Lte Lecture

Travis Russell
Director, Caribbean Region travis.russell@tekelec.com Tel: +1.919.460.2172
1 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.
Copyright 2011
The Network Evolution

Travis Russell
This document is for informational purposes only, and Tekelec reserves the right to change any aspect of the products, features or functionality described in this document without notice. Please contact Tekelec for additional information and updates.
Your Speaker
Travis Russell More than 30 years Telecom Experience Expertise in voice, data, and signaling networks Author of 5 technical books published by McGraw-Hill Author of 13 patents in the area of telecom, fraud and security No degree learned through Bell System training and job experience!
Copyright 2011
Some Basics
Copyright 2011
What is a Standard?
There are requirements, and there are standards.

Requirements are ambiguous, and used as the framework for
more defined standards

Standards define how a network or protocol behaves under all
There are thousands of standards published for wireless
circumstances. They are ratified by the member companies through a voting process.
networks, authored by several different organizations. The key standards are put into place by the member companies and ensure that phones will work all over the world.
Copyright 2011
Who Creates Standards?
International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications (ITU-T)
Sets worldwide requirements for telecommunications networks, ensuring compatibility between different countries
Those requirements are then used by the 3GPP and other standards organizations in the creation of a true standard.
Each country is responsible for adapting the standards and requirements for use in their own countries ITU-R is responsible for setting requirements for radio equipment including frequency allocations
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Adapts ITU standards for use in the Americas
GSM Association

Develops standards for the GSM community and represents the GSM operators worldwide Responsible for the GSM standards used in most all networks today
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
Develops the standards for the evolving wireless network
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Responsible for all standards applying to the Internet, including SIP
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Develops standards such as 802.11 (WiFi), and 802.16 (WiMax) Also developed the standards for Ethernet, and much more
Copyright 2011
Channel Access Technologies
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Access method at the data link layer Requires high performance filters in radio equipment
Allows users to access satellite frequencies simultaneously, but each user
transmits at a separate frequency
Crosstalk is a common problem with FDMA
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the
channel into time slots

Commonly used in digital telecommunications such as E1/T1 Timing issues are the largest problem
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Developed by Qualcomm Allows multiple transmitters to send simultaneously over the same channel
using special coding. Only receivers using the same code will receive
Copyright 2011
Channel Access Technology Analogy

Put several people into one room that want to talk simultaneously
1. Allow them to speak one at a time, taking turns (TDMA) 2. Allow them to speak at different pitches (FDMA) 3. Allow them to speak in different languages (CDMA)
(Thanks to WiKiPedia for this great analogy)
Copyright 2011
Cellular Network Concept
The issue with radio telephone was the inability to reuse the same frequencies in a close proximity
Radio interference was a common issue with these
networks Overlap of coverage areas would cause cross-talk and noise Because of distance, required higher power radios
Cellular is a structure that allocates the frequencies into distinct cells, separated from one another, allowing the frequencies to be reused within close proximity Allows radios to use less power because base stations are in close proximity
D C A B D C
B
A B
B C
Copyright 2011
Why Are We Changing The Network?
Because how we use the Internet has changed our everyday lives, and how we interact with one another has changed dramatically as well.
The younger generation is driving many of these changes and will continue to demand an online experience everywhere they go.
Copyright 2011
The Evolution of Wireless

Generation 0G 1G 2G Standards Org Radio Telephone AMPS Family GSM/3GPP Family 3GPP2 Family AMPS Family OTHER 2.5G 3G (IMT-200) 3.5G GSM/3GPP Family 3GPP2 Family 3GPP Family 3GPP2 Family 3GPP Family 3GPP2 Family MTS-MTA-IMTS AMPS (TIA/EIA) N-AMPS (TIA/EIA) GSM cdmaONE (TIA/EIA) D-AMPS (IS-54 & IS-136) CDPD-iDEN-PDC GPRS-EDGE CDMA2000 1x UMTS (UTRAN)-WCDMA CDMA2000 1xEV-DO HSPA-HSPA+-LTE CDMA2000 1xEV-DO REV A, EV-DO Rel B Standards
IEEE Family
4G 5G
WiMAX (802.16)
LTE Advanced WiMAX Advanced
3GPP Family IEEE Family ?????
Copyright 2011
Mobile networks evolution (0G to 2.75G)

Japan & Asia Europe
MTA
Ericsson Sweden 1956
JTAC
Japan 1983
PDC
Japan
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
MTB
1965
CDMA
IS-95
1xRTT
NMT-450
Finland 1971
NMT-900
Finland 1986
GSM
CEPT->ETSI 1991
GPRS
EDGE
MRT-1327
Russia 1958
TACS
UK 1983
Americas
GSM
1995
GPRS
EDGE
iDEN DynaTac
Motorola USA 1973
dead-end
AMPS
AT&T USA 1982
D-AMPS
1990 (aka TDMA or IS136)
Motorola
CDMA
aka CDMAone or IS-95
1xRTT
3xRTT
never deployed
Copyright 2011
Mobile networks evolution (3G, 4G, +)

Worldwide
GSM GPRS EDGE
UMTS
aka WCDMA
HSPA
LTE
2010-11
Americas, China, Korea, Japan, Australia

GSM GPRS EDGE
LTE advanced
5G ??
CDMA
1xRTT
CDMA-EVDO
aka IS-2000
dead-end
802.16m WiMAX WiMAX

802.16e (mobile) 2009
WiFi HyperMAN UMB

HiBurst
F-OFDM 802.20
802.16d (fixed) 2007
WiBRO
Copyright 2011
GSM network architecture

VAS (voice mail, SMS, etc.) BTS BSC BTS PSTN (Fixed network)
MSC/ VLR
G-MSC
BTS BSC BTS
HLR
Mobile Station
Access Network
Core Network
Copyright 2011
GPRS/EDGE network architecture

VAS (voice mail, SMS, etc.) BTS BSC BTS MSC/ VLR
G-MSC
PSTN (Fixed network)
BTS BSC BTS SGSN
HLR
AAA
GGSN
internet
Mobile Station
Access Network
Core Network
Copyright 2011
3GPP R4 network architecture
BTS
MGW
MGW
G-MSC server PSTN (Fixed network)
BSC
BTS
MSC server
BTS BSC BTS SGSN
HLR
AAA
GGSN
internet
Mobile Station
Access Network
Core Network
Copyright 2011
UMTS (3G) network architecture
NodeB
MGW RNC MSC server
MGW G-MSC server
NodeB
NodeB
HLR RNC
AAA
NodeB
SGSN
GGSN
internet
User Equipment
UTRAN
Core Network
Copyright 2011
Adding the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
NodeB
MGW RNC MSC server
MGW G-MSC server PSTN (Fixed network)
NodeB
NodeB
HLR RNC
AAA
HSS IMS
NodeB
SGSN
GGSN
internet
User Equipment
UTRAN
Core Network
Copyright 2011
3GPP LTE (4G) network architecture
eNB
eNB
eNB
LTE HSS
IMSHSS
IMS
MME/ UPE
eNB
internet
User Equipment
E-UTRAN
Evolved Packet Core
Copyright 2011
WiMAX (4G) network architecture
BTS
eNB
PSTN (Fixed network) WiMAX AAA
eNB
HSS ASNGW IMS internet
eNB
Subscriber Station
Access System Network
Core System Network
Copyright 2011
Putting together a network
Simple network starts with a few nodes Direct peer-to-peer IP addressing But, as the traffic demands increase More nodes are added to the network Which increases the complexity of the network Leading to a mesh architecture that is unmanageable
Copyright 2011
The IP Cloud
Application Application
Application Application IP Cloud Application Application
Application Application Application Application
Application
Application
Copyright 2011
Analysis of IP network
Relies on IP to provide transport services Addressing - Abstract (IMSI, URL, name etc.)
Application Abstract Address
Application layer utilizes abstract address for identification of recipient However, the IP layer requires IP address for routing.
OSI L4
IP Address TCP/UDP/SCTP IP Network Interface
Therefore, abstract address must be translated to IP address for routing to the destination by IP layer
OSI L3
OSI L2 OSI L1
IP Services - IP Routing/Optimization - IP network management - Unreliable/reliable transport - Transport services (i.e. ack, retransmission etc.)
Addressing -IP Address - Transport port
Copyright 2011
Abstract address represents many things

+19195551212@abc.com
Softswitch
SDM
myDB@abc.com
SDM SDM
Partition Based
IVR1
myMrf@abc.com
IVR2
Capacity Based
IVR3
NPDB1
myNP@abc.com
NPDB2 NPDB3
N+1
Copyright 2011
Who knows about L4 context

NPDB 1
Variation in implementations
NPDB 2
NPDB 3
N+1
SDM SDM
Application Application
End point must understand L4 context
IP Cloud SDM IVR1
Partition Based
IVR3
IVR2
Copyright 2011
Layer 4 network view

Issues with fully mesh network NPDB NPDB NPDB . 1 2 3 Route management Fault handling Application Application
L4 Network/Traffic Management Connectionand address L4 routing management (for connection oriented transport) resolution L4 Cloud Network Intelligent Layer Subscriber Data management Admission Control Interoperability and more
SDM SDM SDM IVR1
Network Interconnection Load balancing/sharing

that effect robustness of the IVR3 IVR2 network
Copyright 2011
What is Long Term Evolution (LTE)?
Copyright 2011
LTE/EPC Architecture
Applications (Service Control & Databases) IMS HSS
DRA DRA
PCRF
EPC (Core Switching & Transport)
PGW
DPI
MME
SGW
EPC = Evolved Packet Core MME = Mobility Management Entity SGW = Serving Gateway PGW = PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway DRA = Diameter Routing Agent HSS = Home Subscriber Server PCRF = Policy and Charging Rules Function IMS = IP Multimedia Subsystem DPI = Deep Packet Inspection
E-UTRAN (Access)
E-NodeB
SAE = System Architecture Evolution (project name for EPC)
Copyright 2011
Initial LTE Deployments a series of islands

LTE islands within 3G nationwide network Multi-mode devices supporting 2G/3G/LTE Initially, LTE carries data only (limited VoIP)
LTE
3G
3G 3G
LTE
3G
LTE
Copyright 2011
Signaling Protocol Evolution
Diameter and SIP become the dominant signaling protocols SCTP point-to-point connections remain
Mobility and Subscriber Management
Application and Session Control

Copyright 2011
Diameter Fundamentals
Defined by IETF RFC 3588 IP-based AAA protocol designed for easy extensibility via the
definition of new Applications [interfaces], Commands [messages], and Attribute-Value Pairs (AVPs) [parameters] Requires security via TLS or IPsec, but these are not always used in practice Defines clients, servers, and 4 types of core agents
Observations 3GPP has defined many new Diameter applications for use in IMS, LTE, and 3G Routing, signaling network management and congestion control not as robust as SS7 Operators must determine how to cost effectively secure and scale their Diameter core networks
Copyright 2011
Diameter Agents in 3GPP and GSMA
3GPP TR 29.909 Diameter-based protocols usages and recommendations in 3GPP

Defines need for Diameter infrastructure
Inner Diameter Relay Pool
Border Diameter Relay Pool
Inter-operator Diameter Infrastructure
to simplify the S6 and S9 network
MME
MME
MME
3GPP TS 23.203 Policy and charging control architecture

Defines Diameter Routing Agent to direct
PLMN S-GW P-GW Non-3GPP GW Diameter (PCRF) realm ePDG DRA AF PCRF PCRF PCRF Gx, Gxa, Gxb, Gxc, Rx Diameter (PCRF) realm DRA PCRF PCRF PCRF
all messages for the same IP-CAN session to the same PCRF
GSMA PRD IR.88 LTE Roaming Guidelines

Defines need for a Diameter agent at the
point of network demarcation

MME
VPMN
S6a
HPMN GRX/IPX
S4 SGSN
S6d
Proxy Agent
Proxy Agent
S9
vPCRF
hPCRF
Copyright 2011
Types of Diameter Agents
Relay Agent Routes messages based on Destination-Realm (domain), Destination-Host, and Application. Maintains transaction state only. Proxy Agent Similar to Relay, but might also look inside the message for routing decision, or modify the message. Might maintain session state. Redirect Agent Returns routing information and then drops out of the loop. Translation Agent Proxy agent that translates between two protocols, such as Diameter-MAP.
Request
Request
Client
Answer
Relay/Proxy Agent
Server
Answer
Redirect Agent
Request
Redirect Request Client Answer Server
MAP Message
NE MAP Response
Request
Translation Agent
Server Answer
Copyright 2011
Selected Diameter Interfaces in LTE and IMS

Foreign LTE Domain Foreign GPRS Domain
Gr
vMME
EPC Equipment Check
SLF
vPCRF
MAP-Diam IWF
S6d
vSGSN
vS4-SGSN
S6a
S9
IMS Registration
Sh
EIR
S13 S6a Cx Rx
IMS PCC
IP-SM-GW AS Access to HSS
MME
PCRF
Gx Gz
P-CSCF
Rf
I/S-CSCF
AF
PGW
EPC Mobility Management
Gy
OFCF
IMS Charging
Ro Re
OCF
Rc
EPC Charging
ABMF
RF
Home LTE/IMS Domain
Copyright 2011
Challenges Raised by Diameter
Complexity and scalability of managing large number of

SCTP/Diameter connections
Deficiencies with respect to network management and

congestion control in Diameter
Lack of wide-scale deployment and proven robustness of
Need for specialized proxies, such as HSS address resolution

for LTE MM and IMS, and PCRF binding function (DRA)
Diameter
Need for single point of interconnect to other LTE networks to

simplify routing and provide security
Need to provide for roaming to non-LTE (2G/3G) networks (i.e.

MAP <-> Diameter interworking)
Copyright 2011
Diameter Comparison to SS7
Characteristic
Routing
SS7
Diameter
Each message independently routed Network-wide Dedicated SNM messages Route around failed paths
Answer message does not contain routing info and follows same path as associated Request Hop-by-hop No dedicated SNM msgs Failures discovered with each new request Relies on reliable transport No defined traffic priorities Specialized, app-specific proxies required
DRA for PCRF binding HSS address resolution for EPC and
Signaling network management (SNM)
Congestion control
Congestion levels and traffic priorities defined
Application specific routing
GTT can be used by upper layers
IMS
Robustness
Wide-scale deployment; years of experience
Early days; lots of prove-in still required
Copyright 2011
SS7 versus Diameter Failure Scenarios
Dest NE
SS7
Diameter
Server
Case 1 - Failure after Destination receives message
NE can dynamically route around failed element/path
Diameter cannot dynamically route around failure anywhere in the path
Diameter Relay
Diameter Relay
Orig NE
Client
Dest NE
Case 2 - Failure before Originator sends message
Server
NE can be informed by STP about unreachable destinations
Messages will continue to be routed inefficiently towards failed paths
Diameter Relay
Diameter Relay
Orig NE
Client
Copyright 2011
Current MSC/HLR Roaming
Front End SCTP/MAP
Front End
Front End
Front End SCTP/MAP

MSC MSC MSC
SCTP/MAP
Operator_2
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAP
MSC MSC MSC
Operator_2
Signaling Hub Provider

SCTP/MAP SCTP/MAP SCTP/MAP
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC MSC MSC MSC MSC MSC
Operator_n+1
Copyright 2011
Operator_n
Expected Diameter Network

DSR
HSS HSS HSS
HSS BE
HSS BE
PCRF PCRF PCRF Gx
Operator_2
HSS FE
HSS FE
HSS FE
HSS FE
S9
MME MME MME
Gy
S6a
DSR
HSS HSS HSS MME MME MME
S6a CSCF CSCF CSCF Rx DSR DSR S6a Gx/Gy S6d S9
S9
Operator_3
DSR
HSS HSS HSS
Roaming Hub Provider

DSR
Operator_N
MME MME MME
MME
MME v4SGSN
PCEF
PCEF
DSR
HSS HSS HSS
Operator_N+1
MME MME MME
Copyright 2011
Example PCEF PCRF and OCS connectivity

PCEF
Gx and Rx
PCEF
PCRF
PCEF
PCEF PCEF PCEF PCEF PCEF PCEF PCEF
PCRF
PCEF = GGSN, DPI, MME, ETC
PCRF
OCS
OCS
PCEF PCEF
OCS
PCEF
Gy
Copyright 2011
3G Mobile Data Network with Diameter Relay

PCEF
PCRF
PCEF
PCEF
PCRF
PCEF PCEF PCEF PCEF PCEF
DSR
PCRF
DSR
PCEF PCEF
OCS
OCS
PCEF PCEF PCEF
Addresses connection limitations at PCEF
OCS
Copyright 2011
HSS Resolution for LTE Mobility Management

Visited PMN (MNC=123; MCC=567) Home PMN (MNC=15; MCC=234)
1. Update-Location-Request
Destination-Realm= epc.mnc015.mcc234.3gppnetwork.org Origin-Host= MME1 Origin-Realm= epc.mnc123.mcc567.3gppnetwork.org User-Name= 234150999999999
HSS1
2. Update-Location-Request
Destination-Host=HSS2 All other fields same as msg 1
vMME 4. Update-Location-Answer
Proxy Agent
3. Update-Location-Answer
HSS2
Origin-Realm= epc.mnc015.mcc234.3gppnetwork.org Origin-Host= HSS2
All fields same as msg 3
HSS3
Initial Update-Location message will contain pre-defined Destination-Realm constructed based on IMSI in the User-Name AVP, according to 3GPP TS 23.003 Agent performs address resolution on message 1 and inserts Destination-Host associated with the IMSI, which is HSS2 in this example Subsequent messages are host routed, since the MME and HSS now know the identity of each other
Copyright 2011
A Word About IMT-Advanced
The ITU has defined the requirements for 4G, but not the standards
(the how it will work part) The 3GPP introduced their LTE standards to the ITU-R group in October 2010, and LTE was accepted by the ITU as the standards meeting the requirements of IMT-Advanced. Key Features of IMT-Advanced
services and applications
Backward compatibility with fixed line services and older technologies
Capable of interworking with other wireless technologies High-quality mobile services Worldwide roaming supported
Commonality of functionality worldwide, but able to support varying
Peak Data Rates (100Mbps for high and 1G for low mobility are
targets)
Copyright 2011
Introducing Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
Copyright 2011
Vodafone Hungary Experience

Offer:
Unlimited Mobile Broadband No Overage Charges

Control Network Demand While Maximizing Utilization if Capacity is Available
Challenge:
Fair Use Terms: If over monthly cap, bandwidth reduced from 3G speed to 2G speed during busy hour 17% bandwidth reduction vs. uncontrolled Calculations indicate 20% CAPEX reduction vs. uncontrolled
Only 3% of subscribers impacted Overall improved experience for
non-heavy users
Enabled operator to become #1 in mobile broadband despite being #3 in voice

Busy Hour
Copyright 2011
Vodafone Hungary Experience

Throttles Temporarily Halted
1.2
15.7%
1.0
Gbps at GGSN
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
0000
1200
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Without Throttles:
Peak BW 15.7% Overall BW 26% Throttles normally only affect 3% of attached subs
Copyright 2011
1200
What Policy Does

Applications Content Providers
P-CSCF/ IMS Service Delivery Platform Akamai Google
Microsoft
Policy Server
GGSN, PGW, SGW HA/PDSN CMTS, B-RAS
PCRF
Subscriber Data Mgmt
Network
DPI/ Optimization
SPR/HSS
Centralized, Neutral, Rules-Based Brain for Dynamic Resource Decisions across Multiple Access Networks

Subscriber, Application and Network Awareness Bandwidth/QoS, Charging and Quota Management
Copyright 2011
Basic Policy Mechanism Application
Application Server Trigger: Policy Request
2
Sub DB
3
PCRF/ Policy Server
4 1
GGSN Application Session Initiated
Conditions: Rule Execution Action: Policy Decision
QoS, Charge, Quota, etc. for the Application
Copyright 2011
Mobile Broadband Bandwidth Management
How It Works (Several Other Variations Possible)

GGSN signals PCRFon session establishment PCRFgets subscriber info, monthly quota & remaining quota balance from SPR/HSS PCRF installs policy for subscriber (bandwidth, quota)
User consumes data

GGSN reports when quota limit exceeded If during peak hours, PCRF installs lower bandwidth cap for subscriber
If offpeak hours, no bandwidth cap
Billing system updates subscriber quota upon new billing month
Subscriber Data Server
PCRF
Internet
GGSN
Copyright 2011
Mobile Broadband Service Tiers & Promotions
What to Do About Mobile Broadband Pricing?
Policy & SDS Provides Operator Marketing with Tremendous Flexibility to Segment Markets
Gold Tier Highest BW Settings Fair Use Policy Setting -5 Gig Premium Voice Premium Video
Silver Tier Mid Level BW Settings Fair Use Policy Setting -3 Gig Premium Voice
Bronze Tier Low Level BW Settings Fair Use Policy Setting -1 Gig No P2P Allowed
Copyright 2011
Mobile Broadband Service Tiers & Promotions

GGSN signals PCRF on session establishment PCRF gets subscriber info and/or monthly/remaining quota from SPR/HSS PCRF installs policy for subscriber on GGSN (bandwidth, quota) PCRF installs policy for application control on DPI (application entitlement) User consumes data GGSN reports when quota limit exceeded, etc. OR DPI reports application usage PCRF installs new policy on GGSN and/or DPI based on subscriber tier
PCRF
Internet
DPI GGSN
Copyright 2011
EU Roaming/Bill Shock
EU Roaming Regulation in Effect July 1, 2010 Transition to Usage-Based Billing Causing Concern Elsewhere
AT&T & O2UK iPhone plans now have usage caps Users notified when data roaming is 40; notified & capped at 50
Policy + SDM Can Manage Notification & Controls Without

Major Billing Upgrade
Identification of roamers Quota management Subscriber notification Bandwidth controls Application controls
Most USB modem plans have had usage caps for some time
Copyright 2011
EU Roaming/Bill Shock

GGSN signals PCRF on session establishment (SGSN info identifies user as roaming) PCRF gets subscriber info, quota & remaining quota balance from SPR/HSS PCRF installs policy on GGSN for subscriber (quota) PCRF sends user SMS regarding roaming welcome & usage limit User consumes data When GGSN reports when 80% of quota limit is reached, PCRF sends user SMS
regarding usage limit

When GGSN reports when 100% of quota limit is reached, PCRF blocks usage & sends
user SMS regarding usage limit

PCRF SMSC
Internet
GGSN
Copyright 2011
Over-the-Top Applications
Challenges
Addressing net neutrality requirements Adding value to OTT apps Higher costs/lower revenues Maintaining customer relationship
Solution Overview
Policy to apply QoS to applications Policy, subscriber data management and APIs to securely expose network assets Policy analytics to evolve services Diameter routing for security
Benefits
Strengthen subscriber relationship by personalizing OTT applications Optimize quality of experience for customers preferred applications Increase OTT revenues by adding incremental value - subscriber data, analytics, guaranteed QoS, data usage, mobile advertising Comply with net neutrality regulations and ensure network security.
Tekelec Confidential
Business Opportunity
Revenues from OTT Apps > Service Provider On-Deck Apps
Skype Mobile to Bring Video Calling to the Verizon Wireless 4G LTE Network NTT Docomo Partners With Twitter For New Location-Based Service In Japan France Telecom and Telefonica are seeking a new deal with Internet companies including Google and Apple, who they say are overloading networks without contributing enough to their upkeep.
Verizon Turbo Boost Example
At .. Verizons Application Innovation Center in San Francisco, Verizon executives showcased..the network optimization technology, which took a high-quality video stream and simulated it running over a congested network. When a Verizon engineer pushed a "turbo button," the video's choppy frame rate and apparent quality improved.
November 2011
Turbo Button
Verizon is using Policy Server (PCRF) as well as their own innovative, inhouse network optimization API development to deliver the turbo button.
The turbo button can provide guaranteed quality of service for a subscribers applications.
How it Works: OTT and On Deck Quality of Service

1. The device connects to the OTT service provider and requests service 2. OTT service provider triggers a dynamic connection in the Application Server 3. Application Server performs firewall functions (admission control, security etc.) 4. Application Server converts the request to a 3GPP-compliant Rx request and sends it to the DSR 5. DSR routes the message to the appropriate Policy Server 6. Policy Server queries the SPR/HSS for the subscribers profile 7. Policy Server installs policies for subscriber on the PCEF (quota, service level) 8. The subscriber receives the desired service
User Data Convergence

Changing how we manage subscriber data in the network
Copyright 2011
Telecommunication World is changing Major Consolidation on going: Value is shifting from Network to
Consolidation of Vendors
Customers
Customer Experience Customer based routing Customer based policy
Consolidations of Operators
Consolidation of networks (outsourcing).
Technology shift:
From TDM to IP From Voice to Data Access diversification: 2G/3G/4G/WLAN
Bit pipe versus Smart Pipe Data Explosion

Align Costs to Revenue Profile -- not
User Change:
SmartPhones USB Dongles
to Traffic Growth
Deliver More Services with Less
Investment
Tablet Computers
Machine2Machine
New players in network:

Google, Apple, Facebook Content/ IPTV providers New business Models (App. downloads, Advertising)
Copyright 2011
Todays Reality: Subscriber Data is Stored in Many, Disparate Locations

HLRs, SCPs, etc. Legacy archaic DBs, switch-based Real-time requirements (involved in call processing) Inflexible
Core Network Databases
VAS Databases
Drivers for User Data Convergence (UDC)
Back-office Databases
SMSC, MMSC, App Servers, etc. Wide range of different DBs Proprietary implementations Duplicate subscriber info
Provisioning, Billing, CRM, etc. Off-the-shelf IT technology Lots of records/size of records Non-real-time
Service providers are currently unable to effectively leverage the subscriber data
Copyright 2011
Simplifying Multi-play Subscriber Data Management

Legacy Subscriber Silos
OSS/BSS/CRM/VAS
Subscriber Data Management

OSS/BSS/CRM/VAS
SIP AS
AAA
HSS
HLR/ AuC
App Servers
Other DBs
Multiprofile
DSL/Cable Access
SIP/VoIP
IMS
GSM/ UMTS
WiFi, WiMAX, 4G
CableTV, IPTV
DSL/Cable Access
SIP/VoIP
IMS
GSM/ UMTS/LTE
WiFi, WiMAX, 4G
CableTV, IPTV
Multi-profile Multi-device subscriber
Multi-profile Multi-device subscriber
Legacy platforms are a barrier to Multi-profile management
UDC Subscriber Data Management goes beyond HLR/HSS
Subscriber management costs are high Profiles distributed in many nodes No central view of customer data Profile duplication & de-synchronization Each roaming identity requires HLR entry Incompatible registration & authentication
Independent call routing/mediation
Economically disruptive solution Profiles converged in one node Consolidated view of customer data Full synchronization across domains Unlimited roaming identities per user Converged registration and authentication
Optimal call mediation across domains
Copyright 2011
Standardization Progress
3GPP User Data Convergence User Data Silos
Application Logic Message Group User Data Storage
Open User Data Capability User Data Repository
User Data Convergence

Message Group Application Logic User Data Correlated by A Data Model
UE UE Presence
Presence
HLR/AuC
HSS HLR/AuC HSS
Separating the brains from the brawns Consolidating Subscriber Data (UDR) Standardized and Flexible interfaces
Reduce network complexity and eliminate redundancies Standardizing support for new services and applications Customized User Experience
UDC is standardizing the traditional SDM approach It is just the first step towards true Subscriber Data Management
Copyright 2011
Traditional SDM versus Tekelec SDM

Traditional SDM: silos inside
Siloed profiles and

HLR LTE-HSS IM-HSS AS
identities
Monolithic SDM: silos outside

HLR IM-HSS AS
Inflexible schemas Data duplication No front-end interaction
Directory Server
UDCSDM: breaking the silos

HLR LTE-HSS IM-HSS AS
Multi-profile, multi-identity
under common subscription
Extendible schemas Data reuse Front-end interaction via

database
Object oriented global

schema Relational Database
Relational data schema On-line modifications
Copyright 2011
Subscriber relational model

DSFPref
1 1 1
Subscription SubscriptionID
1 1
0..n
0..n
0..n
0..n
0..n
0..n
IMSPrivId
IMSPubID
AAAusername
MSISDN
SIM
SIPaor
1 0..n 0..n
1 0..n
1 0..n
1 0..n
HSSsubsProfile
AAAsubsProfile
IMSI
SIPsubsProfile
1
0..n 0..n
SIP Domain
HSS Domain
AAA Domain
HLRsubsProfile
HLR Domain
Copyright 2011
Controlling the Network

A look at the evolution of signaling
Copyright 2011
Control Planes
Access
Service
Copyright 2011
Control Plane Commonality
A common set of control plane tasks exist regardless of network technology a call is a call whether it utilizes SS7 or SIP.
Therefore, control plane interworking potential is high.
SS7 NGN IMS
LTE
Copyright 2011
Control Plane Tasks
Route signaling information from sender to one or more recipients in the network Matches the request with the location of the subscriber data in the network
Non Access Stratum Routing Subscriber Binding Number Portability Mobility Management Authentication
Supports text-based communication
Providing portability instructions to various nodes in the network in support of subscriber portability Track and locate subscribers who are roaming about in the networks
Messaging
Value added Services
Implements additional revenue generated services
Ensure correct identity of the subscriber
Establishes communication path between subscribers
Connection Establishment Connection Management Access Stratum

Manages resources used in establishing communication path
Copyright 2011
Routing
SCF
Server
Server
HSS
PCRF
DIAMETER proxy
GTT STP SIP Proxy
DNS CSCF
DNS
SCCP (GTT Address)
SSF
Client
Client
MME
SS7
NGN
IMS
LTE
Copyright 2011
Diameter(URI)
SIP(RURI)
SIP(RURI)
Subscriber Binding
HLR
HLR
HLR
AS
AS
AS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
DNS
STP/GTT
SCCP(GTT Address)
SLF
CSCF
SLF
Diameter Proxy
SIP Proxy
SIP (RURI)
SIP (RURI)
MSC
Client
Client
MME
SS7
NGN
IMS
LTE
Copyright 2011
Diameter(URI)
Mobility Management
HLR
SIP Registrar Proxy
HSS
Diameter
HSS
Diameter ULR
MAP LocUp/SRI
SIP Registrar
SIP Register
S-CSCF
MME
VLR
SIP UA
SIP Register
SIP UA
Device
SS7
NGN
IMS
LTE
Copyright 2011
EMM - TAU
Authentication
SIP Registrar Proxy
HLR
HSS
Diameter
HSS
Diameter ULR
MAP (Authentication data)
SIP Registrar
MD5 with nonce
S-CSCF
MME
SIP Register
VLR
SIP UA
SIP UA
Device
SS7
NGN
IMS
LTE
Copyright 2011
EMM - TAU
Messaging
SMS-C
MAP (MO/MT SM)
Messaging Server
MSC/VLR
SMS-Submit
Messaging Server
SIP
MSC/VLR
CP-DATA/RP-DATA/TPDU/SMS-SUBMIT
MME S-CSCF
CP-DATA/RP-DATA/TPDU/SMS-SUBMIT
Proxy
SIP/XMPP/???
SIP
MSRP
Msg Client
Device
SIP UA
SIP UA
Device
SS7
NGN
IMS
LTE
Copyright 2011
Mobility Management Interworking
HLR
MM
MM
AS
3rd Party Reg
SIP Registrar
MAP LocUp/SRI
HSS
AS
3rd Party Reg
Diameter ULR
SIP Registrar
Proxy
S-CSCF
MME
SIP Register
SIP Register
EMM - TAU
VLR
SIP UA
SIP UA
Device
SS7
NGN
IMS
LTE
Copyright 2011
Control Plane Interworking
Non Access Stratum Routing Subscriber Binding Number Portability Mobility Management Authentication Messaging Value added Services
SS7 NGN
Interworking
IMS LTE
Connection Establishment
Connection Management Access Stratum
Copyright 2011
LTE solution requirements

Enable Centralized Authentication Avoid Provisioning Duplication Seamless Mobility
Eliminate network redundancies between 2G/3G/LTE networks. Eliminate subscriber data silos, duplication of subscriber profile and provisioning information. Enable shared subscriber state information. Dynamic update and sharing of subscriber volatile data across domains. Consolidated PS profile enable seamless delivery of PS-based services in both 3G and LTE coverage. Increase in handovers requires increased signaling efficiency and performance. The ability to deliver voice and applications over LTE using IMS and Pre-IMS concepts. Ability to monitor island hops for call continuity and vendor interworking.
Service Continuity
Signaling Efficiency
Voice Interworking Performance management
Copyright 2011
SS7-IMS Migration: SMS Scenarios
Copyright 2011
The Essential IMS Attributes

Access types
IP over LTE LTE
170.193.11.5
IP over WiFi WiFi

170.193.11.4
Core SIP Session Routing
IP over T1 T1
170.193.11.3
IP over GPRS/EvDO GPRS/EvDO

170.193.11.2
Multi-Media Supports (end-point negotiates)
IP over WiMAX WiMAX

170.193.11.1
Access Independent / Roaming Supports

IP over Cable Cable
170.193.11.0
IP
Copyright 2011
What Is Needed?
SIP End Point Softswitch WiFi AP
SIP End Point
Media independent IP routing network

Copyright 2011
What Is Needed?
Logical separation of SIP signaling from the bearer path
Unleash the true media-independent power of SIP Horizontal integration framework for SIP applications
Flexible routing architecture

Modern, flexible and dynamic routing technology Supports flexible address abstractions (SIP,Tel URI, etc.)
Fully utilizes SDP capability for media negotiation Let end points decide how to setup media
Media and access independent signaling control
SIP End Point
SIP End Point
Softswitch
WiFi AP
Media independent IP routing network

Copyright 2011
What Is Needed?
Unleash the true media-independent power of SIP Access types IP LTE ? over Horizontal integration framework for SIP applications

IP over WiFi WiFi
IP over T1 T1
Media and access independent signaling control

IP over WiMAX WiMAX
IP over Cable Cable

SIP End Point
SIP End Point
Softswitch Media
independent IP routing network
WiFi AP
IP
Copyright 2011
What Is Needed?
Unleash the true media-independent power of SIP Access types IP LTE ? over Horizontal integration framework for SIP applications

IP over WiFi WiFi
IP over T1 T1
Core SIP Session Routing

Media & access independent signaling control
IP over WiMAX WiMAX
Multi-Media Supports (end-point negotiates)
IP over Cable Cable

SIP End Point
SIP End Point
Softswitch Media
independent IP routing network
WiFi AP
IP
Copyright 2011
IMS Promises
Focus
How do we get there?
SOURCE: Frost & Sullivan, 2006

06 | 83
Copyright 2011
Incremental IMS approach
3GPP IMS
NGN
SS7
NGN
SS7
NGN
SS7
SS7
$$
Copyright 2011
$$$
06 | 84
SoftSwitch based Signaling Architecture
CCS#7 STP
IP
IP
SIP
SIP
SoftSwitch SoftSwitch
SIP
CCS#7
PRI
Circuit Switch
PBX Copyright 2011
85
Proposed Signaling Architecture
DSN CCS#7 STP/SSR STP
IP
HA Signaling Backbone Scalability Backbone HA Signaling Traffic Management Scalability Traffic Management Point Centralized Monitoring Centralized Monitoring Point SIP Flexible Routing Device/Access Agnostic Application Triggers Roaming Supports IP
SIP
SoftSwitch SoftSwitch
SIP
DSN CCS#7 CAS, PRI
PRI
Circuit Switch
PBX Copyright 2011
Flexible and centralized SIP routing control

Centralized OAM&P
Routing DB
Routing DB
STP/SSR
Routing DB Routing DB
STP/SSR
SoftSwitch SoftSwitch SoftSwitch
STP/SSR
SoftSwitch
SoftSwitch
SoftSwitch
SoftSwitch
SoftSwitch
SoftSwitch
VoIP 1
VoIP 2
VoIP 3
Copyright 2011
R4 based Signaling Architecture
App
App
SSR
SSR
R4 MSC MSC Server
R4 MSC Server R4 MSC Server R4 MSC Server
R4 MSC Server
BICC Signaling
IP Routing Network (IP Address)
88
Copyright 2011
Transitional phase
SCP
SIP AS
IMS AS
SCIM (Service Mediation)
STP
SIP Signaling Router
Call Session Control Function
SSP
SIP Client
IMS Client
CCS#7
NGN
Copyright 2011
IMS
Multimedia SIP Signaling Backbone

Video Server
Media Steaming Video (RTSP)
Video Terminal
SSR
SSR
SSR
SSR
- Robust - Highly Available - Scalable - SIGNALING BACKBONE
Media - Voice (RTP)

SoftSwitch IP Phone

Copyright 2011
IMS Network Architecture for Fixed Line

Gm P-CSCF Mj Mw Dx SLF MGCF BGCF MG MG
I-CSCF
SG
Legacy Mg Mi
ISC AS Sh
Mw
S-CSCF Mr Cx MRFC Mp MRFP
HSS
Copyright 2011
IMS Network Architecture for Wireless
P-CSCF BSS Mw Dx SLF HLR SGSN MSC
I-CSCF
GGSN ISC Mw Legacy Network Sh S-CSCF Mr Cx MRFC Mp MRFP
VLR
AS
HSS
Copyright 2011
Session Management Layer in IMS

Data and Services
Applications
SIP AS
SIP AS
Presence
ENUM AAA
HSS
DNS
IP CAN
Land Line
P-CSCF
S-CSCF
S-CSCF
I-CSCF
Other IMS Networks
Wireless
MRF
SWG
SS7
IP CAN
P-CSCF
Session Control
BGCF
MGCF
Media Control and Resources

Copyright 2011
MG
TDM Voice
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Call Session Control Function (CSCF)

The heart and sole of the IMS network Distributed throughout the network to make it more scalable Divided into three distinct functions Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF) Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF)
Proxy-CSCF is the first access point into the network

A subscriber will first access the P-CSCF when using SIP When a device first receives its IP address, the device will look for
the nearest P-CSCF for network access
Copyright 2011
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Interrogating-CSCF is the second point of contact and is

usually a more regional node
The I-CSCF is also the gateway between networks, providing
additional security to the network

The I-CSCF provides functions such as topology hiding to prevent
Serving-CSCF is the main control of the signaling network.

Access to critical functions such as the HSS is done through the S-CSCF.
Also provides registration procedures for every device connecting
unauthorized access into the network
into the network

The S-CSCF is assigned to a subscriber device when the device
is powered up
Copyright 2011
SS7-IMS Migration: Voice Scenarios
Copyright 2011
SS7-IMS Migration
Voice Scenario 1 Call termination to 3G subscriber via 3G network
VMSC SS7-IMS Migration
GMSC
IAM (DN) SRI (DN)
HLR AAA
SRI (DN) SRI ack (MSRN)
IAM (MSRN)
Copyright 2011
SS7-IMS Migration
Voice Scenario 2 Call termination to IMS subscriber via 3G network
GMSC
IAM (DN) SRI (DN)
SS7-IMS Migration
MGCF
SRI ack (MGCF prefix + DN)
IAM
Copyright 2011
SS7-IMS Migration
Voice Scenario 3 Call termination to 3G subscriber via IMS network
I-CSCF SS7-IMS Migration
INVITE Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)
BGCF
Location-Info-Answer (Server Name = BGCF) INVITE
Copyright 2011
SS7-IMS Migration
Voice Scenario 4 Call termination to IMS subscriber via IMS network
I-CSCF SS7-IMS Migration
INVITE Location-Info-Request (Public-ID) LIR (Public-ID)
S-CSCF
HSS AAA
Location-Info-Answer (Server Name = S-CSCF) INVITE
In this case, SS7-IMS Migration (DSR) simply performs Relay-mode SLF. Redirect-mode SLF could also be used (not shown).
Copyright 2011
IMS Subscription Locator Function

Scenario 1 HSS Provides (redirect) SLF Function
S-CSCF Invite
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID) Location-Info-Answer (Server Name= HSS2) Location-Info-Request (Public-ID) Location-Info-Answer (Destination Server) Diameter Agent HSS1 HSS2
Scenario 2 Agent Provides (relay) SLF Function

S-CSCF Invite
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID) Diameter Agent HSS1 HSS2
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)
Location-Info-Answer (Destination Server)
> Less messages > Reduced delay > Less HSS and CSCF processing
Copyright 2011
Selected Diameter Interfaces in LTE and IMS

Interface
S6a S6d S13 S9 Rx Gx Gy Gz Cx Sh
Endpoints
MME HSS MME hPCRF PCRF PGW PGW PGW I/S-CSCF AF, IP-SM-GW HSS vSGSN (Rel 8) EIR vPCRF AF, P-CSCF PCRF OCF OFCF HSS HSS
Rf
Ro Rc Re
P/I/S-CSCF, AF
S-CSCF, AF OCF OCF
OFCF
OCF ABMF RF
Copyright 2011
Acronyms
ABMF AF CSCF DNS DRA EIR EPC GGSN GRX HSS IMS IPX IWF LB LTE MME Account Balance Mgmt. Function Application Function Call Session Control Function Domain Name System Diameter Routing Agent Equipment Identity Register Evolved Packet Core Gateway GPRS Support Node GPRS Roaming eXchange Home Subscriber Server IP Multimedia Subsystem IP Packet eXchange InterWorking Function Load Balancer Long Term Evolution Mobility Management Entity MRFC OCF OFCF PCRF PDN PGW RF SBCF SCTP SGSN SGW SLF TCP TLS UE Media Resource Function Controller Online Charging Function Offline Charging Function Policy and Charging Rules Function Packet Data Network PDN GateWay Rating Function Session Based Charging Function Stream Control Transmission Protocol Serving GPRS Support Node Serving GateWay Subscription Locator Function Transmission Control Protocol Transport Layer Security User Equipment
Copyright 2011
References

IETF 3588 Diameter Base Protocol 3GPP TS 29.272 (v8.3.0) Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol (Release 8) GSMA PRD IR.88 LTE Roaming Guidelines, v1.0 3GPP TS 23.003 (v8.6.0) UMTS; Numbering, addressing and identification (Release 8) 3GPP TR 29.909 (v8.1.2) Diameter-based protocols usage and recommendations in 3GPP (Release 8) 3GPP TS 33.210 (v8.3.0) 3G Security; Network Domain Security; IP network layer security (Release 8) 3GPP TR 29.805 (v8.0.0) InterWorking Function (IWF) between MAP based and Diameter based interfaces, (Release 8) 3GPP TS 29.305 (v9.0.0) InterWorking Function (IWF) between MAP based and Diameter based interfaces, (Release 9)
3GPP TS 23.203 (v9.3.0) Policy and charging control architecture, (Release 9)
Copyright 2011
In Closing .
Just a few comments

Dont expect to become rich when you graduate. It takes many
years of hard work and experience to reach the highest levels.

Learn all you can. You are privileged to be able to now get an
education in this industry, because many years ago there were no college programs for Telecommunications.
Embrace learning. Learn how to learn, because you will never
stop studying, and you will never stop learning!

Telecommunications has been the most exciting and rewarding
career I could have ever asked for! It will be for you too!
Copyright 2011
Travis Russell
Director, Caribbean Region travis.russell@tekelec.com Tel: +1.919.460.2172
Copyright 2011

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Travis Russell

Director, Caribbean Region travis.russell@tekelec.com Tel: +1.919.460.2172

1 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

The Network Evolution

3 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

4 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

There are requirements, and there are standards.

more defined standards

There are thousands of standards published for wireless

5 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

Who Creates Standards?

International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications (ITU-T)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Adapts ITU standards for use in the Americas

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

Develops the standards for the evolving wireless network

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Responsible for all standards applying to the Internet, including SIP

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

6 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

Channel Access Technologies

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Allows users to access satellite frequencies simultaneously, but each user

transmits at a separate frequency

Crosstalk is a common problem with FDMA

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

channel into time slots

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

7 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

Channel Access Technology Analogy

8 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

Cellular Network Concept

9 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

Why Are We Changing The Network?

10 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

The Evolution of Wireless

3GPP Family IEEE Family ?????

Mobile networks evolution (0G to 2.75G)

12 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

Mobile networks evolution (3G, 4G, +)

Americas, China, Korea, Japan, Australia

802.16m WiMAX WiMAX

WiFi HyperMAN UMB

802.16d (fixed) 2007

GSM network architecture

BTS BSC BTS

14 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

GPRS/EDGE network architecture

PSTN (Fixed network)

BTS BSC BTS SGSN

15 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

3GPP R4 network architecture

BTS BSC BTS SGSN

16 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

UMTS (3G) network architecture

MGW RNC MSC server

MGW G-MSC server

PSTN (Fixed network)

17 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.

Adding the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

MGW RNC MSC server

MGW G-MSC server PSTN (Fixed network)

18 I Tekelec. For Whats Next.