7

7:

H (relational algebra)

.
:
(unary) ,
(binary) .

 7:

 7:

 7:

(Select)

( AND, OR ).

 7:

(Select) -
= 12.

5
50 ?.

 7:

(Project)

.

 7:

(Project) -

20.

,
(duplicate elimination).

 7:

(Cartesian Product)


.

:
n + m
nR x nS
9

 7:

10

 7:

-

.

,
.

11

 7:

(Rename)

.
:
(E), E ,
(,,)(E), E
, .

12

 7:

(Union)
U.
.

:

,

.

13

 7:

(Union) -

5 50.

14

 7:

(Set difference)

,
.

.

15

 7:

(Intersection)

.
, .
,
' .
:

:
16

 7:

(Natural Join)

17

 7:

:
:

18

 7:

- (-join)

19

 7:

(Outer Join)

/ ,

.
(left),
(right) (full) .

20

 7:

(Semijoin)
-


.

(left) (right)
.
:

21

 7:

R1.a=R2.a

22

 7:

(Assignment)

.

.
,
=
>1/1/2000.

23

 7:

(division)

:
24

 7:

(relational calculus)

.
.
:
(tuple relational calculus),
(domain relational calculus).

25

 7:

(t)
.
( ).
26

 7:

(formula)
(atoms)
:

27

 7:

28

 7:

29

 7:

-

.

30

 7:

1 2.

31

 7:

t, s, u:
, _, .

32

 7:

,
. :

33

 7:

34

 7:

35

 7:

-

.

a, b, c ,

, _,
.
36

 7:

- (2)

1 2.
1, ... , 12 ,


(1=, 2= ).

37

 7:

-

.
1,..., 12 ,


(1=, 2= ).

38

 7:

-


.

39

 7:

.
:
, , , ,
.
: ,
, -, / ,
/ .

( ).
: )
) .
40