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The computer program ETABS and all associated documentation are proprietary and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers and Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use of the program or reproduction of the documentation in any form, without prior written authorization from Computers and Structures, Inc., is explicitly prohibited. Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from: Computers and Structures, Inc. 1995 University Avenue Berkeley, California 94704 USA Phone: (510) 845-2177 FAX: (510) 845-4096 e-mail: info@csiberkeley.com (for general questions) e-mail: support@csiberkeley.com (for technical support questions) web: www.csiberkeley.com
Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2002. The CSI Logo is a trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc. ETABS is a trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Adobe and Acrobat are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated
DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF ETABS. THE PROGRAM HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED. IN USING THE PROGRAM, HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THE PROGRAM. THIS PROGRAM IS A VERY PRACTICAL TOOL FOR THE DESIGN/CHECK OF STEEL STRUCTURES. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST THOROUGHLY READ THE MANUAL AND CLEARLY RECOGNIZE THE ASPECTS OF COMPOSITE DESIGN THAT THE PROGRAM ALGORITHMS DO NOT ADDRESS. THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE PROGRAM AND MUST INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS.
Contents
2-1 2-4
Output Data Plotted Directly on the Model Overview 4-1 Labels Displayed on the Model 4-2 Design Data 4-3 Stress Ratios 4-4 Deflection Ratios 4-5 Input Data General Using the Print Composite Beam Design Tables Form Material Properties Input Data Section Properties Input Data Deck Properties Input Data Design Preferences Input Data Beam Overwrites Input Data Output Data Overview Using the Print Composite Beam Design Tables Form Summary of Composite Beam Output Composite Beam Properties Beam Properties Metal Deck and Slab Properties Shear Stud Properties Cover Plates
Effective Width of Concrete Slab Location Where Effective Slab Width is Checked 8-1 Multiple Deck Types or Directions Along the Beam Length 8-2 Effect of Diagonal Beams on Effective Slab Width 8-6
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Effect of Openings on Effective Slab Width Effective Slab Width and Transformed Section Properties 9 Beam Unbraced Length Overview Determination of the Braced Points of a Beam User-Defined Unbraced Length of a Beam Overview User-Specified Uniform and Point Bracing Design Check Locations Design Load Combinations Overview Special Live Load Patterning for Cantilever Back Spans Special Live Load Patterning for Continuous Spans Beam Deflection and Camber Deflection Camber Beam Vibration Overview Vibration Frequency Murray's Minimum Damping Requirement Initial Displacement Amplitude Effective Number of Beams Resisting Heel Drop Impact References
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Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Overview 13-1 Composite Beam Segments 13-1
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Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Background 20-2 Properties of Steel Beam (Plus Cover Plate) Alone 20-4 Properties of the Composite Section General Calculation Method 20-7 Equivalent Hand Calculation Method to Calculate the Distance ye 20-10 Background Equations 20-11 Hand Calculation Process for ye 20-17 Equivalent Hand Calculation Method to Calculate the Composite Properties 20-18 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection Effective Moment of Inertia for Partial Composite Connection 21-1 Effective Section Modulus Referred to the Extreme Tension Fiber 21-2 Location of the ENA for Partial Composite Connection 21-3 Steel Section Stresses for Partial Composite Connection 21-5 Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection 21-6 Allowable Bending Stresses General
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Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive Bending in the Composite Beam 23 Bending Stress Checks Bending Stress Checks Without Composite Action Positive Moment in a Composite Beam Important Notes Regarding Unshored Composite Beams Steel Stress Checks Concrete Stress Checks Beam Shear Checks Shear Stress Check Typical Case Slender Web Copes Shear Rupture Check Limitations of Shear Check Shear Studs Overview Shear Stud Connectors Reduction Factor when Metal Deck is Perpendicular to Beam Reduction Factor when Metal Deck is Parallel to Beam Horizontal Shear for Full Composite Connection Number of Shear Studs Between the Output Station with Maximum Moment and the Point of Zero Moment Between Other Output Stations and Points of Zero Moment
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Deck Tab Shear Studs Tab Deflection Tab Vibration Tab Miscellaneous Tab 32 Design Load Combinations Strength Check for Construction Loads Strength Check for Final Loads Deflection Check for Final Loads Reference 31-9 31-10 31-12 31-13 31-14
33
Compact and Noncompact Requirements Overview 33-1 Limiting Width-to-Thickness Ratios for Flanges 33-2 Compact Section Limits for Flanges 33-2 Noncompact Section Limits for Flanges 33-2 Limiting Width-to-Thickness Ratios for Webs 33-3 Compact Section Limits for Webs 33-3 Noncompact Section Limits for Webs 33-4 Limiting Width-to-Thickness Ratios for Cover Plates 33-5 Compact Section Limits for Cover Plates 33-5 Noncompact Section Limits for Cover Plates 33-6 Composite Plastic Moment Capacity for Positive Bending Overview 34-1 Location of the Plastic Neutral Axis 34-2 PNA in the Concrete Slab Above the Steel Beam 34-5 PNA within the Beam Top Flange 34-8 PNA within the Beam Top Fillet 34-9 PNA within the Beam Web 34-10
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Composite Section Elastic Moment Capacity Positive Moment Capacity with an Elastic Stress Distribution 35-1 Moment Capacity for Steel Section Alone Overview 36-1 Steel Beam Properties 36-1 Moment Capacity for a Doubly Symmetric Beam or a Channel Section 36-2 Lateral Unbraced Length Checks 36-3 Yielding Criteria in AISC-LRFD93 Section F1.1 36-5 Lateral Torsional Buckling Criteria in AISC-LRFD93 Section F1.2a 36-5 AISC-LFRD Appendix F1(b) Equation A-F1-3 46-5 Moment Capacity for a Singly Symmetric Beam with a Compact Web 36-7 AISC-LFRD93 Equation A-F1-1 for WLB 36-8 AISC-FLRD93 Equation A-F1-1 for FLB 36-8 AISC-FLRD93 Equation A-F1-3 for FLB 36-9 AISC-FLRD93 Equation A-F1-1 for LTB 36-9 AISC-FLRD93 Equation A-F1-2 for LTB 36-10 Moment Capacity for a Singly Symmetric Beam with a Noncompact Web 36-11
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AISC-LFRD93 Equation A-F1-3 for WLB 37
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Partial Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution Estimating the Required Percent Composite Connection 37-1 Calculating MPFconc 37-2 Location of PNA 37-3 Determining the Effective Portion of the Concrete Slab 37-4 Moment Capacity of a Partially Composite Beam with a Plastic Stress Distribution 37-6 Bending and Deflection Checks Bending Check Locations Bending Check Deflection Check Shear Connectors Shear Stud Connectors Horizontal Shear for Full Composite Connection Number of Shear Connectors Between Maximum Moment and Point of Zero Moment Between Point Load and Point of Zero Moment Beam Shear Capacity Shear Capacity Checking the Beam Shear Limitations of Beam Shear Check Input Data Beam Overwrites Input
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Technical Note 1
Design Codes
The design code is set using the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design command. You can choose to design for any one design code in any one design run. You cannot design some beams for one code and others for a different code in the same design run. You can however perform different design runs using different design codes without rerunning the analysis.
Units
For composite beam design in this program, any set of consistent units can be used for input. Typically, design codes are based on one specific set of units. The documentation in the Composite Beam Design series of Technical Notes is presented in kip-inch-seconds units unless otherwise noted. Again, any system of units can be used to define and design a building in the program. You can change the system of units at any time using the pull-down menu on the Status Bar or pull-down menu on individual forms where available. Note: You can use any set of units in composite beam design and you can change the units "on the fly."
Design Codes
Technical Note 1 - 1
built-in program section database, or they can be user defined. The userdefined sections can be specified using the Define menu > Frame Sections command and clicking either the Add I/Wide Flange or the Add Channel option. Note that beam sections that are defined in Section Designer are always treated as general sections. Thus, if you define an I-type or channel-type section in Section Designer, the program will consider it as a general section, not an I-shaped or channel-shaped section, and will not allow it to be designed as a composite beam. Note: Beam sections defined in the section designer utility cannot be designed as composite beams.
Technical Note 1 - 2
shears will still be correct but the design performed by the Composite Beam Design processor probably will not be correct.
Technical Note 1 - 3
meet the requirements described in the previous subsection entitled "Frame Elements Designed by Default as Composite Beams" are by default designed using the composite beam design procedures. All other steel frame elements are by default designed using the steel frame design procedures. Change the default design procedure used for a beam(s) by selecting the beam(s) and clicking Design menu > Overwrite Frame Design Procedure. This change is only successful if the design procedure assigned to an element is valid for that element. For example, if you select two steel beams, one an I-section and the other a tube section, and attempt to change the design procedure to Composite Beam Design, the change will be executed for the I-section, but not for the tube section because it is not a valid section for the composite beam design procedure. A section is valid for the composite beam design procedure if it meets the requirements specified in the subsections entitled "Section Requirements for Composite Beams," "Material Property Requirement for Composite Beams" and "Other Requirements for Composite Beams" earlier in this Technical Note. Note that the procedures documented for composite beam design allow for designing a beam noncompositely. One of the overwrites available for composite beam design is to specify that selected beams are either designed as composite, noncomposite but still with a minimum number of shear studs specified, or noncomposite with no shear studs. These overwrites do not affect the design procedure. Changing the overwrite to one of the noncomposite designs does not change the design procedure from Composite Beam Design to Steel Frame Design. The noncomposite design in this case is still performed from within the Composite Beam Design postprocessor. Using the composite beam design procedure, out-of-plane bending is not considered and slender sections are not designed. This is different from the Steel Frame Design postprocessor. Thus, the design results obtained for certain beams may be different, depending on the design procedure used. Finally, note that you can specify that the composite beam design procedures are to be used for a beam even if that beam does not support any deck, or for that matter, even if no slab is specified. In these cases, the beam will be designed as a noncomposite beam by the Composite Beam Design postprocessor.
Technical Note 1 - 4
Technical Note 1 - 5
adequate section and then determines the theoretical heaviest section that could still have a cost equal to the adequate section by dividing the total price of the beam with the adequate section (steel plus camber plus shear connectors) by the unit price of the steel. This assumes that when the cost of the steel section alone is equal to or greater than the total cost of the adequate section, the section could not have a total cost less than the adequate section. The program then checks any other sections in the shorter common section list that have a weight less than or equal to the calculated maximum weight. If any of the other sections are also adequate, a cost is calculated for them. Finally, the section with the lowest associated cost is selected as the optimum section for the design group. Regardless of whether the optimization is based on weight or cost, if all sections in the shorter common section list are tried and none of them are adequate for all of the beams in the design group, the program proceeds to design each beam in the design group individually based on its own auto section list and ignores the rest of the design group. If for a particular beam none of the sections in the auto select section list are adequate, the program displays results for the section in the auto select list with the smallest controlling ratio in a red font. Note that the controlling ratio may be based on stress or deflection. Note: By default, the program selects the optimum composite beam size based on weight, not price.
Technical Note 1 - 6
You can request that the program use price to determine the optimum section by clicking the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design command, selecting the Price tab and setting the "Optimize for Price" item to Yes. If you request a price analysis, the program compares alternate acceptable beam designs based on their price and selects the one with the least cost as the optimum section. For the cost comparison, specify costs for steel, shear studs and beam camber. The steel cost is specified as a part of the steel material property using the Define menu > Material Properties command. The shear stud and beam camber costs are specified in the composite beam preferences. The costs for steel and cambering are specified on a unit weight of the beam basis; for example, a cost per pound of the beam. The shear connector cost is specified on a cost per connector. By assigning different prices for steel, shear
Technical Note 1 - 7
connectors and camber, you can influence the choice of optimum section. The cost of the cover plate is not included in the comparison (but it would be the same for all beam sections if it were included). See the previous "Important Note about Optimizing Beams by Weight and Price" for additional information.
Technical Note 1 - 8
The Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Verify Analysis vs Design Section command is useful for this task. The program keeps track of the analysis section and the design section separately. Note the following about analysis and design sections: Assigning a beam a frame section property using the Assign menu > Frame/Line > Frame Section command assigns the section as both the analysis section and the design section. Running an analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command (or its associated toolbar button) always sets the analysis section to be the same as the current design section. Assigning an auto select list to a frame section using the Assign menu > Frame/Line > Frame Section command initially sets the design section to be the beam with the median weight in the auto select list. Unlocking a model deletes the design results, but it does not delete or change the design section. Using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design Combo command to change a design load combination deletes the design results, but it does not delete or change the design section. Using the Define menu > Load Combinations command to change a design load combination deletes the design results, but it does not delete or change the design section. Using the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design command to change any of the composite beam design preferences deletes the design results, but it does not delete or change the design section. Deleting the static nonlinear analysis results also deletes the design results for any load combination that includes static nonlinear forces. Typically, static nonlinear analysis and design results are deleted when one of the following actions is taken: Use the Define menu > Frame Nonlinear Hinge Properties command to redefine existing or define new hinges.
Technical Note 1 - 9
Use the Define menu > Static Nonlinear/Pushover Cases command to redefine existing or define new static nonlinear load cases. Use the Assign menu > Frame/Line > Frame Nonlinear Hinges command to add or delete hinges. Again, note that these actions delete only results for load combinations that include static nonlinear forces.
Output Stations
Frame output stations are designated locations along a frame element. They are used as locations to report output forces and to perform design, and as plotting points used for graphic display of force diagrams. When force diagrams are plotted, exact forces are plotted at each output station and then those points are connected by straight lines. Output stations occur at userspecified locations and at point load locations along a beam. Designate the output stations for a frame element using the Assign menu. Note: Access the display of frame element output stations using the View menu. For composite beam design, the program checks the moments, shears and deflections at each output station along the beam. No checks are made at any points along the beam that are not output stations.
Technical Note 1 - 10
Output Stations
Technical Note 2
Technical Note 2 - 1
the default values. Note that the overwrites can be assigned before or after the analysis is run. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 18 Overwrites and See AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 31 Overwrites. 5. Designate design groups, if desired, using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design Group command. Note that you must have already created some groups by selecting objects and clicking the Assign menu > Group Names command. 6. To use design load combinations other than the defaults created by the program for composite beam design, click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design Combo command. Note that you must have already created your own design combos by clicking the Define menu > Load Combinations command. Note that for composite beam design, you specify separate design load combinations for construction loading, final loading considering strength, and final loading considering deflection. Design load combinations for each of these three conditions are specified using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design Combo command. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 10 Design Load Combinations. 7. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to run the composite beam design. 8. Review the composite beam design results by doing one of the following: a. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Display Design Info command to display design input and output information on the model. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 4 Data Plotted Directly on the Model. b. Right click on a beam while the design results are displayed on it to enter the interactive design mode and interactively design the beam. Note that while you are in this mode, you can also view diagrams (load, moment, shear and deflection) and view design details on the screen. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 3 Interactive Composite Beam Design for more information.
Technical Note 2 - 2
If design results are not currently displayed (and the design has been run), click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Interactive Composite Beam Design command and then right click a beam to enter the interactive design mode for that beam. c. Use the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command to print composite beam design data. If you select beams before using this command, data is printed only for the selected beams. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 27 Input Data, AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 41 Input Data, AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details, and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details for more information. d. Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Verify all Members Passed command to verify that no members are overstressed or otherwise unacceptable. 9. Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Change Design Section command to change the beam design section properties for selected beams. 10. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to rerun the composite beam design with the new section properties. Review the results using the procedures described in Step 8. 11. Rerun the building analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command. Note that the beam section properties used for the analysis are the last specified design section properties. 12. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to rerun the composite beam design with the new analysis results and new section properties. Review the results using the procedures described in Step 8. 13. Again use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Change Design Section command to change the beam design section properties for selected beams, if necessary.
Technical Note 2 - 3
14. Repeat Steps 11, 12 and 13 as many times as necessary. Note: Composite beam design in the program is an iterative process. Typically, the analysis and design will be rerun multiple times to complete a design. 15. Select all beams and click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Make Auto Select Section Null command. This removes any auto select section list assignments from the selected beams. 16. Rerun the building analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command. Note that the beam section properties used for the analysis are the last specified design section properties. 17. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to rerun the composite beam design with the new section properties. Review the results using the procedures described above. 18. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Verify Analysis vs Design Section command to verify that all of the final design sections are the same as the last used analysis sections. 19. Use the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command to print selected composite beam design results if desired. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details It is important to note that design is an iterative process. The sections used in the original analysis are not typically the same as those obtained at the end of the design process. Always run the building analysis using the final beam section sizes and then run a design check using the forces obtained from that analysis. Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Verify Analysis vs Design Section command to verify that the design sections are the same as the analysis sections.
Technical Note 2 - 4
for a new building because iteration is not required. Note that although the sequence of steps you follow may vary, the basic process probably will be essentially the same. Tip: You can define your own shear stud patterns on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites. This allows you to model existing structures with composite floor framing. 1. Use the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design command to choose the composite beam design code and to review other composite beam design preferences and revise them if necessary. Note that default values are provided for all composite beam design preferences so it is unnecessary to define preferences unless you want to change some of the default preference values. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 17 Preferences and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 30 Preferences for more information about preferences. 2. Create the building model, as explained in Volumes 1 and 2. 3. Run the building analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command. 4. Assign composite beam overwrites, including the user-defined shear stud patterns, using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > View/Revise Overwrites command. Note that you must select beams first before using this command. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 18 Overwrites and See AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 31 Overwrites. 5. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to run the composite beam design. 6. Review the composite beam design results by doing do one of the following: a. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Display Design Info command to display design input and output information on the model. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 4 Data Plotted Directly on the Model.
Technical Note 2 - 5
b. Right click on a beam while the design results are displayed on it to enter the interactive design and review mode and review the beam design. Note that while you are in this mode you can also view diagrams (load, moment, shear and deflection) and view design details on the screen. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 3 Interactive Composite Beam Design for more information. If design results are not currently displayed (and the design has been run), click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Interactive Composite Beam Design command and then right click a beam to enter the interactive design mode for that beam. c. Use the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command to print composite beam design data. If you select beams before using this command, data is printed only for the selected beams. d. Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Verify all Members Passed command to verify that no members are overstressed or otherwise unacceptable. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 27 Input Data, AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 41 Input Data, AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details, and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details for more information.
Technical Note 2 - 6
Technical Note 3
Member Identification
Story ID
This is the story level ID associated with the composite beam.
Beam Label
This is the label associated with the composite beam.
Design Group
This list box displays the name of the design group that the beam is assigned to if that design group was considered in the design of the beam. If the beam is part of a design group but the design group was not considered in the design, N/A is displayed. If the beam is not assigned to any design group, "NONE" is displayed. If a beam is redesigned as a result of a change made in the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form, the design group is ignored and only the single beam is considered. Thus, as soon as you design a beam in the
Member Identification
Technical Note 3 - 1
Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form, the Design Group box either displays N/A or None. You cannot directly edit the contents of this list box.
Section Information
Auto Select List
This drop-down box displays the name of the auto select section list assigned to the beam. If no auto select list has been assigned to the beam, NONE is displayed. You can change this item to another auto select list or to NONE while in the form and the design results will be updated immediately. If you change this item to NONE, the design is performed for the Current Design/Next Analysis section property.
Optimal
If an auto select section list is assigned to the beam, this list box displays the optimal section as determined by beam weight or price, depending on what has been specified in the composite beam preferences. If no auto select list is assigned to the beam, N/A is displayed for this item. You cannot directly edit the contents of this list box.
Last Analysis
This list box displays the name of the section that was used for this beam in the last analysis. Thus, the beam forces are based on a beam of this section property. For the final design iteration, the Current Design/Next Analysis section property and the Last Analysis section property should be the same. You cannot directly edit the contents of this list box.
Technical Note 3 - 2
Section Information
If no auto select list has been assigned to the beam, the beam design is performed for the section property specified in this edit box. It is important to note that subsequent analyses use the section property specified in this list box for the next analysis section for the beam. Thus, the forces and moments obtained in the next analysis are based on this beam size. The Current Design/Next Analysis section property can be changed by clicking the Sections button that is described later in this Technical Note. Important note: Changes made to the Current Design/Next Analysis section property are permanently saved (until you revise them again) if you click the OK button to exit the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form. If you exit the form by clicking the Cancel button, these changes are considered temporary and are not permanently saved.
Technical Note 3 - 3
If the beam is assigned an auto select list, many beam sections may be listed in the Acceptable Sections List. If necessary, use the scroll bar to scroll through the acceptable sections. The optimal section is initially highlighted in the list. If the beam is not assigned an auto select list, only one beam section will be listed in the Acceptable Sections List. It is the same section as specified in the Current Design/Next Analysis edit box. At least one beam will always be shown in the Acceptable Sections List, even if none of the beams considered are acceptable. When no beams are acceptable, the program displays the section with the smallest maximum ratio in a red font. Thus, a single beam displayed in a red font in the Acceptable Sections List means that none of the sections considered were acceptable.
ReDefine
Sections Button
Use the Sections button to change the Current Design/Next Analysis section property. This button can designate a new section property whether the section property is or is not displayed in the Acceptable Sections List. When you click on the Sections button, the Select Sections form appears. Assign any frame section property to the beam by clicking on the desired property and clicking OK. Note that if an auto select list is assigned to the beam, using the Sections button sets the auto select list assignment to NONE.
Overwrites Button
Click the overwrites button to access and make revisions to the composite beam overwrites and then immediately see the new design results. Modifying some overwrites in this mode and exiting both the Composite Beam Overwrites form and the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form by clicking their respective OK buttons permanently saves changes made to the overwrites. Exiting the Composite Beam Overwrites form by clicking the OK button temporarily saves changes. Subsequently exiting the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form by clicking the Cancel button cancels the changes made. Permanent saving of the overwrites does not occur until the OK but-
Technical Note 3 - 4
ReDefine
tons in both the Composite Beam Overwrites form and the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form have been clicked.
Temporary
Combos Button
Click this button to access and make temporary revisions to the design load combinations considered for the beam. This is useful for reviewing the results for one particular load combination, for example. You can temporarily change the considered design load combinations to be just the one you are interested in and review the results. The changes made to the considered design load combinations using the combos button are temporary. They are not saved when you exit the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form, whether you click OK or Cancel to exit it.
Show Details
Diagrams Button
Clicking the Diagrams button displays a form with the following four types of diagrams for the beam. Applied loads Shear Moment Deflection The diagrams are plotted for specific design load combinations specified in the form by the user.
Details Button
Clicking the Details button displays design details for the beam. The information displayed is similar to the short form output that can be printed using the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command. The Technical Notes describe short form output.
Temporary
Technical Note 3 - 5
Note: Stud Details Information is available using the Details button, but is not included in the short form output printed using File Menu > Print Tables> Composite Beam Design. Stud details information is one item included in the interactive design details that is not included in the short form output details (and thus not described in AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details or AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details). This information is provided in a table with six columns on the Stud Details tab. The definitions of the column headings in this table are given in the following bullet items. Location: This is either Max Moment or Point Load. If it is Max Moment, the information on the associated row applies to the maximum moment location for the specified design load combination. If it is Point Load, the information on the associated row applies to the point load location for the specified design load combination. Distance: The distance of the Max Moment or Point Load location measured from the center of the support at the left end (I-end) of the beam. Combo: The final strength design load combination considered for the associated row of the table. L1 left: The dimension L1 left associated with the specified location. See "How the Program Distributes Shear Studs on a Beam" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Beam for more information. Recall that L1 left is the distance from an output station to an adjacent point of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical end of the concrete slab, measured toward the left end (I-end) of the beam. L1 right: The dimension L1 right associated with the specified location. See "How the Program Distributes Shear Studs on a Beam" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Beam for more information. Recall that L1 right is the distance from an output station to an adjacent point of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical
Technical Note 3 - 6
Show Details
end of the concrete slab, measured toward the right end (J-end) of the beam Studs: The number of shear studs required between the specified location and adjacent points of zero moment, the end of the concrete slab, or the end of the beam top flange. The Stud Details table reports information at each maximum moment location and each point load location (if any) for each final strength design load combination. The Stud Detail information allows you to report your shear studs in composite beam segments that are different from the default composite beam segments used by the program. See "Composite Beam Segments" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Beam for a definition of composite beam segments. It is very important that you understand how the program defines composite beam segments, because in the composite beam output, the program reports the required number of shear studs in each composite beam segment. See "How the Program Distributes Shear Studs on a Beam" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Beam for discussion of how the program distributes shear studs along a beam.
Show Details
Technical Note 3 - 7
Technical Note 4
Overview
Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Display Design Info command to display on-screen output plotted directly on the model. If desired, the screen graphics can then be printed using the File menu > Print Graphics command. The on-screen display data is organized into four data groups, as follows. Labels Design Data Stress Ratios Deflection Ratios Each of these data groups is described in more detail later in this Technical Note. It is important to note that items from different data groups cannot be displayed simultaneously. Tip: The colors related to the beam ratios can be modified by clicking the Options menu > Colors > Output command. When design information is displayed directly on the model, the frame elements are displayed in a color that indicates the value of their controlling ratio. (Note that this controlling ratio may be a stress ratio or a deflection ratio.) The colors associated with various ranges of ratios are specified in the Steel Ratios area of the Assign Output Colors form, which is accessed using the Options menu > Colors > Output command.
Overview
Technical Note 4 - 1
B7
B2 Grou 3 p08
B8 Group01
B9 Group01
Floor Plan
Figure 1: Example of Beam and Design Group Labels
Technical Note 4 - 2
B24 Group07
Labels Displayed on the Model
Tip: The design data and ratios output that is plotted directly on the model is also available in text form in the short and long form printed output, which are described in AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details.
Design Data
The following design data can be displayed on the model: Beam section (e.g., W18X35) Beam yield stress, Fy Shear stud layout Beam camber Beam end reactions One or more of these items can be displayed at the same time. Figure 2 shows an example where all five of these items are displayed. The beam section size (e.g., W18X35) is apparent and needs no further explanation. The beam yield stress is displayed just after the beam section size. The shear stud layout pattern is displayed in parenthesis just after the beam yield stress. The number of equally spaced shear studs is reported for each composite beam segment. See Composite Beam Segments in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for more information on composite beam segments. Important note: It is very important that you fully understand the concept of composite beam segments. This is necessary to properly interpret the output results for shear studs. The beam camber is displayed below or to the right of the beam. All other data is displayed above or to the left of the beam. The end reactions are displayed at each end of the beam. They are displayed below or to the right of the beam. The end reactions displayed are the maximum end reactions obtained from all design load combinations. Note that the
Design Data
Technical Note 4 - 3
16.2
Right reaction Shear stud layout in parenthesis Camber Beam section Left reaction
20.7
18.4
25.2
25.2
Floor Plan
Figure 2: Example of Design Data that Can be Displayed on the Model
left end reaction and the right end reaction displayed may be from two different design load combinations. Note that cover plate information is not displayed on the model. This information is available in the printed output (short form or long form; see AISCASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details) and in the overwrites. Tip: The length of the composite beam segments associated with the shear stud layout is documented in the short and long form printed output, which are described in AISCASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details.
Stress Ratios
The following design data can be displayed on the model: Construction load bending and shear ratios Final load bending and shear ratios
Technical Note 4 - 4
Stress Ratios
You can display the construction load ratios, the final load ratios, or both. Bending ratios are always displayed above or to the left of the beam. Shear ratios are always displayed below or to the right of the beam. When both construction and final stress ratios are displayed, the construction load ratios are displayed first, followed by the final load ratios. See Figure 3 for an example.
0.678, 0.961 0.121, 0.245 Construction Final load load bending bending ratio ratio 0.678, 0.961 0.121, 0.245 Construction load shear ratio Final load shear ratio
0.46 7, 0.13 0.968 5, 0. 224
Floor Plan
Legend
Deflection Ratios
When the Deflection Ratios option is chosen, the program plots one or both of the following two ratios. The maximum live load deflection ratio (live load deflection divided by allowable live load deflection) for deflection loads. The maximum total load deflection ratio (total load deflection divided by allowable total load deflection) for deflection loads. When both ratios are plotted, the live load deflection ratio is plotted first, followed by the total load deflection ratio, as shown in Figure 4.
Deflection Ratios
Technical Note 4 - 5
0.521, 0.426
326
0.612, 0.433
0.392, 0.372
0.41
9, 0.
0.521, 0.426
Floor Plan
Legend
Figure 4:
Technical Note 4 - 6
Deflection Ratios
Technical Note 5
General
Technical Note 5 - 1
Input Data
Composite Beam Design Tables form. Data will be added to this file. Or use the Filename>> button to locate another file, and when the Open File for Printing Tables caution box appears, click Yes to replace the existing file. If you select a specific composite beam(s) before using the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command, the Selection Only check box will be checked. The print will be for the selected beam(s) only. If you uncheck the Selection Only check box, the print will be for all composite beams.
Technical Note 5 - 2
Input Data
Technical Note 5 - 3
Input Data
Z33 Major
Deck Depth
Technical Note 5 - 4
Input Data
Slab Material
Deck Material
Technical Note 5 - 5
Input Data
Factors
The input data related to factors is described in AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 17 Preferences and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 30 Preferences.
Beam Properties
Shored Floor This item is Yes if the composite beam preferences designate that the composite beams are to be shored. Otherwise, it is No. Note that this item can be modified on a beam-by-beam basis in the composite beam overwrites.
Technical Note 5 - 6
Input Data
Pattern LL Factor
Camber DL Percent
Vibration
Note: Vibration is described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration. Percent Live Load Percentage of live load plus reduced live load considered (in addition to full dead load) when computing weight supported by the beam for use in calculating the first natural frequency of the beam.
Technical Note 5 - 7
Input Data
Minimum Frequency
Murray Damping
Inherent Damping
Price
Consider Price
Technical Note 5 - 8
Technical Note 6
Overview
Technical Note 6 - 1
Output Details
Note: The File menu > Display Input/Output Text Files command is useful for displaying output that is printed to a text file. The Append check box allows you to add data to an existing file. The path and filename of the current file is displayed in the box near the bottom of the Print Composite Beam Design Tables form. Data will be added to this file. Or use the Filename button to locate another file, and when the Open File for Printing Tables caution box appears, click Yes to replace the existing file. If you select a specific composite beam(s) before using the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command, the Selection Only check box will be checked. The print will be for the selected beam(s) only. If you uncheck the Selection Only check box, the print will be for all composite beams.
Technical Note 6 - 2
Output Details
Technical Note 6 - 3
Technical Note 7
Beam Properties
Figure 1 shows a typical composite beam for reference. The beam shown is a rolled beam section from the built-in section database. Tip: The Composite Beam Design postprocessor only designs beams that are I-shaped sections and channel sections. Basic steel beam properties are defined using the Define menu > Frame Sections command. Use this command to define the basic geometry of the steel section, except for the cover plate, if it exists. Define the cover plate on the Beam tab in the composite beam overwrites. When defining a beam, a material property that includes the yield stress for that beam is also assigned. That yield stress is assumed to apply to the beam and the cover plate unless it is revised in the beam overwrites. The steel Material Property also includes the price or cost-per-unit-weight that is assigned to the beam.
Beam Properties
Technical Note 7 - 1
Concrete slab Sr wr
Hs
Metal deck
Technical Note 7 - 2
Beam Properties
tcp
hr
tc
Beam sections defined using Section Designer are considered as general sections, not I-shaped or channel-shaped sections (even if they really are Ishaped or channel-shaped), and cannot be designed using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor. If you define a beam section by selecting it from the built-in section database, the program assumes that it is a rolled section and applies the design equations accordingly. If you create your own user-defined section, the program assumes it is a welded section and revises the design equations as necessary. The program does not check or design any of the welding for these welded beams.
Technical Note 7 - 3
Slab Depth: The depth of concrete fill above the metal deck. This item is labeled tc in Figure 1. Deck Depth: The height of the metal deck ribs. This item is labeled hr in Figure 1. Rib Width: The average width of the metal deck ribs. This item is labeled wr in Figure 1. Rib Spacing: The center-to-center spacing of the metal deck ribs. This item is labeled Sr in Figure 1. In the Composite Deck Studs area of the Deck Section form, the following items are specified: Diameter: The diameter of the shear stud. Height: The height of the shear stud. This item is labeled Hs in Figure 1. Tensile Strength, Fu: The specified tensile strength of the shear stud. In the Material area of the Deck Section form, if the Deck type is Filled Deck or Solid Slab (not Unfilled Deck), specify a Slab Material for the concrete. This should be a previously specified concrete material property. This concrete material property is used to specify all material properties of the concrete, except in some code-specific cases. See "Effective Slab Width and Transformed Section Properties" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab for additional information. If the Deck type is Unfilled Deck, specify a steel material property for the deck material and an equivalent shear thickness for the deck. These two items are used by the program to determine the membrane shear stiffness of the deck. Note: Deck section properties can be specified as a metal deck filled with concrete, unfilled metal deck, or a solid slab with no metal deck. In the Metal Deck Unit Weight area of the Deck Section form, specify the weight-per-unit-area of the deck, wd.
Technical Note 7 - 4
The self-weight of the deck element representing the concrete slab over metal deck is calculated using the weight-per-unit-area shown in Equation 1. In the equation, wc is the weight-per-unit-volume of concrete. The first term is the weight-per-unit-area of the concrete and the second term is the weight-perunit-area of the metal deck. w h Weight-per-Unit-Area = w c r r + t c + w d S r Eqn. 1
Note that the program does not check the design of the metal deck itself.
Cover Plates
In this program, full-length cover plates can be specified on the bottom flange of a composite beam. Cover plates are not defined as part of the beam properties. They can only be specified on the Beam tab of the composite beam overwrites. Thus, to specify a beam with a cover plate, define the beam as you normally would without the cover plate and then add the cover plate in the overwrites by selecting a composite beam(s) and using the Design Menu > Composite Beam Design > View/Revise Overwrites command.
Technical Note 7 - 5
One consequence of this process is that the cover plate is not included for overall analysis of the building. However, the cover plate is considered both for resisting moments and deflections for design of the composite beam within the program's Composite Beam Design postprocessor. Tip: Cover plates are specified in the composite beam overwrites. The properties specified for a cover plate on the Beam tab of the Composite Beam Overwrites form are the width, bcp, the thickness, tcp, and a yield stress, Fycp. The width and thickness dimensions are illustrated in Figure 1. The program does not check or design any of the welding between the cover plate and the beam bottom flange. It also does not determine cutoff locations for the full length cover plate.
Technical Note 7 - 6
Cover Plates
Technical Note 8
Technical Note 8 - 1
1 j-end of beam 3
i-end of beam
Figure 1: Example of How the Program Defines the Left and Right Sides of the Beam
Technical Note 8 - 2
Figure 2:
Different Deck Types and Different Deck Directions on the Two Sides of the Beam
tion). When multiple deck types or deck directions occur on the same side of a composite beam, the program decides which single deck section and direction to use on that side of the beam. The program goes through these steps in this order to choose the deck section. 1. The program calculates the product of tc * f c' for each deck where tc is the depth of the concrete above the metal deck and f c' is the concrete slab compressive strength. It uses the deck section that has the smallest value of tc * f c' in the calculations for the beam. 2. If two or more deck sections have the same value of tc * f c' but the deck spans in different directions, the program uses the deck section that spans perpendicular to the beam. Important note about deck orientation: In this program's composite beam design, the deck is assumed either parallel or perpendicular to the span of the beam. If the deck span is exactly parallel to the beam span or within 15 degrees of parallel to the beam span, the deck span is assumed to be parallel to the beam span. Otherwise, the deck span is assumed to be perpendicular to the beam span.
Technical Note 8 - 3
3. If two or more deck sections span in the same direction and have the same value of tc * f c' , the program uses the deck section with the smaller tc value. 4. If two or more deck sections span in the same direction and have the same values of tc and f c' , the program use the first defined deck section. Tip: You can change the assumed deck type and deck direction on each side of the beam on the Deck tab in the composite beam overwrites. Refer to the floor plan shown in Figure 3. The typical floor in this plan consists of 2-1/2" normal weight concrete over 3" metal deck that is designated Deck Type A. However, the upper left-hand quadrant of the floor consists of 4-1/2" normal weight concrete over 3" metal deck that is designated Deck Type B. Assume that the concrete compressive strength is 3,500 psi for both deck types. Now consider the beam labeled Girder F in the figure. Deck Type A exists along the entire length of the right-hand side of this beam. Thus, the program
Deck Type B: 4-1/2" normal weight concrete over 3" metal deck Step in floor slab Edge of deck
Girder F
Deck Type A: 2-1/2" normal weight concrete over 3" metal deck
Floor Plan
Figure 3: Example of Different Deck Types on the Left and Right Sides of a Beam
Technical Note 8 - 4 Multiple Deck Types or Directions Along the Beam Length
uses Deck Type A on the right side of the beam in the calculations. Both Deck Type A and Deck Type B exist along the left-hand side of the beam. The program uses the following method to determine which of these deck types to use on the left side of the beam in the calculations: 1. Determine the product of tc * f c' for each deck type. a. For Deck Type A: tc * f c' = 2.5 * 3,500 = 8,750 lbs/in. b. For Deck Type B: tc * f c' = 4.5 * 3,500 = 15,750 lbs/in. 2. Use Deck Type A on the left side of the girder in the composite beam calculations because it has the smaller value of tc * f c' . Note that the loads applied to the beam are still based on the actual deck types. Thus, the load applied to the upper half of Girder F in Figure 3 would include the contribution from Deck Type B even though Deck Type B might not be used in calculating the composite beam properties. A second example is shown in Figure 4. In this example, the deck type is the same throughout the floor, but the direction of the deck changes in the upper left-hand quadrant of the floor. Now consider the beam labeled Girder G in the figure. The deck ribs are oriented parallel to the span of Girder G along the entire length of the righthand side of this beam. Thus, the program uses Deck Type A oriented parallel to the span of Girder G on the right side of the beam in the calculations. Deck ribs oriented both perpendicular and parallel to the span of Girder G exist along the left-hand side of the beam. Because only the deck direction is different along the left side of the beam, not the deck type (and thus tc and f c' do not change), the program uses the deck that spans perpendicular to Girder G on the left side of the beam.
Technical Note 8 - 5
Deck Type A: 2-1/2" normal weight concrete over 3" metal deck Edge of deck
Girder G
Deck Type A: 2-1/2" normal weight concrete over 3" metal deck
Floor Plan
Figure 4: Example of Different Deck Orientations on Left and Right Sides of the Beam
Technical Note 8 - 6
Beam X xA * LA Beam A
Be
Beam B LA
Gird er Y
Plan A
Be
am
Beam C
Plan C
Figure 5:
Examples for the Effect of Diagonal Beams on Composite Beam Effective Width
Now consider the example shown in Plan B of Figure 5. Assume that the effective width of Beam B is controlled by the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam. When considering the perpendicular distance from Beam B to the adjacent beam on the upper side of Beam B, the program considers the diagonal beam labeled Beam Z when the angle is less than 45 degrees. If the angle is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, Beam Z is ignored when calculating the effective slab width on the upper side of Beam B. Plan C in Figure 5 shows a special case where two diagonal beams frame into Beam C at the same point. In this special case, the program assumes that the effective width of the slab on the side of the beam where the two diagonals exist is zero. You can, of course, change this in the overwrites. The program assumes the zero effective width because although it is checking the effective
Z1
am
Plan B
Be am Z2
Technical Note 8 - 7
width for Beam C, it is unable to determine whether a slab is actually between the two diagonal beams.
Beam D
Plan D
Figure 6: Example of the Effect of Openings on Composite Beam Effective Width
Technical Note 8 - 8
Technical Note 8 - 9
Technical Note 9
Beam Unbraced Length and Design Check Locations
Overview
The program considers the unbraced length for construction loading separately from that for final loads. For both types of loading, the unbraced length of the beam associated with buckling about the local 2-axis (minor) of the beam is used to determine the flexural capacity of the noncomposite beam. The local 2-axis is illustrated in Figure 1. By default, the program automatically determines the locations where the beam is braced for buckling about the local 2-axis. This information is then used to determine the unbraced length associated with any point on the beam. Instead of using the program calculated bracing points, you can specify in the overwrites your own brace points for any beam.
i-end of beam
Tip: The program considers the unbraced length for construction loading separately from that for final loads. For buckling about the local 2-axis, the program differentiates between bracing of the top flange of the beam and bracing of the bottom flange of the beam. The program automatically recognizes which flange of the beam is the compression flange at any point along the beam for any design load combination. With this ability and the program-determined or user-specified bracing point locations, the program can automatically determine the unbraced length of any segment along the beam and can apply appropriate code-specified modification factors (e.g., Cb factor for flexure) to the flexural strength of the beam. Note: The program can automatically determine the unbraced length of any beam segment based on the assumed or specified bracing points.
Tip: You can choose to accept the program default bracing points for a beam. Alternatively, you can enter the composite beam overwrites and specify the actual bracing points for a beam or specify a maximum unbraced length.
Technical Note 9 - 2
Metal deck sections with no concrete fill are assumed to continuously brace the top flange if the deck ribs are specified as oriented perpendicular to the beam span. If the deck ribs are specified as oriented parallel to the beam span, the deck is assumed to not brace the top flange. The top and bottom flange are assumed to be braced at any point where another beam frames into the beam being considered at an angle greater than 30 degrees, as shown in the sketch to the right. It is up to you to provide appropriate detailing at this point to assure that the bottom flange is adequately braced. If appropriate detailing is not provided, you should redefine the brace points using one of the methods described in the next section.
Beam Considered
Br
ac
ing
Be
am
> 30
When the bracing is program calculated or brace points are user specified, the program always assumes that each end of the beam is braced at both the top and the bottom flange. If the unbraced length of a beam is longer than the actual beam, specify a user-defined unbraced length, not userdefined brace points.
Technical Note 9 - 3
Important Note: As soon as you specify any user-defined bracing points or unbraced lengths for a beam, all of the program-determined lateral bracing information on that beam is ignored. Thus, if you specify any bracing points for a beam, you should specify all of the bracing points for that beam.
Point Braces
To define point braces, specify a distance along the beam that locates the brace point, and then indicate whether the top, bottom, or both flanges are braced at this location. Specify the distance as an actual distance or as a relative distance, both measured from the I-end of the beam. All distances are measured from the center of the support, not the physical end of the beam. The distances may be specified as either absolute (actual) distances or as relative distances. A relative distance to a point is the absolute distance to that point divided by the length of the beam measured from the center-ofsupport to center-of-support. Tip: You can change the default bracing assumed for a beam in the composite beam overwrites. The bracing specified can be different for construction loading and final loading. Use the following procedure in the composite beam overwrites (display using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > View/Revise Overwrites command) on the Bracing (C) or Bracing tab to specify point braces: 1. Check the box next to the Bracing Condition overwrite item and then select Bracing Specified from the drop-down box to the right of the Bracing Condition title. 2. Check the box next to the No. Point Braces title and then click in the cell to the right of the title. 3. The Point Braces form appears. In this form:
Technical Note 9 - 4
a. Indicate whether the specified distances will be relative or absolute from the I-end of the beam by selecting the appropriate option near the bottom of the form. b. In the Define Point Braces area, input a distance from end-I in the Location box and choose a brace type in the Type box. In the Type box, Top means only the top flange is braced; Bottom means only the bottom flange is braced; and All means both flanges are braced at that point. c. Click the Add button to add the brace point. 4. Repeat step 3 as many times as required. 5. To modify an existing point brace specification, do the following: a. Highlight the item to be modified in the Define Point Braces area. Note that the highlighted distance and type appear in the edit boxes at the top of the area. b. Modify the distance and type in the edit box as desired. c. Click the Modify button to modify the brace point. Note: You can specify uniform bracing, point braces, or a combination of both for a composite beam. 6. To delete an existing point brace specification, do the following: a. Highlight the item to be deleted in the Define Point Braces area. Note that the highlighted distance and type appear in the edit boxes at the top of the area. b. Click the Delete button to delete the brace point. 7. Click the OK button to return to the Composite Beam Overwrites form. Note that the No. Point Braces item is automatically updated by the program to reflect the point braces specified.
Technical Note 9 - 5
Uniform Braces
To define uniform or continuous bracing, specify a distance along the beam that locates the starting point of the continuous bracing, specify a second (longer) distance along the beam that locates the ending point of the continuous bracing, and then indicate whether the top, bottom, or both flanges are continuously braced over this length. You can specify the distances as absolute (actual) distances or as relative distances, both measured from the I-end of the beam. A relative distance to a point is the absolute distance to that point divided by the length of the beam measured from the center-of-support to center-of-support. Use the following procedure in the composite beam overwrites on the Bracing (C) or Bracing tab to specify point braces: 1. Check the box next to the Bracing Condition overwrite item and then select Bracing Specified from the drop-down box to the right of the Bracing Condition title. 2. Check the box next to the No. Uniform Braces title and then click in the cell to the right of the title. 3. The Uniform Braces form appears. In this form: a. Indicate whether the specified distances will be relative or absolute from the I-end of the beam by selecting the appropriate option near the bottom of the form. b. In the Define Uniform Braces area, input distances from end-I in the Start and End boxes and choose a brace type in the Type box. The distance in the End box must be larger than that in the Start box. In the Type box, Top means only the top flange is braced; Bottom means only the bottom flange is braced; and All means both flanges are braced at that point. Note: You can specify whether a bracing point braces the top flange, bottom flange or both flanges of a beam. c. Click the Add button to add the brace point. 4. Repeat step 3 as many times as required.
Technical Note 9 - 6
5. To modify an existing uniform brace specification, do the following: a. Highlight the item to be modified in the Define Uniform Braces area. Note that the highlighted distances and type appear in the edit boxes at the top of the area. b. Modify the distances and type in the edit boxes as desired. c. Click the Modify button to modify the uniform brace. 6. To delete an existing uniform brace specification, do the following: a. Highlight the item to be deleted in the Define Uniform Braces area. Note that the highlighted distances and type appear in the edit boxes at the top of the area. b. Click the Delete button to delete the uniform brace. 7. Click the OK button to return to the Composite Beam Overwrites form. Note that the No. Uniform Braces item is automatically updated by the program to reflect the uniform braces specified.
Technical Note 9 - 7
A point load or point moment location for any design load combination used for checking the strength of the beam to carry the final design loads is a design check location. The ends of a cover plate, if one is specified, are design check locations. The end or edge of the deck. This occurs, for example, at locations where the beam spans through an opening in the deck. At each design check location the program checks the moment capacity of the composite beam and determines the number of shear connectors required between that location and the nearest point of zero moment (or in some special cases, the end of the slab). Note: The program determines one set of design check locations that applies to all design load combinations. Consider, for example, a composite beam with two design load combinations used for checking the strength of the beam to carry the final design loads. Assume one of those load combinations is a uniform load over the full length of the beam and the other is a point loads at the third points of the beam. Also assume there is positive moment only in the beam and no cover plate. In this example, the program considers the following design check locations: The point of maximum positive moment for the design load combination with uniform load only. The point of maximum positive moment for the design load combination with point loads at the third points. The locations of the point loads, that is, the third points of the beam. The program checks the moment capacity and the number of shear connectors required between each of these four locations and the nearest point of zero moment for both of the design load combinations. Thus, for the design load combination with uniform load only, the program still checks how many shear studs are required between the location of the point load in the other design load combination and the nearest point of zero moment. This ensures that there is always a sufficient number of shear connectors in the appropriate location on the beam.
Technical Note 9 - 8
Technical Note 10
Overview
Technical Note 10 - 1
The design load combinations are defined separately for each of these three conditions. The program automatically creates code-specific composite beam design load combinations for each of the three types of design load combinations based on the specified dead, superimposed dead, live and reducible live load cases. You can add additional design load combinations and modify or delete the program-created load combinations. Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design Combo command to review or modify design load combinations. Note that the Design Load Combinations Selection form that appears when you use this command has three separate tabs. There is one tab for each of the three types of load combinations.
Technical Note 10 - 2
DL
SDL
LL + RLL
Other
1.
DL + SDL + Other PLLF * (LL + RLL)
2.
Technical Note 10 - 3
Note: The live load patterning used for continuous spans is slightly different from what you might expect, so you should read this section carefully to understand what the program does. If load patterning different from that provided by the program is needed, you should create your own design load combination. When creating your own live load patterning, it typically works best if you give the specially defined pattern live load cases an Other design type instead of a Live Load design type. That way, the special pattern live load cases are not included in the automatically created default design load combinations, avoiding possible double counting of some live loads in those load combinations.
Technical Note 10 - 4
DL
SDL
LL + RLL
Other
1.
DL + SDL + Other PLLF * (LL + RLL)
2.
Technical Note 10 - 5
Note that the conditions described herein are only considered for strength design for final loads. The program does not do any special pattern loading checks for deflection design or for construction loading design. If load patterning different from that provided by the program is needed, you should create your own design load combination. When creating your own live load patterning, it typically works best if you give the specially defined pattern live load cases an Other design type instead of a Live Load design type. That way, the special pattern live load cases are not included in the automatically created default design load combinations, avoiding possible double counting of some live loads in those load combinations.
Technical Note 10 - 6
Technical Note 11
Deflection
In the Composite Beam Design postprocessor, when a beam is shored, the deflection is calculated using (a) the transformed moment of inertia, Itr, if there is full (100%) composite connection, (b) the effective moment of inertia, Ieff, if there is partial composite connection, or (c) the moment of inertia of the steel beam alone, Ibare, if the beam is designed noncompositely or found to be a cantilever overhang. Note: The program checks the deflection of composite beams against default or user-specified deflection limits. Itr is calculated as follows:
I tr =
where, Atr yl = =
2 tr y1
( A ) y
tr
Eqn. 1
Area of an element of the composite beam section, in2. Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section to the centroid of an element of the beam section, in. Moment of inertia of an element of a steel beam section taken about its own elastic neutral axis, in4. Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section to the elastic neutral axis of the fully composite beam, in.
IO
Deflection
Technical Note 11 - 1
Eqn. 2
Percent composite connection, unitless. The percentage varies between 25% and 100% inclusive. Moment of inertia of the steel beam alone plus cover plate, if it exists, in4. Effective moment of inertia of a partially composite beam, in4. Transformed section moment of inertia about elastic neutral axis of the composite beam calculated as described in Equation 1, in4.
Ibare =
Ieff Itr
= =
I bare =
where,
(Ay )+ I
2 1
( A ) y
2 bare
Eqn. 3
(Ay12) = Sum of the product A times y12 for all of the elements of the steel beam section (including the cover plate, if it exists), in4. Io = Sum of the moments of inertia of each element of the beam section taken about the center of gravity of the element, in4. = Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the steel beam sections (including the cover plate, if it exists), in2. = Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel section of the elastic neutral axis of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists), in.
A ybare
If a composite beam is unshored, the dead load deflection is always based on the moment of inertia of the steel section alone (plus cover plate, if it exists), Ibare. The deflection for all other loads is calculated using (a) the transformed moment of inertia, Itr, if there is full (100%) composite connection, (b) the
Technical Note 11 - 2
Deflection
Original position of beam A A Line between position of beam shown Deflection reported by Composite Beam postprocess a) b) Deflected Shape of
Deflection
Technical Note 11 - 3
along the beam labeled A. Figure 1b shows the beam in its deformed position and illustrates the deflection that the Composite Beam Design postprocessor reports for the beam at point A.
Camber
When beam camber is calculated, the amount of camber is based on a percentage of the dead load (not including superimposed dead load) deflection. By default, this percentage is 100%, but you can modify this value on the Deflection tab of the composite beam design preferences. The name of the item to modify is "Camber DL (%)." Use the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design command to access the composite beam design preferences. The minimum camber that the program specifies (other than zero) is inch. The maximum camber the program specifies is 4 inches. The program specifies the camber in inch increments. Table 1 shows how the program assigns camber to a beam based on the specified percentage of dead load deflection.
Technical Note 11 - 4
Camber
CP * DL
(inches)
< 0.5 0.875 1.125 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.125 2.375 0 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25
< 2.625 2.875 3.125 3.375 3.625 3.875 N.A. 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4
In the table, CP is the specified percentage of dead load deflection upon which the camber is based. The CP * DL column is broken into two subcolumns labeled and <. These two subcolumns specify the range of CP * DL for which the program specifies a particular camber. The program specifies camber for those beams for which you request it to specify camber, regardless of the beam depth or length. Review the beam cambers calculated by the program together with beam camber information related to your design code and any other information provided by your steel fabricator to make any necessary adjustments.
Camber
Technical Note 11 - 5
Technical Note 12
Vibration Frequency
The program calculates the first natural vibration frequency of a beam using Equation 1. f = Kf where, f = First natural frequency of the beam in cycles per second. gE s I tr WL3 Eqn. 1
Kf = A unitless coefficient typically equal to 1.57 unless the beam is the overhanging portion of a cantilever with a back span, in which case Kf is as defined in Figure 1 and digitized in Table 1, or the beam is a cantilever that is fully fixed at one end and free at the other end, in which case Kf is 0.56. Note that Figure 1 is based on a similar figure in Murray and Hendrick (1977). g = Acceleration of gravity, in/sec2.
Es = Steel modulus of elasticity, ksi. Itr = Transformed section moment of inertia for the composite beam calculated assuming full (100%) composite connection, regardless of the
Overview
Technical Note 12 - 1
Beam Vibration
actual percent composite connection, in4. Itr is calculated using Equation 1 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. If there is no deck supported by the beam, Ibare is used for this item. Ibare is calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. W = Total load supported by the beam, kips. This is calculated by the program as the sum of all of the dead load and superimposed dead load supported by the beam, plus a percentage of all of the live load and reducible live load supported by the beam. The percentage of live load is specified in the composite beam preferences. The percentage is intended to be an estimate of the sustained portion of the live load (about 10% to 25% of the total design live load). See Naeim (1991). Also see the Important Note About W. L Note: For vibration calculations, the program calculates the moment of inertia assuming full (100%) composite connection, regardless of the actual percent composite connection. = Center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam, in.
Technical Note 12 - 2
Vibration Frequency
Beam Vibration
1.6 L 1.4
f = Kf g E I tr W L3
1.2
Frequency Coefficient, Kf
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
Figure 1: Kf Coefficient for an Overhanging Beam for use in Equation 1. See the definition of Kf on page 1 of this Technical Note. Table 1: Table 1 Digitization of Figure 1 as used by the Program
Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 H/L 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.5 Kf 1.57 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.5 1.44 1.35 1.25 1.03 Point 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 H/L 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Kf 0.8 0.64 0.52 0.43 0.37 0.31 0.27 0.22 0.2 0.17 Point 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 H/L 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Kf 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06
Vibration Frequency
Technical Note 12 - 3
Beam Vibration
Asb
Neff
If the damping ratio, D, is greater than the right side of Equation 2, the beam is considered acceptable. Approximate damping ratio values for typical building configurations are published in the literature (see, for example, Allen 1974; Allen and Rainer 1976; Allen, Rainer and Pernica 1979; Murray 1975; and Murray 1991). The derivation of the initial displacement amplitude is described herein.
Technical Note 12 - 4
Beam Vibration
where f is the first natural vibration frequency as determined from Equation 1 and tan-1(0.1f) is evaluated in radians. After the value of tO has been determined, the value of Asb is calculated from either Equation 4a or 4b, depending on the value of tO. A sb = POL3 (0.1 tO ) , 2.4EsItr 1 POL3 * VF , * 2f 2.4EsItr if tO 0.05 sec Eqn. 4a
A sb = where,
Eqn. 4b
Eqn. 4c
In Equation 4c, the terms sin(0.1f) and cos(0.1f) are evaluated in radians. In Equations 4a through 4c, Asb = Initial displacement amplitude of a single beam resulting from a heel drop impact, in. = Heel drop force, kips. This force is taken as 0.6 kips. = Center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam, in. = Steel modulus of elasticity, ksi. = Transformed section moment of inertia for the composite beam calculated assuming full (100%) composite connection, regardless of the actual percent composite connection, in4. Itr is calculated using Equation 1 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. If there is no deck supported by the beam, Ibare is used for this item. Ibare is calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. = First natural frequency of the beam in cycles per second, as calculated from Equation 1 of this Technical Note.
PO L Es Itr
Technical Note 12 - 5
Beam Vibration
N eff = 2.967
0.05776
8
sb d avg
+ L s b
3
2.556 * 10
L4 I tr
+ 0.00010
Eqn. 5
where, Neff sb = Effective number of beams resisting heel drop impact, unitless. = Beam spacing as input by the user in the composite beam overwrites, in.
davg = Average depth of concrete slab including the concrete in the metal deck ribs, in. L = Center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam, in.
Technical Note 12 - 6
Beam Vibration
Itr
= Transformed section moment of inertia for the composite beam calculated assuming full (100%) composite connection regardless of the actual percent composite connection, in4. Itr is calculated using Equation 1 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. If there is no deck supported by the beam, Ibare is used for this item. Ibare is calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber.
The depth davg is calculated as: wr lefthr left + tc left beff left + Sr left wr righthr right + t c right beff Sr right = beff left + beff right right
davg where, wr hr Sr tc
Eqn. 6
= Average width of metal deck ribs, in. = Height of metal deck ribs, in. = Center-to-center spacing of metal deck ribs, in. = Depth of concrete slab above metal deck ribs or depth of solid concrete slab, in. = Effective slab width for composite design, in.
beff
Each of the above quantities may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
References
Allen, D.L. 1974. Vibrational Behavior of Long Span Floor Slabs. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 1, No. 1. September.
References
Technical Note 12 - 7
Beam Vibration
Allen, D. E., and J.H. Rainer. 1976. Vibration Criteria for Long Span Floors. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 3, No.2. June. Allen, D.E., J.H. Rainer, and G. Pernica. 1979. Vibration Criteria for Long Span Concrete Floors. Vibrations of Concrete Structures. Publication SP-60. American Concrete Institute. Detroit, MI. Murray, T.H. 1975. Design to Prevent Floor Vibration. Engineering Journal. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 12, No. 3. Murray, T.H. 1981. Acceptability Criterion for Occupant-Induced Floor Vibrations. Engineering Journal. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 18, No. 2. Murray, T.M. 1991. Building Floor Vibrations. Engineering Journal. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 28, No. 3. Murray, T.M. and W.E. Hendrick. 1977. Floor Vibrations and Cantilevered Construction. Engineering Journal. American Steel Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 14, No. 3. Naeim, F. 1991. Design Practice to Prevent Floor Vibration. Steel Tips, Technical Information & Product Service. Structural Steel Educational Council. September.
Technical Note 12 - 8
References
Technical Note 13
Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam
Overview
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates and reports the distribution of shear studs on a composite beam. It begins by introducing the term composite beam segments. Next it describes how the program calculates the shear stud distribution for a beam.
Overview
Technical Note 13 - 1
some examples of composite beam segments. The figure uses the following notation: L = Length of composite beam measured from center-of-support to center-of-support, in.
LCBS = Length of a composite beam segment, in. Note that a composite beam can have more than one composite beam segment, as shown in Figure 1c.
Technical Note 13 - 2
LCBS L
LCBS L
Figure 1:
LCBS LCBS L LCBS
LCBS L
Technical Note 13 - 3
Girder
Girder
Beam
Be
bf S = 2sin G = 0.5"
Beam
bf S= 2 G = 0.5"
Case 3
Beam
G Column Be
S Column
G d 2 G = 0.5" S= S=
Column
am
am
S G
3. If a beam is supported by a wall or a point support, the program assumes that the dimension S is 0". 4. The dimension bf in Cases1 and 2 is the top flange width of the supporting girder. 5. The dimension bf in Cases 3 and 5 is the flange width of the supporting column (dimension parallel to the local 3-axis). If the two flanges have different widths, the larger flange width is used. 6. The dimension d in Cases 4 and 5 is the depth of the supporting column (dimension parallel to the local 2-axis).
Technical Note 13 - 4
In the unusual case of some other column shape, the program draws a bounding rectangle around the shape. The sides of the rectangle are parallel to the local 2- and 3-axes of the shape. The beam is assumed to connect to the center of the bounding rectangle. The dimensions of the edges of the rectangle are assumed to be bf and d, where bf is the dimension parallel to the local 3-axis and d is the dimension parallel to the local 2-axis.
Technical Note 13 - 5
Output station located 10 feet from the left end of the beam W18X40
W24X55 4.00 in
L1 left = 116.00 in
W27X94 5.50 in
= Length of composite beam measured from center-of-support to center-of-support, in. = Distance from the output station considered to the closest point of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical end of the concrete slab on the left side of the output station considered, in.
L1 left
L1 right = Distance from the output station considered to the closest point of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical end of the concrete slab on the right side of the output station considered, in. Next, the program calculates the number of shear studs, N, required within the lengths L1 left and L1 right. This is a code-specific calculation and is described in AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 26 Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 39 Shear Connectors. The program works along the beam from left to right, making calculations at each considered output station along the way. These calculations are described later in this Technical Note. When there is more than one composite
Technical Note 13 - 6
beam segment along the beam, the program must also work back along the beam from right to left, again making calculations at each considered output station along the way, after finishing the pass from left to right. When the program completes the necessary calculations at each considered output station, it has determined the required uniformly spaced shear studs in each composite beam segment along the beam based on strength considerations. If the calculated number of studs is then found to be less than the minimum required number of studs on the beam, the program increases the number of studs on the beam accordingly. This check is described later in the subsection entitled "Minimum and Maximum Number of Shear Studs in a Composite Beam Segment." The program also checks if the number of shear studs required based on strength considerations or minimum stud requirements actually fit on the beam. This check is described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 14 The Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment. If the required number of studs does not fit on the beam, the program considers the beam to be inadequate. In the following description of the calculations the program performs as it steps along the beam and then back again, the terms LCBSn and NCBSn are used. LCBS is the length of a composite beam segment and NCBS is the number of uniformly spaced shear studs required in a composite beam segment. The n is the composite beam segment number. The leftmost composite beam segment is always LCBS1 and the numbering of composite beam segments then proceeds in order toward the right end of the beam. The values we are ultimately interested in are the NCBSn values. Note that the final NCBSn values calculated are the values of interest. All other NCBSn values are intermediate values. Also in the equations used (Equations 1 through 4d) note that NCBSx Prev is the value of NCBSx calculated at the previously considered output station. Finally the term Roundup used in Equations 1 through 5 means to calculate the indicated quantity and round it up to the next integer.
Technical Note 13 - 7
Values of NCBSn where n > 1 (i.e., values of NCBS for composite beam segments 2, 3, etc.) are not applicable and thus not calculated at these stations when working along the beam from left to right. Note: In the term NCBS1, the "1" denotes composite beam segment 1.
Technical Note 13 - 8
i =1
L CBSi <
n 1 i =1
CBSi
Eqn. 2b
Eqn. 2c
When i > n, values of NCBSi are not applicable and thus are not calculated at those stations when working along the beam from left to right.
Technical Note 13 - 9
For other composite beam segments that are not the right-most composite beam segment, Equation 3b applies. In Equation 3b, i represents the composite beam segment number. NCBSi = NCBSi Prev Eqn. 3b
Equations 4b and 4c apply for composite beam segment n. For example, if the output station considered falls in composite beam segment 2, Equations 4b and 4c apply to composite beam segment 2 only. If
N L1 right
rightmost
i = n +1
rightmost CBSi
<
i = n +1
CBSi
Eqn. 4b
Eqn. 4c
Technical Note 13 - 10
Equation 4d applies for composite beam segments i, where i is an integer less than n. For example, if the output station considered falls in composite beam segment 2, Equation 4d applies to composite beam segment 1.
Eqn. 4d
The program also checks that the number of studs required in a composite beam segment does not exceed the number that can actually fit in the segment. Composite Beam Design Technical Note 14 The Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment describes how the program determines the maximum number of shear studs that can fit into a composite beam segment. Note: The minimum number of shear studs required in a composite beam segment is calculated based on the maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs specified on the Shear Studs tab in the overwrites.
Technical Note 13 - 11
and Figure 4b shows the stud distribution obtained for the second design load combination. Note that the term NCBS in the figure denotes the number of shear studs in the corresponding composite beam segment. Figure 4c shows the final stud distribution that reports for this beam. Note that the intelligent algorithm allows the program to shift one of the five shear studs required in composite beam segment 2 for design load combination 1 out into composite segment 1.
CBS1 NCBS = 5
CBS2 NCBS = 5
CBS3 NCBS = 5
CBS4 NCBS = 5
CBS1 NCBS = 6
CBS2 NCBS = 2
CBS3 NCBS = 2
CBS4 NCBS = 4
CBS1 NCBS = 6
CBS2 NCBS = 4
CBS3 NCBS = 5
CBS4 NCBS = 5
Figure 4: Example for Shear Stud Distribution When Multiple Design Load Combinations Are Considered.
Technical Note 13 - 12
Technical Note 14
Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment
General
Composite beam segments are defined in "Composite Beam Segments" of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam. In short, a composite beam segment spans between any of the following: (1) physical end of the beam top flange, (2) another beam framing into the beam being considered, (3) physical end of the concrete slab on top of the beam. When the program designs a composite beam, it reports the required number of uniformly spaced shear studs in each composite beam segment. Tip: It is very important that you understand how the program defines composite beam segments. See "Composite Beam Segments" of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for more information. For a beam section to be adequate in the program Composite Beam Design postprocessor, the stresses and deflections for the beam must be less than the allowable stresses and deflections, and the number of shear studs required in each composite beam segment must be less than or equal to the maximum number of shear studs that can fit in the composite beam segment. This Technical Note describes how the program calculates the maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite beam segment. The program uses the same process to determine the number of shear connectors that can fit on a composite beam when there is a solid slab with no metal deck and when the deck ribs span parallel to the beam span. The program uses a different process when the deck ribs span perpendicular to the beam. These conditions are described in the next two sections.
General
Technical Note 14 - 1
In the preceding paragraph and the sketch (above right), ds is the diameter of the shear stud. The clearance requirement means that the minimum clear distance from the face of a shear stud to the edge of the beam flange is equal to one-half of a shear stud diameter. For shear studs less than 1" in diameter (typically they are 3/4" in diameter), the program clearance is slightly more than one-half of a shear
Technical Note 14 - 2
stud diameter. This clear distance is provided by the program to allow for adequate welding of the shear stud. b. When checking the number of shear studs that fit within a metal deck rib, the program assumes that the studs and deck rib are centered about the centerline (web) of the beam and that the center of a shear stud can be no closer than ds + hr/4 to the edge of the beam flange. This is illustrated in the sketch to the right.
(ds + hr/4) wr
(ds + hr/4)
In the preceding paragraph and the sketch, ds is the diameter of the shear stud and hr is the height of the metal deck ribs. The wr dimension in the sketch is the average width of the deck ribs. The spacing between the shear studs is the Min Tran. Spacing item specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam design overwrites. The default value for this shear stud spacing is 4ds. The dimension ds + hr/4 is derived by assuming that the slope of the sides of the metal deck ribs is 2 to 1 and that the clear distance from the face of the shear stud to the point where the edge of the deck rib starts to rise is equal to one-half of a shear stud diameter. This clear distance is provided by the program to allow for adequate welding of the shear stud. Regardless of the number of studs calculated to fit across the width of the beam flange in items 1a or 1b above, the program does not use a number of studs larger than the Max Studs per Row item specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam design overwrites. 2. The program determines the number of rows of shear studs that can fit between the two considered points on the beam top flange. This number of rows is controlled by the Min Long Spacing item specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam design overwrites. 3. The program multiplies the maximum number of shear studs in a single row, determined in item 1, by the number of rows of studs that can fit in a composite beam segment, determined in item 2, to calculate the maximum number of studs that can fit in the composite beam segment.
Technical Note 14 - 3
hr
Modify the default minimum transverse and longitudinal shear stud spacing using the composite beam overwrites. Figure 1 is a flowchart that illustrates the details of how the program calculates the maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite beam segment when there is a solid slab or when the span of the metal deck is parallel to the beam span. The term "Int" in the flowchart means to calculate the indicated quantity and round the result down to the nearest integer. The definitions of the variables used in the flowchart are: tf-top ds = Thickness of beam top flange, in. = Diameter of a shear stud connector, in.
SPRmax = Maximum number of shear studs that can fit in one row across the top flange of a composite beam, unitless. Temp = Temporary variable equal to the minimum of the 2 or 3 items specified in the parenthesis, in. The items specified are separated by commas. bf-top wr hr MTS = Width of beam top flange, in. = Average width of metal deck rib, in. = Height of the metal deck rib, in. = Minimum transverse spacing of shear studs across the beam top flange as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites, in.
MSPR = Maximum shear studs per row across the beam top flange as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites, unitless.
Technical Note 14 - 4
Start Here
Is t f top <
No
ds ? 2.5
Yes
SPRmax = 1
Yes
Temp + 1 MSPR SPR max = Int MTS MLS L L + 1 = Int CBS RSmax = Int CBS MLS MLS
NSmax = SPRmax * RSmax
Figure 1:
Flowchart of the Method Used to Determine Maximum Number of Shear Studs that Can Fit within a Composite Beam Segment When There is a Solid Slab or the Metal Deck Ribs Are Oriented Parallel to the Beam Span The term "Int" in the flowchart means to calculate the indicated quantity and round the result down to the nearest integer.
RSmax = Maximum number of rows of shear studs that can fit in a composite beam segment, unitless. LCBS MLS = Length of a composite beam segment, in. = Minimum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites, in.
NSmax = Maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite beam segment, unitless. Note that in the flowchart formulation, the studs located closest to the ends of the composite beam segment are located no closer than MLS/2 to the ends of the composite beam segment. This helps prevent possible double-counting of shear studs in adjacent composite beam segments.
Technical Note 14 - 5
In the preceding paragraph and the sketch, ds is the diameter of the shear stud. The clearance requirement means that the minimum clear distance from the face of a shear stud to the edge of the beam flange is equal to one-half of a shear stud diameter. For shear studs less than 1" in diameter (typically they are 3/4" in diameter), the program clearance is slightly more than one-half of a shear stud diameter. This clear distance is provided by the program to allow for adequate welding of the shear stud.
Technical Note 14 - 6
Midheight of metal deck rib is assumed to align with one end of the composite beam segment as shown.
Figure 2:
Illustration of Some of the ETABS Assumptions Used to Determine the Number of Available Deck Ribs
Note: If the diameter of the shear studs exceeds 2.5 times the thickness of the beam top flange, the shear studs can only be placed directly over the beam web. Some codes require that if the thickness of the beam flange is less than the diameter of the stud divided by 2.5, the shear studs must be located on top of the beam web. This means that only one stud can fit across the width of the beam flange if tf < ds/2.5. The program checks the top flange thickness for this requirement when determining the number of studs that fit across the width of the beam flange. 2. The program determines how many deck ribs are available to receive shear studs within the length of the composite beam segment. To determine this, the program makes several assumptions, which are described as follows: a. The midheight of a side of the metal deck rib is assumed to align with one end of the composite beam segment, as shown in Figure 2. In other words, one end of the composite beam segment is always assumed to start with an "up" flute. b. If one-half or more of the width of a metal deck rib down flute is within the length of the composite beam segment, the program assumes that
Technical Note 14 - 7
the deck rib is available to receive shear studs. This is illustrated in Figure 2. c. The minimum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites is assumed to apply when the deck ribs run perpendicular to the beam span. In some cases, this could cause deck ribs that are within the length of the composite beam segment to be unavailable to receive shear studs. 3. The program multiplies the maximum number of shear studs in a single row across the beam flange, determined as described in item 1, by the number of deck ribs within the length of the composite beam segment that are available to receive shear studs, determined as described in item 2, to calculate the maximum number of studs that can fit in the composite beam segment. Figure 3 is a flowchart that illustrates the details of how the program calculates the maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite beam segment when the span of the metal deck is perpendicular to the beam span. The term "Int" in the flowchart means to calculate the indicated quantity and round the result down to the nearest integer. The definitions of the variables used in the flowchart are the same as those used in the Figure 1 flowchart, with the following additions: Sr NR = Center-to-center spacing of metal deck ribs, in. = Available number of metal deck ribs within the composite beam segment that are available to receive shear studs, unitless.
Technical Note 14 - 8
Start Here
Is t f top <
ds ? 2.5
Yes
SPRmax = 1
No
Is ds 1" ?
Yes
No
b f top 2d s + 1 MSPR SPR max = Int MTS b f top 2 SPR max = Int MTS + 1 MSPR
L Sr + 0.5w r + 1 NR = Int CBS MLS Int S + 1 Sr r
NSmax = SPRmax * NR
Figure 3: Flowchart of the Method to Determine the Maximum Number of Shear Studs that Can Fit Within a Composite Beam Segment When the Metal Deck Ribs Are Oriented Perpendicular to the Beam Span The term "Int" in the flowchart means to calculate the indicated quantity and round the result down to the nearest integer.
Technical Note 14 - 9
Technical Note 15 - 1
The following two sections describe the two methods of specifying userdefined shear studs.
Eqn. 1
Technical Note 15 - 2
Greater than or equal to MLS / 2 and less than onehalf the specified uniform shear connector spacing plus MLS / 2
Shear studs are centered along the length of the beam top flange
Elevation
Shear studs at specified uniform spacing centered along length of beam top flange
Figure 1:
Uniformly Spaced User-Defined Shear Connectors Over the Length of the Beam Specified Using the Uniform Spacing Item on the Shear Studs Tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites
where, ED = Distance from the end of the beam top flange (or end of the concrete slab) to the first shear stud, in.
TFL = The length of the beam top flange available to receive shear studs, in. This length is typically determined by subtracting the support distance and the gap distance at each end of the beam from the center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam. In special cases, you may subtract an additional distance if the slab does not exist over some portion of the beam. MLS = Minimum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam, as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites, in.
Technical Note 15 - 3
After the shear studs at the end of the beam top flange (or end of the concrete slab) have been located using Equation 1, the program knows the exact location of each uniformly spaced shear stud along the length of the beam. In Equation 1, the studs at the ends of the beam are assumed to be no closer than MLS/2 from the end of the beam top flange. The studs at the ends of the beam are also assumed to be no farther than (MLS + Specified Spacing)/2 from the end of the beam top flange. Finally, the distance from the studs at the ends of the beam to the end of the beam top flange is assumed to be the same at each end of the beam. Similar to the preceding, if the concrete slab stops before the end of the beam, the first shear stud at that end of the beam is assumed to occur at a distance not less than MLS/2 from the end of the slab and not more than (MLS + the specified uniform spacing)/2 from the end of the slab.
Technical Note 15 - 4
Technical Note 15 - 5
formly spaced studs in the No. Studs box. The distance in the End box must be larger than that in the Start box. c. Click the Add button to add the additional beam section. 4. Repeat step 3 as many times as required to define additional beam sections. 5. To modify an existing additional beam section specification, do the following: a. Highlight the item to be modified in the Define Additional Beam Sections area. Note that the highlighted distances and number of studs appear in the edit boxes at the top of the area. b. Modify the distances and number of studs in the edit boxes as desired. c. Click the Modify button to modify the additional beam section. 6. To delete an existing additional beam section specification, do the following: a. Highlight the item to be deleted in the Define Additional Beam Sections area. Note that the highlighted distances and number of studs appear in the edit boxes at the top of the area. b. Click the Delete button to delete the additional beam section. 7. Click the OK button and you return to the Composite Beam Overwrites form. Note that the No. Additional Sections item is automatically updated by the program to reflect the beam sections modifications that you specified. Note the following about the shear studs specified for additional beam sections: The program assumes that the specified shear studs occur in a single line along the beam web within the specified length of the beam section. It further assumes that the end shear studs in the beam section are located one-half of the equal space from ends of the specified beam section. These assumptions mean that the spacing of shear studs in a beam sec-
Technical Note 15 - 6
tion is equal to the length of the beam top flange available to receive shear studs in the beam section divided by the specified number of shear studs. See Figure 2 for an example. The figure shows a beam section that is 110 inches long. Assume that 11 shear studs have been specified for this beam section. The spacing of shear studs in the beam section is equal to the beam section length divided by the number of studs, that is, 110"/11 studs = 10"/stud. The end studs are located one-half of a space, that is, 10"/2 = 5", from each end of the beam section. Note: The program does not check shear stud spacing requirements for user-defined shear stud patterns. Assume you specify a beam section at the end of a beam and the beam top flange does not exist over a portion of that beam section length. This can often happen because, as described Physical End of the Beam Top Flange of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam, the program subtracts a support distance and a gap distance from the end of the beam when computing the length of the beam top flange. In that case, the program places all of the specified shear studs on the portion of the top flange that does exist. See Figure 3 for an illustration. The figure shows a beam section at the end of the beam that is 120 inches long. The end of the beam top flange starts 10 inches from the specified left end of the beam section. Thus, the actual length of top flange available for shear studs is 110 inches. Assume that 11 shear studs have been specified for this beam section. As previously mentioned, the spacing of shear studs in a beam section is equal to the length of the beam top flange available to receive shear studs in the beam section divided by the specified number of shear studs. In this case, 110"/11 studs = 10"/stud. The end studs are located one-half of a space, that is 10"/2 = 5", from each end of the beam top flange within the beam section.
Technical Note 15 - 7
Beam section length = 120" 10" Available length of beam top flange = 110" 5" 10 spaces @ 10" = 100" 5"
Example Showing No Beam Top Flange Over a Portion of the Specified Beam Section Length
If the beam top flange does not exist over the entire length of the specified beam section, the program ignores the shear studs that are specified for that beam section.
Technical Note 15 - 8
0.8'
0.5'
3 spaces @ 1.00'
0.5'
0.8'
Technical Note 15 - 9
Technical Note 16
Technical Note 16 - 1
Determines the allowable bending stresses using the AISC-ASD89 specification for composite beams; see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses. Checks the bending stress for AISC-ASD89 design for cases with and without composite action; see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 23 Bending Stress Checks. Check the beam and reaction for shear for AISC-ASD89 composite beam design; see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 24 Beam Shear. Defines the program fault allowable shear stud horizontal loads for AISCASD89 composite beam design and provides basic equations used to determine the number of shear studs on the beam; see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 25 Shear Studs. Determines the placement of shear studs on a composite beam, including three example problems; see Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 26 Calculations for Number of Shear Studs . Also see Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam, Technical Note 14 The Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment Composite Beam Design, and Technical Note 15 UserDefined Shear Stud Patterns Composite Beam Design for more information about shear stud distribution. The program also provides input and output data summaries, which are described in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 27 Input Data and Technical Note 28 Output Details Composite Beam Design AISCLRFD93.
Notation
Abare Area of steel beam (plus cover plate if one exists), in2. This area does not include any contribution from the concrete slab. Area of the concrete slab, in2. When the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span, this is the area of concrete in the slab above the metal deck that is above the elastic
Ac
Technical Note 16 - 2
neutral axis (ENA) of the fully composite beam. When the deck span is parallel to the beam span, this is the area of concrete in the slab, including the concrete in the metal deck ribs, that is above the ENA of the fully composite beam. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Aelement Area of an element in the composite section, ignoring any area of concrete that is in tension and ignoring any concrete in the metal deck ribs when the metal deck span is perpendicular to the beam span, in2. Area of compression flange (not including the cover plate, even if it exists), in2 Gross area along the tension plane of a bolted connection, in2. Net area along the shear plane of a bolted connection, in2. Area of rolled steel section alone (without the cover plate, even it one exists), in2 Initial displacement amplitude of a single beam resulting from a heel drop impact, in. Cross-sectional area of a shear stud, in2. Area of an element of the composite beam section, in2. Bending coefficient unitless. dependent on moment gradient,
Af
Agt
Ans As
Asb
Asc Atr Cb
Cbot
Cope depth at bottom of beam, in. This item is internally calculated by the program and it may be different at each end of the beam. It is used in the shear calculations. Cope depth at top of beam, in. This item is internally calculated by the program and it may be different at each end of the beam. It is used in the shear calculations.
Ctop
Technical Note 16 - 3
Damping ratio, percent critical damping inherent in the floor system, unitless. This item is used in checking the Murray damping requirement. Acronym for deal load. Modulus of elasticity of concrete slab, ksi. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Also note that this may be different for stress calculations and deflection calculations. For stress calculations in AISCASD89 design Ec is always based on Equation 1 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia using the f c' value specified in the material properties for the concrete and assuming that the concrete weighs 150 pcf regardless of its actual unit weight. This is consistent with Section I2.2 of the AISC-ASD89 Specification.
DL Ec
Es ENA Fb Fb-bbf
Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi Acronym for elastic neutral axis Allowable bending stress in steel beam, ksi Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange, ksi Minimum specified tensile strength of the steel beam and the shear studs, ksi Allowable shear stress in steel beam, ksi Minimum specified yield stress of structural steel, ksi Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, ksi. Gap distance between face of support and end of top flange of steel beam, in. The program always takes this distance as 1/2 inch. Length of shear stud connector after welding, in.
Fu
Fv Fy Fycp G
Hs
Technical Note 16 - 4
Ibare
Moment of inertia for a steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists), in4. Effective moment of inertia for a beam about the ENA of a composite beam with partial composite connection, in4. Moment of inertia of an element of a steel beam section taken about its own ENA, in4. Moment of inertia of the steel beam along (not including cover plate, even if it exists), in4. Transformed section moment of inertia about ENA of a composite beam with full (100%) composite connection, in4. A unitless coefficient typically equal to 1.57 unless the beam is the overhanging portion of a cantilever with a backspan, in which case, Kf is as defined in Figure 1 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration, or the beam is a cantilever that is fully fixed at one end and free at the other end, in which case Kf is 0.56. Center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam, in. Limiting unbraced length for determining allowable bending stress, in. Length of a composite beam segment, in. A composite beam segment spans between any of the following: (1) physical end of the beam top flange, (2) another beam framing into the beam being considered, (3) physical end of concrete slab. Figure 1 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam illustrates some typical cases for LCBS.
Ieff
I0
Is
Itr
Kf
Lc
LCBS
Technical Note 16 - 5
L1left
Distance from an output station to an adjacent point of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical end of the concrete slab, measured toward the left end (I-end) of the beam, in. Distance from an output station to an adjacent point of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical end of the concrete slab, measured toward the right end (J-end) of the beam, in. Acronym for live load. Moment, kip-in. Moment due to all loads except dead load, kip-in. Moment due to dead load, kip-in. Maximum moment at any output station for a given design load combination, kip-in. Moment at the output station considered for the design load combination, kip-in. Smaller bending moment at the end of the unbraced beam span, kip-in. This is used when the program calculates the Cb factor. Larger bending moment at the end of an unbraced beam span, kip-in. This is used when the program calculates the Cb factor. Maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam, in. This item is specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites. Minimum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam, in. This item is specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites.
L1right
Mstation
M1
M2
MaxLS
MLS
Technical Note 16 - 6
MSCBS
Minimum required number of shear studs in a composite beam segment, unitless. Maximum shear studs per row across the beam top flange as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites, unitless. Minimum transverse spacing of shear studs across the beam top flange as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites, in. The number of shear studs required between an output station and adjacent points of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical end of the concrete slab, unitless. This number is based on Equation 6, Equation 7, or Equation 9 of Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 25 Shear Studs. The number of uniformly distributed shear studs that the program requires for a composite beam segment, unitless. The effective number of beams resisting a heel drop impact, unitless. This item is used in the vibration calculations. Number of shear stud connectors in one metal deck rib, but not more than 3 in the calculations even if more than 3 studs exist in the rib, unitless. The program uses whatever value is specified for the Max Studs per Row item on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites for Nr, unless that value exceeds 3, in which case the program uses 3. Number of shear connectors required between the point of maximum positive moment and adjacent points of zero moment for the design load combination, unitless. Number of shear connectors required between a point load and the nearest point of zero moment for the design load combination, unitless.
MSPR
MTS
NCBS
Neff
Nr
N1
N2
Technical Note 16 - 7
NR
Number of metal deck ribs within a composite beam segment that are available to receive shear studs when the metal deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam span, unitless. Maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite beam segment, unitless. Heel drop force, kips. This force is taken as 600 pounds converted to the appropriate units. Percent composite connection, unitless. Reduction factor for the allowable horizontal load for a shear stud based on the metal deck and shear stud geometry, unitless. Acronym for reduced live load. The reduced live load factor for an element, unitless. The RLLF is multiplied times the unreduced live load to get the reduced live load. Maximum number of rows of shear studs that can fit in a composite beam segment when there is a solid slab or when the metal deck span is oriented parallel to the beam span, unitless. Support distance. This is the assumed distance from the center of the support to the face of the support used to calculate the available length of the beam top flange. Section modulus of the steel beam alone (plus cover plate, if it exists) referred to the extreme tension fiber, in3. Effective section modulus of a partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3.
NSmax
PO
PCC RF
RLL RLLF
RSmax
Sbare
Seff
Technical Note 16 - 8
Sr
Center-to-center spacing of metal deck ribs, in. This item may be different on the left and the right sides of the beam. Section modulus of the steel beam alone (not including cover plate even if it exists), in3. The section modulus for the partial composite section referred to the top of the effective transformed section, in3. This item may be different on the left and the right sides of the beam. Section modulus for the fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. Referring to Figure 1 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection, Str is calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection. Acronym for superimposed dead load. Maximum number of shear studs that can fit in one row across the top flange of a composite beam, unitless. Shear force, kips. Allowable beam shear (end reaction), kips. Total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear studs between the point of maximum moment and points of zero moment for full (100%) composite connection, kips. Total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear studs between the point of maximum moment and points of zero moment for partial composite connection, kips.
Ss
St-eff
Str
SDL SPRmax
V Vall Vh
V'h
Technical Note 16 - 9
Total load supported by the beam that is considered when calculating the first natural frequency of the beam, kips. This is calculated by the program as the sum of all of the dead load and superimposed dead load supported by the beam plus a percentage of all of the live load and reducible live load supported by the beam. The percentage of live load is specified in the composite beam preferences. The percentage is intended to estimate the sustained portion of the live load (about 10% to 25% of the total design live load). Whichever is smaller of the distance from the top of the concrete slab to the ENA or the thickness of the concrete above the metal deck (or the thickness of a solid slab), tc, in. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Whichever is smaller of the distance from the top of the metal deck to the ENA or the height of the metal deck, hr, in. This item applies when there is metal deck (not a solid slab) and the ENA falls below the top of the metal deck. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Width, in. Width of cover plate, in. Effective width of concrete flange of composite beam, in. This item may be different on the left and the right sides of the beam. Effective width of concrete flange of composite beam, when there is partial composite connection, transformed to an equivalent width of steel (that is, multiplied by Ec / Es), in. This item may be different on the left and the right sides of the beam. Width of flange of a rolled steel beam, in.
a3
a4
b bcp beff
beff par
bf
Technical Note 16 - 10
bf-bot bf-top b1
Width of steel beam bottom flange, in. Width of steel beam top flange, in. Smaller of the width of the beam bottom flange and the width of the cover plate, in. Projection of the cover plate beyond the edge of the beam bottom flange, in. See Figure 1 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 19 Width to Thickness Checks. Depth of steel beam from the top of the beam top flange to the bottom of the beam bottom flange, in. Average depth of concrete slab, including the concrete in the metal deck ribs, in. Distance from the ENA of the element considered to the ENA of the steel beam alone (including cover plate if it exists), in. Signs are considered for this distance. Elements located below the ENA of the steel beam alone (including cover plate if it exists) have a negative distance and those above have a positive distance. Diameter of a shear stud, in. First natural frequency of the beam in cycles per second. Bending stress, ksi. The maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam, ksi. The maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), ksi. The maximum concrete compressive stress, ksi. The maximum stress at the top of the steel beam (may be tension or compression depending on the location of the ENA), ksi.
b2
davg
delement
ds f fb fbot-bm
fbot-st
fc ftop-st
Technical Note 16 - 11
fv f'c g h
Shear stress, ksi. Specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi. Acceleration of gravity, in/seconds2. Clear distance between flanges less the fillet of corner radius for rolled shapes and clear distance between flanges for other shapes, in. Height of metal deck rib, in. Height of the metal deck ribs above the elastic neutral axis (i.e., that is in compression) used for calculating the transformed section properties, in. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. If the deck ribs are oriented perpendicular to the beam span, h * = 0. r If the deck ribs are oriented parallel to the beam span, one of the following three items applies: 1. 2. If the ENA is below the metal deck, h * = hr. r If the ENA is within the metal deck, h * equals the r height of the metal deck above the ENA. 3. If the ENA is above the metal deck, h * = 0. r
hr
h* r
kc
Unitless factor used in AISC-ASD89 specification Equation F1-4. Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange, in. The distance from the center of a bolt hole to the end of the beam web, in. The program assumes this distance to be 1.5 inches as shown in Figure 2 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 24 Beam Shear Checks.
l lh
Technical Note 16 - 12
lv
The distance from the center of the top bolt hole to the top edge of the beam web (at the cope), in. The program assumes this distance to be 1.5 inches as shown in Figure 2 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 24 Beam Shear Checks. The number of bolts as determined from Table 1 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 24 Beam Shear Checks, unitless. Allowable shear load for one shear stud, kips. Radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus one-third of the compression web area taken about an axis in the plane of the web, in. The cover plate, if it exists, is ignored by the program when calculating r T. Beam spacing, in. Thickness, in. Thickness of concrete slab, in. If there is metal deck, this is the thickness of the concrete slab above the metal deck. If there is a solid slab, this is the thickness of that slab. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Height of the concrete slab above the metal deck (or solid slab) that lies above the elastic neutral axis (i.e., is in compression) that is used for calculating the transformed section properties, in. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. One of the following three items applies: 1. If the ENA is below the top of the metal deck (bottom of the concrete slab), t * = tc. c 2. If the ENA is within the concrete slab, t * equals c the height of the concrete slab above the ENA.
q rT
sb t tc
t* c
Technical Note 16 - 13
Thickness of cover plate, in. Thickness of steel beam flange, in. Thickness of steel beam bottom flange, in. Thickness of steel beam top flange, in. Time to the maximum initial displacement of a single beam due to a heel drop impact, seconds. Thickness of steel beam web, in. Weight per unit volume of concrete, kips/in3. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Weight per unit area of metal deck, ksi. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Average width of the metal deck ribs, in. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Weight per unit volume of steel, kips/in3. Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section to the ENA of the fully composite beam, in. Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel section to the ENA elastic neutral axis of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists), in. The distance from the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists) alone to the ENA of the fully composite beam, in. The distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of a partially composite beam, in.
tw wc
wd
wr
ws
ybare
ye
yeff
Technical Note 16 - 14
y1
Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section to the centroid of an element of the beam section, in. Distance from the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists) alone to the top of the concrete slab, in. Note that this distance may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the steel beam section (including the cover plate, if it exists), in2. Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in2. Sum of the product A times y1 for all of the elements of the steel beam section (including the cover plate, if it exists), in3. Sum of the product Atr times y1 for all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in3. Sum of the product A times y12 for all of the elements of the steel beam section (including the cover plate, if it exists), in4. Sum of the product Atr times y12 for all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in4. Sum of the moments of inertia of each element of the beam section taken about the center of gravity of the element, in4. Unitless factor used in calculating the number of shear studs between a point load and a point of zero moment equal to Str/Sbare for full composite connection and Seff/Sbare for partial composite connection.
Atr (Ay1)
(Atry1) (Ay12)
(Atry12)
IO
Technical Note 16 - 15
Technical Note 17
Preferences General
The composite beam design preferences are basic assignments that apply to all composite beams. Use the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design command to access the Preferences form where you can view and revise the composite beam design preferences. The Composite Beam Design Preferences form has five separate tabs: Factors, Beam, Deflection, Vibration, and Price. Default values are provided for all composite beam design preference items. Thus, it is not required that you specify or change any of the preferences. You should, however, at least review the default values for the preference items to make sure they are acceptable to you. Note: Default values are provided for all preference items. Thus, if you are happy with the defaults, you do not need to specify any of the composite beam preferences.
General
Technical Note 17 - 1
Preferences
highlights the current preference value. If the drop-down box appears, select a new value. If the cell is highlighted, type in the desired value. The preference value will update accordingly. You cannot overwrite values in the dropdown boxes. When the preference item is clicked in either column, a short description of that item displays in the large text box just below the list of items. This description helps you remember the purpose of each preference item without referring to the documentation. To set all of the composite beam preference items on a particular tab to their default values, click on that tab to view it and then click the Reset Tab button. This button resets the preference values on the currently selected tab. To set all of the composite beam preference items on all tabs to their default values, click the Reset All button. This button immediately resets all of the composite beam preference items. Important note about resetting preferences: The defaults for the preference items are built into the program. The composite beam preference values that were in a .edb file that you used to initialize your model may be different from the built-in default values. Clicking a reset button resets the preference values to built-in values, not to the values that were in the .edb file used to initialize the model. When you have finished making changes to the composite beam preferences, click the OK button to close the form. You must click the OK button for the changes to be accepted by the program. If you click the Cancel button to exit the form, any changes made to the preferences are ignored and the form is closed.
Preferences
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the preference items are presented in tables. The column headings in these tables are described as follows: Item: The name of the preference item as it appears in the cells at the left side of the Preferences form.
Technical Note 17 - 2
Preferences
Preferences
Possible Values: The possible values that the associated preference item can have. Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for the associated preference item. Description: A description of the associated preference item.
Factors Tab
For AISC-ASD89 design there are no items on the Factors tab. Thus, if you click this tab, it will appear blank.
Beam Tab
Table 1 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Beam tab in the Preferences form.
0%
70%
0 >0
0.75
0.95
The Shored item affects both the deflection calculations and the flexural calculations for the beam. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber for a description of beam deflection. Flexural calculations are described in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia, Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses
Factors Tab
Technical Note 17 - 3
Preferences
with Partial Composite Connection, Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses, and Technical Note 23 Bending Stress Checks. If the beam is shored, checks are performed for the construction loading design load combination (see Composite Beam Design Technical Note 10 Design Load Combinations ). The Middle Range item is described in "Location Where Effective Slab Width is Checked" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab. The Pattern Live Load Factor item is described in "Special Live Load Patterning for Cantilever Back Spans" and "Special Live Load Patterning for Continuous Spans" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 10 Design Load Combination.
Deflection Tab
Table 2 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Deflection tab in the Preferences form.
>0
240
>0
100%
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber for a description of beam deflection and camber.
Technical Note 17 - 4
Deflection Tab
Preferences
Vibration Tab
Table 3 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Vibration tab in the Preferences form.
25%
Consider Frequency? Minimum Frequency Consider Murray Damping? Inherent Damping (%)
Yes/No
No
> 0 Hz
8 Hz
Yes/No
No
> 0%
4%
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration for a description of beam vibration.
Vibration Tab
Technical Note 17 - 5
Preferences
Price Tab
Table 4 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Price tab in the Preferences form.
$0 $0
See "Using Price to Select Optimum Beam Sections" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 1 General Design Information for additional information on the "Optimize for Price?" item. Note that the price per unit weight for the steel beam (plus cover plate, if applicable) is input as part of the material property specification for the beam. The material properties can be reviewed or defined using the Define menu > Material Properties command. Be sure that you use the same currency units (for example, U.S. dollars) for the steel price in the material properties, the stud price in the preferences, and the camber price in the preferences.
Technical Note 17 - 6
Price Tab
Technical Note 18
Overwrites
This Technical Note provides instructions on how to use the Composite Beam Overwrites form and describes the items available on each of the tabs in the form. One section is devoted to each of the tabs.
General
The composite beam design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to those composite beams to which they are assigned. After selecting one or more composite beams, use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > View\Revise Overwrites command to access the Composite Beam Overwrites form where you can view and revise the composite beam design overwrites. Note: There are default values provided for all overwrite items. Thus, if you are happy with the defaults, you do not need to specify any of the composite beam overwrites. The Composite Beam Overwrites form has eight separate tabs. They are Beam, Bracing (C), Bracing, Deck, Shear Studs, Deflection, Vibration and Miscellaneous. Descriptions of the various overwrite options available on each tab are provided later in this Technical Note. Default values are provided for all composite beam overwrite items. Thus, it is not required that you specify or change any of the overwrites. However, at least review the default values for the overwrite items to make sure they are acceptable. When changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies the changes only to the elements to which they are specifically assigned; that is, to the elements that are selected when the overwrites are changed.
General
Technical Note 18 - 1
Overwrites
Technical Note 18 - 2
Overwrites
Overwrites
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the overwrite items are presented in tables. The column headings in these tables are described as follows. Item: The name of the overwrite item as it appears in the cells at the left side of the Composite Beam Overwrites form. Possible Values: The possible values for the associated overwrite item. Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for the associated overwrite item. Description: A description of the associated overwrite item.
Overwrites
Technical Note 18 - 3
Overwrites
Beam Tab
Table 1 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Beam tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Item
Shored? Beam type
Default Value
No (unshored) Composite
Description
Toggle for shored or unshored construction. Type of beam design. NC w studs is short for Noncomposite with minimum shear studs. NC w/o studs is short for Noncomposite without shear studs. Toggle specifying how the effective width of the concrete slab on the left side of the beam is determined User-defined effective width of concrete slab on left side of beam, beff left. Toggle specifying how the effective width of the concrete slab on the right side of the beam is determined User-defined effective width of concrete slab on right side of beam, beff right Yield stress of the beam, Fy. Specifying 0 in the overwrites means that Fy is as specified in the material properties Minimum tensile strength of the beam, Fu. Specifying 0 means that Fu is as specified in the material properties
Program calculated Program calculated value Program calculated Program calculated value Specified in Material Properties Specified in Material Properties
Beam Fy
Beam Fu
Technical Note 18 - 4
Beam Tab
Overwrites
Item
Cover Plate Present? Plate width Plate thickness Plate Fy
Default Value
No
Description
Toggle switch indicating if a full length cover plate exists on the bottom of the beam bottom flange. Width of cover plate, bcp. Thickness of cover plate, tcp. Cover plate yield stress, Fycp. Specifying 0 means that Fycp is set to that specified in the beam material properties
0 0 >0
0 0 0
The Shored item affects both the deflection calculations and the flexural stress calculations for the beam. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber for a description of beam deflection. If the beam is shored, no checks are performed for the construction loading design load combination. Note: The Middle Range item is specified on the Beam tab in the composite beam preferences and is described in "Location Where Effective Slab Width is Checked" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab. Typically, when a beam is designed using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor that beam is designed as a composite beam if it has a deck section (not slab section) assigned along the full length of the specified Middle Range on at least one side of the beam. The Beam Type overwrite allows you to specify that a beam that would ordinarily be designed as a composite beam be designed as a noncomposite beam. The overwrite does not and cannot force a beam that has been designed as a noncomposite beam because there is no deck section along at least one side to be designed as a composite beam. When using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor, a beam that does not have a deck section along at least one side is always designed as a
Beam Tab
Technical Note 18 - 5
Overwrites
noncomposite beam, regardless of what is specified in the Beam Type overwrite. When a beam is designed as noncomposite with minimum shear studs, the beam is designed as a noncomposite beam. Then shear studs are specified for the beam with as large a spacing as possible, without exceeding the specified maximum longitudinal spacing. The maximum longitudinal spacing can be overwritten on the Shear Studs tab. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab for a description of the beam effective width. The beam yield stress and the cover plate yield stress both default to the yield stress specified for the material property associated with the beam section. When the Define menu > Frame Sections command is used to define a beam section, the material property associated with the beam section should also be defined. The material property is defined using the Define menu > Material Properties command. In this program, the cover plate can have a yield stress that is different from that of the beam, if desired. The cover plate width, thickness and Fy items are not active unless the "Cover Plate Present" item is set to Yes. See "Cover Plates" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 7 Composite Beam Properties for a description of cover plates.
Technical Note 18 - 6
Overwrites
Table 2a: First Two Composite Beam Overwrite Items on the Bracing (C) Tab and the Bracing Tab
Possible Values 0 Default Value Program calculated
Item Cb factor
Description Unitless factor used in determining allowable bending stress, Cb. Specifying 0 in the overwrites means that this value is program calculated This item defines how the unbraced lengths are determined for buckling about the beam local 2-axis. They are program calculated, based on userspecified uniform and point bracing, or based on a user-specified maximum unbraced length.
Bracing Condition
Program calculated
When the Cb factor is program calculated, the program uses Equation 1 to calculate it unless you have specified the Bracing Condition as Length Specified.
Eqn. 1
M1 and M2 are the end moments of any unbraced span of the beam. M1 is numerically less than M2. The ratio M1/M2 is positive for double curvature bending and negative for single curvature bending within the unbraced beam span. If any moment within the unbraced beam span is greater than M2, the numeric value of Cb is 1.0. The numeric value of Cb is 1.0 for cantilever overhangs. When the Cb factor is program calculated and the Bracing Condition is set in the overwrites to Length Specified, the programs uses 1.0 for Cb.
Technical Note 18 - 7
Overwrites
When the Bracing Condition is specified as Program Calculated, the program assumes the beam is braced as described in "Determination of the Braced Points of a Beam" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 9 Beam Unbraced Length. Note that the program automatically considers the bracing for construction loading and for the final condition separately. For the construction loading condition, the program assumes that the concrete fill does not assist in bracing the beam. When the Bracing Condition is specified as Bracing Specified, two items appear in the tab in addition to those shown in Table 2a. The two additional items are shown in Table 2b.
Table 2b: Additional Composite Beam Overwrite Items On the Bracing (C) Tab and the Bracing Tab When the Bracing Condition Is Specified As Bracing Specified
Possible Values 0 Default Value 0
Description The number of user-specified point brace locations. Clicking in this box opens the Point Braces form where you specify the point braces. The number of user-specified uniform braces. Clicking in this box opens the Uniform Braces form where you specify the uniform braces.
The No. Point Braces and No. Uniform Braces items allow you to specify actual bracing for the beam. These items are described in "User-Specified Uniform and Point Bracing" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 9 Beam Unbraced Length. When the Bracing Condition is specified as Length Specified, two items appear in the tab in addition to those shown in Table 2a. The two additional items are shown in Table 2c.
Technical Note 18 - 8
Overwrites
Table 2c: Additional Composite Beam Overwrite Items On the Bracing (C) Tab and the Bracing Tab When the Bracing Condition Is Specified As Length Specified
Item Absolute Length? Unbraced L22 Possible Values Yes/No Default Value No Description Toggle switch for whether the maximum unbraced length is given as an absolute length or a relative length. Maximum unbraced length for buckling about the beam local 2 axis.
Length of beam
When the maximum unbraced length is specified as an absolute length, the actual maximum unbraced length is specified. When the maximum unbraced length is specified as a relative length, the value specified is equal to the maximum unbraced length divided by the length of the beam. The relative length specified is always between 0 and 1, inclusive. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 9 Beam Unbraced Length for additional information about the unbraced length of the beam.
Deck Tab
Table 3 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Deck tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Deck Tab
Technical Note 18 - 9
Overwrites
Description Span direction of the metal deck ribs on left side of beam relative to the span direction of the beam. Deck ID assigned to right side of beam.
Program calculated, parallel, or perpendicular Deck ID Right Program calculated, any defined deck property, or None Deck direction Program Right calculated, parallel, or perpendicular
Program calculated
Program calculated
Span direction of the metal deck ribs on the right side of beam relative to the span direction of beam.
When the Deck ID is program calculated, you must refer to the output data to see what the program assumed for this item. It is not shown in the overwrites. If the deck direction is program calculated, do not overlook the important note about deck orientation in "Multiple Deck Types or Directions Along the Beam Length" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab.
Technical Note 18 - 10
Overwrites
Min Long Spacing Max Long Spacing Min Tran Spacing Max Studs per Row q
>0
>0 >0
Number of sections in which additional uniformly spaced shear studs are specified. Clicking in this box opens the Additional Sections form where you specify the section length and the number of uniformly spaced connectors in the section. Minimum longitudinal spacing of shear 6ds (i.e., six stud studs along the length of the beam. diameters) 36 inches Maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam. Minimum transverse spacing of shear 4ds (i.e., four stud studs across the beam flange. diameters) 3 Maximum number of shear studs in a single row across the beam flange. Program Allowable shear load for a single shear calculated stud. Specifying 0 in the overwrites means that this value is program calculated.
The Uniform Spacing and No. Additional Sections items are only available if the User Pattern item is set to Yes. See Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 24 Beam Shear Checks for discussion of user-defined shear stud patterns. The program default value for the minimum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam is six shear stud diameters. Note that this item is input as an absolute length, not as a multiplier on the stud diameter. The program default value for the maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam is 36 inches. The design code used may specify the maximum longitudinal spacing is eight times the total slab thick-
Technical Note 18 - 11
Overwrites
ness (rib height, hr, plus concrete slab above metal deck, tc). AISC-ASD89 Specification Section I5.2.2 specifies that the maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of a beam shall not exceed 36 inches for beams when the span of the metal deck is perpendicular to the span of the beam. If your total slab thickness is less than 36"/8 = 4.5", the program default value may be unconservative and should be revised. The program default value for the minimum transverse spacing of shear studs across the beam flange is four shear stud diameters. This is consistent with the last paragraph of AISC-ASD89 Specification Section I4. Note that this item is input as an absolute length, not as a multiplier on the stud diameter. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for additional discussion of how shear studs are distributed on composite beams. The "Max Studs per Row" item indicates the maximum number of shear studs that is allowed in a row across the beam flange. For wider beams, the Min Tran Spacing item might indicate that more studs could be accommodated across the beam flange but the Max Studs per Row item will limit the number of studs in any row. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for additional discussion of how shear studs are distributed on beams. See "Shear Stud Connector" in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 25 Shear Studs for discussion of how the program calculates the allowable shear load for a single shear stud. Note that when a q value is specified in the overwrites, the program assumes that the specified value of q has already been modified by any applicable reduction factors for the metal deck. Finally, note that specifying 0 (zero) in the overwrites for this item means that the allowable shear stud load is calculated by the program, not that it is zero. Shear studs are discussed in detail in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam, Technical Note 14 The Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment, and Technical Note 15 User-Defined Shear Stud Patterns.
Technical Note 18 - 12
Overwrites
Deflection Tab
Table 5 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Deflection tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Description Toggle to consider live load and total load deflection limitations as absolute or as divisor of beam length (relative). Deflection limitation for live load. For relative deflection, inputting 360 means that the limit is L/360. Deflection limitation for total load. For relative deflection, inputting 240 means that the limit is L/240. Toggle for the program to calculate beam camber. User-specified camber when the program does not calculate beam camber
>0
>0
Yes/No 0
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber for discussion of beam deflection and camber.
Deflection Tab
Technical Note 18 - 13
Overwrites
Vibration Tab
Table 6 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Vibration tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Description
User Defined Toggle to select user defined or program calculated based on beam spacing, N effective. 1.0 Effective number of beams resisting a heel drop impact.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration for a description of beam vibration.
Miscellaneous Tab
Table 7 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Miscellaneous tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Description Toggle to select if beam depth is to be considered in an auto select section list. If yes, maximum and minimum depths must be input. Maximum actual (not nominal) beam depth to be considered in auto select section list. Minimum actual (not nominal) beam depth to be considered in auto select section list. Maximum percent composite connection considered for the beam.
>0 0 >0
44 inches
100%
Technical Note 18 - 14
Vibration Tab
Overwrites
Description Minimum percent composite connection considered for the beam. Reducible live load is multiplied by this factor to obtain the reduced live load. If zero is selected, the program calculated valued is used. Multiplier applied to the earthquake portion of the load in a design load combination.
Horizontal EQ Factor
0<, >1.0
1.0
EQ Factor
The EQ (earthquake) factor is a multiplier that is typically applied to the earthquake load in a design load combination. Following are the five types of loads that can be included in a design load combination, along with an explanation of how the EQ factor is applied to each of the load types. Static Load: The EQ factor is applied to any static loads designated as a Quake-type load. The EQ factor is not applied to any other type of static load. Response Spectrum Case: The EQ factor is applied to all response spectrum cases. Time History Case: The EQ factor is applied to all time history cases. Static Nonlinear Case: The EQ factor is not applied to any static nonlinear cases. Load Combination: The EQ factor is not applied to any load combination that is included in a design load combination. For example, assume you have two static load cases labeled DL and EQ. DL is a dead load and EQ is a quake load.
EQ Factor
Technical Note 18 - 15
Overwrites
Now assume that you create a design load combination named DESCOMB1 that includes DL and EQ. For design load combination DESCOMB1, the EQ load is multiplied by the EQ factor. Next assume that you create a load combination called COMB2 that includes EQ. Now assume that you create a design load combination called DESCOMB3 that included DL and COMB2. For design load combination DESCOMB3, the EQ load that is part of COMB2 is not multiplied by the EQ factor. The EQ factor allows you to design different members for different levels of earthquake loads in the same run. It also allows you to specify memberspecific reliability/redundancy factors that are required by some codes. The factor specified in Section 1630.1.1 of the 1997 UBC is an example of this.
Technical Note 18 - 16
EQ Factor
Technical Note 19
Width-to-Thickness Checks
This Technical Note describes how the program checks the AISC-ASD89 specification width-to-thickness requirements for compact and noncompact sections. The width-to-thickness requirements for compact and noncompact sections are spelled out in AISC-ASD89 Specification Chapter B, Table B5.1. This program checks the width-to-thickness ratios of the beam flanges and web, and, if it exists, the cover plate.
Overview
The program classifies beam sections as either compact, noncompact or slender on the basis of their width-to-thickness ratios. The program checks the compact and noncompact section requirements for each design load combination separately. A beam section may be classified differently for different design load combinations. For example, it may be classified as compact for design load combination A and as noncompact for design load combination B. One reason that a beam may be classified differently for different design load cases is that the compression flange may be different for different design load combinations. If the sizes of the top and bottom flanges are not the same, classification of the section as compact or noncompact may depend on which flange is determined to be the compression flange. For each design load combination, the program first checks a beam section for the compact section requirements for the compression flange, web and cover plate (if applicable). If the beam section meets all of those requirements, it is classified as compact for that design load combination. If the beam section does not meet all of the compact section requirements, it is then checked for the noncompact requirements for the flanges, web and cover plate (if applicable). If the beam section meets all of those requirements, it is classified as noncompact for that design load combination. If the beam section does not meet all of the noncompact section requirements, it is classified as slender for that design load combination, and the program does not consider it for composite beam design.
Overview
Technical Note 19 - 1
Width-to-Thickness Checks
Eqn. 1
where Fy is the specified yield stress of the beam. Equation 1 applies to both rolled sections selected from the program's database and to user-defined (welded) sections.
b t
95 Fy k c
Eqn. 2
where Fy is the specified yield stress of the beam and kc is as follows: kc is equal to one (1.0) for rolled sections selected from the program database. kc is equal to one (1.0) for user-defined (welded) sections with h/tw less than or equal to 70. kc is given by Equation 3 for user-defined (welded) sections with h/tw greater than 70. For h/tw less than or equal to 70 kc = 1.
Technical Note 19 - 2
Width-to-Thickness Checks
kc =
4.05
(h t w )0.46
Eqn. 3
d 640 tw Fy
Eqn. 4
h 760 tw Fb
Eqn. 5
The program makes a slight simplifying assumption when using Equation 5 by assuming that Fb = 0.66Fy. In most cases in the Composite Beam Design postprocessor, this assumption is exactly correct. When the assumption is not exactly correct, it errs on the conservative side.
Technical Note 19 - 3
Width-to-Thickness Checks
tcp
b1
b2
b1
b2
Cover plate
Case A
Case B
Technical Note 19 - 4
tcp
Width-to-Thickness Checks
Cover Plate Width Less Than or Equal to Beam Bottom Flange Width
When the cover plate width is less than or equal to the width of the beam bottom flange, Equation 6 applies for the compact check for the cover plate.
b1 190 t cp Fycp
The term b1 in Equation 6 is defined in Figure 1.
Eqn. 6
b2 t cp
95 Fycp
Eqn. 7
Cover Plate Width Less Than or Equal to Beam Bottom Flange Width
When the cover plate width is less than or equal to the width of the beam bottom flange, Equation 8 applies for the noncompact check for the cover plate.
b1 238 t cp Fycp
Eqn. 8
Technical Note 19 - 5
Width-to-Thickness Checks
b2 t cp
95 Fycp
Eqn. 9
Technical Note 19 - 6
Eqn. 1
In Equation 1, Ec is in pounds per square inch (psi), wc is in pounds per cubic foot (pcf) and f c' is in pounds per square inch (psi). For AISC-ASD89 composite beam design deflection calculations, the value of Ec is taken from the material property specified for the concrete slab.
Background
Technical Note 20 - 1
Background
Figure 1 shows a typical rolled steel composite floor beam with the metal deck ribs running parallel to the beam. Figure 2 shows a typical composite userdefined steel beam with the metal deck ribs running parallel to the beam. Note that the user-defined beam may have a different top and bottom flange size, and that no fillets are assumed in this beam. For each of these configurations the following items may or may not be included when calculating the transformed section moment of inertia: Concrete in the metal deck ribs: The concrete in the metal deck ribs is included in the calculation when the deck ribs are oriented parallel to the beam (typically the case for girders). It is not included when the deck ribs are oriented perpendicular to the beam (typically the case for infill beams). Cover plate: The cover plate is only included if one is specified by you in the composite beam overwrites.
Note that the deck type and deck orientation may be different on the two sides of the beam as described in "Multiple Deck Types or Directions Along the Beam Length" of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab. Because composite behavior is only considered for positive bending, the transformed section moment of inertia is only calculated for positive bending (top of composite section in compression). Calculation of the transformed section moment of inertia is greatly complicated by the requirement that the concrete resist no tension. The first task in calculating the transformed section moment of inertia of the composite section is to compute properties for the steel beam alone (plus the cover plate, if it exists). The properties required are the total area, Abare; the location of the ENA, ybare; and the moment of inertia, Is.
Technical Note 20 - 2
Background
Concrete slab
Metal deck
bcp
Figure 1: Composite Rolled Steel Beam Shown With Metal Deck Ribs Running Parallel To Beam
Figure 2: Composite User-Defined Steel Beam Shown With Metal Deck Ribs Running Parallel To Beam
Background
tf-bot
Beam web
Technical Note 20 - 3
hr
tc
tcp
hr
tc
Elastic neutral axis of steel beam plus cover plate if applicable. Ibare is taken about this axis. ybare
Bottom of bottom flange of steel beam. Ybare and y1 are measured from here
Technical Note 20 - 4
Table 1:
Item Steel beam Cover plate
IO Is
d 2 t cp 2
b cp t 3 cp 12
IO
Sums
(Ay1 )
Table 2:
Section Properties for User-Defined (Welded) Steel Beam Plus Cover Plate
Area, A bf-toptf-top htw bf-bottf-bot bcptcp A y1 Ay1 Ay1 Ay1 Ay1 Ay1 (Ay1) Ay1 Ay1 Ay1 Ay1 Ay1
2
IO
t f top 2 d 2
t f bot 2 t cp 2
2 (Ay1 )
The area of the steel section (including the cover plate if it exists), Abare, is given by Equation 1. Abare = A Eqn. 1
The ENA of the steel section is located a distance ybare from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section (not bottom of cover plate) where ybare is determined from Equation 2.
Technical Note 20 - 5
y bare =
(Ay ) A
1
Eqn. 2
The moment of inertia of the steel section (plus cover plate, if one exists) about its ENA, Ibare, is given by Equation 3.
I bare =
(Ay ) + I
2 1
( A ) y
2 bare
Eqn. 3
Following is the notation used in Tables 1 and 2 and Equations 1 through 3: Abare = Area of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if one exists), in2. = Area of rolled steel section alone (without the cover plate even if one exists), in2. = Moment of inertia of the steel beam (plus cover plate if one exists), in4. = The moment of inertia of an element of the beam section taken about the ENA of the element, in4. = Moment of inertia of the steel beam alone (without the cover plate even if one exists), in4. = Width of steel cover plate, in. = Width of bottom flange of a user-defined steel beam, in. = Width of top flange of a user-defined steel beam, in. = Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, in. = Clear distance between flanges for user-defined (welded) sections, in. = Thickness of cover plate, in. = Thickness of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) section, in.
As
Ibare
IO
Is
tcp tf-bot
Technical Note 20 - 6
tf-top
= Thickness of top flange of a user-defined (welded) section, in. = Thickness of web of user-defined (welded) section, in. = Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel section to the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover plate if it exists), in. = Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section to the centroid of an element of the beam section, in. = Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the steel beam section, in2. = Sum of the product A times y1 for all of the elements of the steel beam section, in3.
tw ybare
y1
A (Ay1)
the steel beam section, in4. IO = Sum of the moments of inertia of each element of the beam section taken about the ENA of the element, in4.
Technical Note 20 - 7
Elastic neutral axis of composite beam z Elastic neutral axis of steel beam alone, including cover plate if it exists
Technical Note 20 - 8
ye
Aelement
= Area of an element in the composite section, ignoring any area of concrete that is in tension and ignoring any concrete in the metal deck ribs when the metal deck span is perpendicular to the beam span, in2. = Distance from the ENA of the element considered to the ENA of the steel beam alone (including cover plate, if it exists), in. Signs are considered for this distance. Elements located below the ENA of the steel beam alone (including cover plate, if it exists) have a negative distance and those above have a positive distance.
delement
If the ENA as calculated is within the height of the steel beam, as assumed, the assumed location of the ENA is correct and the calculation for ye is complete. b. If the calculated ENA is not within the height of the steel beam, as assumed in Step a, the assumed location of the ENA is incorrect and calculation for ye continues. i Using the incorrect location of the ENA calculated in Step a, the program calculates the location of ye again using Equation 4, ignoring any concrete that is in tension. If the newly calculated location of the ENA is the same as the previously calculated location (Step i), the assumed location of the ENA has been identified and the calculation for ye is complete.
ii
c. If the newly calculated location of the ENA is not the same as the previously calculated location (Step i), the most recent assumed location of the ENA is incorrect and another iteration is made. The program repeats the iterations until the location of the ENA has been determined. After the location of the ENA is known, the rest of the process for calculating the composite properties is non-iterative. 2. Given that the ENA has been located, the program determines if any concrete is below the ENA. If so, the program ignores it in the remaining calculations.
Technical Note 20 - 9
3. The program sums the product of the area of each element of the composite section (except concrete in tension) times its distance to a convenient axis (such as the bottom of the beam bottom flange). 4. The program divides the sum calculated in step 3 by the sum of the areas of each element of the composite section (except concrete in tension). This calculation yields the distance from the convenient axis to the ENA of the composite section. 5. After the ENA of the composite section has been determined, the section properties of the composite section are quickly calculated using standard methods. A hand calculation method for determining the distance ye described in steps 1a through 1c above is presented in the next section entitled "Equivalent Hand Calculation Method to Calculate the Distance ye." A hand calculation method for the calculation of the composite properties described in steps 2 through 5 above is presented in the section entitled "Equivalent Hand Calculation Method to Calculate the Composite Properties" later in this Technical Note.
Eqn. 5a
ye =
2X 9
Eqn. 5b
Technical Note 20 - 10
Equations for use in calculating values for the variables X1 through X10 in Equations 5a and 5b are presented in the following subsection entitled "Background Equations." The actual process to calculate ye is described in the subsection of this Technical Note entitled "Hand Calculation Process for ye."
Background Equations
This subsection presents the equations for the variables X1 through X10 in Equations 5a and 5b. The exact equation to use for the variables X1 through X10 depends on the assumed location of the ENA. For the purposes of determining the ye distance, there are nine possible locations for the ENA. Those locations are as follows: 1. The ENA is located within the height of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists). 2. The ENA is located within the height of the metal deck on both the left and the right sides of the beam. 3. The ENA is located within the height of the metal deck on the left side of the beam and within the height of the concrete above the metal deck (or within a solid slab) on the right side of the beam. Note: Recall that you can have different deck properties on the two sides of the beam. 4. The ENA is located within the height of the metal deck on the left side of the beam and above the concrete on the right side of the beam. 5. The ENA is located within the height of the concrete above the metal deck (or within a solid slab) on the left side of the beam and within the height of the metal deck on the right side of the beam. 6. The ENA is located within the height of the concrete above the metal deck (or within a solid slab) on both sides of the beam. 7. The ENA is located within the height of the concrete above the metal deck (or within a solid slab) on the left side of the beam and above the concrete on the right side of the beam.
Technical Note 20 - 11
8. The ENA is located above the concrete on the left side of the beam and within the height of the metal deck on the right side of the beam. 9. The ENA is located above the concrete on the left side of the beam and within the height of the concrete above the metal deck (or within a solid slab) on the right side of the beam. The first two columns in Table 3 list the nine possible locations of the ENA of the composite section. The columns labeled Left Side and Right Side indicate the location of the ENA relative to the left and right sides of the beam, respectively. The third column of Table 3, labeled "ye Eqn" specifies whether Equation 5a or 5b should be used to calculate ye. Columns 4 through 13 of Table 3 list the equation numbers to be used to determine the value of the variables X1 through X10 for the location of the ENA specified in the first two columns of the table. When using Table 3, the location of the ENA of the composite section and the location of the ENA of the composite section relative to the elements that make up the composite section are initially unknown. Thus, begin by assuming a location of the ENA. It works best if you assume that the ENA of the composite section is within the steel section. Then, calculate the actual location of the ENA and check the validity of the assumption. This process is described in the subsection entitled "Hand Calculation Process for ye." Equations 7 through 16 define the terms X1 through X10 in Table 3 and Equations 5a and 5b. A term that is repeatedly used in Equations 7 through 16 is z. As previously illustrated in Figure 4, z is the distance from the ENA of the steel beam alone (plus cover plate, if it exists) to the top of the concrete slab. The distance z, which can be different on the left and right sides of the beam, is defined by Equations 6a and 6b. zleft = d + hr left + tc left - ybare zright = d + hr right + tc right - ybare Eqn. 6a Eqn. 6b
The equations for the variables X1 through X10 in Equations 5a and 5b and Table 3 follow. In most cases, there are multiple equations for each variable. See Table 3 for specification of which equation to use for any assumed location of the ENA.
Technical Note 20 - 12
Table 3: Table Identifying Circumstances for Using Equations 5a and 5b and Identifying Appropriate Equations to Use to Calculate the Values of Variables X1 through X10 that Appear in Equations 5a and 5b
Left Side Right Side ye Eqn 5a 5b 5b 5b 5b 5b 5b 5b 5b X1 Eqn 7a 7a 7a 7a 7b 7b 7b 0 0 X2 Eqn 8a 8b 8b 8b 0 0 0 0 0 X3 Eqn 9a 9a 9b 0 9a 9b 0 9a 9b X4 Eqn 10a 10b 0 0 10b 0 0 10b 0 X5 Eqn 11a 11a 11a 11a 11b 11b 11b 0 0 X6 Eqn 12a 12b 12b 12b 12c 12c 12c 0 0 X7 Eqn 13a 13a 13b 0 13a 13b 0 13a 13b X8 Eqn 14a 14b 14c 0 14b 14c 0 14b 14c X9 Eqn N.A. 15a 15a 15a 15a 15a 15a 15a 15a X10 Eqn N.A. 16a 16c 16a 16d 16b 16b 16a 16b
Table Descriptive Notes: 1. The columns labeled Left Side and Right Side indicate the assumed location of the ENA of the composite section relative to the left and right sides of the beam. Steel section means that the ENA falls within the height of the steel section (including the cover plate, if it exists). The designation hr means that the ENA is within the height of the metal deck. The designation tc means that the ENA is within the height of the concrete slab above metal deck or within the height of a solid slab. The designation >tc means that the ENA is above the concrete slab.
2. The column labeled "ye Eqn" tells you whether to use Equation 5a or Equation 5b to calculate ye for the assumed location of the ENA listed in the first two columns of the table. 3. The columns labeled "X1 Eqn" through "X10 Eqn" indicate the equation numbers that should be used to calculate the value of the variables X1 through X10 for use in Equations 5a and 5b. If one of the cells for X1 through X8 contains a "0," the value of Xn is zero for that location of the ENA. 4. The variables X9 and X10 are not used if the ENA falls within the height of the steel beam. 5. The variables X2, X4, X6 and X8 are always taken as zero if the deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam span. 6. Using this table requires a trial and error process. You must assume a location for the ENA and then check if the assumption is correct. See the subsection entitled "Hand Calculation Process for ye" later in this chapter for more information.
Technical Note 20 - 13
Important note: The terms X2, X4, X6 and X8 are always taken as zero if the deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam span; otherwise they are taken as given in the equations below. t c left X1 = X 5 z left 2 z X1 = X 5 left 2 Eqn. 7a
Eqn. 7b
X2 is taken as zero if the deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam span; if the deck span is oriented parallel to the beam span, X2 is as specified in the equations below. hr left X 2 = X 6 z left t c left 2 X 2 = X 6 zleft t c left Eqn. 8a
)2
Eqn. 8b Eqn. 9a
Eqn. 9b
X4 is taken as zero if the deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam span; if the deck span is oriented parallel to the beam span, X4 is as specified in the equations below. hr right X 4 = X 8 z right t c right 2 X 4 = X 8 zright t c right X5 = b eff left E c left t c left Es Eqn. 10a
)2
Technical Note 20 - 14
X5 =
Eqn. 11b
X6 is taken as zero if the deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam span; if the deck span is oriented parallel to the beam span, X6 is as specified in the equations below. X6 = b eff left E c left wr left hr left E s Sr left b eff left E c left wr left 2E s Sr left b eff left E c left 2E s b eff right E c right t c right Es b eff right E c right z right Es Eqn. 12a
X6 =
Eqn. 12b
X6 =
Eqn. 12c
X7 =
Eqn. 13a
X7 =
Eqn. 13b
X8 is taken as zero if the deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam span; if the deck span is oriented parallel to the beam span, X8 is as specified in the equations below. X8 = b eff right E c right wr right hr right E s Sr right b eff right E c right wr right 2E s Sr right b eff right E c right 2E s Eqn. 14a
X8 =
Eqn. 14b
X8 =
X9 = X6 + X8 X9 = X8
Technical Note 20 - 15
Eqn. 16c
Eqn. 16d
The notation used in equations 5a through 16d are as follows: Abare = Area of the steel beam (plus cover plate), in2. This area does not include the concrete area. = Modulus of elasticity of concrete slab, ksi. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Also note that this it may be different for stress calculations and deflection calculations. = Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi. = Center-to-center spacing of metal deck ribs, in. Note that this may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Effective width of the concrete flange of the composite beam, in. This width is code dependent. Note that this width may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab for additional information. = Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, in. = Height of metal deck rib, in. Note that this may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
Ec
Es Sr
beff
hr
Technical Note 20 - 16
tc
= Thickness of concrete slab, in. If there is metal deck, this is the thickness of the concrete slab above the metal deck. Note that this may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Average width of a metal deck rib, in. Note that this may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam to the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists) alone, in. = The distance from the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists) alone to the ENA of the fully composite beam, in. = Distance from the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists) alone to the top of the concrete slab, in. Note that this distance may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
wr
ybare
ye
Technical Note 20 - 17
4. Use Equation 5b to calculate the location of the ENA. Note that Table 3 identifies the equations to use to determine values for the variables X1 through X10 for use in solving Equation 5b. 5. If the calculated location of the ENA is the same as the new location assumed in step 3, then the assumption is correct and the calculation for ye is complete. 6. If the calculated location of the ENA is not the same as the location assumed in step 3, the location is incorrect and another iteration is made. The new assumption for the location of the ENA is wherever it was calculated to be in step 4 and is one of the choices defined in the first two columns of Table 3. 7. Repeat steps 4 through 7 as many times as required until the assumed location of the ENA (based on the choices in the first two columns of Table 3) and the calculated location of the ENA match.
c. The concrete slab and metal deck may not exist on one side of the beam or the other.
Technical Note 20 - 18
Item Concrete slab, left side Concrete slab, right side Concrete in metal deck ribs, left side Concrete in metal deck ribs, right side Steel beam plus cover plate Sums
y1
Atry1
Atry1 Atry1
IO
d + hr + tc
t* c 2
Atry1
t* d + hr + tc c 2 d + hr h* r 2
Atry1
Atry1
Atry1
Atry1
h* d + hr r 2
ybare
Atry1
Atry1
Atry1 (Atry1)
Atry1
(Atry1 )
IO
d. The top of the concrete slab may be at a different elevation on the two sides of the beam. e. Any concrete that is below the ENA of the composite section is not included in the calculation. Following is a list of the variables introduced in Table 4 that have not been mentioned previously in this Technical Note. Atr = Area of an element of the composite steel beam section, in2. = Height of the metal deck ribs above the ENA (i.e., that is in compression) used for calculating the transformed section properties, in. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
h* r
Technical Note 20 - 19
h * = 0. r
If the deck ribs are oriented parallel to the beam span, one of the following three items applies: 1. If the ENA is below the metal deck, h r = hr.
*
the metal deck above the ENA. 3. If the ENA is above the metal deck, h r = 0.
*
t* c
(or solid
slab) that lies above the ENA (i.e., is in compression) that is used for calculating the transformed section properties, in. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. One of the following three items applies: 1. If the ENA is below the top of the metal deck (bottom of the concrete slab), t c = tc.
*
of the concrete slab above the ENA. 3. If the ENA is above the concrete slab, t c = 0
*
Atr
= Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in2.
(Atry1) =Sum of the product Atr times y1 for all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in3. (Atry12) =Sum of the product Atr times y12 for all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in4.
Technical Note 20 - 20
The neutral axis of the transformed composite section is located a distance y from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section (not bottom of cover plate). The distance
y can
be determined from either Equation 17a or from Equation 17b. They both give the same result.
y=
(A y ) A
tr 1 tr
y = ybare + ye
The distance
y is illustrated in Figure 5.
The transformed section moment of inertia about the ENA of the composite beam, Itr, is calculated using Equation 18.
I tr =
2 tr y1
( A ) y
tr
Eqn. 18
Elastic neutral axis (ENA) of steel beam alone, including cover plate if it exists Bottom of bottom flange of steel beam. The dimensions y, ybare and y1 are measured from here. ybare
Figure 5: Illustration of y
Technical Note 20 - 21
z ye y
Elastic neutral axis (ENA) of composite beam. Itr is taken about this axis.
Technical Note 21
Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates elastic stresses in the steel section and the concrete slab when there is partial composite connection. Note that because composite action is only considered by the program for positive bending, the description in this Technical Note only applies to positive bending. When there is partial composite connection, the number of shear connectors provided controls the amount of horizontal shear that can be transferred between the steel beam and the concrete slab. For beams with partial composite connection, the program checks for deflections and stress assuming an elastic distribution of stress, where the strain in both the concrete and the steel is proportional to the distance from the elastic neutral axis (ENA) of the transformed section.
Eqn. 1
= Percent composite connection, unitless. The percentage varies between 25% and 100% inclusive. = Moment of inertia of the steel beam alone plus cover plate, if it exists, in4.
Technical Note 21 - 1
Ieff Itr
= Effective moment of inertia of a partially composite beam, in4. = Transformed section moment of inertia about ENA of the composite beam calculated as described in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia, in4.
Seff
Str
Note: The section moduli Str and Seff are referenced to the bottom of the cover plate, if it exists. Otherwise they are referenced to the bottom of the beam bottom flange.
Technical Note 21 - 2
Str =
where, Itr
tcp
Elastic neutral axis (ENA) of composite beam for full (100%) composite connection. Itr is taken about this axis.
Eqn. 3
= Transformed section moment of inertia about the ENA of the composite beam, calculated as described in Technical Note Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia, in4. = Distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the composite beam calculated as described in Technical Note Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia, in.
Technical Note 21 - 3
Refer to Figure 2. In the figure, the distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the partially composite beam, yeff, is given by Equation 4:
y eff =
Note:
I eff t cp Seff
Eqn. 4
The distance yeff is measured from the bottom of the beam bottom flange even when there is a cover plate.
C L
beff left beff leftEc left Es beff-par left beff rightEc right Es beff-par right beff right
Technical Note 21 - 4
tcp
ybare
yeff
hr
tc
where, yeff Ieff Seff = The distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the partially composite beam, in. = Effective moment of inertia of a partially composite beam calculated using Equation 1, in4. = Effective section modulus of a partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate, if it exists) calculated using Equation 2, in3. = Thickness of the cover plate if it exists, in.
tcp
If a cover plate exists, Equation 6 gives the stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange. If there is no cover plate, Equations 5 and 6 are the same.
Technical Note 21 - 5
fbot-bm =
My eff Ieff
Eqn. 6
Equation 7 gives the stress at the top of the steel beam section. ftop-st = M [Abs (d - yeff )] Ieff Eqn. 7
The term "Abs" in Equation 7 means to take the absolute value of the (d - yeff) term. The following notation that has not been previously introduced in this Technical Note is used in Equations 5 through 7. M d fbot-bm fbot-st ftop-st = The design moment, kip-in. = Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, in. = The maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam, ksi. = The maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), ksi. = The maximum stress at the top of the steel beam (may be tension or compression, depending on the location of the ENA), ksi.
For full (100%) composite connection Ieff and yeff in Equations 6 and 7 are modified as shown in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 23 Bending Stress Checks Equations 1e and 1f.
Technical Note 21 - 6
This section describes in detail a method that can be used to calculate the concrete slab stresses for partial composite connection by hand that will yield the same result as the program. The method presented here parallels much of what is done internally in the program. Note: Although the equation for the effective slab width of a partially composite beam is derived by considering bounding conditions of 0% and 100% composite connection, the program actually limits the minimum percent composite connection to 25%. Refer to Figure 2. On each side of the beam the effective width of the slab for the partially composite beam, beff-par left and beff-par right, varies from the value for full composite action, beff left(Ec left /Es) and beff right(Ec right /Es), to zero as the percent composite connection varies from 100% to 0%. Formulas for beff-par left and beff-par right are derived from the definition of the elastic neutral axis (ENA) together with the assumption that the ratio of the effective widths of the concrete slab on the left and right sides of the beam remains constant for any percentage of composite connection. Equation 8 is a formula representing this assumption. beff left beff right = beff par left beff par right Eqn. 8
From the definition of the ENA, if you multiply the area of individual elements of a composite section times their distance to the ENA (considering the sign of the distance term), and then sum up these products for all elements of the composite section, the result is zero. This statement is shown as a formula in Equation 9. X1 - beff-par left ( X2 + X4) - beff-par right ( X3 + X5) = 0 Note: See Figures 3, 4 and 5 for illustrations of the physical distances represented by the variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e. where: X1 = Abare (yeff - ybare) X2 = a3 left (d + hr left + tc left a3 left 2 - yeff) Eqn. 9a Eqn. 9b Eqn. 9
Technical Note 21 - 7
a3 right 2
- yeff)
Eqn. 9c
X4 =
a4 left wr left a d + hr left 4 left yeff Sr left 2 a4 right wr right a d + hr right 4 right yeff Sr right 2
Eqn. 9d
X5 =
Eqn. 9e
Table 1 lists the values that should be used for the variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e for all possible conditions. The possible conditions are different combinations of the location of the ENA for the partially composite beam and the deck direction. Note that a3 and a4 are evaluated separately for each side of the beam and can be different for the left and right sides of the beam.
Table 1:
Values that Should Be Used for the Variables A3 and A4 in Equations 9a through 9e. Physical Representations of A3 and A4 are Shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5
Deck Direction Parallel or Perpendicular Parallel or Perpendicular Parallel Perpendicular Parallel Perpendicular
ENA Location Above the concrete slab over metal deck (or the solid slab) In the concrete slab over metal deck (or the solid slab) Within the height of the metal deck Within the height of the metal deck Within the height of the steel beam Within the height of the steel beam Table Descriptive Notes: 1. 2. 3.
When the cell for an an value indicates "N.A." a value of 0 should be used in Equations 9a through 9e for that item. The notes below explain why the various "N.A." items are indicated. The a3 dimension represents a distance within the height of the concrete slab. The a4 dimension represents a distance within the height of the metal deck ribs.
Technical Note 21 - 8
4. 5.
The an dimension is not applicable because it would represent concrete below the ENA, which is in tension and thus ignored in the calculations. The a4 dimension is not applicable because it represents concrete in the metal deck ribs. This concrete is ignored in the calculations when the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span.
Figures 3, 4 an 5 illustrate the physical distances represented by the variables a3, a4 and a5 for various locations of the ENA of the partially composite beam.
a3 ENA of partially composite beam located within concrete slab above the metal deck (or in a solid slab) yeff
Figure 3: Illustration of Variable a3 in Equations 9a through 9e When the ENA is in the Concrete Slab Above the Metal Deck or in a Solid Slab
tcp
Technical Note 21 - 9
hr
tc
hr
d
eff
cp
Figure 4: Illustration of Variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e When the ENA is Within the Height of the Metal Deck
a3 a4 ENA of partially composite beam located within the height of the steel section
Figure 5: Illustration of Variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e When the ENA is Located Within the Height of the Steel Section
Technical Note 21 - 10
tcp
yeff
hr
tc
Next we can substitute Equation 8 into Equation 9 and solve for beff-par left and beff-par right. The resulting equations are shown here as Equations 10a and 10b. beff par right = X1 beff left + (X3 + X5 ) (X2 + X 4 ) beff right Eqn. 10a
beff left X1 beff right = beff left + (X3 + X5 ) (X2 + X 4 ) beff right
Eqn. 10b
Note: The width beff-par is the effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite connection. It is transformed to an equivalent width of steel. The following notation is used in Equations 8 through 10b: Abare Sr = Area of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if one exists), in2. = Center-to-center spacing of metal deck ribs, in. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Whichever is smaller of the distance from the top of the concrete slab to the ENA or the thickness of the concrete above the metal deck (or the thickness of a solid slab), tc, in. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Whichever is smaller of the distance from the top of the metal deck to the ENA or the height of the metal deck, hr, in. This item applies when there is metal deck (not a solid slab) and the ENA is below the top of the metal deck. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
a3
a4
Technical Note 21 - 11
beff
= The effective width of the concrete slab for full (100%) composite action, in. Note that this may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = The effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite action transformed to have the same E as the steel section, in. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, in. = Height of the metal deck ribs, in. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Thickness of concrete slab, in. If there is metal deck, this is the thickness of the concrete slab above the metal deck. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Average width of metal deck rib, in. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = The distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the steel beam plus cover plate, if it exists, in. See Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia. No composite connection (concrete slab) is considered when calculating this item. = The distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the partially composite beam, in.
beff-par
d hr tc
wr ybare
yeff
Technical Note 21 - 12
The section moduli on each side of the beam referred to the top of the partially composite section, St-eff left and St-eff right, are given by Equations 11a and 11b: St eff left =
(d + hr left
) )
Eqn. 11a
(d + hr right + tc right
yeff
Eqn. 11b
= Effective moment of inertia of the partially composite beam calculated using Equation 1, in4.
Finally, the concrete compressive stress, fc, for a partially composite beam is calculated as the larger of Equations 12a and 12b: fc left = M St eff left M St eff right beff par left b eff left Eqn. 12a
fc right = where, M
Eqn. 12b
= The design moment, kip-in. For unshored beams M = MSDL + MLL + MOther. For shored beams M = MDL + MSDL + MLL + MOther. = The section modulus for the partial composite section referred to the top of the equivalent transformed section calculated using Equation 11a or 11b, as appropriate, in3. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. (For full [100%] composite connection see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 23 Bending Stress Checks, Equations 1a and 1c instead of Equations 11a and 11b.)
St-eff
Technical Note 21 - 13
beff
= The effective width of the concrete slab, in. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = The effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite action transformed to have the same E as the steel section, in. This item is calculated using Equation 10a for the slab on the right side of the beam and 10b for the slab on the left side of the beam. (For full [100%] composite connection see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 23 Bending Stress Checks, Equations 1b and 1d instead of Equations 10a and 10b.) = The maximum concrete compressive stress, ksi.
beff-par
fc
Technical Note 21 - 14
Technical Note 22
Fy cp Fb-bcp = Fb bbf Fy
where, Fb-bbf
Eqn. 1
= Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange, ksi. = Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the cover plate, ksi. = Yield stress of beam, ksi. = Yield stress of cover plate, ksi.
Fb-bcp
Fy Fycp
General
Technical Note 22 - 1
Technical Note 22 - 2
Table 1 Equations Used by the Program for Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone
Flange and Cover Plate compact compact compact Rolled I-shaped or channel section noncompact from the program database noncompact noncompact compact or noncompact compact compact User defined (welded) section that is I-shaped or a channel compact noncompact noncompact compact or noncompact Table Descriptive Notes: 1. 2. 3. See Equation 2 for Lc. Equations 7 and 8 do not apply to channels. For I-shaped beams, Equation 9 does not apply if the area of the compression flange is less than the area of the tension flange. For this check the area of the cover plate is included as part of the flange area. Unsupported Length of Compression Flange1 Lc Lc Lc Lc Lc Lc > Lc Lc Lc Lc Lc Lc > Lc Equation(s) for Fb, the Allowable Bending Stress 3 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 4 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 for tension; larger of 7 or 8, as applicable and 9 for compression2 3 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 5 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 for tension; larger of 7 or 8, as applicable and 9 for compression2, 3
Web compact compact noncompact compact compact noncompact compact or noncompact compact compact noncompact compact or noncompact compact or noncompact compact or noncompact
Beam Fy 65 ksi > 65 ksi No limit 65 ksi > 65 ksi No limit No limit 65 ksi > 65 ksi No limit 65 ksi > 65 ksi No limit
Technical Note 22 - 3
In the fifth column of Table 1, the unsupported length of the compression flange is compared to Lc. The length Lc is defined in Equation 2.
L c = smaller of
76b f Fy
and
20000 (d A f )Fy
Eqn. 2
The Af and bf terms in Equation 2 are the area and width of the beam compression flange (not including cover plate even if it exists), respectively. These terms are never based on the cover plate dimensions. The Fy term is the yield stress of the beam (not cover plate) The equations referred to in the last column of Table 1 are listed below.
Eqn. 3
Fy Fy kc
Eqn. 4
Eqn. 5
kc =
4.05
(h t w )0.46
Eqn. 5a
Fb = 0.60 Fy
Eqn. 6
In Equation 6, the program takes Fy as the yield stress of the compression flange for hybrid beams.
When
102 * 10 3 C b 510 * 10 3 C b l Fy rT Fy
2 2 Fy (l rT ) Fy 0.60Fy Fb = 3 1,530 * 10 3 C b
Eqn. 7
Technical Note 22 - 4
When Fb =
170 * 103 Cb
Eqn. 8
(l rT )2
0.60Fy
Fb =
Eqn. 9
In Equations 7 and 8, the l term in l/rT is the unbraced length of the compression flange. The rT term is based on the compression flange of the beam. This is significant when the dimensions of the top and bottom flanges are different. For rolled sections, the rT term is taken from the program database. For userdefined (welded) sections, the rT term is calculated using Equation 10a or 10b. Equation 10a applies for positive bending and Equation 10b applies for negative bending. If it exists, the cover plate is ignored when calculating rT. For positive bending:
b 3 top t f top f rT = 12
(d y bare
t f top ) t 3 w
Eqn. 10a
b f top t f top +
For negative bending:
36 (d y bare t f top ) t w 3
rT =
Eqn. 10b
The Cb term in Equations 7, 8 and 9 is defined in "Bracing (C) Tab and Bracing Tab" in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASC89 Technical Note 18 Overwrites. In Equation 9 Af is the area of the compression flange (not including the cover plate even if it exists).
Technical Note 22 - 5
The derivation of ybare is provided in "Properties of Steel Beam (Plus Cover Plate) Alone" in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia.
Technical Note 22 - 6
Concrete slab
Metal deck
Steel beam
Cover plate
bcp
Table 2:
Equations the Program Uses to Calculate the Allowable Bending Stress in the Steel Beam Portion of a Composite Beam
Web compact noncompact compact or noncompact Beam Fy 65 ksi 65 ksi > 65 ksi Equations Used for Allowable Stresses Compression Tension 11 12 12 11 12 12
Fb = 0.66 Fy Fb = 0.60 Fy
tcp
hr
tc
Eqn.11 Eqn. 12
Technical Note 22 - 7
Technical Note 23
Table 1: Equations for Actual and Allowable Stresses for Noncomposite Bending
Equation for Calculating Actual Bending Stress Equation for Calculating Allowable Bending Stress See Table 1 in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses. See Table 1 in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses.
M (d y bare ) I bare
M y bare I bare
Technical Note 23 - 1
Table 1: Equations for Actual and Allowable Stresses for Noncomposite Bending
Equation for Calculating Actual Bending Stress Equation for Calculating Allowable Bending Stress See Table 1 in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses.
M (y bare + t cp ) I bare
The following notation is used in the equations in the second column of Table 1: Ibare = Moment of inertia of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if one exists), in4. See Equation 3 in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia. = The design moment, kip-in. = Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, in. = Thickness of cover plate, in. = Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel section to the elastic neutral axis (ENA) of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists), in. See Equation 2 in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia.
M d
tcp ybare
Technical Note 23 - 2
The bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam. The bottom of the cover plate, if it exists. Table 2 lists the equations that the program uses to calculate both the actual bending stress and the allowable bending stress at each of these positions. In addition to the checks listed in Table 2, if the beam is unshored, the program performs additional checks. These checks are described in the section entitled "Important Notes Regarding Unshored Composite Beams" later in this Technical Note.
Table 2: Equations for Actual and Allowable Stresses for Positive Bending in a Composite Beam
Equation for Calculating Actual Bending Stress Equation for Calculating Allowable Bending Stress 0.45f'c
12a, 12b in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection. Top of beam top 7 flange in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection. Bottom of beam 6 bottom flange in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection. Bottom of cover 5 plate in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection.
11 or 12 in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses. See Table 2 in the same Note. 11 or 12 in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses. See Table 2 in the same Note. 1 together with 11 or 12 in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses. See Table 2 in the same Note.
Technical Note 23 - 3
The equations referred to in the second column of Table 2 for calculating actual bending stress are derived for partial composite connection. When there is full (100%) composite connection, make the substitutions shown in Equations 1a through 1g into those equations: Note: The formulas shown in Equations 1a through 1g are not in general true. They only apply as substitutions into the equations listed in Table 2 when you are considering full (100%) composite connection rather than partial composite connection. Equations 1a and 1b show the substitutions to make into Equation 12a of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection if you are considering full (100%) composite connection. St eff left =
Eqn. 1a Eqn. 1b
Equations 1c and 1d show the substitutions to make into Equations 12b of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection if you are considering full (100%) composite connection. St eff right =
(d + hr right + tc right y )
Itr
Eqn. 1c Eqn. 1d
Equations 1e and 1f show the substitutions to make into Equations 6 and 7 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection if you are considering full (100%) composite connection. yeff = y Ieff = Itr Eqn. 1e Eqn. 1f
The y term in Equations 1a, 1c and 1e is the distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the elastic neutral axis (ENA) of the composite beam.
Technical Note 23 - 4
The distance y can be calculated using Equation 17a or 17b of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia. The Itr term in Equation 1f is the transformed section moment of inertia about the ENA of the composite beam assuming full (100%) composite connection. This moment of inertia can be calculated using Equation 18 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia. Equation 1g shows the substitution to make into Equation 5 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection if you are considering full (100%) composite connection. Seff = Str Eqn. 1g
The Str term in Equation 1g is the section modulus for the fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists). This section modulus can be calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection.
Technical Note 23 - 5
MDL (d ybare ) MAll Other (d - yeff ) + 0.9 Fy Ibare Ieff At the bottom of the beam bottom flange: MDL ybare MAll Other yeff + 0.9 Fy Ibare Ieff At the bottom of the cover plate, if it exists: MDL ybare + tcp Ibare
Eqn. 2a
Eqn. 2b
) + MAll Other
Seff
0.9 Fy
Eqn. 2c
In Equations 2a through 2c, MDL is the moment due to dead load and MAll Other is the moment due to all other loads (except dead load).
Technical Note 23 - 6
Technical Note 24
the same as AISC-ASD89 Specification Equation F4-1. Fv = 0.40 Fy where, Fv Fy = = Allowable shear stress, ksi. Beam yield stress, ksi. Eqn. 1
Technical Note 24 - 1
V d C bot C top t w
Eqn. 2
= Cope depth at bottom of beam, in. = Cope depth at top of beam, in. = Beam end shear at the inside end of the rigid end offset along the length of the beam (if the offset exists), kips. = Beam depth, in. = Shear stress, ksi. = Beam web thickness, in.
d fv tw Note:
The top and bottom copes are internally calculated by the program and reported in the long- and short-form printed output. See the section entitled "Copes" later in this Technical Note for more information on beam copes. Note that Equation 2 is based on the full depth of the beam minus the top and bottom copes. The copes are internally calculated by the program and are reported in the printed output. See the following section titled "Copes" for information on how the program determines the assumed copes.
Slender Web
For h/tw > 380
Equation 3 is based on AISC-ASD89 Specification Equation F4-2 with kv set equal to 5.34. F v = Cv where Cv = 45,000 * 5.34 Fy (h t w )
2
Fy 2.89
0.40Fy
Eqn. 3
when Cv 0.8
Eqn. 3a
Technical Note 24 - 2
Cv =
190 h tw
Eqn. 3b
(d
V
* C bot
C* t w top
Eqn. 4
where C*bot = maximum of Cbot or tf bot C*top = maximum of Ctop or tf top Eqn. 4a Eqn. 4b
Note that Equation 4 is based on the clear distance between the flanges of the beam minus any portion of the top and bottom copes that extends into this clear distance. This is different from the typical, non-slender web case. Finally, note that the value of h/tw is limited by the requirements for a noncompact web. See "Noncompact Section Limits for Webs" in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 19 Width-to-Thickness Checks for more information.
Copes
The program calculates the default beam copes as follows: If the beam frames into a column or a brace, by default, no cope is assumed at either the top or the bottom of the beam. If a beam, call it Beam A, frames into another beam, call it Beam B, the following copes are assumed in Beam A, as shown in Figure 1: The depth of the cope at the top of Beam A is equal to the thickness of the Beam B top flange plus 1/4". If the depth of Beam A is greater than the depth of Beam B minus the bottom flange thickness of Beam B minus 1/4", the depth of the cope at the bottom of Beam A is equal to the depth of Beam A minus the depth of Beam B plus the bottom flange thickness of Beam B plus 1/4".
Copes
Technical Note 24 - 3
tf-top
tf-top + 1/4"
Beam B
Beam A
tf-bot + 1/4"
dB
tf-bot
Technical Note 24 - 4
dA - d + f-bot + 1/4"
dA
3. Standard bolt holes are assumed. The diameter of the bolt hole is assumed to be 15/16". 4. The number of bolts assumed is based on the T dimension of the beam as shown in Table 1. For rolled sections, the T dimension, which is tabulated in the AISC manual, is equal to d -2k. For welded sections, the program assumes that the T dimension equals d - tf-top - tf-bot - 1 inch. where, d k = Beam depth, in. = Distance from outside face of rolled beam flange to toe of web fillet, in. = Thickness of beam bottom flange, in. = Thickness of beam top flange, in.
tf-bot tf-top
5. The distance from the center of the top bolt hole to the top edge of the beam web (at the cope), lv, is 1.5 inches. 6. The distance from the center of any bolt hole to the end of the beam web, lh, is 1.5 inches.
Technical Note 24 - 5
lv = 1.5"
Shear plane
Ans
Fu
Vall
The gross area along the tension plane, Agt, is given by Equation 6. Agt = lh tw Eqn. 6
Technical Note 24 - 6
3 typ.
where, lh = The distance from the center of a bolt hole to the end of the beam web, in. The program assumes this distance to be 1.5 inches, as shown in Figure 2. = Beam web thickness, in.
tw
The net area along the shear plane, Ans, is given by Equation 7. Ans = [lv + 3(n - 1) - (15/16)(n - 0.5)] tw where, lv = The distance from the center of the top bolt hole to the top edge of the beam web (at the cope), in. The program assumes this distance to be 1.5 inches, as shown in Figure 2. = The number of bolts as determined from Table 1, unitless. = Beam web thickness, in. Eqn. 7
tw
If the allowable shear at the end of the beam, Vall, is less than the beam end reaction, the program prints a design warning message in the output.
Technical Note 24 - 7
shear) is issued in the output. The program does not fail the beam because it does not pass the shear rupture check. 4. Tension field action, as described in AISC-ASD89 specification Chapter G is not considered.
Technical Note 24 - 8
Technical Note 25
Overview
Technical Note 25 - 1
Shear Studs
f'c Ec
= =
Compressive strength of concrete slab, ksi. Youngs modulus for the concrete slab as specified in the material property definition associated with the slab, ksi. Minimum specified tensile strength of shear stud, ksi.
Fu
Equation 1 is based on AISC-LRFD93 Specifications Equation I5-1 with a safety factor of 2 applied to it. Note that this equation is also discussed in the AISC-ASD89 specifications commentary for Chapter I. Equation 1 gives allowable shear stud loads similar, but not exactly the same, to those obtained using Tables I4.1 and I4.2 in the AISC-ASD89 specification. If you want to use values that are exactly the same as those obtained from AISC-ASD89 Tables I4.1 and I4.2, you should assign a value of q in the overwrites. If there is formed metal deck, the value of q obtained from Equation 1 is reduced by a reduction factor, RF, whose value depends on the direction of the deck span relative to the beam span. The reduction factor is different depending on whether the span of the metal deck ribs is oriented parallel or perpendicular to the span of the beam. The subsections below entitled Reduction Factor when Metal Deck is Perpendicular to Beam and Reduction Factor when Metal Deck is Parallel to Beam describe the reduction factors for the two deck directions. Important note #1: The metal deck reduction factor, RF, only applies to the 0.25Asc f c' E c term in Equation 1. It does not apply to the 0.5AscFu term.
Important note #2: When there is slab on both sides of the beam, the program calculates q for each side of the beam separately using Equation 1 and the appropriate metal deck reduction factor if applicable. The program then uses the smaller of the two q values in the calculations. Important note #3: When you specify a q value in the composite beam overwrites, the program assumes that the specified value of q already includes a metal deck reduction factor, if applicable. Thus the program does not modify the specified q value based on the metal deck configuration.
Technical Note 25 - 2
Shear Studs
the reduction factor specified in Equation 2 to yield the final allowable horizontal load for a single shear stud. 0.85 RF = N r where, RF = Reduction factor for the allowable horizontal load for a shear stud, unitless. Height of metal deck rib, in. Length of shear stud after welding, in. Number of shear studs in one metal deck rib, but not more than 3 in the calculations even if more than 3 studs exist in the rib, unitless. The program uses whatever value is specified for the Max Studs per Row item on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites for Nr, unless that value exceeds 3, in which case the program uses 3. Note that the default value for the Max Studs per Row item in the overwrites is 3. Average width of metal deck rib, in. wr h r Hs h 1.0 1.0 r Eqn. 2
hr Hs Nr
= = =
wr
hr
Technical Note 25 - 3
Shear Studs
Hs wr
= =
Length of shear stud after welding, in. Average width of metal deck rib, in.
Eqn. 4
Ac
Technical Note 25 - 4
Shear Studs
Vh =
bf -topt f -topFy 2
2 bf -bot t f -botFy 2
ht wFy +
+ bcp t cpFycp 2
Eqn. 5b
The following notation is used in Equations 5a and 5b: As = Area of a rolled steel section (not including the cover plate, if it exists), in2. Minimum specified yield stress of steel beam, ksi. Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, ksi. Width of steel cover plate, in. Width of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in. Width of top flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in. Clear distance between flanges for a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in. Thickness of cover plate, in. Thickness of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in. Thickness of top flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in.
= = = =
bf-top
tcp tf-bot
= =
tf-top
Technical Note 25 - 5
Shear Studs
Between the Output Station with Maximum Moment and the Point of Zero Moment
For full (100%) composite action, the number of shear studs required between the output station with the maximum positive moment and adjacent points of zero moment, N1, for a given design load combination is given by Equation 6. N1 = Vh q Eqn. 6
In Equation 6, Vh is determined as described in the previous section entitled "Horizontal Shear for Full Composite Connection" and q is determined as described in the previous section entitled "Shear Stud Connectors." For partial composite connection, the number of shear studs required between the output station with the maximum positive moment and adjacent points of zero moment, N1, is given by Equation 7. N1 =
' Vh q
Eqn. 7
In Equation 7, V'h is equal to the percent composite connection times Vh. For example, if there is 70% composite connection, V'h = 0.7 Vh. Thus, the percent composite connection, PCC, for AISC-ASD89 design is given by Equation 8. PCC =
' Vh Vh
Eqn. 8
Eqn. 9
Technical Note 25 - 6
Shear Studs
Mstationmax
Maximum moment at any output station for a given design load combination, k-in. Moment at the output station considered for the design load combination, k-in. Number of shear studs required between the output station with the maximum positive moment and adjacent points of zero moment for the design load combination, unitless. Number of shear studs required between the output station considered and adjacent points of zero moment for the design load combination, unitless. A term equal to Str/Sbare for full (100%) composite connection and Seff/Sbare for partial composite connection, unitless.
Mstation
N1
N2
The Str term is the section modulus for the fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. This section modulus can be calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Bean Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection. The Sbare term is the section modulus for the steel section alone (plus cover plate, if it exists) referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel section, in3. This section modulus can be calculated as Ibare/ybare where Ibare is calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia and ybare is calculated using Equation 2 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia. The Seff term is the effective section modulus of the partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. This section modulus can be calculated using Equation 2 of Composite Bean Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection.
Technical Note 25 - 7
Technical Note 26
Basic Equations
Equation 1 applies at the output station with the maximum positive moment when there is full (100%) composite connection. N1 = where, Vh is the total horizontal shear to be resisted between the point of maximum positive moment (where the concrete is in compression) and the points of zero moment for full composite connection. Vh is derived by the smaller of Equations 1a, 1b or 1c as applicable. Note that Equation 1a applies to both rolled beams and user-defined (welded) beams. Equation 1b only applies to rolled beams and Equation 1c only applies to user-defined (welded) beams. Vh = where, fc = Compressive strength of the concrete slab, ksi. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Area of the concrete slab, in2.
' ' 0.85f c left A c left + 0.85f c right A c right
Vh q
Eqn. 1
Eqn. 1a
Ac
Basic Equations
Technical Note 26 - 1
When the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span, Ac is the area of concrete in the slab above the metal deck that is above the elastic neutral axis (ENA) of the fully composite beam. When the deck span is parallel to the beam span, Ac is the area of concrete in the slab, including the concrete in the metal deck ribs, that is above the ENA of the fully composite beam. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. For rolled beams only:
Vh =
A s Fy + b cp t cp Fycp 2
Eqn. 1b
2 2 b f - bot t f - bot Fy 2
Eqn. 1c
The following notation is used in Equations 1b and 1c: As = Area of a rolled steel section (not including the cover plate, if it exists), in2. = Minimum specified yield stress of steel beam, ksi. = Width of steel cover plate, in. = Width of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in. = Width of top flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in. = Clear distance between flanges for a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in. = Thickness of cover plate, in. = Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, ksi. = Thickness of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in.
Fy bcp bf-bot
bf-top h
Technical Note 26 - 2
Basic Equations
tf-top
Equation 2 applies at the output station with the maximum positive moment when there is partial composite connection. N1 =
' Vh q
Eqn. 2
In Equation 2, V'h is equal to the percent composite connection times Vh. For example, if there is 70% composite connection, V'h = 0.7 Vh. Equation 3 applies at any other output station regardless of the percent composite connection. M N1 station 1 Mstation max N2 = 0 1 where, N2 = Number of shear studs required between the output station considered and adjacent points of zero moment for the design load combination, unitless. = Number of shear studs required between the output station with the maximum positive moment and adjacent points of zero moment for the design load combination, unitless. = Moment at the output station considered for the design load combination, k-in. = A term equal to Str/Sbare for full (100%) composite connection and Seff/Sbare for partial composite connection, unitless. Str is the section modulus for fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. Sbare is the section modulus of the steel beam alone (plus cover plate, if it exists) referred to the ex-
Eqn. 3
N1
Mstation
Basic Equations
Technical Note 26 - 3
treme tension fiber, in3. Seff is the effective section modulus of a partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate, it if exists), in3. Mstationmax = Maximum moment at any output station for a given design load combination, k-in.
Technical Note 26 - 4
50 k-ft
13.33 k
Shear
13.33' 16.67 k
50 k-ft
Moment
3.33' 88.89 k-ft (actual Mmax) Actual point of zero moment
Center of support
L1 and LCBS
0.5'
L1 right = 12.63'
2.87'
Table 1 illustrates how the bending moment is calculated by the program for this beam at each output station. Note the following about Figure 1 and Table 1: The actual maximum moment for this beam of 88.89 k-ft occurs at a distance of 13.33 feet from the left end of the beam, as shown in the moment diagram in Figure 1. As shown in Table 1, since the program only calculates moment at the designated output stations, it picks up the maximum moment as 88.67 k-ft at the station located 14 feet from the (center of the support at the) left end of the beam. Increasing the number of output stations will decrease the difference between the programcalculated maximum moment and the actual maximum moment. The actual point of zero moment near the right end of the beam occurs 26.67 feet from the left end of the beam (3.33 feet from the right end of the beam), as shown in the moment diagram in Figure 1. Referring to Table 1, the program calculates the point of zero moment by assuming a linear variation of moment between output stations located 26 and 28 feet from the left end of the beam. This assumption yields a point of zero moment that is 26.63 feet from the left end of the beam (3.37 feet from the right end of the beam). The dimensions shown in the bottom sketch of Figure 1 reflect this program-calculated point of zero moment.
Moment
(k-ft)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.00 24.67 45.33 62.00 74.67 83.33 88.00 88.67 85.33 78.00 66.67
Technical Note 26 - 6
Moment
(k-ft)
22 24 26 28 30
The program calculates the maximum moment as 88.67 k-ft at the output station located 14 feet from the left end of the beam. Multiplying Mmax by 0.999 yields 0.999 *88.67 = 88.58 k-ft. Because no other output station has a moment that exceeds 0.999Mmax (88.58 k-ft) and no point loads are on this beam (for any load case), the only output station that is considered when determining the shear stud distribution is the station 14 feet from the left end of the beam (the maximum moment location). The required number of shear studs between the maximum moment and adjacent points of zero moment, N1, is calculated using Equation 2 as: N1 =
' Vh 245 kips = = 19.76 studs q 12.4 kips per stud
The distances L1 left and L1 right for the output station located 14 feet from the left end of the beam are shown in Figure 1. NCBS1 = Roundup Max NCBS1 = Roundup Max N N , L 1 left L 1 right * L CBS1
Technical Note 26 - 7
NCBS1 = 46 studs The minimum number of studs required in the composite beam segment for this beam is calculated using Equation 5 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam as: L MS CBS = Roundup CBS MaxLS 29 ft MS CBS = Roundup 36 in 12 in 1 ft = 10 studs
Thus, the number of shear studs does not need to be increased to meet the minimum requirements. Assuming that the shear studs are found to fit on the beam, the final number of uniformly spaced shear studs specified for the beam is 46.
Technical Note 26 - 8
5k
20 k
10' 10 k
10' 30'
10' 15 k
10 k
5k
Shear
15 k
Moment
Center of support
0.5'
L1 right = 19.5'
Technical Note 26 - 9
The support distance, S, plus the gap distance, G, is equal to 0.50 foot (6 inches) at each end of the beam. The maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam is 36 inches. As shown in Figure 2, this beam has one composite beam segment that has a length, LCBS, of 29 feet. Table 2 shows the bending moment calculated by the program for this beam at each output station.
Technical Note 26 - 10
The required number of shear studs between the maximum moment (located at the output station 20 feet from the left end of the beam) and adjacent points of zero moment, N1, is calculated using Equation 2 as: N1 =
' Vh 124 kips = = 10.00 studs q 12.4 kips per stud
The required number of shear studs between the point load located at the output station 10 feet from the left end of the beam and adjacent points of zero moment, N2, is calculated using Equation 3 as: Mstation 1 N1 Mstation max =0 N2 = 1 100 k - ft * 1.40 10.00 studs 1 150 k - ft N2 = = Negative 1.40 1 N2 = 0 studs The distances L1 left and L1 right for the output stations located 10 feet and 20 feet from the left end of the beam are shown in Figure 2. For the output station located 10 feet from the left end of the beam: NCBS1 = Roundup Max NCBS1 = Roundup Max NCBS1 = 0 studs For the output station located 20 feet from the left end of the beam: NCBS1 = Roundup Max N N , L 1 left L 1 right * L CBS1 N N , L 1 left L 1 right * L CBS1
Technical Note 26 - 11
10.00 studs NCBS1 = Roundup * 29 ft 9.50 ft NCBS1 = Roundup (30.53 studs) NCBS1 = 31 studs The minimum number of studs required in the composite beam segment for this beam is calculated using Equation 5 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam as: L MS CBS = Roundup CBS MaxLS 29 ft MS CBS = Roundup 36 in 12 in 1 ft = 10 studs
Thus, the number of shear studs does not need to be increased to meet the minimum requirements. Assuming that the shear studs are found to fit on the beam, the final number of uniformly spaced shear studs specified for the beam is 31.
Technical Note 26 - 12
Technical Note 26 - 13
5k
20 k
10' 10 k
10' 30'
10' 15 k
10 k
5k
Shear
15 k
Moment
Center of support
0.5'
L1 right = 19.5'
Technical Note 26 - 14
9.5 ft 19.5 ft
Station 20 ft 10 ft
Right to Left Along the Beam L1 left L1 right Studs NCBS1 19.5 ft 9.5 ft 9.5 ft 19.5 ft 10.00 0.00 5 (3b) 5 (4d)
The numbers in parenthesis identify equations from Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam. The number of shear studs listed in the Studs column of Table 3 is calculated exactly as described for Example 2. Equation 3 is used at the station 10 feet from the left end of the beam, and Equation 2 is used at the station 20 feet from the left end of the beam. The columns labeled NCBS1, NCBS2 and NCBS3 show the number of studs required in composite beam segments 1, 2 and 3, respectively, along with the equation used to calculate that number of studs. The equation number is shown in parenthesis. The calculation proceeds from left to right along the beam and then back along the beam from right to left. The detailed calculations associated with Table 3 are shown in the next subsection entitled "Detailed Calculations." The final required number of shear studs for each of the composite beam segments is shown in the last row of Table 3. Composite beam segments 1, 2 and 3 require 5, 5 and 10 shear studs, respectively. This is a total of 20 shear studs. This compares with 31 studs required in Example 2, where a uniform intensity of shear studs is assumed over the entire beam rather than over each of the three composite beam segments.
Detailed Calculations
This subsection shows the calculations required to obtain the values in the columns labeled NCBS1, NCBS2 and NCBS3 in Table 3.
Technical Note 26 - 15
Technical Note 26 - 16
N L 1 left
n 1
i =1
L CBSi <
1
? n 1 i =1
CBSi
i =1
L CBSi <
N
i =1
CBSi
? 10.00 studs * L CBS1 < NCBS1 19.5 ft ? 10.00 studs * 9.5 ft < 5 studs 19.5 ft
4.87 studs < 5 studs Use Equation 2b of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam. Thus, Equation 2b of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam is used to calculate the studs required in composite beam segment 2.
1 N NCBSi i =1 = Roundup * L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev 1 L CBSi L 1 left i =1
NCBS2
10.00 studs - 5 studs NCBS2 = Roundup * 10 ft 0 studs 19.5 ft 9.5 ft NCBS2 = 5 studs Because the output station considered is in composite beam segment 2 and we are working from left to right along the beam, NCBS3 is not yet applicable.
Technical Note 26 - 17
Equation 3a of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam is used to calculate the shear studs required in composite beam segment 3.
10 studs 10 studs N CBS 3 = Roundup Max 19.5 ft , 9.5 ft * 9.5 ft 0 studs 10 studs N CBS 3 = Roundup 9.5 ft * 9.5 ft 0 studs
NCBS3 = 10 studs Equation 3b of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam is used to calculate the shear studs required in composite beam segments 1 and 2. NCBS1 = NCBS1 Prev = 5 studs NCBS2 = NCBS2 Prev = 5 studs
Technical Note 26 - 18
Therefore, use 10 studs. Next we determine whether to use Equation 4b or Equation 4c of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for composite beam segment 2. N L 1 right
rightmost
i =n +1
L CBSi <
? rightmost i =n +1
CBSi
? 0 studs * L CBS3 < NCBS3 19.5 ft ? 0 studs * 9.5 ft < 10 studs 19.5 ft
0 studs < 10 studs Use Equation 7b. Thus, Equation 4b of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam is used to calculate the studs required in composite beam segment 2.
rightmost N NCBSi i=3 * L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev = Roundup rightmost L CBSi L 1 right i=3
NCBS2
N - NCBS3 NCBS2 = Roundup * L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev L 1 right L CBS3 0 - 10 NCBS2 = Roundup 19.5 ft 9.5 ft * 10 ft 5 studs NCBS2 = Negative 5 studs, use 5 studs Equation 4d of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam is used to calculate the shear studs required in composite beam segment 1. NCBS1 = NCBS1 Prev = 5 studs
Technical Note 26 - 19
L 10 ft 12 in = 4 studs MS CBS2 = Roundup CBS2 = MaxLS 36 in 1 ft L 9.5 ft MS CBS3 = Roundup CBS3 = MaxLS 36 in 12 in 1 ft = 4 studs
Thus, the number of shear studs does not need to be increased to meet the minimum requirements. Assuming that the shear studs are found to fit on the beam, the final number of uniformly spaced shear studs specified for the beam is 5 in composite beam segment 1, 5 in composite beam segment 2 and 10 in composite beam segment 3, for a total of 20 shear studs.
Technical Note 26 - 20
Technical Note 27
Input Data
This Technical Note describes the composite beam design input data for AISCASD89. The input can be printed to a printer or to a text file when you click the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command. A printout of the input data provides the user with the opportunity to carefully review the parameters that have been input into the program and upon which program design is based. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 5 Input Data for further information about using the print Composite Beam Design Tables Form, as well as other non-code-specific input data for composite beam design.
Technical Note 27 - 1
Input Data
Beam Properties
Composite Type
Shoring Provided
b-eff Left
b-eff Right
Beam Fy
Beam Fu
Technical Note 27 - 2
Input Data
Cover Plate
This information is included on the Beam tab of the overwrites. Plate Width Plate Thick Plate Fy Consider Cover Plate Width of the cover plate. Thickness of the cover plate. Yield stress of the cover plate. If this item is "Yes," the specified cover plate is considered in the design of the beam. Otherwise, the cover plate is not considered in the beam design.
Unbraced L22
L22 Absolute
Cb Factor
Technical Note 27 - 3
Input Data
Point Braces
The heading of the point braces data table specifies whether the point braces are program calculated or user-defined, and whether the distances used to locate the point braces (Location item) are absolute (actual) distances or relative distances. A relative distance is the distance divided by the length of the beam. Location This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the point brace. As described in the preceding paragraph, it may be an absolute or a relative distance. The choices for this item are TopFlange, BotFlange or BothFlngs. TopFlange means only the top flange is braced at this point. BotFlange means only the bottom flange is braced at this point. BothFlngs means both the top and bottom flanges are braced at this point.
Type
Uniform Braces
The heading of the uniform braces data table specifies whether the point braces are program calculated or user-defined, and whether the distances used to define the extent of the uniform braces (Start and End items) are absolute (actual) distances or relative distances. A relative distance is the distance divided by the length of the beam. Note: Details about the location and type of program calculated point and uniform braces is only reported after you have run the design. Before you run the design, this information is not available. Start This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the starting point of the uniform brace. As described in the preceding paragraph, it may be an absolute or a relative distance. This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the ending point of the uniform brace. This distance is always larger than the Start item. As described previously, it may be an absolute or a relative distance. The choices for this item are TopFlange, BotFlange or BothFlngs. TopFlange means only the top flange is uniformly braced along the specified length. BotFlange means only the bottom flange is uniformly braced along the specified length. BothFlngs means both the top and bottom flanges are uniformly braced along the specified length.
End
Type
Technical Note 27 - 4
Input Data
Deck Properties
Beam Side
Deck Label
Deck Direction
Technical Note 27 - 5
Input Data
End
Length Number
Other Restrictions
Limit Beam Depth
Technical Note 27 - 6
Input Data
EQF
1/3 Increase
Technical Note 27 - 7
Technical Note 28
Output Details
This Technical Note describes the composite beam output for AISC-ASD89 that can be printed to a printer or to a text file in either short form or long form. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 6 Output Data for information about using the Print Composite Beam Design Tables Form, as well as the Summary of Composite Beam Output. The program provides the output data in a series of tables. The column headings for output data and a description of what is included in the columns of the tables are provided in Table 1 of this Technical Note.
Group
Beam
Technical Note 28 - 1
Output Details
Seg. Length
Stud Ratio
Shored
Technical Note 28 - 2
Output Details
Comparative
Overwrites
b-cp
t-cp
Fy-cp
Consider-cp
Deck Left and Deck Right Dir. Left and Dir. Right
Technical Note 28 - 3
Output Details
Itrans
Ibare
Is
ybare
yeff
Technical Note 28 - 4
Output Details
Moment Design
This table of output data reports the controlling moments for both construction loads and final loads. Pmax The largest axial load in the beam for any design load combination. Important note: This value is not used in the Composite Beam Design postprocessor design. It is reported to give you a sense of how much axial load, if any, is in the beam. If there is a significant amount of axial load in the beam, you may want to design it noncompositely using the Steel Frame Design postprocessor. The Steel Frame Design postprocessor does consider axial load. Pmax Combo Type The design load combination associated with Pmax. This item is either Constr Pos, Constr Neg, Final Pos or Final Neg. Const Pos means it is a positive moment for construction loading. Const Neg means it is a negative moment for construction loading. Final Pos means it is a positive moment for final loading. Final Neg means it is a negative moment for final loading. Design load combination that causes the controlling moment for the moment type considered in the table row. The critical location over the height of the beam section for bending stress. Possible values for this are: ConcLeft: The top of the concrete slab on the left side of the beam.
Combo
Location
ConcRight: The top of the concrete slab on the right side of the beam. TopFlange: The top of the beam top flange. BotFlange: The bottom of the beam bottom flange. CoverPlate: The bottom of the cover plate.
Technical Note 28 - 5
Output Details
fb
Fb
1/3 Factor
Ratio
Shear Design
This table of output data reports the controlling shears for both construction loads and final loads. Type This item is either Constr Left, Constr Right, Constr Worst, Final Left or Final Right. Constr Left means it is a construction loading shear at the left end of the beam. Constr Right means it is a construction loading shear at the right end of the beam. Constr Worst means it is a construction loading shear somewhere in the middle of the beam and it is the worst-case shear. Final Left means it is a final loading shear at the left end of the beam. Final Rght means it is a final loading shear at the right end of the beam. Final Worst means it is a construction loading shear somewhere in the middle of the beam and it is the worstcase shear.
Technical Note 28 - 6
Output Details
Block
fv Fv
1/3 Factor
Ratio
Deflection Design
This table of output data reports the controlling deflections for both live load and total load. Type Consider This item is either Live Load or Total Load. This item is always Yes, indicating that deflection is one of the criteria checked when determining if a beam section is considered acceptable.
Technical Note 28 - 7
Output Details
Deflection
Note: Deflection is described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. Limit The deflection limit for the deflection type considered in the table row. This is the controlling deflection divided by the deflection limit.
Ratio
Technical Note 28 - 8
Technical Note 29
Technical Note 29 - 1
Determine design check locations. 3 Determine checking order for beams. 4 Select a trial beam section. 5 Is the section compact or noncompact? 6
Is there another trial section available that may qualify as the optimum beam Yes No section? 19
20 Determine if trial section is the current optimum section. 18 Determine price of section.
On the basis of compact section requirements, determine whether to use a plastic or an elastic stress distribution to calculate the moment capacity, Mn. 7
Yes
No
Considering full composite connection, are the maximum moment and deflection acceptable? Yes 9
15 Yes Do the required No shear connectors fit on the beam? 14 Determine the required number of shear connectors. 13 Determine the minimum acceptable percent composite connection considering combined stresses and deflection criteria. 12
No
No Considering full composite action, is the interaction for the combined stresses Yes acceptable? 11
Technical Note 29 - 2
Technical Note 29 - 3
sign AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia for description of how the program calculates the transformed section properties. In AISC-LRFD93 design, the transformed section properties are used for calculating deflection, and they are used when the moment capacity is determined based on an elastic stress distribution; that is, when the web is noncompact.
Technical Note 29 - 4
For more information refer to Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution and Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 38 Bending and Deflection Checks. Also refer to Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection.
Box 16 - Camber
The program determines the camber for the beam, if it is specified to have camber. Refer to Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber for more information.
Technical Note 29 - 5
the program determines the price of the current beam. Refer to Using Price to Select Optimum Beam Sections in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 1 General Design Information for more information.
Technical Note 29 - 6
For more information on the design by group feature, refer to the section "How the Program Optimizes Design Groups" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 1 General Design Informaiton. The extension of the methodology described in Part 3 to designing by groups is relatively simple and is assumed to be apparent to the reader.
Notation
Abare Ac Area of the steel beam (plus coverplate) alone, in2. Area of concrete within slab effective width that is above the elastic neutral axis (ENA) for full composite action, in2. For beams with metal deck ribs running perpendicular to the beam span, only the concrete above the metal deck and above the ENA is included. For beams with metal deck ribs running parallel to the beam span, the concrete above the metal deck and the concrete in the deck ribs are included if it is above the ENA. This value may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Area of compression flange, in2. Gross area of steel member, in2. Area of rolled steel section, or the total area (excluding cover plate) of a user-defined steel section, in2. Note that the total area of a user-defined steel section is found by summing the area of the top flange, web and bottom flange. Initial displacement amplitude of a single beam resulting from a heel drop impact, in. Cross-sectional area of a shear stud connector, in2. Area of an element of the composite steel beam section, in2. Area of the web equal to the overall depth d times the web thickness tw, in2. Moment magnifier, unitless.
Af Ag As
ASb
Asc Atr Aw
B1
Technical Note 29 - 7
Cb Cbot CC1
Bending coefficient dependent on moment gradient, unitless. Cope depth at bottom of beam, in. Compressive force in concrete slab above metal deck, kips. If no metal deck exists, this is the compressive force in the slab. Compressive force in concrete that is in the metal deck ribs, kips. This force only occurs when the metal deck ribs are oriented parallel to the steel beam, and the plastic neutral axis is below the top of the metal deck. Compressive force in the top flange of the steel beam, kips. This force only occurs when the plastic neutral axis is below the top of the beam. Compressive force in the top fillets of a rolled steel beam, kips. This force only occurs when the plastic neutral axis is below the bottom of the top flange of the beam. Compressive force in the slab rebar, kips. This force only occurs when the plastic neutral axis is below the rebar, and you have specified the rebar to be considered. Cope depth at top of beam, in. Warping constant for a section, in6. Compressive force in the steel beam web, kips. This force only occurs when the plastic neutral axis is within the beam web. Damping ratio, percent critical damping inherent in the floor system, unitless. Modulus of elasticity of concrete slab, ksi. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Also note that this is different for stress calculations and deflection calculations. Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi.
CC2
CFT
CKT
CR
Ctop Cw CWeb
Ec
Es
Technical Note 29 - 8
Fcr FL Fr
Critical stress for columns in compression, ksi. Smaller of (Fyf - Fr) or Fyw, ksi. Compressive residual stress in flange, ksi. Taken as 10 kips per square inch for rolled shapes and 16.5 kips per square inch for welded shapes converted to the appropriate. Minimum specified tensile strength of structural steel or shear stud, ksi. Minimum specified yield stress of structural steel, ksi. Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, ksi. Minimum specified yield stress of steel in beam bottom flange, ksi. Minimum specified yield stress of steel in beam top flange, ksi. Minimum specified yield stress of steel in beam web, ksi. Shear modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi. Length of shear stud connector after welding, in. Effective moment of inertia of a partially composite beam, in4. Moment of inertia of an element of the composite steel beam section taken about its own center of gravity, in4. Moment of inertia of the steel beam alone plus cover plate if applicable, in4. Transformed section moment of inertia about elastic neutral axis of the composite beam, in4. Moment of inertia about the x and y axes of the beam respectively, in4. Moment of inertia of compression flange about the y-axis, or if there is both positive and negative bending in the beam, the
Fu
Fy Fycp Fyf-bot
Is
Itr
Ix, Iy
Iyc
Technical Note 29 - 9
smaller moment of the two flanges, in4. J K Kf Torsional constant for a section, in4. Effective length factor for prismatic member, unitless. A unitless coefficient typically equal to 1.57 unless the beam is the overhanging portion of a cantilever with a backspan, in which case Kf is as defined in Figure 1 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration, or the beam is a cantilever that is fully fixed at one end and free at the other end, in which case Kf is 0.56. Center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam, in. Laterally unbraced length of beam; length between points that are braced against lateral displacement of the compression flange or braced against twist of the cross section, in. Limiting unbraced length for determining allowable bending stress, in. Length of a composite beam segment, in. A composite beam segment spans between any of the following: (1) physical end of the beam top flange; (2) another beam framing into the beam being considered; (3) physical end of concrete slab. Figure 1 Composite Beam Design Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam illustrates some typical cases for LCBS. Length of channel shear connector, in. Limiting laterally unbraced length of beam for full plastic bending capacity, uniform moment case (Cb = 1.0), in. Limiting laterally unbraced length of beam for inelastic lateraltorsional buckling, in. Distance between two points used when the program is calculating the maximum number of shear studs that can fit between those points, in. If the deck span is oriented parallel to
L Lb
Lc
LCBS
Lcsc Lp
Lr
Ls
Technical Note 29 - 10
the beam span and at least one of the points is at the end of the beam, then Ls is taken as the distance between the two points minus 3 inches. L1 Distance from point of maximum moment to the closest point of zero moment or physical end of beam top flange, or physical end of concrete slab, in. Distance from point of maximum moment to the nearest point of zero moment or physical end of beam top flange, or physical end of concrete slab measured on the other side of the point of maximum moment from the distance L1, in. Distance from point load to the point of zero moment, physical end of beam top flange, or physical end of concrete slab measured on the appropriate side of the point load, in. If the point load is located on the left side of the point of maximum moment, the distance is measured from the point load toward the left end of the beam. If the point load is located on the right side of the point of maximum moment, the distance is measured toward the right end of the beam. Moment, kip-in. Absolute value of moment at the quarter point of the unbraced beam segment, kip-in. Absolute value of moment at the centerline of the unbraced beam segment, kip-in. Absolute value of moment at the three-quarter point of the unbraced beam segment, kip-in. Elastic buckling moment, kip-in. Maximum positive moment for a beam, kip-in. Nominal flexural strength, kip-in. Plastic bending moment, kip-in.
L2
L3
M MA
MB
MC
Mcr Mmax Mn Mp
Technical Note 29 - 11
Mpt load Mr
Moment at the location of a point load, kip-in. Limiting buckling moment, Mcr, when = r and Cb = 1.0, kipin. Required flexural strength, kip-in. Maximum possible force that can be developed in the concrete slab, and rebar in slab, if applicable, kips. Maximum possible force that can be developed in the steel section, and cover plate, if applicable, kips. The number of uniformly distributed shear connectors the program specifies for a composite beam segment, unitless. The effective number of beams resisting the heel drop impact, unitless. Number of shear stud connectors in one rib at a beam intersection; not to exceed three in computations, although more than three studs may be installed, unitless. Required number of shear connectors between the point of maximum moment and an adjacent point of zero moment (or end of slab), unitless. Required number of shear connectors between a point load and a point of zero moment (or end of slab), unitless. Available number of metal deck ribs between two points, unitless. Maximum number of shear stud connectors between two points a distance of Ls apart, unitless. Axial load, kips. Euler buckling load, kips. Nominal axial strength (tension or compression), kips.
Mu MPFconc
MPFsteel
NCBS
Neff
Nr
N1
N2
NR
NSmax
P Pe Pn
Technical Note 29 - 12
Nominal compressive axial strength, kips. Nominal tensile axial strength, kips. Heel drop force, kips. This force is taken as 0.6 kips. Required axial strength (tension or compression), kips. Axial compressive yield strength , kips. Percent composite connection, unitless. The exact formula for this term is code dependent. Nominal strength of one shear connector (shear stud or channel), kips. Wiss-Parmelee rating factor, unitless. Reduction factor for horizontal shear capacity of shear connectors, unitless. Maximum number of rows of shear stud connectors that can fit between two points a distance of Ls apart, unitless. Minimum edge distance from midheight of a metal deck rib to the center of a shear stud, in. For an example see paragraph 1b of the section Solid Slab or Deck Ribs Oriented Parallel to Beam Span in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 14 Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment. The default value is 1 inch. You can change this in the preferences and the overwrites. Effective section modulus of a partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate), in3. Center to center spacing of metal deck ribs, in. Section modulus of the steel beam alone plus cover plate if applicable referred to the tension flange, in3.
Qn
R RF
RSmax
Sed
Seff
Sr Ss
Technical Note 29 - 13
St-eff
The section modulus for the partial composite section referred to the top of the equivalent transformed section, in3. Section modulus for the fully composite uncracked transformed section referred to the extreme compression fiber, in3. Section modulus for the fully composite uncracked transformed section referred to the the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate), in3. Section modulus about the x and y axes of the beam respectively, in3. Section modulus about the x axis of the outside fiber of the compression flange, in3. Section modulus about the x axis of the outside fiber of the tension flange, in3. Maximum number of shear stud connectors that can fit in one row across the top flange of a composite beam, unitless. Tensile force in a composite rolled steel beam when the plastic neutral axis is above the top of the beam, kips. Tensile force in the cover plate, kips. Tensile force in the bottom flange of a steel beam, kips. Tensile force in the top flange of a steel beam, kips. Tensile force in the bottom fillets of a rolled steel beam, kips. Tensile force in the top fillets of a rolled steel beam, kips. Tensile force in the web of a steel beam, kips. Shear force, kips. Nominal shear strength, kips. Required shear strength, kips.
Stop
Str
S x, S y
Sxc
Sxt
SRmax
TB
Technical Note 29 - 14
Total load supported by the beam, kips. You specify a load combination that the program uses to determine this weight. Beam buckling factor defined by AISC-LRFD93 equation F1-8. Beam buckling factor defined by AISC-LRFD93 equation F1-9. Plastic section modulus of the steel beam alone plus cover plate if applicable, in3. Plastic section modulus about the x and y axes of the beam respectively, in3. clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in. For a user-defined section, ratio of web area to flange area, but not more than 10, unitless. Distance from top of concrete to bottom of effective concrete for partial composite connection when bottom of effective concrete is within the slab above the metal deck (or there is a solid slab with no metal deck), in. Distance from top of metal deck to bottom of effective concrete for partial composite connection when bottom of effective concrete is within the height of the metal deck, in. Distance from top of metal deck to elastic neutral axis when elastic neutral axis is located in slab above metal deck, in. Distance from top of concrete slab to elastic neutral axis when elastic neutral axis is located in slab above metal deck, in. Distance from bottom of metal deck to elastic neutral axis when elastic neutral axis is located within height of metal deck, in. Distance from top of metal deck to elastic neutral axis when elastic neutral axis is located within height of metal deck, in. Width, in.
X1 X2 Z
Z x, Z y
a ar
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
Technical Note 29 - 15
Width of steel cover plate, in. Effective width of concrete flange of composite beam, in. Width of flange of a rolled steel beam, in. Width of bottom flange of a user-defined steel beam, in. Width of top flange of a user-defined steel beam, in. Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, in. Average depth of concrete slab, including the concrete in the metal deck ribs, in. Diameter of a shear stud connector, in. First natural frequency of the beam in cycles per second. Specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi. Acceleration of gravity, in/seconds2. Clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius at each flange for rolled shapes and clear distance between flanges for other shapes, in. For rolled shapes, twice the distance from the beam centroid to the inside face of the compression flange less the fillet or corner radius. In a user-defined section, twice the distance from the centroid of the steel beam alone, not including the cover plate even if it exists, to the inside face of the compression flange, in. Height of metal deck rib, in. Distance from outer face of a rolled beam flange to the web toe of a fillet, in. Unitless factor used in AISC-LRFD93 Table B5.1, 0.35 kc 0.763.
davg
dsc f f'c g h
hc
hr k
kc
Technical Note 29 - 16
kdepth
Distance from inner face of a rolled beam flange to the web toe of a fillet, in. Width of idealized fillet of rolled beam section, in. Controlling laterally unbraced length of a member, in. Laterally unbraced length of a member for buckling about the local 2 and 3 axes of the beam respectively, in. Laterally unbraced length of a member for buckling about the x and y axes of the beam respectively, in. For a user-defined section, ratio of web yield stress to flange yield stress, unitless. Governing radius of gyration, in. Distance from top of beam flange to bottom of metal deck, in. Radius of gyration about the local 2 and 3 axes of the beam respectively, in. Radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus one-third of the compression web area taken about an axis in the plane of the web, in. Radius of gyration about the x and y axes of the beam respectively, in. Radius of gyration of the compression flange about the y-axis, in. Beam spacing, in. Thickness, in. Thickness of concrete slab, in. If there is metal deck this is the thickness of the concrete slab above the metal deck. Thickness of cover plate, in.
l x, l y
r rd r22, r33
rT
rx, ry
ryc
sb t tc
tcp
Technical Note 29 - 17
tf tf-bot tf-top tO
Thickness of steel beam flange, in. Thickness of bottom flange of a user-defined steel beam, in. Thickness of top flange of a user-defined steel beam, in. Time to the maximum initial displacement of a single beam resulting from a heel drop impact, seconds. Thickness of web of user-defined steel beam, in. Additional metal deck rib width, in. This term is used to specify metal deck ribs that are split over the beam. The width wa is added to the width wr when determining the width of deck rib available for shear studs. Unit weight per volume of concrete, pounds/feet3. Unit weight per area of metal deck, ksi. Average width of metal deck rib, in. The assumed gap distance from the supporting beam or column flange to the end of the beam flange, in. The default value for this length is 0.5 inches. Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section to the elastic neutral axis of the fully composite beam, in. The distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam to the neutral axis of the noncomposite steel beam plus cover plate if applicable, in. The distance from the elastic neutral axis of the bare steel beam alone (plus cover plate, if applicable) to the elastic neutral axis of the fully composite beam, in. The distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam to the neutral axis of the partially composite beam, in.
tw wa
wc wd wr x1
ybare
ye
yeff
Technical Note 29 - 18
y1
Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section to the centroid of an element of the composite beam section, in. Distance from the top of the top flange of the steel beam section to the plastic neutral axis when the plastic neutral axis is within the beam top flange, in. Distance from the bottom of the top flange of a rolled steel beam section to the plastic neutral axis when the plastic neutral axis is within the fillets, in. For a rolled steel beam, the distance from the bottom of the top fillet to the plastic neutral axis when the plastic neutral axis is within the beam web, in. For a user-defined steel beam, the distance from the bottom of the top flange to the plastic neutral axis when the plastic neutral axis is within the beam web, in. Distance from the plastic neutral axis of composite section to the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not cover plate), in. Distance from the elastic neutral axis of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if it exists) alone to the top of the concrete slab, in. Note that this distance may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Distance from the plastic neutral axis of composite section to the top of the concrete slab, in. Note that this distance may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the steel beam section, in2. Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in2. Sum of the product Atr times y1 for all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in3.
y2
y3
y4
yp
zp
Atr (Atry1)
Technical Note 29 - 19
Sum of the product A times y1 for all of the elements of the steel beam section, in3. Sum of the product A times y12 for all of the elements of the steel beam section, in4. Sum of the product Atr times y12 for all of the elements of the composite steel beam section, in4. Sum of the moments of inertia of each element of the composite steel beam section taken about the center of gravity of the element, in4. Sum of nominal strength of shear connectors (shear stud or channel) between point considered and point of zero moment, kips. Required nominal strength of shear connectors (shear stud or channel) between point considered and point of zero moment for partial composite connection percentage, PCC, kips. Required nominal strength of shear connectors (shear stud or channel) between point considered and point of zero moment for full (100%) composite action, kips. Unitless factor used in calculating number of shear studs between a point load and a point of zero moment equal to Str/Ss for full composite connection and Seff/Ss for partial composite connection. Resistance factor, unitless. Resistance factor for bending in a noncomposite beam, unitless. The default value is 0.9. Resistance factor for negative bending in a composite beam when Mn is determined from an elastic stress distribution, unitless. The default value is 0.9. Resistance factor for negative bending in a composite beam when Mn is determined from a plastic stress distribution,
IO
Qn
Qn-pcc
Qn-100
bcne
bcnp
Technical Note 29 - 20
unitless. The default value is 0.85. bcpe Resistance factor for positive bending in a composite beam when Mn is determined from an elastic stress distribution, unitless. The default value is 0.9. Resistance factor for positive bending in a composite beam when Mn is determined from a plastic stress distribution, unitless. The default value is 0.85. Resistance factor for strength of shear studs, unitless. Note that this is a resistance factor that is not defined by AISC. It is included by CSI to give you more control over the strength of the composite section. The default value is 1.0. Resistance factor for axial compression, unitless. The default value is 0.85. Resistance factor for axial tension, unitless. The default value is 0.9. Resistance factor for beam shear, unitless. The default value is 0.9. Controlling slenderness parameter, unitless. It is the minor axis slenderness ratio Lb/ry for lateral-torsional buckling. It is the flange width-thickness ratio b/t as defined in AISC LRFD Manual Specification section B5.1 for flange local buckling. It is the web depth-thickness ratio h/tw as defined in AISC LRFD Manual Specification section B5.1 for web local buckling. Column slenderness parameter, unitless. Limiting slenderness parameter for a compact element, largest value of for which Mn = Mp, unitless. Limiting slenderness parameter for a noncompact element, largest value of for which buckling is inelastic, unitless.
bcpp
bs
c p
Technical Note 29 - 21
Technical Note 30
Preferences General
The composite beam design preferences are basic assignments that apply to all composite beams. Use the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design command to access the Preferences form where you can view and revise the composite beam design preferences. The Composite Beam Design Preferences form has five separate tabs: Factors, Beam, Deflection, Vibration, and Price. Default values are provided for all composite beam design preference items. Thus, it is not required that you specify or change any of the preferences. You should, however, at least review the default values for the preference items to make sure they are acceptable to you.
Preferences
Technical Note 30 - 1
Preferences
When the preference item is clicked in either column, a short description of that item displays in the large text box just below the list of items. This description helps you remember the purpose of each preference item without referring to the documentation. To set all of the composite beam preference items on a particular tab to their default values, click on that tab to view it and then click the Reset Tab button. This button resets the preference values on the currently selected tab. To set all of the composite beam preference items on all tabs to their default values, click the Reset All button. This button immediately resets all of the composite beam preference items. Important note about resetting preferences: The defaults for the preference items are built into the program. The composite beam preference values that were in a .edb file that you used to initialize your model may be different from the built-in default values. Clicking a reset button resets the preference values to built-in values, not to the values that were in the .edb file used to initialize the model. When you have finished making changes to the composite beam preferences, click the OK button to close the form. You must click the OK button for the changes to be accepted by the program. If you click the Cancel button to exit the form, any changes made to the preferences are ignored and the form is closed.
Preferences
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the preference items are presented in tables. The column headings in these tables are described as follows: Item: The name of the preference item as it appears in the cells at the left side of the Preferences form. Possible Values: item can have. The possible values that the associated preference
Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for the associated preference item.
Technical Note 30 - 2
Preferences
Preferences
Factors Tab
Phi Factors
Table 1 lists the preference items available for phi factors in AISC-LRFD93 design. Some of those phi factors are specified by the AISC specification. Others have been created by CSI to give you more control over the capacities for the composite section.
phi-bcne
>0
0.9
phi-bcnp
>0
0.85
phi-bcpe
>0
0.9
Preferences
Technical Note 30 - 3
Preferences
phi-v
>0
0.9
Refer to the Technical Notes mentioned in the Description column of the table for more information.
Beam Tab
Table 2 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Beam tab in the Preferences form.
0%
70%
0 >0
0.75
0.95
Technical Note 30 - 4
Preferences
Preferences
Deflection Tab
Table 3 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Deflection tab in the Preferences form.
>0
240
>0
100%
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber for description of beam deflection and camber.
Vibration Tab
Table 4 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Vibration tab in the Preferences form.
25%
Consider Frequency?
Yes/No
No
Preferences
Technical Note 30 - 5
Preferences
Yes/No
No
> 0%
4%
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration for a description of beam vibration.
Price Tab
Table 5 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Price tab in the Preferences form.
$0 $0
See "Using Price to Select Optimum Beam Sections" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 1 General Design Information for additional information on the "Optimize for Price?" item.
Technical Note 30 - 6
Preferences
Preferences
Note that the price per unit weight for the steel beam (plus cover plate, if applicable) is input as part of the material property specification for the beam. The material properties can be reviewed or defined using the Define menu > Material Properties command. Be sure that you use the same currency units (for example, U.S. dollars) for the steel price in the material properties, the stud price in the preferences, and the camber price in the preferences.
Preferences
Technical Note 30 - 7
Technical Note 31
Overwrites
This Technical Note provides instructions on how to use the Composite Beam Overwrites form and describes the items available on each of the tabs in the form. One section is devoted to each of the tabs.
General
The composite beam design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to those composite beams to which they are assigned. After selecting one or more composite beams, use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > View\Revise Overwrites command to access the Composite Beam Overwrites form where you can view and revise the composite beam design overwrites. Note: There are default values provided for all overwrite items. Thus, if you are happy with the defaults, you do not need to specify any of the composite beam overwrites. The Composite Beam Overwrites form has eight tabs. They are Beam, Bracing (C), Bracing, Deck, Shear Studs, Deflection, Vibration and Miscellaneous. Descriptions of the various overwrite options available on each tab are provided later in this Technical Note. Default values are provided for all composite beam overwrite items. Thus, it is not required that you specify or change any of the overwrites. However, at least review the default values for the overwrite items to make sure they are acceptable. When changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies the changes only to the elements to which they are specifically assigned; that is, to the elements that are selected when the overwrites are changed.
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 1
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 2
Overwrites
Overwrites
Overwrites
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the overwrite items are presented in tables. The column headings in these tables are described as follows. Item: The name of the overwrite item as it appears in the cells at the left side of the Composite Beam Overwrites form. Possible Values: The possible values for the associated overwrite item. Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for the associated overwrite item. Description: A description of the associated overwrite item.
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 3
Overwrites
Beam Tab
Table 1 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Beam tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Item
Shored? Beam type
Default Value
No (unshored) Composite
Description
Toggle for shored or unshored construction. Type of beam design. NC w studs is short for Noncomposite with minimum shear studs. NC w/o studs is short for Noncomposite without shear studs. Toggle specifying how the effective width of the concrete slab on the left side of the beam is determined User-defined effective width of concrete slab on left side of beam, beff left. Toggle specifying how the effective width of the concrete slab on the right side of the beam is determined User-defined effective width of concrete slab on right side of beam, beff right Yield stress of the beam, Fy. Specifying 0 in the overwrites means that Fy is as specified in the material properties Minimum tensile strength of the beam, Fu. Specifying 0 means that Fu is as specified in the material properties
Program calculated Program calculated value Program calculated Program calculated value Specified in Material Properties Specified in Material Properties
Beam Fy
Beam Fu
Technical Note 31 - 4
Overwrites
Overwrites
Item
Cover Plate Present? Plate width Plate thickness Plate Fy
Default Value
No
Description
Toggle switch indicating if a full length cover plate exists on the bottom of the beam bottom flange. Width of cover plate, bcp. Thickness of cover plate, tcp. Cover plate yield stress, Fycp. Specifying 0 means that Fycp is set to that specified in the beam material properties
0 0 >0
0 0 0
The Shored item affects both the deflection calculations and the flexural stress calculations for the beam. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber for a description of beam deflection. If the beam is shored, no checks are performed for the construction loading design load combination. Note: The Middle Range item is specified on the Beam tab in the composite beam preferences and is described in "Location Where Effective Slab Width is Checked" of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab. Typically, when a beam is designed using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor that beam is designed as a composite beam if it has a deck section (not slab section) assigned along the full length of the specified Middle Range on at least one side of the beam. The Beam Type overwrite allows you to specify that a beam that would ordinarily be designed as a composite beam be designed as a noncomposite beam. The overwrite does not and cannot force a beam that has been designed as a noncomposite beam, because there is no deck section along at least one side, to be designed as a composite beam. When using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor, a beam that does not have a deck section along at least one side is always designed as a
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 5
Overwrites
noncomposite beam, regardless of what is specified in the Beam Type overwrite. When a beam is designed as noncomposite with minimum shear studs, the beam is designed as a noncomposite beam. Then shear studs are specified for the beam with as large a spacing as possible, without exceeding the specified maximum longitudinal spacing. The maximum longitudinal spacing can be overwritten on the Shear Studs tab. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab for a description of the beam effective width. The beam yield stress and the cover plate yield stress both default to the yield stress specified for the material property associated with the beam section. When the Define menu > Frame Sections command is used to define a beam section, the material property associated with the beam section should also be defined. The material property is defined using the Define menu > Material Properties command. In this program, the cover plate can have a yield stress that is different from that of the beam, if desired. The cover plate width, thickness and Fy items are not active unless the "Cover Plate Present" item is set to Yes. See "Cover Plates" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 7 Composite Beam Properties for a description of cover plates.
Technical Note 31 - 6
Overwrites
Overwrites
Table 2a: First Two Composite Beam Overwrite Items on the Bracing (C) Tab and the Bracing Tab
Possible Values 0 Default Value Program calculated
Item Cb factor
Description Unitless factor used in determining allowable bending stress, Cb. Specifying 0 in the overwrites means that this value is program calculated This item defines how the unbraced lengths are determined for buckling about the beam local 2-axis. They are program calculated, based on userspecified uniform and point bracing, or based on a user-specified maximum unbraced length.
Bracing Condition
Program calculated
When the Cb factor is program calculated, the program uses Equation 1 to calculate it unless you have specified the Bracing Condition as Length Specified.
Cb =
where,
2.5 M max
12.5 M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C
Eqn. 1
Mmax is the maximum moment. MA is the moment at the one-quarter point. MB is the moment at the center or one-half point. MC is the moment at the three-quarter point. When the Bracing Condition is specified as Program Calculated, the program assumes the beam is braced as described in "Determination of the Braced Points of a Beam" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 9 Beam Unbraced Length. Note that the program automatically considers the bracing for construction loading and for the final condition separately. For the construc-
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 7
Overwrites
tion loading condition, the program assumes that the concrete fill does not assist in bracing the beam. When the Bracing Condition is specified as Bracing Specified, two items appear in the tab in addition to those shown in Table 2a. The two additional items are shown in Table 2b.
Table 2b: Additional Composite Beam Overwrite Items on the Bracing (C) Tab and the Bracing Tab When the Bracing Condition Is Specified as Bracing Specified
Possible Values 0 Default Value 0
Description The number of user-specified point brace locations. Clicking in this box opens the Point Braces form where you specify the point braces. The number of user-specified uniform braces. Clicking in this box opens the Uniform Braces form where you specify the uniform braces.
The No. Point Braces and No. Uniform Braces items allow you to specify actual bracing for the beam. These items are described in "User-Specified Uniform and Point Bracing" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 9 Beam Unbraced Length. When the Bracing Condition is specified as Length Specified, two items appear in the tab in addition to those shown in Table 2a. The two additional items are shown in Table 2c.
Technical Note 31 - 8
Overwrites
Overwrites
Table 2c: Additional Composite Beam Overwrite Items on the Bracing (C) Tab and the Bracing Tab When the Bracing Condition Is Specified as Length Specified
Item Absolute Length? Unbraced L22 Possible Values Yes/No Default Value No Description Toggle switch for whether the maximum unbraced length is given as an absolute length or a relative length. Maximum unbraced length for buckling about the beam local 2 axis.
Length of beam
When the maximum unbraced length is specified as an absolute length, the actual maximum unbraced length is specified. When the maximum unbraced length is specified as a relative length, the value specified is equal to the maximum unbraced length divided by the length of the beam. The relative length specified is always between 0 and 1, inclusive. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 9 Beam Unbraced Length for additional information about the unbraced length of the beam.
Deck Tab
Table 3 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Deck tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 9
Overwrites
Description Span direction of the metal deck ribs on left side of beam relative to the span direction of the beam. Deck ID assigned to right side of beam.
Program calculated, parallel, or perpendicular Deck ID Right Program calculated, any defined deck property, or None Deck direction Program Right calculated, parallel, or perpendicular
Program calculated
Program calculated
Span direction of the metal deck ribs on the right side of beam relative to the span direction of beam
When the Deck ID is program calculated, you must refer to the output data to see what the program assumed for this item. It is not shown in the overwrites. If the deck direction is program calculated, do not overlook the important note about deck orientation in "Multiple Deck Types or Directions Along the Beam Length" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab.
Technical Note 31 - 10
Overwrites
Overwrites
Min Long Spacing Max Long Spacing Min Tran Spacing Max Studs per Row Qn
>0
>0 >0
Number of sections in which additional uniformly spaced shear studs are specified. Clicking in this box opens the Additional Sections form where you specify the section length and the number of uniformly spaced connectors in the section. Minimum longitudinal spacing of shear 6ds (i.e., six stud studs along the length of the beam. diameters) 36 inches Maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam. Minimum transverse spacing of shear 4ds (i.e., four stud studs across the beam flange. diameters) 3 Maximum number of shear studs in a single row across the beam flange. Program Capacity of a single shear stud. Specicalculated fying 0 in the overwrites means that this value is program calculated.
The Uniform Spacing and No. Additional Sections items are only available if the User Pattern item is set to Yes. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 15 User-Defined Shear Stud Patterns for a more information. The program default value for the minimum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam is six shear stud diameters. Note that this item is input as an absolute length, not as a multiplier on the stud diameter. The program default value for the maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the beam is 36 inches. The design code used may specify the maximum longitudinal spacing is eight times the total slab thickness (rib height, hr, plus concrete slab above metal deck, tc). AISC-LRFD-93 Specification Section I5 specifies that the maximum longitudinal spacing of
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 11
Overwrites
shear studs along the length of a beam shall not exceed 36 inches for beams when the span of the metal deck is perpendicular to the span of the beam. If your total slab thickness is less than 36"/8 = 4.5", the program default value may be unconservative and should be revised. The program default value for the minimum transverse spacing of shear studs across the beam flange is four shear stud diameters. This is consistent with the last paragraph of AISC-LRFD-93 Specification Section I5. Note that this item is input as an absolute length, not as a multiplier on the stud diameter. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for an additional description of how shear studs are distributed on composite beams. The "Max Studs per Row" item indicates the maximum number of shear studs that is allowed in a row across the beam flange. For wider beams, the Min Tran Spacing item might indicate that more studs could be accommodated across the beam flange but the Max Studs per Row item will limit the number of studs in any row. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for an additional description of how shear studs are distributed on beams. See "Shear Stud Connector" in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 25 Shear Studs for a description of how the program calculates the allowable shear load for a single shear stud. Note that when a q value is specified in the overwrites, the program assumes that the specified value of q has already been modified by any applicable reduction factors for the metal deck. Finally, note that specifying 0 (zero) in the overwrites for this item means that the allowable shear stud load is calculated by the program, not that it is zero. Shear studs are described in more detail in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam, Technical Note 14 The Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment, and Technical Note 15 User-Defined Shear Stud Patterns.
Deflection Tab
Table 5 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Deflection tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Technical Note 31 - 12
Overwrites
Overwrites
Description Toggle to consider live load and total load deflection limitations as absolute or as divisor of beam length (relative). Deflection limitation for live load. For relative deflection, inputting 360 means that the limit is L/360. Deflection limitation for total load. For relative deflection, inputting 240 means that the limit is L/240. Toggle for the program to calculate beam camber. User-specified camber when the program does not calculate beam camber
>0
>0
Yes/No 0
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber for a description of beam deflection and camber.
Vibration Tab
Table 6 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Vibration tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Description
User Defined Toggle to select user defined or program calculated based on beam spacing, N effective. 1.0 Effective number of beams resisting a heel drop impact.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration for a description of beam vibration.
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 13
Overwrites
Miscellaneous Tab
Table 7 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Miscellaneous tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Description Toggle to select if beam depth is to be considered in an auto select section list. If yes, maximum and minimum depths must be input. Maximum actual (not nominal) beam depth to be considered in auto select section list. Minimum actual (not nominal) beam depth to be considered in auto select section list. Maximum percent composite connection considered for the beam. Minimum percent composite connection considered for the beam. Reducible live load is multiplied by this factor to obtain the reduced live load. If zero is selected, the program calculated valued is used. Multiplier applied to the earthquake portion of the load in a design load combination. Defines if the story level similarity to a master story level is to be ignored when designing the beam.
Maximum Depth Minimum Depth Maximum PCC(%) Minimum PCC (%) LL Reduction Factor
44 inches
0<, >1.0
1.0
Yes/No
No
Technical Note 31 - 14
Overwrites
Technical Note 32
Technical Note 32 - 1
RLL
= The sum of all reducible live load (RLL) load cases defined for the model.
In Equation 1 the term 0.2 (LL + RLL) is an assumed construction live load. Note that the load factor for dead loads is assumed the same as that for live load when considering construction loads (e.g., placing of concrete, etc.). See R. Vogel (1991).
where all of the terms are as described for Equations 1 through 3. Note that all of the load factors for this servicability check are 1.0. If the beam is unshored, the WDL portion of the deflection is based on the moment of inertia of the steel beam alone and the remainder of the deflection is based on the effective moment of inertia of the composite section. If the beam is shored, the entire deflection is based on the effective moment of inertia of the composite section.
Technical Note 32 - 2
Reference
Vogel, R. 1991. LRFD-Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck, Steel Tips, Technical Information & Product Service, Steel Committee of California, March.
Technical Note 32 - 3
Technical Note 33
Overview
The program classifies beam sections as either compact, noncompact or slender. It checks the compact and noncompact section requirements at each design location along the beam for each design load combination separately. A beam section may be classified differently for different design load combinations. For example, a beam may be classified as compact for design load combination A and as noncompact for design load combination B. Two reasons that a beam may be classified differently for different design load cases are: The compact section requirements for beam webs depend on the axial load in the beam. Different design load combinations may produce different axial loads in the beam. The compression flange may be different for different design load combinations. If the sizes of the top and bottom flanges are not the same, classification of the section may depend on which flange is determined to be the compression flange. At each design location, for each design load combination, the program first checks a beam section for the compact section requirements for the compression flange, web, cover plate (if applicable) and lateral torsional buckling (if applicable) described herein. If the beam section meets all of those require-
Technical Note 33 - 1
ments, it is classified as compact for that design load combination. If the beam section does not meet all of the compact section requirements, it is checked for the noncompact requirements for the flanges, web, cover plate (if applicable) and lateral torsional buckling (if applicable) described herein. If the beam section meets all of those requirements, it is classified as noncompact for that design load combination. If the beam section does not meet all of the noncompact section requirements, it is classified as slender for that design load combination and the program does not consider it for composite beam design.
Eqn. 1
where Fyf is the specified yield stress of the flange considered. Equation 1 applies to both rolled sections selected from the program's database and to user-defined sections.
Noncompact Section Limits for Flanges I-Shaped Rolled Beams and Channels
For noncompact I-shaped rolled beams and channels, the width-to-thickness ratio for the compression flange is limited to that indicated by Equation 2.
b t
141 Fy - 10
Eqn. 2
Technical Note 33 - 2
b t
Eqn. 3
kc =
4 h tw
Eqn. 4
Technical Note 33 - 3
h 640 1 2.75Pu b Py tw Fy
Eqn. 5a
h 191 2.33 Pu b Py tw Fy
Eqn. 5b
In Equations 5a and 5b, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the beam flanges and the web. If there is no axial force, or if there is axial tension only (i.e., no axial compressive force), only Equation 5a applies.
h 970 1 0.74Pu b Py tw Fy
Eqn. 6
In Equation 6, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the beam flanges and the web.
Technical Note 33 - 4
0.74Pu 1 b Py
,
Eqn. 7
3 h 3 4 hc 2
In Equation 7, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the beam flanges and the web. Equation 7 is Equation A-B5-1 in the AISC-LRFD93 specification.
b1 190 t cp Fycp
where b1 is defined in Figure 1.
Eqn. 8
Technical Note 33 - 5
tcp
b1
b2
b1
b2
Cover plate
Case A
Case B
b1 238 t cp Fycp
The term b1 in Equation 9 is defined in Figure 1.
tcp
Eqn. 9
Technical Note 33 - 6
b2 t cp
95 Fycp
Eqn. 10
Technical Note 33 - 7
Technical Note 34
Composite Plastic Moment Capacity for Positive Bending
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates the positive bending moment capacity for a composite section assuming a plastic stress distribution.
Overview
Figure 1 illustrates a generic plastic stress distribution for positive bending. Note that the concrete is stressed to 0.85 f'c and the steel is stressed to Fy. The distance yp is measured from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not cover plate) to the plastic neutral axis (PNA). The distance zp is measured from the top of the concrete slab to the PNA; it can be different on the two sides of the beam as described later. The illustrated plastic stress distribution is the basic distribution of stress used by the program when considering a plastic stress distribution for positive bending. Note that if the metal deck ribs are parallel to the beam, the concrete in the ribs is also considered.
0.85fc a zp
CConc
Fy
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 1:
Technical Note 34 - 1
Figure 2 illustrates how the program idealizes a steel beam for calculating the plastic stress distribution. Two different cases are shown, one for a rolled section and the other for a user-defined section. The idealization for the rolled section considers the fillets whereas the idealization for the user-defined section assumes there are no fillets because none are specified in the section definition. Although not shown in those figures, the deck type and orientation may be different on the left and right sides of the beam as shown in Figure 2 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab. For a rolled steel section, the fillets are idealized as a rectangular block of steel. The depth of this rectangular block, kdepth, is: kdepth = k - tf The width of this rectangular block, kwidth, is: kwidth = (As - 2bftf - twh) / 2kdepth The basic steps in computing the positive plastic moment capacity are: Determine the location of the PNA using Equations 3a through 10. Calculate the plastic moment capacity of the composite section using Equation 11 together with the appropriate table chosen from Tables 2 through 11 depending on the location of the PNA. Note that for user-defined sections, the terms related to the top and bottom fillets are ignored. Eqn. 2 Eqn. 1
Technical Note 34 - 2
tf-top
bf-top tw h
kdepth
kwidth
kdepth
kwidth k
bcp bf-bot
tcp
tf-bot tf-bot d hr tc
bf-top tw h
bcp bf-bot
Figure 2:
Idealization of a Rolled Section and a User-Defined Section used for Calculating the Plastic Stress Distribution
tcp
tf-top
hr
tc
Technical Note 34 - 3
Eqn. 3a
wrhr Sr
)left + )right
Eqn. 3b
(0.85f'c beff t c +
wrhr Sr
The maximum steel force, MPFsteel, is calculated from Equation 4a if the beam is a rolled section or Equation 4b if it is a user-defined section. MPFsteel = (AsFy + bcp tcp Fycp) MPFsteel = (bf-toptf-topFyf-top + twh + bf-bottf-botFyf-bot + bcp tcp Fycp) Eqn. 4b Eqn. 4a
When computing the location of the PNA, it important to remember that the concrete is assumed to take no tension. Also, the concrete in the metal deck ribs is only considered effective in compression if the metal deck ribs are oriented parallel to the beam span. The maximum concrete and steel forces are compared to determine whether the PNA is within the concrete slab or the steel section. If MPFconc > MPFsteel, the PNA is within the concrete slab. If MPFsteel > MPFconc, the PNA is within the steel section. If MPFsteel = MPFconc, the PNA is at the top of the steel beam if there is full composite connection and within the steel beam if there is partial composite connection. If the PNA is within the slab, the fact that the concrete slab can be different on each side of the beam complicates locating the PNA. If the PNA is within the steel section, there are several general locations for it. After the general locations have been identified, it is a straightforward process to determine the location of the PNA. The general locations are: Within the beam top flange. Within the beam top fillet (applies to rolled shapes from the program's section database only).
Technical Note 34 - 4
Within the beam web. Within the beam bottom fillet (applies to rolled shapes from the program's section database only). Within the beam bottom flange. Within the cover plate (if one is specified). Note it is very unlikely that the PNA would be below the beam web but there is nothing in the program to prevent it. This condition would require a very large beam bottom flange and/or cover plate. Each of the PNA locations in the steel section is described following the description of the PNA in the concrete slab.
Technical Note 34 - 5
zp
CC 1 TF T TK T
TK B TF B TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 3a: Rolled Steel Section with PNA in Concrete Slab Above Metal Deck, Positive Bending
zp
CC 1 TF T
TF B TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 3b: User-Defined Steel Section with PNA in Concrete Slab Above Metal Deck, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 6
Figures 4a and 4b show the internal forces for a rolled steel section and a user-defined steel section, respectively, for the condition where the PNA is within the height, hr, of the metal deck ribs.
CC 1 CC 2 TF T TK T
zp
TK B TF B TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 4a: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Height, hr, of Metal Deck, Positive Bending
CC 1 CC 2 TF T zp Plastic neutral axis (PNA) yp TWeb
TF B TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 4b: User-Define Steel Section with PNA within Height, hr, of Metal Deck, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 7
Note that in Figures 3a through 4b, the concrete compression forces (CC1 and CC2) may have different magnitudes and locations (elevations) for the left and right sides of the beam.
y2 =
Eqn. 5
CC 1 CC 2 CF T TF T TK T
zp
y2
TK B TF B TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 5a: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Top Flange, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 8
CC 1 CC 2 CF T TF T
zp
y2
TF B TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 5b: User-Defined Steel Section with PNA within Beam Top Flange, Positive Bending
CC 1 CC 2 CF T CK T TK T
zp
y3
TK B TF B TC P
Beam Section
Figure 6:
Beam Elevation
Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Top Fillet, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 9
The term y3, which is the distance from the bottom side of the beam top flange to the PNA, is shown in Figure 6 and is defined by Equation 6.
y3 =
Eqn. 6
y4 =
MPFsteel MPFconc 2b f top t f top Fyf top 2t w Fyw 2k width k depth Fyw 2t w Fyw
Eqn. 7
The last term in Equation 7 only applies to rolled steel beams; it reduces to zero for user-defined beams.
zp
TWeb
yp
TK B TF B TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 7a: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Web, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 10
yp
zp
TWeb
TF B TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 7b: User-Defined Steel Section with PNA within Beam Web, Positive Bending
CC 1 CC 2 CF T CK T
zp
CWeb
y5
CK B TK B TF B TC P
Beam Section
Figure 8:
yp
Beam Elevation
Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Bottom Fillet, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 11
The term y5, which is the distance from the top side of the beam bottom fillet to the PNA, is shown in Figure 8 and is defined by Equation 8.
y5 =
MPFsteel MPFconc 2b f top t f top Fyf top 2k width Fyw 2k width k depth Fyw 2k width Fyw 2ht w Fyw 2k width Fyw
Eqn. 8
Note that it is unlikely that the PNA will be this low. It requires a very large beam bottom flange and/or cover plate.
CC 1 CC 2 CF T CK T
zp
CWeb
CK B CF B TF B TC P
Beam Section
Figure 9a:
yp
Beam Elevation
Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Bottom Flange, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 12
y6
CC 1 CC 2 CF T
zp
CWeb
y6
CF B TF B TC P
Beam Section
yp
Beam Elevation
Figure 9b: User-Defined Steel Section with PNA within Beam Bottom Flange, Positive Bending
The term y6, which is the distance from the top of the beam bottom flange to the PNA, is shown in Figure 9 and 9b and is defined by Equation 9.
y6 =
MPFsteel MPFconc 2b f top t f top Fyf top 2b f -bot Fyf -bot 4k width k depth Fyw 2b f -bot Fyf -bot 2ht w Fyw 2b f -bot Fyf -bot
Eqn. 9
Note that it is unlikely that the PNA will be this low. It requires a very large beam bottom flange and/or cover plate.
Technical Note 34 - 13
CC 1 CC 2 CF T CK T
zp
CWeb
CK B CF B CCP TC P
Beam Section
Figure 10a:
yp
Beam Elevation
Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Cover Plate, Positive Bending
y7
CC 1 CC 2 CF T
zp
CWeb
CF B CCP TC P
Beam Section
Figure 10b:
yp
Beam Elevation
User-Defined Steel Section with PNA within Cover Plate, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 14
y7
The term y7, which is the distance from the top of the cover plate to the PNA, is shown in Figure 10a and 10b and is defined by Equation 10.
y7 =
MPFsteel MPFconc 2b f top t f top Fyf top 2b cp Fycp 4k width k depth Fyw 2b cp Fycp 2ht w Fyw 2b cp Fycp
Eqn. 10
Technical Note 34 - 15
If the calculated distance y3 is not within the beam top fillet, the program continues by assuming that the PNA occurs in the beam web. The distance y4 is calculated using Equation 7. The calculated distance y4 is then checked to see if it actually is within the beam web. If it is, the location of the PNA has been identified. In any practical case, the PNA is not expected to be below the beam web. However, in the event the PNA has not yet been located, the program continues down the beam section through the bottom fillet, the bottom flange and finally the cover plate until the location of the PNA has been identified.
bcpp M n = bcpp
Piece = 1
10
+
Eqn. 11
bcpp
where: Cpiece
Piece = 1
10
= Compression force in a piece of the composite beam, kips. = Plastic moment capacity for positive bending, kip-in. = Tension force in a piece of the composite beam, kips. = Distance from centroid of tension or compression force in a piece of a composite beam to the PNA, in. = Resistance factor for positive bending when plastic stress distribution is assumed, unitless.
Mn Tpiece xPNA-piece
bcpp
Technical Note 34 - 16
Concrete above the metal deck, not including rebar, on the left side of the beam: The concrete can only carry a compression force; tension is not allowed in the concrete. Concrete above the metal deck, not including rebar, on the right side of the beam: The concrete can only carry a compression force; tension is not allowed in the concrete. Concrete within height of metal deck on the left side of the beam: The concrete can only carry a compression force; tension is not allowed in the concrete. Concrete within height of metal deck on the right side of the beam: The concrete can only carry a compression force; tension is not allowed in the concrete. Beam top flange: The force in the beam top flange can be tension, compression, or compression in the upper portion of the flange and tension in the lower portion. Beam top fillet: The force in the beam top fillet can be tension, compression, or compression in the upper portion of the fillet and tension in the lower portion. Beam web: The force in the beam web can be tension, compression, or compression in the upper portion of the web and tension in the lower portion. Beam bottom fillet: The force in the beam bottom fillet can be tension, compression, or compression in the upper portion of the fillet and tension in the lower portion. Beam bottom flange: The force in the beam bottom flange can be tension, compression, or compression in the upper portion of the flange and tension in the lower portion. Cover plate: The force in the cover plate can be tension, or compression in the upper portion of the cover plate and tension in the lower portion. In Equation 11 the values used for Tpiece, Cpiece and xPNA-piece depend on the location of the PNA. The appropriate values for these items are given in Tables
Technical Note 34 - 17
2 through 11. Table 1 serves as a guide to which of those tables to use based on the location of the PNA. Note, because the metal deck and concrete slab can be in different locations relative to the PNA on the two sides of the beam, you may need to use values from two different tables listed in Table 1.
Table 1:
Table to determine which table to use in conjunction with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Location of PNA Above rebar in concrete above metal deck In concrete within metal deck In beam top flange In beam top fillet In beam web In beam bottom fillet In beam bottom flange In cover plate Table 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Table 2:
When the PNA is above the centroid of the rebar in the concrete above the metal deck, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Piece Concrete above metal deck (left) Concrete above metal deck (right) Concrete in metal deck (left) Concrete in metal deck (right) Beam top flange Beam top fillet Beam web Beam bottom fillet Beam bottom flange Cover plate T N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 15a 16a 17a 18a 19a 20a xPNA N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 23a 24a 25a 26a 27a 28a C 12a 12a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 xPNA 21a 21a N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A.
Technical Note 34 - 18
Table 3:
When the PNA is in the concrete within the metal deck, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Piece Concrete above metal deck (left) Concrete above metal deck (right) Concrete in metal deck (left) Concrete in metal deck (right) Beam top flange Beam top fillet Beam web Beam bottom fillet Beam bottom flange Cover plate T N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 15a 16a 17a 18a 19a 20a xPNA N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 23a 24a 25a 26a 27a 28a C 12b 12b 14a 14a 0 0 0 0 0 0 xPNA 21b 21b 22a 22a N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A.
Table 4:
When the PNA is in the beam top flange, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Piece Concrete above metal deck (left) Concrete above metal deck (right) Concrete in metal deck (left) Concrete in metal deck (left) Beam top flange Beam top fillet Beam web Beam bottom fillet Beam bottom flange Cover plate T N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 15b 16a 17a 18a 19a 20a xPNA N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 23b 24a 25a 26a 27a 28a C 12b 12b 14b 14b 15c 0 0 0 0 0 xPNA 21b 21b 22b 22b 23c N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A.
Technical Note 34 - 19
Table 5:
When the PNA is in the beam top fillet, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Piece Concrete above metal deck (left) Concrete above metal deck (right) Concrete in metal deck (left) Concrete in metal deck (right) Beam top flange Beam top fillet Beam web Beam bottom fillet Beam bottom flange Cover plate T N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 0 16b 17a 18a 19a 20a xPNA N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 24b 25a 26a 27a 28a C 12b 12b 14b 14b 15d 16c 0 0 0 0 xPNA 21b 21b 22b 22b 23d 24c N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A.
Table 6:
When the PNA is in the beam web, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Piece Concrete above metal deck (left) Concrete above metal deck (right) Concrete in metal deck (left) Concrete in metal deck (right) Beam top flange Beam top fillet Beam web Beam bottom fillet Beam bottom flange Cover plate T N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 0 0 17b 18a 19a 20a xPNA N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 25b 26a 27a 28a C 12b 12b 14b 14b 15d 16d 17c 0 0 0 xPNA 21b 21b 22b 22b 23d 24d 25c N. A. N. A. N. A.
Technical Note 34 - 20
Table 7:
When the PNA is in the beam bottom fillet, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Piece Concrete above metal deck (left) Concrete above metal deck (right) Concrete in metal deck (left) Concrete in metal deck (right) Beam top flange Beam top fillet Beam web Beam bottom fillet Beam bottom flange Cover plate T N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 0 0 0 18b 19a 20a xPNA N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 27b 27a 28a C 12b 12b 14b 14b 15d 16d 17d 18c 0 0 xPNA 21b 21b 22b 22b 23d 24d 25d 26c N. A. N. A.
Table 8:
When the PNA is in the beam bottom flange, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Piece Concrete above metal deck (left) Concrete above metal deck (right) Concrete in metal deck (left) Concrete in metal deck (right) Beam top flange Beam top fillet Beam web Beam bottom fillet Beam bottom flange Cover plate T N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 0 0 0 0 19b 20a xPNA N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 27b 28a C 12b 12b 14b 14b 15d 16d 17d 18d 19c 0 xPNA 21b 21b 22b 22b 23d 24d 25d 26d 27c N. A.
Technical Note 34 - 21
Table 9:
When the PNA is in the cover plate, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending. Piece Concrete above metal deck (left) Concrete above metal deck (right) Concrete in metal deck (left) Concrete in metal deck (right) Beam top flange Beam top fillet Beam web Beam bottom fillet Beam bottom flange Cover plate T N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 0 0 0 0 0 20b xPNA N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 28b C 12b 12b 14b 14b 15d 16d 17d 18d 19d 20c xPNA 21b 21b 22b 22b 23d 24d 25d 26d 27d 28c
Equations 12a and 12b are used for the compression force in the concrete above the metal deck. Note that these equations are applied to each side of the beam separately. CC1 = 0.85 f'c beff zp CC1 = 0.85 f'c beff tc Eqn. 12a Eqn. 12b
Note that for partial composite connection Equation 12b is replaced with Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution. Equations 13a and 13b are used for the tension and compression forces in the rebar in the concrete slab above the metal deck. Note that these equations are applied to each side of the beam separately. TR = ArFyr CR = ArFyr Eqn. 13a Eqn. 13b
Technical Note 34 - 22
Equations 14a and 14b are used for the compression force in the concrete within the metal deck. Note that these equations are applied to each side of the beam separately. Also note that these equations only apply if the span of the metal deck ribs is oriented parallel to the beam span. If the metal deck ribs are oriented perpendicular to the beam span, there is no compression force allowed on the concrete within the metal deck ribs.
w r (z p t c ) Sr
wrhr Sr
Eqn. 14a
Eqn. 14b
Note that for partial composite connection Equation 14b is replaced with Equation 4 in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution. Equations 15a through 15d are used for the tension and compression forces in the beam top flange. TFT = bf-top tf-top Fyf-top TFT = bf-top (tf-top - y2) Fyf-top CFT = bf-top y2 Fyf-top CFT = bf-top tf-top Fyf-top Eqn. 15a Eqn. 15b Eqn. 15c Eqn. 15d
Equations 16a through 16d are used for the tension and compression forces in the beam top fillet. Note that these equations do not apply to user-defined sections. TKT = kwidth kdepth Fyw TKT = kwidth (kdepth - y3) Fyw CKT = kwidth y3 Fyw CKT = kwidth kdepth Fyw Eqn. 16a Eqn. 16b Eqn. 16c Eqn. 16d
Technical Note 34 - 23
Equations 17a through 17d are used for the tension and compression forces in the beam web. TWeb = tw h Fyw TWeb = tw (h - y4) Fyw CWeb = tw y4 Fyw CWeb = tw h Fyw Eqn. 17a Eqn. 17b Eqn. 17c Eqn. 17d
Equations 18a through 18d are used for the tension and compression forces in the beam bottom fillet. Note that these equations do not apply to userdefined sections. TKB = kwidth kdepth Fyw TKB = kwidth (kdepth - y5) Fyw CKB = kwidth y5 Fyw CKB = kwidth kdepth Fyw Eqn. 18a Eqn. 18b Eqn. 18c Eqn. 18d
Equations 19a through 19d are used for the tension and compression forces in the beam bottom flange. TFB = bf-bot tf-bot Fyf-bot TFB = bf-bot (tf-bot - y6) Fyf-bot CFB = bf-bot y6 Fyf-bot CFB = bf-bot tf-bot Fyf-bot Eqn. 19a Eqn. 19b Eqn. 19c Eqn. 19d
Equations 20a through 20c are used for the tension and compression forces in the cover plate. TCP = bcp tcp Fycp TCP = bcp (tcp - y7) Fycp CCP = bcp y7 Fycp Eqn. 20a Eqn. 20b Eqn. 20c
Technical Note 34 - 24
Equations 21a and 21b are used for the distance from the center of the force in the concrete above the metal deck to the PNA. Note that these equations are applied to each side of the beam separately. xPNA =
zp 2 tc 2
Eqn. 21a
xPNA = z p
Eqn. 21b
Note that for partial composite connection Equation 21b is replaced with Equation 5 in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution. Equations 22a and 22b are used for the distance from the center of the force in the concrete within the metal deck ribs to the PNA. Note that these equations are applied to each side of the beam separately. xPNA =
zp t c 2 hr 2
Eqn. 22a
xPNA = z p t c
Eqn. 22b
Note that for partial composite connection, Equation 22b is replaced with Equation 6 in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution. Equations 23a through 23d are used for the distance from the center of the force(s) in the beam top flange to the PNA. xPNA = y p d +
t f -top 2
Eqn. 23a
xPNA =
t f -top - y 2 2 y2 2
Eqn. 23b
xPNA =
Eqn. 23c
Technical Note 34 - 25
xPNA = z p t c h r rd
t f top 2
Eqn. 23d
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 23d must all be for the left side of the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent. Equations 24a through 24d are used for the distance from the center of the force(s) in the beam top fillet to the PNA. xPNA = y p d + t f top +
k depth 2
Eqn. 24a
xPNA =
k depth - y 3 2 y3 2 k depth 2
Eqn. 24b
xPNA =
Eqn. 24c
xPNA = z p t c h r rd t f top
Eqn. 24d
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 24d must all be for the left side of the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent. Equations 25a through 25d are used for the distance from the center of the force(s) in the beam web to the PNA. xPNA = y p d + t f top + k depth + xPNA =
h 2
Eqn. 25a
h - y4 2 y4 2 h 2
Eqn. 25b
xPNA =
Eqn. 25c
Eqn. 25d
Technical Note 34 - 26
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 25d must all be for the left side of the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent. Equations 26a through 26d are used for the distance from the center of the force(s) in the beam bottom fillet to the PNA. xPNA = y p d + t f top +
3k depth 2
+h
Eqn. 26a
xPNA =
k depth - y 5 2 y5 2 3k depth 2 h
Eqn. 26b
xPNA =
Eqn. 26c
xPNA = z p t c h r rd t f top
Eqn. 26d
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 26d must all be for the left side of the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent. Equations 27a through 27d are used for the distance from the center of the force(s) in the beam bottom flange to the PNA. xPNA = y p d + t f top + 2k depth + h + xPNA =
t f -bot 2
Eqn. 27a
t f -bot - y 6 2 y6 2
Eqn. 27b
xPNA =
Eqn. 27c
Technical Note 34 - 27
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 27d must all be for the left side of the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent. Equations 28a through 28c are used for the distance from the center of the force(s) in the cover plate to the PNA.
t cp 2
Eqn. 28a
t cp - y 7 2 y7 2
Eqn. 28b
xPNA =
Eqn. 28c
Technical Note 34 - 28
Technical Note 35 - 1
ity for the beam. Figure 1 illustrates the allowable stress assumed for each of these locations.
Compression 0.85f Es c E c Fyr Fyf-top
hr
tc
tcp
Tension
Fyf-bot Fycp
Composite Beam
Note: For a fully composite beam yeff = y.
Figure 1:
Allowable Stresses for Positive Bending at Various Key Locations of the Composite Beam Section
Equations 1a through 1e are used to calculate the positive moment capacity at the seven key locations in the beam section. Table 1 lists the location to which each equation applies. Note that in these equations, if there is full composite connection, the term y is substituted for the term yeff.
Table 1:
Table to determine which of Equations 1a through 1e apply to a particular location in a composite beam Location in Beam Top of concrete on left side of beam Top of concrete on right side of beam Top of beam top flange Bottom of beam bottom flange Bottom of cover plate Equation 1a 1b 1c 1e 1f
Technical Note 35 - 2
Es * bcpe M n = bcpe 0.85f c' -left E c-left I eff d +h r -left + t c-left - y eff
Eqn. 1a
Es * bcpe M n = bcpe 0.85f c' -right E c-left I eff d + h r -right + t c-right - y eff
Eqn. 1b
In Equation 1c, the term "ABS" means to take the absolute value of the amount in the associated brackets.
Eqn. 1c
Ieff y eff
Eqn. 1d
Ieff y eff + t cp
Eqn. 1e
The positive moment capacity of a composite beam with an elastic stress distribution is the smallest of the moment capacities obtained from the equations included in Equations 1a through 1e that are applicable to the beam considered. If the denominator of Equation 1c is zero, the program does not need to consider the moment capacity associated with that equation. Note that the term bcpe in these equations is the resistance factor for positive bending in a composite beam when Mn is determined from an elastic stress distribution.
Technical Note 35 - 3
Technical Note 36
Overview
The program only calculates the moment capacity, Mn, if the beam is compact or noncompact. It does not calculate Mn if the section is slender. The plastic moment, Mp, for a noncomposite rolled steel beam section without a cover plate is calculated as Mp = ZFy. The exact methodology used to compute the plastic moment capacity in the other cases depends on whether the beam, including the cover plate if it exists, is doubly or singly symmetric, and whether the beam web is classified as compact or noncompact. Figure 1 shows a flowchart that directs you to the appropriate section in this chapter for calculating the moment capacity of the steel section alone. The figure has boxes labeled a through g; start in the box labeled a. Note that the criteria used by the program to determine if a section is compact or noncompact for the AISC-LRFD93 specification is described in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 33 Compact and Noncompact Requirements.
Technical Note 36 - 1
No
No
Beam section is classified as slender and is not designed. Go to next trial section.
Figure 1:
Flowchart For Determining Which Section of this Chapter Applies in Calculating Plastic Moment for Steel Section Alone
After the moment of inertia has been calculated, the section moduli and radius of gyration are calculated using standard formulas. This process is repeated to get properties about both axes. The torsional constant is determined by summing the torsional constants for the various components of the section. For example, it may be determined by summing the J's of a rolled section and the cover plate, if applicable, or in a user-defined section, by summing the J's for the top flange, web, bottom flange and cover plate, if applicable.
Technical Note 36 - 2
Are the web, compression flange and compression cover plate compact? Yes Is Lb Lp? Yes b
Determine Mn based on yielding criteria in AISCLRFD93 Section F1.1.
No
No
k No
a No Is Lb Lr? No Yes d
Is Lb Lr? Yes h Are the compression flange and compression cover plate compact? Yes i
Determine Mn based on smallest of yielding criteria in AISC-LRFD93 Section F1.1, lateral torsional buckling criteria in AISC-LRFD93 Section F1.2a and flange and web local buckling criteria in AISCLRFD93 Appendix F1(b) equation (AF1-3).
No
Determine Mn based on smallest of yielding criteria in AISC-LRFD93 Section F1.1 and lateral torsional buckling criteria in AISC-LRFD93 Section F1.2a.
Figure 2:
Flowchart For Calculating Mn for a Doubly Symmetric Steel Section Alone or a Rolled Channel Steel Section Alone
or a channel section. Subsequent subsections discuss each of the code sections mentioned in Figure 2 that are used to calculate the moment capacity.
Technical Note 36 - 3
Lb
Laterally unbraced length of beam; length between points which are braced against lateral displacement of the compression flange, in. Limiting laterally unbraced length of beam for full plastic bending capacity, in. Limiting laterally unbraced length of beam for inelastic lateral-torsional buckling, in.
Lp
Lr
The unbraced length of a beam, or a beam segment, Lb is determined from the input data. The limiting unbraced length for full plastic capacity, Lp, is determined from Equation 1 which is also Equation F1-4 in AISC-LRFD93.
Lp =
300ry Fyf
Eqn. 1
In Equation 1, ry is taken for the steel beam section including the cover plate, if applicable. The Fyf term in Equation 1 is for the compression flange. The limiting unbraced length for lateral torsional buckling, Lr, is determined from Equation 2 which is also Equations F1-6 through F1-8 in AISC-LRFD93.
Lr =
ry X1 FL
2 1 + 1 + X 2 FL , where
X1 = Sx
EGJA 2
C S and X 2 = 4 w x I y GJ
Eqn. 2
Technical Note 36 - 4
t f top t f bot Iy d 2 2 Cw = 4
Eqn. 3
M n = C b M p M p M r
) L L
b r
L p M p L p
Eqn. 4
Cb =
2.5M max
12.5M max + 3M A + 4M B + 3M C
Eqn. 5
Refer to the notation in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 29 General and Notation for an explanation of the terms in Equation 5. In Equation 4, Lr is calculated using Equation 2, Lp is calculated from Equation 1 and Mr comes from Equation 6.
M r = FL S x
where FL is as described for Equation 2.
Eqn. 6
p Mn = Mp Mp Mr r p
Eqn. 7
Equation 7 applies to both flange local buckling and web local buckling.
Technical Note 36 - 5
bf 65 2t f Fyf bf 65 tf Fyf
Eqn. 8a
Eqn. 8b
r is given by Equation 9a if the section is a rolled beam or channel, or Equation 9b if it is a user-defined section.
r =
141 FL
Eqn. 9a
r =
162 FL kc
Eqn. 9b
kc = 4
Technical Note 36 - 6
In Equation 10, Re is equal to 1.0 for rolled shapes and is given by Equation 11 for user-defined shapes. Equation 10 is taken from AISC-LRFD93 Table AF1.1.
Re =
12 + a r 3m m 3 1.0 12 + 2a r
Eqn. 11
Equation 11 comes from the definition of Re given with Equation A-G2-3 in AISC-LRFD93 Appendix G. In Equation 11 the term ar is the ratio of the web area (htw) to the flange area (bftf), but not more than 10, and m is the ratio of the web yield stress to the flange yield stress. is equal to h/tw. p is given by Equation 5a, or 5b in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 33 Compact and Noncompact Requirements depending on the axial load in the member, if any. See the description accompanying these equations for more information. r is given by one of Equations 6 and 7 in Composite Beam Design AISCLRFD93 Technical Note 33 Compact and Noncompact Requirements depending on the type of member and the amount of axial compression, if any. See the description accompanying these equations for more information.
Technical Note 36 - 7
Is web compact? Yes a Are the compression flange and compression cover plate compact? Yes b
No
Note: WLB = Web local buckling FLB = Flange local buckling LTB = Lateral torsional buckling Are the compression flange and compression cover plate noncompact? Yes f No
e No
No
No
Determine Mn based on smallest of the following AISC-LRFD93 Appendix F equations: A-F1-1 for WLB A-F1-1 for FLB A-F1-1 for LTB.
Figure 3:
Flowchart For Calculating Mn for a Singly Symmetric Steel Section Alone with a Compact Web
The following subsection describes the lateral torsional buckling (LTB) checks in the program that are used to determine how to calculate Mn for a singly symmetric beam with a compact web. Subsequent subsections describe each of the AISC-LRFD93 Specification Appendix F equations mentioned in Figure 3 that are used to calculate the moment capacity.
Technical Note 36 - 8
p Mn = Mp Mp Mr r p
Mp
Eqn. 12a
where
M r = FL S x
bf 2t f
p = r =
Eqn. 12d
Eqn. 12e
r =
Eqn. 12f
In Equation 12b, FL and Sx are for the beam compression flange (not cover plate). In Equations 12c and 12d, bf, tf and Fyf are for the beam compression flange (not cover plate). In Equation 12e, FL is for the beam compression flange (not cover plate). In Equation 12f, FL is for the beam compression flange (not cover plate), and
kc = 4
Technical Note 36 - 9
M n = C b M p M p M r
p p
M p
Eqn. 13a
where,
M r = FL S xc Fyf S xt
p =
Eqn. 13d
The term r in Equation 13a is the value of for which Mcr as defined by Equations 14a through 14c is equal to the smaller of FLSxc and FyfSxt where FL is the smaller of (Fyf - Fr) and Fyw. When calculating FL, the term Fyf is the yield stress of the compression flange and when calculating FyfSxt, the term Fyf is the yield stress of the tension flange.
M cr =
where,
(57000)(1)
Lb
2 I y J B1 + 1 + B 2 + B1
Eqn. 14a
I yc h 1 B1 = 2.25 2 Iy Lb I yc I yc h B 2 = 25 1 Iy J Lb
Iy J
2
Eqn. 14b
Eqn. 14c
Technical Note 36 - 10
To calculate r for Equation 13a, the program determines the value of Lb for which Mcr is equal to the smaller of FLSxc and FyfSxt. Then it divides that value of Lb by ryc to get r.
Is web noncompact? Yes a Are the compression flange and compression cover plate compact? Yes b
e No
No
No
Determine Mn based on smallest of the following AISC-LRFD93 Appendix F equations: A-F1-3 for WLB A-F1-1 for FLB A-F1-1 for LTB.
Figure 4:
Flowchart for Calculating Mn for a Singly Symmetric Steel Section Alone with a Noncompact Web
Technical Note 36 - 11
Information relating to how the program calculates the compact and noncompact section requirements is in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 33 Compact and Noncompact Requirements. The lateral torsional buckling checks and all but one of the Appendix F equations mentioned in Figure 4 are described in the previous section entitled, "Moment Capacity for a Singly Symmetric Beam with a Compact Web." Refer to that section for more information. The one equation that has not been described previously is AISC-LRFD93 Specification Appendix F Equation A-F1-3. This equation is described in the following subsection.
p Mn = Mp Mp Mr r p
Mp
Eqn. 15a
In Equation 15a: Mr is calculated using Equations 15b and 15c for both the top and bottom flanges separately. The smaller value of Mr is used. Mr = ReFyfSx Eqn. 15b
In Equation 15b, Re is given by Equation 15c. Equation 15b is taken from AISC-LRFD93 Table A-F1.1.
Re =
12 + a r 3m m 3 1.0 12 + 2a r
Eqn. 15c
Equation 15c comes from the definition of Re given with Equation A-G2-3 in AISC-LRFD93 Appendix G. In Equation 15c, the term ar is the ratio of the web area (htw) to the flange area (bftf), but not more than 10, and m is the ratio of the web yield stress to the flange yield stress. is equal to h/tw.
Technical Note 36 - 12
p is given by Equation 15d, or 15e depending on the axial load in the member, if any.
p =
640 1 2.75Pu b Py Fy
Eqn. 15d
p =
191 2.33 Pu b Py Fy
Eqn. 15e
r is given by either Equation 15f or Equation 15g. Equation 15f defines r for beams with equal sized flanges.
r =
970 1 0.74Pu b Py Fy
Eqn. 15f
In Equation 15f, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the beam flanges and the web. Equation 15g defines the noncompact section limit for webs in beams with unequal size flanges:
r =
,
Eqn. 15g
In Equation 15g, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the beam flanges and the web. Equation 15g is based on Equation A-B5-1 in the AISC-LRFD93 specification.
Technical Note 36 - 13
Technical Note 37
Partial Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution
Partial composite connection for an elastic stress distribution is described in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection and Composite Beam Design AISC-LFRD93 Technical Note 35 Composite Section Elastic Moment Capacity. This Technical Note describes partial composite connection for a plastic stress distribution. In particular, it describes how the positive moment capacity of the composite beam using a plastic stress distribution is calculated for partial composite connection.
* X%
Eqn. 1
= Required percent composite connection, unitless. = Required flexural strength, that is, the applied factored moment, kip-in. = Nominal flexural strength (capacity) of composite section with X% composite connection, kip-in.
Mn X% comp
Mn steel beam = Nominal flexural strength (capacity) of the steel beam section alone as determined from Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 36 Moment Capacity for Steel Section Alone, kip-in.
Technical Note 37 - 1
X%
= Percent composite connection that Mn X% comp is based on, unitless. For 50% composite connection use X% = 0.50. = Resistance factor that was used when calculating Mn for full composite connection, unitless. It is either bcpe or bcpp.
Equation 1 is based on Example 3 in Vogel (1991). Equation 1 might be considered the LRFD equivalent to Equation 2 in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection, with some rearrangement of terms. The program initially uses Equation 1 with Mn X% comp equal to the Mn for full (100%) composite connection to estimate the required percent composite connection (PCC) for a composite beam. The program checks the moment capacity using this PCC. If the moment capacity is adequate, the iteration is complete. If the moment capacity is not adequate, the program calculates a new PCC, using the last considered PCC for X% and Mn X% comp, and determines a new moment capacity. This process continues until a PCC that provides an adequate moment capacity is found.
Calculating MPFconc
The program calculates MPFconc as the smaller of the values obtained from the equations specified in Table 1 for the particular circumstances of the beam considered. Table 1: Table identifying equations to be used to calculate initial value of Qn for partial composite connection Deck Orientation Deck Ribs Perpendicular to Beam Span, or No Metal Deck Exists Deck Ribs Parallel (Solid Concrete Slab) to Beam Span 2b, 2c 2b, 2d 2a, 2c 2a, 2d
Technical Note 37 - 2
Eqn. 2a
wrhr Sr
left +
Eqn. 2b
(0.85f'c beff t c +
wrhr Sr
right ]
Eqn. 2c
In Equations 1a through 1d, the term PCC is the percent composite connection. For 50 percent composite connection PCC is 0.5, not 50. The next subsection describes how the program initially estimates PCC.
Technical Note 37 - 3
Technical Note 37 - 4
a1
CC 1
Beam Elevation
Rolled Steel Section With Bottom of Effective Concrete in Concrete Slab Above Metal Deck, Positive Bending With Partial Composite Connection
Figure 1b shows the internal concrete forces for a rolled steel section (a userdefined steel section is similar) for the condition where the bottom of the effective concrete is within the height, hr, of the metal deck ribs. In this case, a2 represents the distance from the top of the metal deck ribs to the bottom of the effective concrete. Note that the distance a2 can be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 1b:
Rolled Steel Section With Bottom of Effective Concrete Within the Height, hr, of the Metal Deck Ribs, Positive Bending With Partial Composite Connection
a2
CC 1 CC 2
Technical Note 37 - 5
The program obtains the distances a1 and/or a2 using an iterative solution technique. If the bottom of effective concrete is in the concrete above the metal deck, a2 is set equal to 0. If the bottom of effective concrete is within the height of the metal deck, a1 is set equal to tc.
Equation 14b in Composite Beam Design AISC-LFRD93 Technical Note 34 Composite Plastic Moment Capacity for Positive Bending is replaced with Equation 4.
wra 2 Sr
Eqn. 4
Equation 21b in Composite Beam Design AISC-LFRD93 Technical Note 34 Composite Plastic Moment Capacity for Positive Bending is replaced with Equation 5. xPNA = z p
a1 2
Eqn. 5
Equation 22b in Composite Beam Design AISC-LFRD93 Technical Note 34 Composite Plastic Moment Capacity for Positive Bending is replaced with Equation 6.
Technical Note 37 - 6
xPNA = z p a 1
a2 2
Eqn. 6
When calculating the moment capacity, concrete or reinforcing steel below the bottom of the effective concrete is not considered in the calculation. Note that the PNA for a partially composite beam always lies within the steel beam section, not the concrete slab. Thus it is not necessary to check for the PNA location within the concrete slab.
Reference
Vogel, R. 1991. LRFD-Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck, Steel Tips, Technical Information & Product Service, Steel Committee of California, March.
Technical Note 37 - 7
Technical Note 38
Bending Check
The program uses Equation 1 to perform bending checks for both composite and noncomposite beams.
Mu 1 .0 Mn
where, Mu
Eqn. 1
= The maximum required flexural strength, that is, the maximum applied factored moment, kip-in. = Moment capacity for full composite connection or partial composite connection, as applicable, kip-in. = Resistance factor for bending, unitless. For positive bending in a composite beam with an assumed plastic stress distribution, bcpp is used. For negative bending in a composite beam with an assumed plastic stress distribution, bcnp is used. For positive bending in a composite beam with an assumed elastic stress distribution, bcpe is used. For negative bending in a composite
Mn
Technical Note 38 - 1
beam with an assumed elastic stress distribution, bcne is used. If the beam is specified to be noncomposite, b is used.
Deflection Check
Deflection is calculated as described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. For full composite connection Itr is used in the deflection calculations. For partial composite connection Ieff is used in the deflection calculations. Note that camber is subtracted from the total load deflection for checking.
Technical Note 38 - 2
Technical Note 39
Shear Connectors
This Technical Note begins by defining the program's default allowable shear connector loads for AISC-LRFD93 composite beam design. Shear connector capacities are defined for both shear studs. Next the equations used for determining the number of shear connectors on the beam are provided.
Shear Connectors
Technical Note 39 - 1
Shear Connectors
zero moment for full composite connection, Qn-100, is given by the smaller of Equations 3, 4a or 4b as applicable. Table 1 defines the conditions where the various equations are applicable and it defines what to use for Ac left and Ac right (both simply called Ac in the table) in Equation 3 for each condition. Table 1: Table Defining Equations to be used to Calculate Horizontal Shear for Full Composite Connection Deck Rib Span Relative to Beam Span Use Smaller of These Equations 3 as noted and 4a 3 as noted and 4b 3 as noted and 4a 3 as noted and 4b Note About Ac in Equation 3 Ac in Eqn. 3 is the area of concrete in the slab above the metal deck
Beam Section Rolled section from the program database User-defined Rolled section from the program database User-defined
Perpendicular
Parallel
Ac in Eqn. 3 is the area of concrete in the slab, including the concrete in the metal deck ribs
Q n 100 = 0.85f c' left A c left + 0.85f c' right A c right Q n 100 = A s Fy + b cp t cp Fycp Q n 100 = b f -top t f - top Fyf - top + ht w Fyw + b f -bot t f -bot Fyf -bot + b cp t cp Fycp
N1 =
Q n 100 Qn
Eqn. 5
Technical Note 39 - 2
Shear Connectors
Shear Connectors
In Equation 5, Qn-100 is as determined in the previous section entitled "Horizontal Shear for Full Composite Connection" and Qn is determined as described in the previous section entitled "Shear Stud Connectors." For partial composite connection, the number of shear connectors between a point of maximum positive (not negative) moment and adjacent points of zero moment, N1, is given by Equation 6.
N1 =
Q n PCC Qn
Eqn. 6
In Equation 6, Qn-PCC is equal to the percent composite connection times Qn100. For example, if there is 70% composite connection, Qn-PCC = 0.7 Qn-100. Thus, the percent composite connection, PCC, for AISC-LRFD93 design is given by Equation 7.
PCC =
Q n PCC Q n 100
Eqn. 7
Eqn. 8
Maximum moment capacity of composite beam, considering partial composite connection if applicable, kip-in. Moment capacity of steel beam alone, kip-in. Moment at point load location, kip-in. Number of shear connectors required between the point of maximum moment and the point of zero moment, or end of the slab, unitless.
Mn steel alone = Mu N1 = =
Shear Connectors
Technical Note 39 - 3
Shear Connectors
N2
Number of shear connectors required between the point load considered and the point of zero moment, or end of the slab, unitless. Resistance factor used to determine moment capacity of composite beam, unitless. This is equal to either bcpe, bcpp, bcne, or bcnp depending on whether there is positive or negative bending and whether the stress distribution considered is elastic or plastic.
Technical Note 39 - 4
Shear Connectors
Technical Note 40
Shear Capacity
Refer to Figure 1 for a flowchart showing how the program considers beam vertical shear. AISC-LRFD93 Equations F2-1 through F2-3 are reproduced here as Equations 1 through 3 respectively. For
Eqn. 1
Eqn. 2
523 Fyw
<
132,000A w h 260 , Vn = 2 tw h t w
Eqn. 3
Note that in Equations 1 through 3, Aw, the area of the web, is calculated as shown in Equation 4 where Ctop and Cbot are the depths of copes, if any, at the top and bottom of the beam section. The copes are specified in the overwrites. Aw = (d - Ctop - Cbot) tw Eqn. 4
Technical Note 40 - 1
Is
Is
Is
No
Yes
Determine Vn from LRFD Section F2.2 equation F2-1; see Equation 1.
Yes
Determine Vn from LRFD Section F2.2 equation F2-2; see Equation 2.
Yes
Determine Vn from LRFD Section F2.2 equation F2-3;, see Equation 3.
Vu 1 .0 v Vn
where, Vu
Eqn. 5
= The required shear strength, that is, the applied factored shear, kips. = Shear capacity, kips. This term is calculated from Equation 1, 2 or 3, as appropriate, and as indicated in Figure 1. = Resistance factor for shear, unitless.
Vn
Technical Note 40 - 2
Technical Note 41
Input Data
This Technical Note describes the composite beam design input data for AISCLRFD93. The input can be printed to a printer or to a text file when you click the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command. A printout of the input data provides the user with the opportunity to carefully review the parameters that have been input into the program and upon which program design is based. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 5 Input Data for further information about using the print Composite Beam Design Tables Form, as well as other non-code-specific input data for composite beam design.
Input Data
Technical Note 41 - 1
Input Data
Beam Properties
Composite Type
Shoring Provided
b-eff Left
b-eff Right
Beam Fy
Beam Fu
Technical Note 41 - 2
Input Data
Input Data
Cover Plate
This information is included on the Beam tab of the overwrites. Plate Width Plate Thick Plate Fy Consider Cover Plate Width of the cover plate. Thickness of the cover plate. Yield stress of the cover plate. If this item is "Yes," the specified cover plate is considered in the design of the beam. Otherwise, the cover plate is not considered in the beam design.
Unbraced L22
L22 Absolute
Cb Factor
Input Data
Technical Note 41 - 3
Input Data
Point Braces
The heading of the point braces data table specifies whether the point braces are program calculated or user-defined, and whether the distances used to locate the point braces (Location item) are absolute (actual) distances or relative distances. A relative distance is the distance divided by the length of the beam. Location This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the point brace. As described in the preceding description, it may be an absolute or a relative distance. The choices for this item are TopFlange, BotFlange or BothFlngs. TopFlange means only the top flange is braced at this point. BotFlange means only the bottom flange is braced at this point. BothFlngs means both the top and bottom flanges are braced at this point.
Type
Uniform Braces
The heading of the uniform braces data table specifies whether the point braces are program calculated or user-defined, and whether the distances used to define the extent of the uniform braces (Start and End items) are absolute (actual) distances or relative distances. A relative distance is the distance divided by the length of the beam. Note: Details about the location and type of program calculated point and uniform braces is only reported after you have run the design. Before you run the design, this information is not available. Start This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the starting point of the uniform brace. As described in a previous description, it may be an absolute or a relative distance. This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the ending point of the uniform brace. This distance is always larger than the Start item. As described previously, it may be an absolute or a relative distance. The choices for this item are TopFlange, BotFlange or BothFlngs. TopFlange means only the top flange is uniformly braced along the specified length. BotFlange means only the bottom flange is uniformly braced along the specified length. BothFlngs means both the top and bottom flanges are uniformly braced along the specified length.
End
Type
Technical Note 41 - 4
Input Data
Input Data
Deck Properties
Beam Side
Deck Label
Deck Direction
Input Data
Technical Note 41 - 5
Input Data
End
Length Number
Other Restrictions
Limit Beam Depth
Technical Note 41 - 6
Input Data
Input Data
EQF
Input Data
Technical Note 41 - 7
Technical Note 42
Output Details
This Technical Note describes the composite beam output for AISC-LRFD93 that can be printed to a printer or to a text file in either short form or long form. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 6 Output Data for information about using the Print Composite Beam Design Tables Form, as well as the Summary of Composite Beam Output. The program provides the output data in a series of tables. The column headings for output data and a description of what is included in the columns of the tables are provided in Tables 1 and 2 of this Technical Note.
Group
Beam
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 1
Output Details
Seg. Length
Stud Ratio
Shored
Technical Note 42 - 2
Output Details
Output Details
Comparative
Overwrites
b-cp
t-cp
Fy-cp
Consider-cp
Deck Left and Deck Right Dir. Left and Dir. Right
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 3
Output Details
Itrans
Ibare
Is
ybare
yeff
Technical Note 42 - 4
Output Details
Output Details
Moment Design
This table of output data reports the controlling moments for both construction loads and final loads. Pmax The largest axial load in the beam for any design load combination. Important note: This value is not used in the Composite Beam Design postprocessor design. It is reported to give you a sense of how much axial load, if any, is in the beam. If there is a significant amount of axial load in the beam, you may want to design it noncompositely using the Steel Frame Design postprocessor. The Steel Frame Design postprocessor does consider axial load. Pmax Combo PCC PNA The design load combination associated with Pmax. Location of plastic neutral axis (PNA) for partial composite connection (PCC). Factored nominal flexural strength with partial composite connection. Location of plastic neutral axis (PNA) for full composite connection. Factored nominal flexural strength with full composite connection. This item is either Constr Pos, Constr Neg, Final Pos or Final Neg. Const Pos means it is a positive moment for construction loading. Const Neg means it is a negative moment for construction loading. Final Pos means it is a positive moment for final loading. Final Neg means it is a negative moment for final loading. Design load combination that causes the controlling moment for the moment type considered in the table row. The controlling factored design moment for the moment type considered in the table row.
PCC phi Mn
Full PNA
Full phi Mn
Type
Combo
Mu
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 5
Output Details
Ratio
Shear Design
This table of output data reports the controlling shears for both construction loads and final loads. Type This item is either Constr Left, Constr Right, Final Left or Final Right. Constr Left means it is a construction loading shear at the left end of the beam. Constr Right means it is a construction loading shear at the right end of the beam. Final Left means it is a final loading shear at the left end of the beam. Final Rght means it is a final loading shear at the right end of the beam. Combo Design load combination that causes the controlling shear for the shear type considered in the table row. This item is either OK or NG. It indicates whether the program check for block shear (shear rupture) passed or failed. OK means that the beam passes the Check, and NG (no good) means it did not. If the item indicates NG, you should check the block shear by hand for the beam. The controlling factored shear for the shear type considered in the table row. The maximum factored shear strength associated with the controlling moment. This is the bending stress, fv, divided by the allowable bending stress, Fv.
Block
Vu
phi VN
Ratio
Technical Note 42 - 6
Output Details
Output Details
Deflection Design
This table of output data reports the controlling deflections for both live load and total load. Type Consider This item is either Live Load or Total Load. This item is always Yes, indicating that deflection is one of the criteria checked when determining if a beam section is considered acceptable. Design load combination that causes the controlling deflection for the deflection type considered in the table row. The controlling deflection for the deflection type considered in the table row. The computed camber is subtracted from the total load deflection before the deflection is reported.
Combo
Deflection
Note: Deflection is described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. Limit The deflection limit for the deflection type considered in the table row. This is the controlling deflection divided by the deflection limit.
Ratio
Vibration Design
Neff The effective number of beams used in the vibration evaluations. Frequency or Murray Damping. Indicates whether vibration was considered in the design. Calculate vibration frequency or percent damping of the beam. Minimum acceptable frequency or damping required.
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 7
Output Details
beff Right
Fy Fu
Technical Note 42 - 8
Output Details
Output Details
Absolute L22
Cb Factor
Program Calculated Point Braces for Construction Loading: Location This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the point brace. As described in the preceding description, it may be an absolute or a relative distance. The choices for this item are TopFlange, BotFlange or BothFlngs. TopFlange means only the top flange is braced at this point. BotFlange means only the bottom flange is braced at this point. BothFlngs means both the top and bottom flanges are braced at this point.
Type
Program Calculated Uniform Braces for Construction Loading: Start Distance from the left end of the beam to the starting point of the uniform brace that braces the beam for buckling about the 2-2 axis. Distance from the left end of the beam to the ending point of the uniform brace that braces the beam for buckling about the 2-2 axis.
End
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 9
Output Details
Beam Unbraced Length Overwrites (Final Loading): Bracing State Unbraced L22 User defined or program calculated. Maximum unbraced length for buckling about the 2-2 axis of the beam. This item is filled with "N/A" unless the unbraced length for buckling about the local 2-2 axis is user-defined and is a single maximum unbraced length for the entire beam. A "Yes" for this item indicates that the unbraced lengths are specified as absolute distances form the left end of the beam. A "No" indicates that they are specified as relative distances from the left end of the beam, with 0 indicating the left end of the beam and 1 indicating the right end of the beam. Unitless factor used in determining allowable bending stress. Program calculated if zero is specified.
Absolute L22
Cb Factor
Program Calculated Point Braces for Final Loading: Location This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the point brace. As described in the preceding description, it may be an absolute or a relative distance. The choices for this item are TopFlange, BotFlange or BothFlngs. TopFlange means only the top flange is braced at this point. BotFlange means only the bottom flange is braced at this point. BothFlngs means both the top and bottom flanges are braced at this point.
Type
Program Calculated Uniform Braces for Final Loading: Start Distance from the left end of the beam to the starting point of the uniform brace that braces the beam for buckling about the 2-2 axis.
Technical Note 42 - 10
Output Details
Output Details
Type
Deck Property Overwrites: Beam Side Deck Label Deck Direction Left and right. User defined or program calculated. User defined or program calculated.
Shear Stud Property Overwrites: Min. Long Spacing Minimum allowed longitudinal spacing of the shear stud connectors. Maximum allowed longitudinal spacing of the shear stud connectors. Minimum allowed transverse spacing of shear stud connectors. Maximum allowed number of shear stud connectors in a single row across the beam flange. Horizontal shear capacity of a single stud.
Qn
Deflection, Camber and Vibration Overwrites: Deflection Absolute A "Yes" for this item indicates that the deflection limits are specified as absolute distances. A "No" indicates that they are specified as the length of the beam, L, divided by some number, e.g., L/360
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 11
Output Details
Other Restriction Overwrites: Limit Beam Depth Minimum Depth Maximum Depth Maximum PCC Yes if user inputs depth limit. Minimum shown if specified. Zero is not specified. Maximum shown, if specified; 44 inches is not specified. Maximum percent composite connection considered by the program Minimum percent composite connection considered by the program A reducible live load is multiplied by this factor to obtain the reduced live load. A multiplier applied to earthquake loads.
Minimum PCC
RLLF
EQF
Technical Note 42 - 12
Output Details