Cng trnh ca ng tht s v lin quan n nhiu lnh vc ca Ton hc v C hc.

Hnh 12.55: Euler

X 1737 Simpson dng chui tm mt tch phn xc nh.

Hnh 12.56: Simpson

X 1743 D'Alembert cng b cc cng trnh v s phc cng nh s dng phng trnh vi phn o hm ring nghin cu v gi. Trc ng cng b nhiu nghin cu v dng hc trong Trait de dynamique (Treatise on Dynamics).

Hnh 12.57: D'Alembert

X 1754 Lagrange thc hin nhiu php ton quan trng v php tnh bin phn. Cng trnh ca Lagrange cng nhiu v k: n lin quan n i s (Gii phng trnh c bc > 4 S hc (L thuyt nhm), Thin vn (s hn n ca cc qy o sao chi), Gii tch (hm ellipse, nguyn hm elliptic), C hc (vi cun Mcanique analytique) trong ng bin c hc thnh mt ngnh ca gii tch).
Hnh 12.58: Lagrange

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12.6. Bi c thm

X 1763 Monge bt u a ra cc khi nim v Hnh hc gii tch.

Hnh 12.59: Monge

X 1784 Legendre cng b mt a thc mang tn ng v cc cng trnh v Thin vn.

Hnh 12.60: Legendre

X 1799 Gauss chng minh nh l c bn ca i s c D'Alembert nu ln vo nm 1746. Sau ng cng i tin phong trong ngnh Hnh hc vi phn.

Hnh 12.61: Gauss

X 1807 Fourier biu din mt hm s lin tc bng mt chui cc hm lng gic.

Hnh 12.62: Fourier

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Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X 1811 Poisson vit Trait de mcanique trong c nhiu ng dng ton cho in, t, in t v c hc. n nm 1830, ng a ra h Poisson dng trong c hc.

Hnh 12.63: Poisson

X 1812 Laplace cng b cc cng trnh v xc sut trong Thorie Analytique des probabbilits. Ngoi ra ng cn nghin cu phng trnh vi phn v Thin vn hc.

Hnh 12.64: Laplace

X 1817 Bolzano v l thuyt cc nh trong c s cng tc ca Wierstrass.

Hnh 12.65: Bolzano

X 1821 Navier v phng trnh Navier-Stokes gii quyt bi ton cht lng khng nn.

Hnh 12.66: Navier

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12.6. Bi c thm

X 1828 Green v nh l v din tch v th tch mang tn ng.

Hnh 12.67: Green

X 1829 Galois cng b cc cng trnh v i s trc Hn Lm Vin Khoa Ha Php. ng chng may mt sm trong mt cuc sng.

Hnh 12.68: Galois

X 1829 Lobachevsky khai trin khi nim Hnh hc phi-Euclide

Hnh 12.69: Lobachevsky

X 1831 Cauchy v chui s nguyn cng vi hm phc. Nm 1845, ng cng b nh l c bn v L thuyt nhm.

Hnh 12.70: Cauchy

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269

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X 1837 Dirichlet a ra mt khi nim tng qut v hm s.

Hnh 12.71: Dirichlet

X 1841 Jacobi v hm Jacobian.

Hnh 12.72: Jacobi

X 1845 Cayley cng b Theory of Linear Transformations h phng trnh tuyn tnh.

Hnh 12.73: Cayley

X 1847 Boole cng b nhng khi nim v lo-gch.

Hnh 12.74: Boole

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12.6. Bi c thm

X 1850 Chebyshev a ra cc kt qu v s nguyn t.

Hnh 12.75: Chebyshev

X 1850 Sylvester l ngi u tin dng t ma trn (matrix).

Hnh 12.76: Sylvester

X 1881 Venn a ra gin Venn dng trong l thuyt tp hp.

Hnh 12.77: Venn

X 1883 Poincar v l thuyt hm phc nhiu bin.

Hnh 12.78: Poincar

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271

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X 1887 Frobenius v biu din ca l thuyt nhm.

Hnh 12.79: Frobenius

X 1899 Lyapunov v s n nh ca phng trnh vi phn.

Hnh 12.80: Lyapunov

X 1901 Runge v Kutta tm ra phng php s dng gii cc phng trnh vi phn.

Hnh 12.81: RungeKutta

X 1909 Carmichael v s gi nguyn t.

Hnh 12.82: Carmichael

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12.6. Bi c thm

X 1921 Borel cng b ln u tin v L thuyt tr chi (game theory).

Hnh 12.83: Borel

X 1922 Richardson ln u tin s dng phng php sai phn hu hn (finite differences mathod) d bo thi tit.

Hnh 12.84: Richardson

X 1936 Turing pht minh Turing machine. y l nhng khi nim u tin dnh cho khoa hc my tnh.

Hnh 12.85: Turing

X 1847 George Dantzig a ra phng php simplex gii cc bi ton ti u tuyn tnh.

Hnh 12.86: George Dantzig

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Chng 12. X l hnh ng

X 1948 Shannon trnh by cc pht minh v L thuyt d kin (information theory) v nhng ng dng Ton vo vic chuyn ti d kin.

Hnh 12.87: Shannon

X 1948 Schwartz cng b nhng cng trnh v L thuyt phn b (theory of distributions).

Hnh 12.88: Schwartz

X 1959 Hall cng b nh l quan trng v L thuyt nhm.

Hnh 12.89: Hall

X 1961 Edward Lorenz khm ph ra nh lut ng x ca cc h hn n (chaotic behaviour). ng c xem nh ngi i tin phong trong lnh vc ny.

Hnh 12.90: Edward Lorenz

274

Phm Minh Hong

12.6. Bi c thm

X 1965 Tukey and Cooley cng b cng trnh v Fast Fourier Transform c ng dng rng ri trong cc ngnh in, Tin hc v C hc.

Hnh 12.91: Tukey

X 1975 Mandelbrot v Feigenbaum cng b cc kt qu v L thuyt Hn n v L thuyt Fractal.

Hnh 12.92: Mandelbrot

X 1977 Adleman, Rivest, and Shamir cng b mt ng dng ca s hc: M RSA dng m ha thng tin mt cc hiu qu.
Hnh 12.93: Adleman, Rivest, and Shamir

X 1997 Wiles thnh cng trong vic chng minh nh l Fermat ln.

Hnh 12.94: Wiles

Nhng khm ph...tnh c

Nu khm ph ca Archimede n t mt s tnh c (i tm, m phi tm bng bn kia), th y khng phi l mt th d hy hu. Trong sut qu trnh tin ha ca nhn loi, tnh c em li
Phm Minh Hong

275

Chng 12. X l hnh ng

cho chng ta nhng pht minh, nhng khm ph cc k v i:

X Trc tin phi ni n Newton v qu to lch s nm 1666. Gi s hm y Newton khng c sch di gc to (m di gc liu hay gc su ring),th chng bit n bao gi con ngi mi tm ra nh lut vn vt hp dn v khoa hc c l s khng pht trin nh ngy nay [9 ]. X Mt trong nhng khm ph v i khc l in. V chng ta khng th no qun Benjamin Franklin v con diu giy ca ng ta. Vo mt m ma bo thng 7/1752, ng b st nh ti t (nu khng mun ni l sut cht) trc khi i vo lch s ca khoa hc. X Alexander Fleming, v cu tinh ca hng triu con ngi vi pht minh v thuc khng sinh (pnicilline). ng n bn thu, cu th, n u ling y khin thc n mc nm nhng cng t tm ra bi thuc qu bu ny (1927). X Cng trong lnh vc y khoa, v cng thi quen v trt t ca cc nh bc hc Wilhelm Roengen v tnh nhn thy tm hnh pht quang bn tay ca v mnh v t tm ra tia X (1895). X Mt hnh thc khc ca s tnh c: nh ton hc ni ting Poisson ca Php hi cn tr c gia nh hng dn theo hc Y khoa. Mt hm v ng tr Poisson vo nhm ging ng, khi n mun quay ra th thy khng cho php, ng nh ngi li v nghe ging. Th ri cuc i ca cu b Poisson thay i t bui hc y, cu ta b hn ngnh y say m ton v sau ny li cho nhn loi nhiu pht minh gi tr. cng l trng hp ca anh em nh Bernoulli, ca Leibniz, Fermat...

Theo nhiu ti liu th y l h cu...80%. Lc y Newton ang trong nh v nhn thy to ri ngoi vn Phm Minh Hong

276

12.6. Bi c thm

K hiu phn s ly tha cng, tr bng cn v cc , nhn cng tr

Bng 12.2: Lch s cc k hiu Ton Th d Tc gi 2 N. Oresme 3 24 , 3
2 N. Chuquet +,
Stifel a=b R. Recorde ? 2 C. Rudoft

hc

Nm() 1320-1382 th k XV 1544 1510-1558 1525 1616-1703 1631

nhn, chia nguyn hm vi phn, o hm

8 ab ab 10  0.1 a  b, a : b

J. Wallis W. Oughtred

G.W. Leibniz dx, f 1 (x) ab ex ab a + ib T. Harriot W. Jones L. Euler

1646-1716 1631 1706 1707-1783

,
S c s e khc s phc tng phn nguyn

E(x) A.M. Legendre 1752-1833 Bf o hm ring Condorcet 1770 Bx giai tha n! C. Kramp 1808 k hiu tp hp X, Y, @, D, P G. Peano 1831-1916 Tp s t nhin N , hu t Q Tp cc s thc R Dedekind 1858-1932 xp x ab Steinhausser 1875 Q vc-t P (?) 1930 tng ng ab W. Ackerman 1936 Tp cc s phc C Jacobson 1939 ()Trong bng trn nu khng r nm pht minh th l giai on sng ca tc gi.

Phm Minh Hong

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Ti liu tham kho

[1] JEAN MICHEL CORNIL, PHILIPPE TESTUD. MAPLE, Introduction rionne l'usage de l'tudiant, de l'ingnieur et du chercheur. Edition Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidenberg 1977 [2] EUGENE W.JOHNSON - Linear Algebra with Maple V University of Iowa, USA [3] JOHN DEWITT - Calculus with Maple V University of Saskatchewan, CAN. [4] ANDRE HECK - Introduction to Maple Edition Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidenberg 1977 [5] WALTER GANDER, JIRI HREBICEK Solving problems in Scientific Computing Edition Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidenberg 1977 [6] WILLIAM A.GRANVILLE. PERCEY F .SMITH, WILLIAM R.LONGLEY Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculus Ginn and Company - Yale University, USA [7] CLAUDE GOMEZ, BRUNO SALVI, PIERRE ZIMMERMANN Calcul Formel: Mode d'emploi - Edition Masson, Paris 1995 [8] ALBERT.LEVINE - Introduction Maple - Edition Elipses, Paris 1998 [9] prolmes de mathmatiques rsolus avec Maple et Mathematica Edition Ellipses, Paris 1988 [10] VINCENT BOURGES - Physique avec Maple - Edition Ellipses, Paris 1998 [11] JANE MARC FERRAND - Maths et Maple - Edition Dunod, Paris 1998 [12] J.D.ANDERSON - Fundamentals of Aerodynamics University of Maryland, Edition Mc Graw-Hill. [13] PHILIPPE DUMAS, XAVIER GOURDON Maple, Son bon usage en mathmatiques Edition Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidenberg 1997 [14] JULLIEN BOK, PIERRE MOREL - Cours de Physique - Mcanique des Ondes Collection Methodes - Hermann, Paris

Ti liu tham kho

[15] HSUAN YEH, JOEL I.ABRAMS Principles of Mechanics of Solids and Fluids. Vol. 1 University of Pennsylvania - Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc 1960 [16] JEAN MARC MONIER - Gio trnh ton - Nh Xut Bn Gio Dc [17] HERVE LEHNING - Travaux pratuques avec Maple - Edition Pole. [18] R.KENT NAGLE - EDWARD B.SAFF Fundamentals of Differential Equation & Boundary Value Problems Addition Wesley Publishing Company [19] R.MONTAGNER - Rsistance des Matriaux - Edition Eyrolles 1982 [20] SEBASTIEN DESREUX Physique Terminal S - Edition Bral 1998 [21] V.M. STARZHINSKII Applied Method in the Theory Of The Nonlinear Oscillations - Mir Publishers [22] MICHEL GERADIN Mechanical Vibration & Structure Dynamics - University of Liege [23] D.KLETENIK - Problmes de Gomtrie Analytique (Traduit du russe par A.Karvovski) - Mir Publisher - Moscow 1969 [24] WALTER LEIGHTON - Ordinary Differential Equations University of Missouri - Wadsworth Publishing Company - California 1968 [25] KENNETH ROSEN - Discrete Mathematics ans Its Applications Mc Graw-Hill Edition [26] V Ngc Tc M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh - Nh Xut Bn Gio Dc [27] Nguyn nh Tr - Ton hc cao cp, T.3 - Nh Xut Bn Gio Dc [28] Nguyn Cang - Nguyn ng Pht Gii thiu tm tt cuc i v s nghip cc nh ton hc - Nh Xut Bn Tr [29] Phm Huy in - Tnh ton, lp trnh v ging dy Ton trn Maple Nh Xut Bn Khoa Hc & K Thut [30] H Huy Khoi - Phm Huy in - S hc thut ton Nh Xut Bn i Hc Quc Gia H Ni

Phm Minh Hong

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Ch mc
Symbols (diff) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 145, 149 (seq) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 119, 153 EnvExplicit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 101 EnvHorizontalName . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 85 EnvVerticalName . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 85 A algsubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 alias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 25, 50, 85, 92, 170, 178 allvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 38, 83, 118, 148 altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 arctan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 AreCollinear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 AreConcurren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 AreHarmonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 AreOrthogonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 253 arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 assign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 50 assume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 75, 116, 117, 119 positive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 @@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 90, 128, 170, 178 axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 boxed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 framed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 B band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 boxed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 C center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 86 changevar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 charpoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 101 chrem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214, 215 circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 235 circumcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 collect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 exp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171, 175 radical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 123 coloring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 combine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42, 84 symbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 symbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42, 84 trig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 200 concat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 conjugate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 connect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 101 contourplot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57, 61 contourplot3d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 57, 64 convert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 +, * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 +,* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223, 227 binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 listlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 91 ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 parfrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 PLOYGONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 trig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 coordinates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81, 82

280

Ch mc

coords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 57 csgn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 37 H has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 43, 50, 65, 82 D D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 54, 58, 66, 145 hessian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 I denom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 det . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 igcdex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 dfieldplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 diag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 implicitplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 66, 73, 76, 124 Diff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 implicitplot3d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 diff . . . . . . . . . . 10, 34, 49, 61, 95, 96, 117, 246 incircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 150 infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 102 discont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 insequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 63, 76, 168 disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168, 169, 199, 235, 238 Int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 117, 119, 123 display . . . . . . . . . . 12, 54, 63, 79, 95, 147, 232 int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 118 distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 84, 85 interp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 100, 153 dotpord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 draw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 intparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 dsegment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 dsolve . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 95, 102, 128, 145, 149 inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 220, 221 numeric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17, 109, 150, 178 irem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 220, 221 irreduc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 E eigenvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 56, 98 is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 35, 37, 135, 148 eigenvects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 isolate . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 39, 116, 118, 141, 243 Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 82, 85 isolve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212, 215 eval . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 18, 57, 66, 76, 91, 93, 186 isprime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 209 evalc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 247 ithprime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 evalf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 37, 41, 44--46, 65, 118 J convert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 29, 90 evalm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 90, 93, 97 L expand . . . . . . . . . . 5, 37, 42, 44, 128, 171, 200 labeldirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 F labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 61, 153, 197 factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 42, 44, 49, 149 length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 223, 224 fibonacci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 lhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 filled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 lightmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 63 FindAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 102 floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 117 font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 70, 75, 82, 85 for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 154 linecolour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 fsolve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 55, 61, 72, 246 linestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 139 local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 G gcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 M genmatrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 152 map . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 18, 25, 28, 31, 57, 65, 66 grad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 65 cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 gradplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 combine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Phm Minh Hong

281

Ch mc

convert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 evalf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 trunc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 90, 91, 93, 99 max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 162 median . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 midpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 213, 224 mw, mws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 N nextprime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 nops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 62, 158 norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 expanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 23, 43 NULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 numer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 numpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 O odeplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 151, 152, 155, 186 op . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 29, 30, 70, 79, 99, 115 orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 55, 118, 121 orthocenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 P parallelepiped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 patchnogrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 PerpenBisector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 phaseportrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 piecewise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 96, 133 plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 40, 64, 76, 95 plot3d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 58, 61, 92, 101 poinplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 70, 75, 81, 83, 95 pointplot3d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 59, 62, 63, 101 polar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 186 polarplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 233 polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 positive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 prevprime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 109, 110 proc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 22, 23, 93, 106 R radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 118, 121 rand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 12 282

rationalize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 192 Re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 148, 171, 172, 247 read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 reflect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 remove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 43, 65 restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 rhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 23, 30, 38, 117, 118 RootOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 39, 45, 51, 101, 148 rotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 233, 240 round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107 rowdim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 221 rsolve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 91, 94 S save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 66, 155 select . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 28, 35, 50, 70, 82, 83, 98 seq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 45, 58, 73, 81, 90, 161 display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 setoptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 115, 175 simplify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 14, 23 radical, symbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 sqrt, symbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 symbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 29--31, 35, 82 expand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 solve . . . . 6, 21, 28, 33, 41, 49, 55, 70, 94, 236 spacecurve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 64 sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 57 spline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 153, 159 sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 39, 40, 117 stepsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 64 hidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17, 95 wireframe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 48, 57 subs . . . . . . . . 8, 19, 25, 30, 34, 41, 45, 94, 150 subsop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227, 246 symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 108 cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 symbolsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Phm Minh Hong

Ch mc

T textplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 78, 108, 238 thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 58, 123 tickmarks . . . . . . . . . . 40, 61, 79, 100, 103, 106 time() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 trans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 97 transslate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 trunc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 tubeplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 118, 119

vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 255 view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 103, 152, 180, 240

W while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 154--156 with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 combinat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 75, 81 goem3d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 linalg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 192 plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 73, 145, 154 plottools . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 57, 78, 123, 168 U student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 unapply . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 31, 39, 40, 62, 81, 146 worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 21 union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 154, 156 Z V value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 119, 121, 122 zip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Phm Minh Hong

283