ADSL

Cng ngh ADSL
Gio vin hng dn: Thy o Ngc Chin Sinh vin thc hin: L Th Thu Hng Bi Th Thanh Hng. Lp: T7 K48.
Ni dung:
I. Tng quan v cng ngh DSL 1. Gii thiu chung v DSL 2. Phn loi v ng dng DSL 3. Cc c im cng ngh xDSL 4. u v nhc im ca cng ngh xDSL Cng ngh ADSL: 1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL 2. Kt ni ADSL 3. K thut iu ch ADSL 4. Cc u nhc im ca ADSL 5. ng dng ca ADSL
II.
1.Gii thiu v DSL:

DSL (digital subcriber line) ng dy thu bao s, l mt cng ngh s dng cc phng php iu bin phc tp, chuyn cc d liu thnh cc gi truyn ti trn dy in thoi. Nh p dng cc cng ngh x l s, b suy hao, gim nhium cng ngh xDSL c th truyn 100 knh thoi s hay 1 knh video cht lng cao trn 1 ng dy in thoi, trong khi ng dy in thoi ch c th truyn 1 knh thoi bng tn 3,4Khz Ni chung k thut DSL l k thut truyn dn dy cp ng, gii quyt cc vn tc nghn gia nh cung cp dch v mng v cc khch hng ng thi cung cp cho khch hng cc dch v cht lng cao v bng thng rng.
2. Phn loi DSL:

Cc k thut DSL c tn gi chung l xDSL vi x biu
th cho cc k thut khc nhau. Cc k thut c phn bit da vo tc v v ch truyn dn. C th chia lm hai loi chnh: - DSL i xng: tc truyn ti xung v ln trong cng ngh ny l cn bng v ch truyn dn. - DSL bt i xng: vic truyn d liu ln v xung l khng cn bng.
K thut
Tc
Gii hn khong cch

Khng gii hn
ng dng
Email, truy nhp LAN t xa Truy nhp Internet, Intranet
56Kbps Analog Modem ISDN
56Kbit/s downlink 28,8 hoc 33,6 Kbit/s uplink 128 Kbit/s i xng (khng nn)
5km(thit b c th m rng khong cch)
Hi ngh truyn hnh, d phng leased, internet,intranet
Cable Modem
ADSL Lite Full Rate ADSL IDSL
10 - 30Mbit/s Downstream 0,128 - 10 Mbit/s Upstream

1Mbit/s Downstream 512 Kbit/s Upstream 1,5 Mbit/s Downstream 1,544 Mbit/s Upstream 144 Kbit/s i xng
50km (c thit b ph tr th ti 300km)

5km 5km(khong cch cng ngn tc cng cao) 5km (c th m rng ti 300km) 3,6 Km - 4,5 Km
Truy cp Internet
Truy cpInternet/ Intranet, duytWeb, thoi IP, thoivideo. Truy cp Internet/ intranet,video theo yu cu truy cp LAN t xa, VoIP Truy cp Internet/ intranet,video theo yu cu, truy cp LAN t xa, VoIP Ni ht, thay th trung k T1/E1 c dng b lp. Tp trung lu lng Flame Relay,kt ni cc mng LAN Ni ht, thay th trung k T1/E1 c dng b lp. Kt ni cc mng LAN Truy cp Multimedia Internet, Qung b chng trnh TV.
HDSL
1.544 Mbit/s (T1) i xng 2.048 Mbit/s (E1) i xng
SDSL
10544 Mbit/s full duplex (T1) 2.048 Mbit/s full duplex (E1)
3Km
VDSL
13-52 Mbit/s Downstream 1.5-2.3 Mbit/s Upstream i xng t ti 34 Mbit/s )
300m- 1.5 Km (ph thuc vo tc )
3. c im cng ngh DSL:

Tc truyn d liu thay i tu theo tng phin bn ca cng ngh xDSL v di ca mch vng thu bao. i vi ADSL, chun ADSL ca ITU-T xc nh tc 6,1Mb/s cho hng truyn xung v 640kb/s cho hng truyn ln. Trong thc t, tc ti a 6,1Mb/s ch c th t c nu khong cch di 2,7km v gim ti 1,5Mb/s hoc thp hn na khong cch 4,5km. Phin bn c tc cao nht l VDSL, h tr ti a ng truyn xung l 55Mb/s khong cch 300m v 13Mb/s khong cch 1,4km. Tc hng ln khong 1,6 n 2,3Mb/s.

Mi ngi s dng c 1 ng ring kt ni DSLAM (digital subscriber line access multiplexer: b ghp knh truy nhp DSL)t ti tng i hay RT(trm thit b tp trung thu bao). Cc dch v h tr: - Truyn s liu v VoDSL(vi voice gateway)(voice over DSL). - ADSL chia s cng ng cp ng vi thoi tng t. - VDSL c th h tr cho chuyn mch truyn hnh.

Yu cu k thut: - ng cp ng sch, khng c cun cm ko di, khng r nhnh. - Hn ch khong cch ng truyn di 4,5km. - Khng s dng cc thit b DLC (digital loop carrier)trong mng thu bao, nu c DLC th DSLAM phi t ti cc RT. Thit b khch hng ngoi xDSL modem - Voice gateway nu dng VoDSL.
4. u nhc im ca DSL: 4.1. u im:

u im ln ca DSL chnh l kh nng truyn ti nhiu ng dng khc nhau m trc y cha thc hin c. DSL tn dng c mng in thoi c sn v rng khp v lm tng ng k cng sut s ca ng dy ny. V tc , DSL a ra 1 tc ng k trn mt i dy ng: nhanh gp 100 ln tc ca mt modem tng t truyn thng v c th t ti hng triu bit trn giy. Mt kt ni ADSL c s cng tt hn nhng modem tng t 20 ln hoc hn th na
1.4. u nhc im ca DSL: 1.4.1. u im:

Dch v DSL cung cp ti mi thi im v phn d liu ca ng dy lin tc c kt ni.Vi mt kt ni always-on, khch hang s khng cn phi quay s n nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) truy cp vo mng Internet Mt ng dy DSL c th truyn ti c tn hiu thoi v d liu. DSL cho php truyn d liu bng thng rng n cc a im khc nhau m ch cn s thay i nh trn c s h tng vin thng sn c. u t cho mng khng ln
4. u nhc im ca DSL: 4.2. Nhc im:

Mng truy nhp khng ng b dn n kh khn trong trin khai Chm sc khch hng, tnh cc Trin khai cc dch v gi tr gia tng Hn ch bi khong cch v nhng h thng tp trung thu bao cng ngh c trin khai Gy kh khn cho cc nh khai thc cnh tranh
II. Cng ngh ADSL:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Gii thiu chung v ADSL Kt ni ADSL K thut iu ch ADSL Cc u nhc im ca ADSL ng dng ca ADSL
1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL.

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line- ng thu bao s bt i xng- l mt nhnh ca cng ngh xDSL. ADSL cung cp mt bng thng khng i xng trn mt i dy. K thut truyn c s dng trn ng dy t Modem ca thu bao ti Nh cung cp dch v

Asymmetric: Tc truyn khng ging nhau hai chiu. Tc ca chiu xung (t mng ti thu bao) c th nhanh gp hn 10 ln so vi tc ca chiu ln (t thu bao ti mng). iu ny ph hp cho vic khai thc dch v Internet khi m ch cn nhn chut (tng ng vi lu lng nh thng tin m thu bao gi i) l c th nhn c mt lu lng ln d liu ti v t Internet. Digital: Cc Modem ADSL hot ng mc bt (0 & 1) v dng chuyn thng tin s ho gia cc thit b s nh cc my tnh PC. Chnh kha cnh ny th ADSL khng c g khc vi cc Modem thng thng.

Subscriber Line: ADSL t n ch hot ng trn ng dy thu bao bnh thng ni ti tng i ni ht. ng dy thu bao ny vn c th c tip tc s dng cho cc cuc gi i hoc nghe in thoi cng mt thi im thng qua thit b gi l "Splitters" c chc nng tch thoi v d liu trn ng dy. B splitter chia tn hiu ngun lm mt cng ra modem ADSL v mt cng ra in thoi.

Mt s c im ca bt i xng: - Mch vng thu bao t c gi tr cc i nh kt qu ca s bin i m ng dy cng vi vic m rng xem xt cc tnh cht ca mng cp thu bao. - C th truyn tn hiu vi khong cch ln t cc trung tm vin thng ti cc thu bao m vn m bo tn hiu c thu tt. - Tuy vy, nh hng ca xuyn m cp ng pha tng i nhiu hn pha thu bao, hin tng ny xy ra hu ht cc i dy cp, mi n cp l 1 phn t gy xuyn nhiu v c kt hp li mnh hn t cc b cp ln i vo tng i. - Ngc li, mch vng t tng i ti ngi dng , mng cp thu bao tin dn ti cc nhnh cp ngn vi dung lng nh v kt thc s kt ni, cho nn xuyn nhiu gy ra bi cc b pht ti u cui thu bao c gim thiu.

Hiu mt cch n gin nht, ADSL l s thay th vi tc cao cho thit b Modem hoc ISDN gip truyn d liu v truy nhp Internet vi tc cao v nhanh hn . ADSL xc lp cch thc d liu c truyn gia thu bao (nh ring hoc cng s) v tng i thoi ni ht trn chnh ng dy in thoi bnh thng. Chng ta vn thng gi cc ng dy ny l local loop.

Cng ngh ADSL khng ch n thun l down nhanh cc trang Web v my tnh c nhn gia nh m l mt phn trong mt kin trc ni mng tng th h tr mnh m cho ngi s dng dn dng v cc doanh nghip nh tt c cc dng dch v thng tin tc cao, tc l tc d liu t 1 hay 2 Mbps tr ln. Dch v ADSL m chng ta hay s dng hin nay theo l thuyt c th cung cp tc truyn ti d liu (data rate) t 1,5 - 9Mbps khi nhn d liu (gi l tc ti xung - downstream) v t 16 640Kbps khi gi d liu i (tc ti ln - upstream). V th, ADSL cn c gi l cng ngh Internet bng rng (broadband).

Cc tc cao nht c th t c gia cc dch v cung cp
2. Kt ni ADSL
2.1 C ch hot ng ca ADSL 2.2 M hnh kt ni ADSL 2.3 Cc thnh phn ca ADSL 2.4 Cc giao thc kt ni ADSL
2.1 C ch hot ng
ADSL tm cch khai thc phn bng thng tng t cn cha c s dng trn ng dy ni t thu bao ti tng i ni ht. Mt ng dy cp ng c bng thng ln hn 100MHz, trong phn dnh cho tn hiu thoi ch chim c 4KHz, phn cn li cha c dng n. ADSL tn dng phn d tha ny truyn d liu Internet
2.1 C ch hot ng
2.1 C ch hot ng
Vi dng kin trc trn, khch hng phi c modem ADSL: Modem ADSL c 1 jack cm RJ11 dng cho cc my in thoi hin thi tng i soho. Cc port khc c th l cc port dnh cho 10Base-T Ethernet kt ni vi my tnh c nhn hay cc hp giao tip TV dng cho nhiu dch v khc nh: truy xut internet tc cao hay dch v xem phim theo yu cu(video on demand)
2.1 C ch hot ng
pha tng i, dch v thoi tng t c chuyn sang cho b chuyn mch tng i bi 1 b tch dch v. Vng thu bao ADSL c kt thc access node(im truy xut). Mt bn kia ca access node c kt ni vi cc router TCP/IP hay cc b chuyn mch ATM. Cc thit b ny cho php ngi s dng truy xut dch v h la chn. Cc dch v ny c t ti tng i ni ht Khi dng truyn d liu tc cao th vic i dy cho dch v in thoi ko thay i v c cc splitter dng tch ring cc tn hiu tng t. C 2 cch cung cp dch v:
2.1 C ch hot ng
Cch th nht: - Cc ng lin kt ADSL c tp trung ti DSLAM v chuyn sang cho thit b DACS, DACS a n h thng truyn dn tc cao nh ng truyn T3 khng phn knh(tc 45Mb/s) dn n nh cung cp dch v internet. - Tt c cc lin kt u c kt thc ti b nh tuyn internet. - Cc gi d liu c chuyn vn 2 chiu nhanh chng vi internet. Tc tng cng ca lin kt ADSL theo phng php ny khng c qu 45Mb/s theo mi chiu.
2.1 C ch hot ng
Cch th 2: - im access node c lin kt trc tip vi 1 b nh tuyn IP hay b chuyn mch ATM t gn access node. - Phng php ny tp trung lu lng vo 1 ng truyn vt l t im access node ti b nh tuyn IP hay b chuyn mch ATM. - Hin nay, hu ht cc im access node ADSL u ch thc hin vic ghp lu lng n gin. Tc l tt c cc bt d liu v gi d liu vo ra im access node u c truyn ti bng cc mch n gin.
2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.1.M hnh kt ni c bn:

Pha thu bao ( Customer Premise ) , cn gi l ATU-R ( Access Terminal Unit Remote ) nm bn phi m hnh . - Cc b phn pha nh thu bao thc hin chc nng cung cp dch v truy cp d liu tc cao ADSL ng thi vi dch v in thoi bng tn thp , bao gm cc b phn thit b : + ADSL Modem : L thit b truy cp thu bao s tc cao + B lc LPT : L b lc thng thp cn gi l Splitter thc hin chc nng phn tch ph tn s gia in thoi bng tn thp v bng tn cao dng cho thit b ADSL . - y ta cn lu rng , dch v in thoi bng thp ( hay cc thit b truyn ti d liu dng bng tn thoi ) tn ti ng thi vi h thng truyn dn ADSL bt chp trng thi thit b ADSL ( hot ng hoc khng hoc b s c ) .

Pha tng i (Central Office), cn gi l ATU-C(Access Terminal Unit Central ) . - Cc b phn pha tng i c chc nng tp trung cc ng dy thu bao s tc cao chuyn ti ti cc nh cung cp dch v internet ISP qua h thng truyn ti ATM , Frame Relay , hoc trc tip IP ; ng thi thc hin phn tch v tp trung cc ng dy in thoi bng tn thp ti h thng tng i in thoi . - Cc b phn h thng ADSL pha tng i bao gm + Thit b tp trung thu bao s pha tng i DSLAM thc hin chc nng tp trung cc ng dy thu bao s t thu bao v chuyn ti cc dng liu ny vo h thng truyn dn tc cao ATM , Frame Relay . Ngi ta chia DSLAM lm 2 loi nh ( sub ) v ln ( main ) ; Loi main DSLAM cn c gi l BRAS ( Broadband Remote Access Server ) + Thit b Splitter pha tng i c chc nng tng t nh Splitter u cui thu bao , nhng c khc so vi Splitter pha thu bao l s lng ln , n c cu to thnh a Splitter bao gm nhiu Splitter nh .
2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.2.M hnh kt ni thc t:
2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.3.M hnh kt ni theo chun:

ATU-C : n v truyn dn ADSL pha tng i . ATU-R : n v truyn dn ADSL pha khch hng . Node truy cp Access node : im tp trung d liu bng rng v bng hp . Node truy cp c t bu in hay mt ni xa bu in remote site . Broadcast : D liu bng rng dng n cng simplex ( nh broadcast Video ) . Mng bng rng Broadband Network : H thng chuyn mch tc d liu trn 1,5/2 Mbps . Hp high pass : B lc thng cao . Loop : Mch vng i cp ng in thoi . Lp Low pass : B lc thng thp .

Mng bng hp Narrowband Network : H thng chuyn mch d liu tc bng hoc di 1,5/2 Mbps . u cui mng NT- Network Termination . POST : Dch v mng in thoi c ( truyn thng ) . PSTN : Mng in thoi cng cng . M un dch v SM Service Modul : Hnh thnh cc chc nng p ng u cui ; nh set top box , giao tip PC , hay router LAN . B lc Splitter : B lc phn chia tn s .

Giao tip T- R : Giao tip gia ATU-R vi lp chuyn mch ( Ngha l ATM , STM ) . Giao tip T/S : Giao tip gia ANT giao tip u cui mng ADSL ( ADSL Network Termination) v CI ( Custommer Installation ) hay mng trong nh thu bao . Giao tip UC : Giao tip gia mch vng thu bao loop v ATU-C . Giao tip U-C2 : Giao tip gia POST Splitter v ATU-C . Giao tip U-R : Giao tip gia mch vn thu bao loop v ATU-R . Giao tip U-R2 : Giao tip gia POST Splitter v ATU-R . Giao tip logic V-C : Giao tip logic gia ATU-C v mng s ( cc h thng chuyn mch ) .
2.3 Cc thnh phn ca ADSL.
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.1 Modem:

Modem:
Modem trong thc t:

Modem ADSL kt ni vo ng dy in thoi (cn gi l local loop) v ng dy ny ni ti thit b tng i ni ht. Modem ADSL s dng kt hp mt lot cc k thut x l tn hiu tin tin nhm t c tc bng thng cn thit trn ng dy in thoi thng thng vi khong cch ti vi km gia thu bao v tng i ni ht. ADSL hot ng bng cch vn hnh cng lc nhiu Modem, trong mi Modem s dng phn bng thng ring c th. Cc Modem ny hot ng ring l hot ng song song khai thc bng thng ti a v cung cp mt tc rt cao.

Trn thc t c th ti 255 Modem hot ng trn mt ng ADSL. im c bit ch ADSL s dng di tn s t 26kHz ti 1.1MHz trong 10MHz ca bng thng thoi. Tt c 255 Modems ny c vn hnh ch trn mt con chp n. Lng d liu m mi Modem c th truyn ti ph thuc vo cc c im ca ng dy ti tn s m Modem chim. Mt s Modem c th khng lm vic mt cht no v s gy nhiu t ngun tn hiu bn ngoi chng hn nh bi mt ng dy (local loop) khc hoc ngun pht v tuyn no . Cc Modem tn s cao hn thng thng li truyn ti c t d liu hn bi l tn s cng cao th s suy hao cng ln, c bit l trn mt khong cch di.
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.2 Local loop:
'Local loop' l thut ng dng ch cc ng dy in thoi bnh thng ni t v tr ngi s dng ti cng ty in thoi. Nguyn nhn xut hin thut ng local loop - l ngi nghe (in thoi) c kt ni vo hai ng dy m nu nhn t tng i in thoi th chng to ra mt mch vng local loop.
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.3 Pha nh cung cp:

DSLAM - DSL Access Multiplexer BAS - Broadband Access Server ISP - Internet Service Provider
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.3 Pha nh cung cp: DSLAM
Mt thit b DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) c th tp hp nhiu kt ni thu bao ADSL - c th nhiu ti hng trm thu bao - v t li trn mt kt ni cp quang. Si cp quang ny thng c ni ti thit b gi l BAS - Broadband Access Server, nhng n cng c th khng ni trc tip ti BAS v BAS c th c t ti bt c u. DSLAM l thit b t pha tng i, l im cui ca kt ni ADSL. N cha v s cc Modem ADSL b tr v mt pha hng ti cc mch vng v pha kia l kt ni cp quang.
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL. 2.3.3 Pha nh cung cp: BAS.
Broadband Access Server (BAS) l thit b t gia DSLAM v POP ca ISP. Mt thit b BAS c th phc v cho nhiu DSLAM. Cc giao thc truyn thng c ng gi truyn d liu thng qua kt ni ADSL, v vy mc ch ca BAS l m gi hon tr li cc giao thc trc khi i vo Internet.
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL. 2.3.3 Pha nh cung cp: BAS.

N cng m bo cho kt ni ca bn ti ISP c chnh xc ging nh khi bn s dng Modem quay s hoc ISDN. Nh ch gii trn, ADSL khng ch r cc giao thc c s dng to thnh kt ni ti Internet. Phng php m PC v Modem s dng bt buc phi ging nh BAS s dng cho kt ni thc hin c. Thng thng ADSL s dng 2 giao thc l: - PPPoE- PPP over Ethernet Protocol - PPPoA- Point to Point Protocol over ATM
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL. 2.3.4 Pha nh cung cp: ISP.

ISP (Internet Service Provider): nh cung cp dch v Internet (WWW, email, ftp, telnet...). Vit Nam hin nay c cc nh cung cp dch v Internet nh: VDC, FPT, NetNam...
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL:
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL:

Kt ni ADSL c thit lp gia modem v tng i . Trong s xp t cho truy cp internet tc cao , cc ng truyn dn kt ni t DSLAM - BAS - ti nh cung cp dch v ISP cng phi c cung cp cc kt ni tc cao nh STM , ATM hoc chuyn mch IP . Kt ni ny phi uyn chuyn , cho php ISP c th bt c u, khng nht thit phi gn tng i . Vic to hng routing v v bng thng phi c cu hnh ng . Khi kt ni vo Internet, s dng cc giao thc chy tng vn chuyn TCP/IP. Giao thc ny gi l PPP vn chuyn d liu TCP/IP v kim tra cng nh xc thc tn v mt khu ngi truy nhp. Ngoi ra giao thc internet IP ( Internet Protocol ) l nn ca internet , IP s c chuyn ch bi cc cell ca ATM trn ng dn sut dc mng li qua giao thc PPP
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL 2.4.1 ATM: Gii thiu chung
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL 2.4.1 ATM: Gii thiu chung
Trong kt ni ADSL th ATM c chn v cc l do sau: ATM c th hot ng tc 2Gbps vi tr nh hn 1ms . ATM c th c truyn ti trn cp quang hay cp ng . Trong ATM , cc cell t bo lun i theo ng dn sut dc mng li . ATM thch hp vi cc ng dng thi gian thc hn IP . Hn na y l cch thun tin v mm do i vi cc cng ty thoi mun ko di khong cch kt ni t DSLAM ti BAS gip h c th t BAS bt c u trn mng.
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.1 ATM: Gii thiu chung
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode - c s dng nh l cng c chuyn ti cho ADSL mc thp. Trong kt ni ADSL th ATM c chn v cc l do sau: - ATM c th hot ng tc 2Gbps vi tr nh hn 1ms . ATM c th c truyn ti trn cp quang hay cp ng . Trong ATM , cc cell t bo lun i theo ng dn sut dc mng li . - ATM thch hp vi cc ng dng thi gian thc hn IP . - Hn na y l cch thun tin v mm do i vi cc cng ty thoi mun ko di khong cch kt ni t DSLAM ti BAS gip h c th t BAS bt c u trn mng. C hai tham s cn phi thit lp cu hnh mt cch chnh xc trn Modem ADSL m bo kt ni thnh cng ti mc ATM vi DSLAM: - VPI - the Virtual Path Identifier. - VCI - the Virtual Channel Identifier.
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.1 ATM: Gii thiu chung
ATM c kch c cell c nh, c th mang 48bytes d liu ca ngi dng trong tng cng 53bytes /cell . Mt lp p ng c dng cho php cc giao thc cp cao hn nh l PPP ( Internet Point to Point Protocol - Giao thc internet im ti im ) c ti trn ATM . C 4 lp p ng nh sau: - AAL1 cn cho cc ng dng tc khng i nh Video Broadcast Quality . - AAL2 dng cho cc dch v video conference. - AAL3/4 cung cp tc bit bin i nhanh nhng khng cn sa li. - AAL5 c trng c dng cho LAN To LAN hay cc ng dng internet .
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.1 ATM: Mch in o ATM VC

MCH IN O ATM VC ( ATM VIRTUAL CIRCUITS )
Nhn t c ngha nht trong s lin h gia ADSL v ATM l a ch v to hng . ng dn qua mng ATM gi l mch in o . Tt c cc phi c xc nh trc . Mt kt ni ATM c xc nh bi 2 gi tr : B nhn dng ng dn o VPI ( Virtual PathIndentifier ) v B nhn dng knh o VCI ( Vitual Chanel Indentifier ) ; gi l cp VPI / VCI . VCI l kt ni c tnh n tr trong mt VPI . Cc VCI c nhm trong cc VPI to s thun tin cho cc nh khai thc , cc nhm VCI ch c th chuyn mch trong nn c s VPI . Trong mt mng li , mi chuyn mch xp t mt cp VPI / VCI incoming trn mt cng incoming ti mt cp VPI / VCI trn mt cng outgoing
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.1 ATM: nh tuyn trong ATM
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.1 ATM: nh tuyn trong ATM
V d sau , mt mch in o c gn cho ngi dng bi mt cp gi tr VPI = 2 , VCI = 100 , v cn c chuyn mch kt ni vi mt ISP mt kt ni c xc nh bi mt cp VPI = 40 , VCI =120 . Kt ni ny phi thng qua nhiu chuyn mch ti im n . Ti mi chuyn mch cc cp ga tr VPI / VCI s c gn thay i gi tr t knh ny sang knh khc Mc o end to end l kt qu ca s xp t tun t cc kt ni o trong mng . V vy , u cui ngi dng cng cn xc nh mt cp gi tr VPI / VCI xc nh kt ni khi dng chuyn mch ATM .
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.2 PPP

ng dng lp cao trong internet thc hin qua giao thc TCP/IP , chuyn ti cc gi IP qua mng ATM ( lp vt l ) cn c mt giao thc trung gian , l giao thc PPP ( Internet point to point protocol ) . Thng qua giao thc ny cc ISP thc hin iu khin , kim tra gim st lu lng , thm quyn truy cp v tnh cc . C th hiu PPP l giao thc dng vn chuyn lu lng Internet ti ISP dc theo cc kt ni Modem v ISDN. PPP kt hp cht ch cc yu t xc thc - kim tra tn/mt khu - v l l do chnh m ngi ta dng PPP vi ADSL.

Thc t cc gi d liu trc khi chuyn ti ATM , n phi c chuyn trung gian qua PPP v ethernet trc . C 4 cch t TCP/IP vo trong ATM : - Cch 1 : TCP/IP - PPP - A TM . - Cch 2 : TCP/IP - PPP - Ethernet - A TM . - Cch 3 : TCP/IP - A TM . - Cch 1 : TCP/IP - Ethernet - A TM .
2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.3 a giao thc kt hp

a giao thc kt hp - MultiProtocol Encapsulation. Trong cc h thng ang c xem xt tt c dng truyn ti TCP/IP qua ATM ( hay TCP/IP bn trong PPP ) ; v c thc hin bng cc giao thc khc nhau qua ATM . C 2 cch thc hin : Dng VC Multiplexing hay LLC Multiplexing Nh cung cp dch v s xc nh 1 trong 4 cch chuyn ti TCP/IP qua ATM ng thi phi xc nh dng VC Multiplexing hay LLC Multiplexing .

PPP OVER ATM dng a mch VC MULTIPLEXED - PPP OVER ATM dng VC MULTIPLEXED - PPP OVER ATM dng LLC MULTIPLEXED

PPP OVER ETHERNET

IP OVER ATM - IP OVER ATM - VC Multiplexed - IP OVER ATM - LLC Multiplexed

ETHERNET OVER ATM - ETHERNET OVER ATM dng VC MULTIPLEXED - ETHERNET OVER ATM dng LLC MULTIPLEXED
3. K thut iu ch trong ADSL

3.1 Gii tn ca ADSL. 3.2 Cc k thut iu ch 3.3 Cc khi b c bn.
3.1 Gii tn ca ADSL.
3.1 Di ph tn trong ADSL

Ph tn cp ng ko di t 0Hz - 1,1 MHz , c chia thnh cc khong tn s s dng cho cc dch v nh sau : - T 0Hz n 4Khz : Khong tn s dng cho in thoi v cc dch v d liu bng tn thp . - T 0Hz n 80 Khz : Khong tn s dng cho dch v ISDN . - T 80KHz n 94Khz : Khong tn s an ton gia bng thoi v khong tn s dng cho dng ln upstream ca ADSL . - T 94Khz n 106Khz : Khong tn s dng cho dng ln upstream ca ADSL . - T 106Khz n 120Khz : Khong tn s an ton gia ph tn dng ln upstream v ph tn dng xung downstream ca ADSL . - T 120Khz n 1,1 Khz : Khong tn s dng cho dng xung downstream ca ADSL .
3.1 Gii tn ca ADSL.

Vic phn tch ph tn s gia thoi ( T 0Khz - 4Khz ) vi ADSL ( T 94Khz n 1,1 Mhz ) c thc hin nh b lc Splitter . Lu l b lc tn s Splitter ngn c dng mt chiu DC khng cho vo modem ADSL . Vic phn tch ph tn s gia dng ln Upstream v dng xung Downstream c thc hin bi cc b lc hai b thu pht ca ADSL . - Ph tn dng xung chia thnh 256 ph tn nh, gi l knh ri rc, khong cch gia cc knh 4Khz. Knh c s th t cao nht 256 , cng ng ngha tn s cao nht, n khng dng cho d liu m dng lm ng b. Knh th 64 ( 276 Khz ) ca ph tn dng xung lm knh pilot ( nh thi ) . - Ph tn dng ln upstream chia thnh 31 ph tn nh v mt knh th 16 lm knh pilot. Tng cng c c thy 288 knh cho dng xung v dng ln . Tt c cc knh c thc hin iu ch QAM .
3.1 Gii tn ca ADSL.

ADSL phn chia ph tn c thc hin theo hai cch :
3.1 Gii tn ca ADSL.

Cch 1 - Phn chia theo tn s FDM ( Frequency Division Multiplexing ) : Hai ph tn dng cho dng ln v dng xung c tch ring bit . Cch 2 - Phn chia theo dng trit ting di - Echo Cancellation : Ph dng xung bao trm ln ph dng ln ; v tch ring ph ngi ta dng phng php trit ting di. S gi ln nhau v rng buc gia cc dch v Upstream v Downstream cung cp nhiu di tn hn bn pha Downstream.
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL:

3.2.1 Gii thiu chung 3.2.1 QAM 3.2.2 CAP 3.2.3 DMT
Gii thiu chung:

S khi tng qut hai b thu pht ca 3 dng iu ch:
Gii thiu chung:

Khi iu ch chuyn i cc bit vo ( dng xung ) sang tn s ( dng sng ) gi i ln knh truyn . Khi gii iu ch trong b thu ; thu li sng mang v chuyn i tr li cc bt ging nh c to rabi b pht. tng chnh l vic ti to li bit u ra ca b gii iu ch ging nh cc bit c a vo ng vo b iu ch . 3 k thut iu ch l QAM, CAP, DTM.(c xem xt k phn sau)
Gii thiu chung:

Cc khi b chc nng : Ti pha u pht Transmitter : B trn SCRAMBLER B m ho sa li hng ti FECE B xen tn hiu Interleaver . B iu ch tn hiu Modulation . B sa dng sng . Ti pha u thu Receiver : B lc cn bng Equalizer . B gii iu ch Demoulation . B gii xen ( tch ) tn hiu De-interleaver . B gii m sa li tn hiu hng n FECD B gii trn tn hiu De-Scrambler .
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation)
iu bin cu phng QAM l phng php m ho d liu trn 1 tn s sng mang n. S m ho d liu bng cch thay i bin v pha ca sng mang. QAM dng sng dng sin v 1 dng sng cos cng vi b phn to tn chuyn i thng tin. Cc sng ny c gi ng thi ln knh truyn, bin mi sng c cha tin tc c gi. Nhnh thc hin bin sng cos gi l nhnh pha, bin cos gi l phase(I). Nhnh thc hin bin sng sin gi l nhnh cu phng, bin sin gi l cu phng (Q) Tnh trc giao gia sin v cos cho php truyn d liu ng thi trn knh.
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) M hnh iu ch QAM
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) Nguyn l trc giao - Xt 1 chu k n mi sng:
T l chu k ca sng sine v cosine . V tnh trc giao nn cc hm sine v cosine thng gi l cc hm c bn - Sau khi iu ch th tn hiu pht QAM c dng sau: VA(t) = Xicos(t) + Yisin(t) Vi Xi l bin sng cos Yi l bin sng sin
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) - Cc xung tn hiu(cc bit) trc khi thc hin iu ch c th phi c sa li dng sng v hn ch cc tn s cao trc khi thc hin iu ch bng 1 b lc xung c p ng p(t) . - Bin hai sng sine v cosine lc ny ph thuc vo
hm p ng p(t) v tn hiu pht c dng sau:
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) Gii iu ch QAM
Tn hiu thu tm ng im vect iu ch trong bn vect iu ch ti to li d liu theo phng trnh:
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) C th nh sau:
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) - Ti B tn hiu nh sau:
- Ti C tn hiu nh sau:
- Tn hiu im B v C s c lp chuyn qua khi tch hp . Khi ny tch hp trong 1 chu k sng v s reset tr li sau mi chu k (sau mi chu k gii iu ch - ng vi mt symbol).
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) Tn hiu ti E:
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) Tn hiu ti D:
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) - Ch rng gi tr 0 l do tnh trc giao ca hai hm sine v cosine. - Tng hp hai gi tr ca hai phng trnh trnb gii iu ch c th xc nh c im vector trong bn m ho a ra t hp gi tr cc bit (symbol ) . - Trong thc t , dng sng trng khc nhau rt t v cc knh lin lc khng th iu tit pha kp thi nh l thuyt ; v n i hi bng thng rt ln mi c th truyn mt cch chnh xc .
Tp hp vect im iu ch (mc iu ch): - S kt hp 1 tn hiu d liu gi l symbol. 1 symbol l s kt hp nhiu bit. Tp hp cc symbol gi l mc iu ch QAM. - Nu s bit trong 1 symbol l n th mc iu ch s l 2n .
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.1 iu bin cu phng QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation) Li vect:
- S bit m ha cho mi symbol tng ln, mc iu ch tng lm xut hin nhiu. Nhiu gia cc symbol gn nhau(ISI), nhiu do iu kin knh khng hon ho bi tc ng ca ni ti v mi trng. - Nu khong cch gia cc symbol qu nh nhiu s gy kh khn cho vic nhn bit v xc nh tng symbol. S khc nhau gia tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu gi l li vect. - Cc symbol c kim tra nghim ngt s bit c m ho nhm gia tng khong cch pht gia cc symbol lin nhau . Hnh trn c vng quyt nh an ton (decision region)-khun vin hnh ch nht - bao quanh im symbol pht. Nhiu lm dch chuyn symbol thu nhng n vn nm trong vng quyt nh an ton trong symbol pht . - Khi s symbol c xc nh tng ln, vng quyt nh an ton s rt ngn li cho n khi ch cn mt lng rt nh ca nhiu c th lm xo trn mt im symbol vo trong mt vng quyt nh an ton ca mt symbol khc , ci ny b gy ra bi s gii m khng ng ca b thu .
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 iu ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase S b iu ch CAP:
In-phase filter
Output To line
Binary input
Constellation encoder
D/A
Passband Line filter
Quadrature filter
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 iu ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase B iu ch c 2 nhnh, mt nhnh PHA v mt nhnh CU PHNG . Cc p ng xung ca b lc s l Hilpert transform pairs hay n gin l Hilpert pair. Hai hm ( sng ) hnh thnh ca b Hilpert pair c tnh trc giao vi nhng hm (sng) khc . Ni chung, bt k gi tr ca Hilpert pair u c th c dng to iu ch CAP. Tuy nhin, vic trin khai CAP ngy nay dng mt sng Cosine v mt sng sine to xung pht v c thc hin vi b lc s thay v dng b nhn phase v cu phng .
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 iu ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase
Tng t nh iu ch QAM , iu ch bin pha khng sng mng CAP dng mt tp im vector iu ch constellation m ho cc bit b pht v gi m cc bit u thu . Kt qu hai gi tr X , Y t x l m ho c dng kch b lc s
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 iu ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase
- Tn hiu ti A:
- Tn hiu ti B:
- Tn hiu ti C:
- Tn hiu ti D:
- Tn hiu ti E:
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 iu ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase - Li c:
- Nu h thng c thit k y vi = , th 2 phng trnh trn c th vit li nh sau:
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.2 iu ch bin pha khng sng mang CAP Carrierless Amplitude & Phase - i l s nguyn, thi gian p ng xung ca cc b lc khng ph thuc vo i v tr thnh:
- Kt qu ny ch ra mi quan h ph hp tc symbol v tn s trung tm ca h thng CAP (QAM) cho php nhn dng sng trong min thi gian. - Cc dng sng s c nhn dng trong tp im constrellation iu ch v gii iu ch nguyn gc.
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3iu ch a m ri rc DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
iu ch a m ri rc DMT hin nay l tiu chun k
thut chnh thc trong cng ngh ADSL , VDSL

DTM xy dng da trn tng ca QAM s dng nhiu b m ha QAM vi tp hp cc vector iu ch constellation tng ng ( vi ADSL, kh nng ln nht c 256 b QAM cho dng xung v 97 b QAM cho dng ln). Qu trnh iu ch DMT c khi qut nh hnh v:
3.2 K thut iu ch trong ADSL: 3.2.3 iu ch a m ri rc DMT (Discrette Multip Tone Modulation)
Mi b m ho thu nhn mt nhm bt thc hin m ho vi tp constellation ca mnh theo ch nh v vi mc iu ch khc nhu: 16,4,,4 Tt c cc tn s sine v cosine ng ra ca cc b QAM phn t c tng hp vi nhau v gi ln knh truyn . Dng sng ny l mt symbol n gin c trnh by nh hnh 2-1 . b thu c th tch ring cc sng cc tn s ca khc nhau , mi phn t sng ( gm sine v cosine ) c gii m c lp bng phng php gii iu ch QAM nh trnh by phn trc. Kt qu cho ra cc bit tng ng im gii iu ch trong tp im vertor gIi iu ch constellation ca n .
S khi pht DMT:
1
Data input
Serial to 2 Paralett input data butfer N
DMT symbol encoder
IFTT
D/A
Line filter
Output to line
N (complex) sub-channel symbols
Cc dng sng mi knh ph c phn bit t nhng tn s khc . Nu khng phn bit c dng sng cc knh ph th s gii m trong mi knh rt kh khn v sng ca knh nc th b ph hu bi cc knh khc . Mt cch gii quyt l cc tn s sine v cosine dng trong mi knh s l tch nguyn ln ca mt tn s chung trong mt chu k ca symbol T. Tn s ny c xem nh tn s c s . m khng c s giao thoa sng gia cc knh ph vi nhau , cc dng sng t bt k knh ph no cng s trc giao vi cc sng sine v cosine ca bt k cc knh ph khc . . y , m v n l hai s nguyn khc nhau , l tn s gc ca tn s c s .
Cc phng trnh trc giao:
C s trc giao ngay c khi n = m , V v vy , vic gii iu ch mt symbol DMT da trn tnh trc giao ca sng sine v cosine cc tn s khc nhau cng tt nh gia cc sng sine v cosine cng tn s . Xt php cng hai sng sine v cosine trong mt chu k v tn hiu S(t) biu din cu thnh t mt knh ph , n gin l knh ph th n , ti mt symbol n
Trong h thng DMT , N l knh ph ln nht truyn mt tn hiu . Tn hiu ny c c tn s Nf. V theo l thuyt Nyquist, tc ly mu trong mt h thng phi bng hoc ln hn 2 ln tn s ca h thng , cho nn tc 2Nf c chn Nu S(t) c ly mu 2*N*f th kt qu l:
Nu thc hin bin i ri rc Fourier DFT Discrete Fourier Transform - ca Sk dng 2N im kt qu nh sau:
Th tc khc cho mt symbol DMT . Thay v u ra s dng tp iu ch constellation bng mt bin sine v cosine , ta s dng mt vector s phc Gi tr X - hay cosine , l trc thc ca s phc , v gi tr Y - hay sine l trc o s phc . u ra ca cc b iu ch ca cc knh ph c xp xp theo vector , mi vector im i din mt knh ph DMT . Nu c N knh ph trong h thng DMT th vector phc s c N ng vo
C s o ngc chc nng gia b iu ch v gii iu ch v mt DFT c dng thay cho mt IDFT . iu ny s to nhy v DFT i t min thi gian ti min tn s . V cc gi tr min thi gian l thc , u ra ca khi DFTc phc hp i xng . Ch mt na ca u ra a n tp constellation gii iu ch. Thng dng Bin i Nhanh Fourier FFT Fast Fourier Transform gii iu ch v o Bin i Nhanh Fourier IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform thc hin iu ch . Cc gii thut bin i ny thc hin DFT v IDFT vi hn ch vic tnh ton phc tp .
DMT cho php mt h thng lin lc mm do v ti u knh dng Xem xt kh nng DSL trong mi trng xuyn m, theo l thuyt t s SNR ca knh truyn nh sau:
T s SNR lin quan n tng mu knh nh ( cn gi l bin hoc carrier hoc subcarrier hoc chanel ) Cc knh ph nhng ni c t s SNR cao c th dng cc tp iu ch constellation c mt m c hn , c th truyn nhiu bit hn . Vic x l bao hm vic gia tng s im dng trong tp constellation ca cc knh ph tt .
DMT cng l phng php n gin cho php gia tng hay suy gim cng sut tn hiu u ra ca b pht trong cc vng tn s chn. C th nng cng sut trong cc vng hay b mt tn hiu , hoc gim cng sut trong vng b giao thoa vi cc h thng khc phi c trnh . Ch rng nng hay gim cng sut cng c th c thc hin trong mt h thng CAP/QAM bng cc b lc dng sng ph , mc d xu hng ny phc tp v c th kh khn cho thc hin .
3.3 cc b khi
3.3 Cc khi trong iu ch 3.3.1 Sa li hng ti FEC- Rorward Error Correction

Trong qu trnh truyn d liu, do nhiu v nhiu nguyn nhn khc m d liu khi nhn thng b sai st. C nhiu k thut c p dung ; trong cng ngh DSL thng dng hai k thut: - M CRC ( Cyclic redundancy Check ) hay cn gi l m Reed Solomon . - M kt hp ( convolution codes ) hay cn gi m Trellis codes .
M TRELLIS CODES - S m ha chp- convolution coding- khc nhau t khi m ho. Khng c cc t m c to trong cc mu d liu r rng. Thay v CRCcyclic redundancy check-c phn b hu khp d liu. Cc m chp convolution thi thong c thm vo nh li mt co. - Vic m ho convolution n gin nhng vic gii m kh khn. - M Trellis c th tuyn tnh hay khng tuyn tnh. M convolution l 1 tp hp con ca m tuyn tnh Trellis code.
- l m hnh m ho n gin vi t l m ha , m t vic chuyn 1 bit u vo thnh 2 bit u ra. di cng bc l 2-m ch s tr trong b m ho. - B m ho convolution c xem nh 1 my gii hn trng thi, s thay i trng thi da trn 1 iu kin u vo to ra 1 u ra khi n thay i trng thi

- Xt 1 v d n gin dng b m ho nh hnh sau:
- Gii m 1 covolution c th thc hin vi 1 li mt co Trellis v gii thut Viterbi

- M ho m chp convolution coding c th kt hp vi iu ch tn hiu . Khi kt kt hp vi iu ch QAM ( c th l cc k thut iu ch khc nh PAM ... ) , kt qu cho ra iu ch Trellis code modulation . - Thng thng, mt tp con (subset) cc bit ( mt hay hai ) to thnh mt symbol QAM , n c tri qua gii iu ch. Cc bit khng iu ch thng dng xc nh cu phng (/2) hay phn nh mt im . Cc bit m ho c ngha nht dng nhn bit mt im t cc im ln cn . S m ho cc bt c ngha nht c b xung thm tnh kh nh rng im trong - Bng constellation s c gii m khng sai , trong hu ht cc trng hp li ca QAM .
3.3 Cc khi trong iu ch 3.3.2 Xen d liu- interleaving

Sa li hng ti FEC c th gp kh khn khi thc hin vi chui bit di. Cc li xy ra trn cc knh trong cc kt ni DSL (v d, nh hng st trn i dy cp) . Mc ch xen l tn ra s c bng n li knh . Khng dng xen tn hiu , khi b nhiu ph hu d liu b mt hon ton . S xen thng xy ra gia mt khi modun FEC v mt modun iu ch trong b pht . Tng t trong b thu l khi gii xen ( de-interleaving ) .

S xen b xung thm tr cho truyn ti d liu dng end to end v yu cu c b nh m c hai u thu pht . C 2 loi interleaving : - Khi b xen ( Interleaver ) . - Khi xen-chp( convolution interleaver ) B xen n gin d hiu, b xen - chp dng nhiu hn trong DSL , n to tr v thun li v cc yu cu nh .

M trnh c trng khi xen interleaver , vi s ct D= 3 v s hng N= 7 . Cc s trong khi biu trng s xp xp cc bit vo b xen. Cc bit c vit theo hng v c ra theo ct

M t b gii xen t knh ti FEC vi D=3 v N=7 . Cc bit y n t knh , c vit vo trong b gii xen theo ct v c ra theo hng. Hng xp xp hp thc cc bit nh nh trc cho khi FEC .

M t kt qu cc gi tr gi tr xen d liu .

Hai hng u tin ca bng trnh by s xp xp , cc bit ny s c gi ln knh m khng cn thc hin xen b xen. Nu c s bng n li xy ra trong knh nh ch ra hng th 3, ch s bit b ph hu trong mi trng hp. Hai hng cui bng 5-3 ch cc bit s c gi ti khi FEC trong b thu trn cng knh . Ch rng khi c dng xen , cc bit b ph hu , to c hi cho b FEC sa li . Trong v d ny phi c dng trn mt knh ni c s bng n li , c s bit hng khng di hn 3 bit . Thc t cc b xen c tham s D v N ln hn . Ni chung , c hai b thu pht cn khong DxN bit khng gian nh p ng cho khi xen v mt tr c nh khong 2DN bit vi D l s ct v N l s hng ca khi xen

Mt b xen chp vi mt t m c size N=7 v su D=3

Cc biu din B miu t t m m B l thuc. Cc s biu din ph miu t s bit trong t m . Cc t m c vit li vo trong b xen theo hng v c ra theo ct . S khc nhau gia cch thc hin ny v cch thc hin ca khi b xen l t m khng lun lun bt u cng mt ct v cc hng th khng c kt thc . su v di ca b xen quyt nh c hoc khng t m tip theo s c vit hng k tip hay trong hng u mt cch tc th tip theo sau t m c vit trc .

B gii xen chp vi D = 3 v N = 7.

Cc bit y c vit theo ct v c ra theo hng trong s x l y ca khi FEC . B gii xen ch c mt t m n t mi hng v ri x l ti hng k tip cho n hng cui cng c c . Sau khi c hng cui cng , b gii xen quay tr li hng u v c tip t m v tr k tip cha c . Xen chp c th phn chia di t m N trong mt khong ca ND , phi chu mt tr end to end ND bit.
3.3
Cc khi trong iu ch
3.3.3 B trn d liu Scramber
Hu ht cc DSL gm c 1 b trn u pht v 1 b gii trn u thu. Vic trn tn hiu trong b pht th khng dng m ho d liu hay cho cc mc ch an ninh. Vic gii b trn d liu thu b thu n gin cho hiu qu v cc ng dng an ninh.
3.3
Cc khi trong iu ch
u im ca b trn: - B trn gia tng kh nng to chui di bit 1,0 c chuyn ti b iu ch. Cc bit di xy ra trong cc h thng truyn ti gi d liu hay h thng ATM khng c gi hay t bo pht hay ng vo b pht c t chc mc cao hay thp. - Vic trn d liu m bo cng sut pht ph tp trung u ra b pht c th d bo c. Khi c s cn bng trong mt cng sut ph, s kt lun ny thng qua vic thng k ti cc b pht. - S trn m bo s phi hp thch hp gia cc khi chc nng.
3.3
Cc khi trong iu ch
M hnh b trn t ng b self- synchronizing Scrambler
3.3
Cc khi trong iu ch

- M hnh b gii trn:
3.3
Cc khi trong iu ch
- Tnh cht ca b trn v b gii trn c biu th bng a thc sinh:
- Cc h s trong phng trnh trn biu th quan h v tr m b trn thc hin ch duy nht bng hm OR. Vic to ra a thc ca b trn l cc gi tr khng i ca 1 hoc 0. Gi s c c cc h s ph hp chn, cc b trn di s to ra ln chiu di cho cc chui.
3.3
Cc khi trong iu ch
- B gii trn c th bt u t mt trng thi tu nghi v sau mt thi lng hon tt, bt u xut ra d liu chnh cc khng trn. Hn na , mt bit li trn knh s khng nh hng ln n b gii trn hay gy ra nhiu li . - Vic khng thc hin hi tip b gii trn c quan h trc tip ti cc thuc tnh ny , hi tip ( feedback) c th gy ra li bit , s to ra v vn nhng nh hung n hot ng ca khi
3.3
Cc khi trong iu ch
- Mt bit li trn knh c mt t phn b tng cng bi b gii trn . Ni chung , mt li bit n c gia tng bi mt nhn t cn bng vi cc quan h s khc 0 ( nonzero ) trong b gii trn . - Chnh xc hn , mt li bit u vo to li bit u ra , n lan truyn ti tt c cc quan h v tr c gi tr 1 ( nonzero ) . Vic ny thng gi l nhn t lan truyn li . - S gia tng li thng c cho rng c th chp nhn khi cn tho hip cc tng phn li ch ca vic trn tn hiu .
3.3 Cc khi trong iu ch 3.3.4 Cn bng tn hiu- Equalization

Hu ht cc h thng thng tin lin lc hin i hot ng gn gii hn l thuyt th u ng dng cn bng trong b pht , b thu , hay c hai t ti u hay gn ti u truyn dn . Thng s cn bng c thc hin bng s cc b lc iu hp s Trong hu ht cc DSL ( modem bng tn thoi ) , cc b lc p ng hi t ti u cc ci t khi to sut qu trnh chy th nghim v c cp nht sut qu trnh hot ng ca h thng

Bt k lc no , p ng tn s ca knh thng khng bng phng u trong di tn s pht , s chng lp gia cc symbol ISI ( Intersymbol Interferenca ) c th xy ra Mt knh vi mt p ng tn s khng bng phng i khi c gi l Knh khng phng ( nonflat chanel) , knh phn tn (dispervive chanel ) , hay n gin l knh ISI . Mt knh bng phng s c mt p ng xung ng xung . Knh ny gi l knh khng c k c ( Memoryless chanel) .

p ng xung ca mt knh b ISI

u ra ca mt knh b ISI khi kch bi mt xung u vo .

Khi xung b tri ra ngoi , mo u ra ca knh . Phn b b ra s b chng lp , giao thoa vi xung k tip truyn . Cng vy , xung truyn trc s giao thoa vi ci khc . Thc t knh c th lm mo xung rt ln , c th b ra chng lp khng ch mt xung bn cnh m c th nhiu xung trong mt symbol . S cn bng tn hiu , lm sao thc hin xo b mt vi hay tt c cc knh b ISI ti u dng xung ca cc symbol u vo b thu

Khoanh vng tn s: - Cn xem xt ph tn hiu v nh hng ca s ly mu ph tn hiu . - Trc tin xt mt tn hiu S(t) vi ph tn S(f)
S(t) S(f)
h(t)
Y(f)= S(f)H(f)
t=nT
Yf(f)
- Lm vic trong min tn s , u ra h thng Y(f) cho bi php nhn ph tn u vo v hm bin i ri rc sau:

Khi u ra c ly mu vi tn s fs , cc mu u ra c biu th bi yi v ph tn s ng ra c biu th bi yf(f) . Ph tn ny l mt vng ph ( b gii hn ).
Nu Y(f) khng c cc phn t tn s cao hn fs/2 th ph tn yf(f) s gng nh Y(f) .

Bin tn f c thay bng fs/2 vi bin tn s gc V f c xc nh trong khong ( -fs , fs ) , xc nh trong khong (-/2,/2) .

Cn bng tuyn tnh: B cn bng tuyn tnh LE ( Linear Equalizer ) c t trong b thu trc gii iu ch .
N(t)s Modulator input
P(f)
Trasmit Filter
H(f)
Channel
G(f)
Matched Filter
W(f)
Noise Whitening Fliter
L(f)
Line Equalizer
Demodulator output

Cc hm lc c kt hp thc hin theo tng v c tch bit ra thnh nhiu phn t . Gi s cc b lc thc hin bng s v cc mu tn s c di ln ngn nga chng gp ln nhau , cc tn s c xc nh c ca tt c cc tn hiu phi nh hn fs/2 Khoanh vng tn s ( hn ch bng tn ) thng c t u ra b ly mu hoc u vo ca b thu bng mt b lc bng M(t) match filter . B lc bng c t ph hp kt hp vi p ng tn s ca knh v p ng vi xung kch . p ng ca b lc bng M(t):
3.3 Cc khi trong iu ch 3.3.4. Cn bng tn hiu- Equalization

Theo sau l b lc nhiu trng . Mc ch b lc ny l xo cc nhiu u ra ca b lc M(t) trc khi x l gii iu ch . p ng tn s ca b lc nhiu trng:
G(f) v G*(f) l cc h s ca bin i hm gia b iu ch v b lc nhiu trng bao gm u vo knh , b lc dng sng v b lc bng . G(f) v G*(f) c chn sao cho W(f) c th chp nhn c vi G*(f) c pha nh nht. K t ( * ) biu th s lin hp phc .

B cn bng tuyn tnh theo sau b lc nhiu trng . C th dng 2 k thut ti u p ng cho b lc tuyn tnh . - K thut cn bng tuyn tnh zero ZF- Zero forcing. - K thut cn bng tuyn tnh MSE- Mean squared error.

B cn bng tuyn tnh ZF dng ti u ho tiu chun mo nh . Phng php ny lm cho ng ra ca b cn bng khng cho to phn nh ra c th gy ISI ( s giao thoa , chng lp gia cc symbol ) Trong mt b cn bng y , p ng mo nh th hin bi phng trnh sau:

T s SNR:
Cc ph tn c khoanh vng Xf(f):

B cn bng tuyn tnh MSE ( Mean Squared Error ) gim thiu nng lng khng c vung vn ng ra . Loi ny tp trung c s lng li gy ra ISI v s lng li gy ra nhiu nn . khi nhiu khng ng k , b cn bng MSE tr thnh ging nh b cn bng ZF p ng ti u ca b cn bng MSE(N0 l h s x l nhiu trng N(f))

T s SNR ng ra b cn bn tuyn tnh MSE

S cn bng qua quyt nh hi tip DFE - Decision Feedback Equalization. B cn bng hi tip DFE l mt k thut. Mt DFE cu thnh b lc hng ti v b lc hi ti. Cc b lc ny l l b lc tuyn tnh, nhng n c dng cng vi cc thun li phi tuyn .
N(t)
kT
f(t)
p(t)
h(t)
Yk Slicer
b(t)

Mt DFE c th c p dng ti h thng CAP/QAM gii m symbol thu c tt . Cu trc c bn mt DFE - B cn bng qua quyt nh hi tip trong mt h CAP/QAM .
4. Cc u v nhc im ca ADSL 4.1 u im ADSL

ADSL tn dng bng thng cha c dng n ca ng dy cp. Mt ng dy c bng thng ln hn 100MHz, trong phn dnh cho tn hiu thoi ch chim c 4KHz, phn cn li cha c dng n v ADSL tn dng phn d tha ny truyn d liu. Mt u im ni bt ca cng ngh ADSL so vi cng ngh kt ni Internet qua modem quay s thng thng l kh nng truy cp. Vi ADSL c th va truy cp Internet, va gi in thoi hoc gi fax trn cng mt ng dy in thoi. D liu Internet c truyn c lp vi d liu thoi v fax, khin cho cht lng thoi khng thay i m tc truyn d liu Internet li rt cao.

ADSL l mt trong nhng kt ni Internet ph bin cung cp bng thng ln cho vic truyn ti d liu hay cn gi l mng bng rng (Broadband Internet). Nu so snh vi tc truy cp Internet qua modem quay s thng thng (dial-up), tc ti xung ca ADSL cao gp 140 ln, cn nu so snh vi cng ngh truy nhp ISDN (128Kb/giy) th cao gp 60 ln.

Kt ni Internet bng cng ngh ADSL l mt kt ni lin tc (always on). iu ny c ngha l khng phi quay s truy nhp, khng phi thc hin vo mng/ra mng. Khng hn ch s ngi s dng khi chia s kt ni Internet trong mng cng ngh ADSL truyn s liu ca mi ngi s dng trn mt ng ring . bo mt cao! Cc thit b ADSL, c bit l Modem ADSL c gi c rt cnh tranh. Cc ph ADSL c tnh theo thng vi gi thnh hiu qu.
4. Cc u v nhc im ca ADSL 4.2 Nhc im ADSL

ADSL khng th trin khai cho tt c cc ng dy thu bao. trong thi gian u cung cp dch v, dch v s ch c trin khai ti cc thnh ph ln Tc cao ca ADSL ch t c trong mt vi khong thi gian trong ngy. Gi c ca ADSL vn lm cho ngi s dng ln u c cm gic cao.
4. Cc u v nhc im ca ADSL 4.2 Nhc im ADSL

Tc kt ni Internet ADSL s ph thuc rt nhiu vo khong cch t thu bao n ni t DSLAM. Khong cch cng di th tc t c cng thp. Vi bn knh 3,5km, tc ti xung c th t ti 8Mb/giy v tc ti ln l 600Kb/giy. T 3,5km n 4km, tc ti xung ch cn 4Mb/giy v tc ti ln l 384Kb/giy. T 4,5 n 5km, tc ti xung ti a ch t 1,5Mb/giy v tc ti ln l 192Kb/giy. Nu nm ngoi bn knh 5km, hu nh khng c kh nng kt ni.
4. Cc u v nhc im ca ADSL 4.3 So snh vi PSTN&ISDN

S khc nhau c hu gia ADSL vi Modem quay s truyn thng v ISDN: PSTN v ISDN l cc cng ngh quay s (Dialup).ADSL l 'lin tc/always-on" kt ni trc tip. PSTN v ISDN cho php chng ta s dng Fax, d liu, thoi, d liu ti Internet, d liu ti cc thit b khc.ADSL ch chuyn ti d liu ti Internet. PSTN v ISDN cho php chng ta tu chn ISP no m ta mun kt ni.ADSL kt ni chng ta ti mt ISP nh trc.
4. Cc u v nhc im ca ADSL 4.3 So snh vi PSTN&ISDN

ISDN chy tc c s 64kbps hoc 128kbps. ADSL c th ti d liu v vi tc ti 8Mbps. PSTN ngt truy nhp ti Internet khi chng ta thc hin cuc gi. ADSL cho php va s dng Internet trong khi vn c th thc hin cuc gi ng thi. Kt ni Internet qua ng PSTN v ISDN bng phng thc quay s c tnh cc ni ht. ADSL khng tnh cc ni ht.
5. ng dng ca ADSL 5.1 Vi ngi dng.

Thc cht ca ng dng ADSL khng phi vic truyn d liu i/n tng i in thoi ni ht m l to ra kh nng truy nhp Internet vi tc cao v s dng cc dch v trn Internet mt cch nhanh hn. V c bn, ADSL s gip ngi dng ng thi lm nhng vic quen thuc trn Internet vi tc nhanh hn trc rt nhiu ln m khng phi tr cc gi in thoi, li c th lm nhng vic ng thi thay v phi lm ln lt tng th mt nh trc y. Th nht: c th truy cp nhng website thit k vi cht lng cao, dng flash, nhc nn, nhiu hnh ng Th hai: c th nghe v xem cc bi ht, bn tin, gii thiu phim t khp mi ni trn th gii.
5. ng dng ca ADSL 5.1 Vi ngi dng.

Th ba l phim theo yu cu (ting Anh gi l movie-ondemand), vi bng thng rng v cng ngh nn v truyn hnh nh, m thanh tin tin, phim nh c th c truyn qua Internet v bn c ton quyn chn la chng trnh, tm dng hoc tua i tua li ty thch. Th t l hi tho video qua mng: kt hp vi webcam, ADSL s gip m thoi vi bn b, ngi thn hay i tc kinh doanh qua Internet vi m thanh v hnh nh cht lng cao. Th nm l chi multiplayer game trn Internet vi bn b khp th gii. ADSL cho php cc game mng chy trn tru, khin chi game qua Internet nhanh hn v th v hn. Th su l hc qua mng. Bn c th tham d cc kha hc t xa t chc bi cc trng i hc tn tui trn th gii hoc truy cp cc th vin in t trn mng nhanh hn.
5. ng dng ca ADSL 5.2 Vi doanh nghip

ADSL ni ring v broadband Internet ni chung khin thng mi in t tr nn kh thi. Cc ca hng trn mng c th c thit k vi tnh tng tc cao hn, cch trnh by sn phm hp dn hn vi ngi dng. Loi ca hng ny d thit k, d bo qun, gi thnh r, kt hp vi kh nng tng tc trc tip vi ngi dng s gip cho doanh nghip nh c th cnh tranh vi cc c s ln hn trn quy m ton cu.
5. ng dng ca ADSL 5.3 Cc dch v ADSL thc t

ADSL Premium/Lite: dng cho cc thu bao bnh thng cn truyn d liu tc cao. Dch v Premium cung cp chiu downstream vi tc 8Mbps v chiu upstream vi tc 640Kbps. Cn dch v Lite chiu downstream l 1Mbps v upstream l 256Kbps. ADSL My-IP: dng nghi thc IP tnh iu hnh cc Web-server c nhn cc doanh nghip nh v va. Dch v c bn cung cp 1IP v ti a 3IP. Chiu downstream: 1,5Mbps, chiu upstream: 384Kbps. HomeNet: dng cho cc khch hng mun s dng nhiu my tnh c nhn ti vn phng vi gi thp. thc hin cu hnh ny cn kt ni HUB vi Modem ri ADSL. ADSL Multi-IP: dng cho cc khch hng s dng dch v tc thp vi gi c mm nh vi cc doanh nghip nh v va mun thit lp mng ring c nh. S dng nghi thc IP tnh vi 5IP v ti a 13IP. Chiu downstream: 2Mbps, chiu upstream: 512Kbps

ADSL

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Cng ngh ADSL

1.Gii thiu v DSL:

2. Phn loi DSL:

Gii hn khong cch

56Kbps Analog Modem ISDN

5km(thit b c th m rng khong cch)

Hi ngh truyn hnh, d phng leased, internet,intranet

10 - 30Mbit/s Downstream 0,128 - 10 Mbit/s Upstream

50km (c thit b ph tr th ti 300km)

1.544 Mbit/s (T1) i xng 2.048 Mbit/s (E1) i xng

13-52 Mbit/s Downstream 1.5-2.3 Mbit/s Upstream i xng t ti 34 Mbit/s )

300m- 1.5 Km (ph thuc vo tc )

3. c im cng ngh DSL:

3. c im cng ngh DSL:

3. c im cng ngh DSL:

4. u nhc im ca DSL: 4.1. u im:

1.4. u nhc im ca DSL: 1.4.1. u im:

4. u nhc im ca DSL: 4.2. Nhc im:

II. Cng ngh ADSL:

1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL.

1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL.

1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL.

1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL.

1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL.

1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL.

1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL.

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.1.M hnh kt ni c bn:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.1.M hnh kt ni c bn:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.1.M hnh kt ni c bn:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.2.M hnh kt ni thc t:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.2.M hnh kt ni thc t:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.2.M hnh kt ni thc t:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.3.M hnh kt ni theo chun:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.1.M hnh kt ni thc t:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.1.M hnh kt ni thc t:

2.2. M hnh kt ni ADSL: 2.2.1.M hnh kt ni thc t:

2.3 Cc thnh phn ca ADSL.

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.1 Modem:

Modem trong thc t:

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.1 Modem:

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.1 Modem:

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.2 Local loop:

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.3 Pha nh cung cp:

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL: 2.3.3 Pha nh cung cp: DSLAM

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL. 2.3.3 Pha nh cung cp: BAS.

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL. 2.3.3 Pha nh cung cp: BAS.

2.3. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL. 2.3.4 Pha nh cung cp: ISP.

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL:

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL:

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.1 ATM: Mch in o ATM VC

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.2 PPP

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.2 PPP

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.2 PPP

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.3 a giao thc kt hp

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.3 a giao thc kt hp

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.3 a giao thc kt hp

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.3 a giao thc kt hp

2.4 Giao thc kt ni trong ADSL: 2.4.3 a giao thc kt hp

3. K thut iu ch trong ADSL

3.1 Gii tn ca ADSL.

3.1 Di ph tn trong ADSL

3.1 Gii tn ca ADSL.

3.1 Gii tn ca ADSL.