Hm in mi

1. Cc hng s quang hc
Cc hm in mi m t cc tnh cht v m ca cht rn. Tnh cht chung nht ca cht rn quyt nh s bin i ca A.S trong cht rn l hm (). Hm in mi cha ton b cc thng tin v cc qu trnh chuyn mc quang hc thng hay khng thng (trc tip hoc khng trc tip), hoc cc kch thch c bn trong cht rn nh: exciton, phonon, plasmon, polariton, magnon (kch thch spin) Cc thng s ny c th xc nh trc tip t cc th nghim ellipsometry hoc t cc th nghim o hp th, phn x hoc truyn qua Nhc li PT Maxwell:

Tnh ti cc tnh cht ca vt cht (mi trng tng tc tuyn tnh)

Trong ny E l in trng, D l trng dch chuyn v P l phn cc, H t trng v () l thm in

Ch rng:

Sng in t lan truyn trong mi trng s c dng:

y l hm vi phn bc hai theo khng gian v thi gian Li gii i vi cht rn s l:

k l vc t sng v quan h tn sc ca mt sng in t trong mi trng l:

() l hm in mi v n() l ch s khc x

Thng th () v n() l cc hm phc

Phn thc ca hm in mi n() xc nh vn tc lan truyn ca nh sng trong mi trng, phn o k() l h s tt biu din hp th nh sng trong cht rn. Thay gi tr ca vc t sng k vo hm sng:

Do :

Lan truyn

nh lut Lambert:

Vi:

() l h s hp th miu t s suy gim theo hm e m ca nh sng trong lng vt cht. H s hp th trong trng hp chuyn mc thng c a ra trong chng trc:

Trong :

xc sut chuyn di : mt trng thi

Mt s tng quan quan trng:

Do :

Trong trng hp chuyn mc quang hc thng gia cc vng, phn o ca hm in mi 2() c dng:

Phn x v truyn qua trn mt phn cch gia hai mi trng c chit xut khc Suy gim nhau:

nh lut Snell:

H Phng trnh Fresnel:

Gc Brewster: l gc ti thnh phn phn x ca in trng song song vi mt phng nh sng ti bng 0 => ng dng lc nh sng phn cc (li ra ca nh sng laser)

Gc phn x ton phn:

ng dng trong ng dn sng v si dn quang

3.4 Ph ca hm in mi ca cht rn

Hnh v: v d v ph hp th ca mt cht rn kim loi a. Chuyn mc in t gi cc vng - rng ca cc vng in t (0-6 eV) - Cc chuyn mc ca in t li b. Phonon: (1-120 meV) c. Cc ht ti dn: - cc ht tha mn m hnh Drud ( gn vi E = 0meV) - Plasmon (~ 10eV) - vng nng lng trong siu dn (~ 50 meV) d. Cc kch thch c bn khc: exciton, magnon, polaron, spinon 3.5 Hm in mi ca mt dao ng t iu ha: Nhiu trng thi kch thch c th miu t bng m hnh mt dao ng t iu ha: phonon, plasmon, exciton, polaron

M hnh c in: mt nguyn t gm ht nhn v cc in t ni vi ht nhn bng cc l xo, lc ko quyt nh bn cht ca cc tn s dao ng. nh sng tc ng ln nguyn t: in trng lm thay i phn cc ca h,

Trong : m khi lng hiu dng ca dao ng thnh phn tt dn ca dao ng ( rng vch ca trng thi kch thch dao ng) ph thuc vo lc hi phc (restoring force) T nng lng ring ca trng thi kch thch dao ng Cn nhn mnh rng ch c cc mt ngang c kch thch bng nh sng Li gii adiabatic: (gn ng on nhit)

tn s ca dao ng ring ca cht rn (nh sng trong cht rn) bng tn s ca nh sng ti

nh ngha phn cc vi m: nh ngha phn cc v m: Trong n l s cc vi dao ng t

Trong l tn s dao ng plasma a) Trng hp c bit: dao ng iu ha khng tt dn

Hnh v: Hm in mi ca dao ng iu ha khng tt dn Phn x ton phn

Ch rng

nu h s suy gim = 0

b) Trng hp chung: Dao ng iu ha tt dn

Hnh v: Hm in mi v h s phn x ca dao ng iu ha tt dn 3.6 Cc ht ti in t do: Cc ht ti in t do khng c lc hi phc, do T = 0

m* l khi lng hiu dng ca ht ti l h s suy hao ca ht ti: = 1/ (va chm vi cc khuyt tt mng) Li gii:

Mt dng in s l:

Trong : n l s ht ti c trong mt cm-3 l dn in vi

T cc phng trnh Maxwell

Trong l tn s plasma ca kh in t t do M hnh trn gi l Drud Trng hp c bit: = 0, khng c suy hao => = , Lc :

Dao ng ca cc in t gy ra mt moment lng cc:

Trong n l nng ca ht ti in:

Vi tn s plasma

, chng ta nhn c:

Hnh v: hm in mi b vng ca kh in t t do

Vi , cc in t theo c s thay i ca in trng => c suy hao ca sng in t Vi , in t khng theo kp s thay i ca in trng => sng in t lan truyn. Bc sng plasma:

Ta thy tn s dao ng ca plasma ca cc kim loi phn ln nm trong vng t ngoi, y l l do ti sao kim loi lp lnh, do ton b phn nh sng nhn thy b phn x li. Mt vi cht nh ng hoc vng c tn s plasmon nm trong vng nhn thy (mu xanh). Do mu xanh khng c phn x li, v vy vng v ng c mu.

Hnh v: (tri) ng phn x plasma ca nhm, (phi) phn x ca bn dn InSb vi cc nng tp khc nhau.

3.7 Phonon dc v ngang C hai cch phn cc cc dao ng: dc v ngang Nu dng nh sng phn cc ngang, ta s c Tng quan tn sc ca sng in t s l: Trong cm l vn tc lan truyn nh sng trong mi trng:

Gi thit sng phng: Li gii s l:

C hai trng hp: () >0 : c dao ng => sng nh sng lan truyn trong lng cht rn () <0: c tt dn, trng hp hp th p dng vo trng hp dao ng plasma:

y l tng quan tn sc ca mt sng in t ngang trong plasma

Hnh v: tng quan tn sc ca mt sng in t ngang trong plasma Phn cc quang hc dc: Mt sng plasma l mt chuyn ng ca cc ht ti trong lng cht rn theo hng dc (ch rng plasma l thun sng dc, sng plasma ngang khng tn ti). Tng in tch ca tinh th l bng khng, v vy h phng trnh Maxwell cn c tha mn:

Do , khi th () phi nh dn (bin mt dn). gii h phng trnh trn, iu kin c cc sng dc l:

Nh vy dao ng ca plasma tng ng vi tn s dao ng ca ca cc kch thch phn cc dc ca kh in t plasma Cu hi: c th kch thch mt mt plasma tch in (charge plasma) bng nh sng khng?

Tr li: Khng, khng c s chng chp (crossing) ca vi s tn sc ca nh sng Nhng cc in tich in t lin kt cp i vi trng dao ng ca plasmon. 3.8 Phonon-Polariton Phonon l dao ng tp th ca mng tinh th, tc l ging nh mt sng ng ca chuyn ng tp th ca nguyn t. Vng nng lng ca s tn sc ca phonon nm trong khong 0 150 meV. Mt tinh th n c 3N nhnh dao ng, N l s nguyn t trong mt c s ca tinh th. 3 nhnh l mt phonon m hc v 3N-3 nhnh l phonon quang hc. Ni chung phonon khng phn cc. Nu cc nguyn t khng tch in th s ng gp ca phonon vo hm in mi c th miu t bng cc dao ng t iu ha. Trng hp phonon phn cc, tc l phonon trong cc tinh th ion nh GaAs hay NaCl. S chuyn ng ca cc nguyn t gy ra thm mt moment lng cc. Ch rng chuyn ng ca nguyn t c th l ngang hoc dc. Ngang

Dc Chng ta xc nh bc dch chuyn c cha moment lng cc.

Trong l hai moment kt qu ca chuyn ng V l th tch ca c s. Moment lng cc to thnh c th s dng trong phng trnh chuyn ng ca dao ng t iu ha. n gin ha, chng ta xt trng hp dao ng khng tt dn:

t:

Li gii s l: Bng cch s dng nh ngha v phn cc, chng ta s ni c vi moment lng cc gy ra bi s chuyn ng ca cc nguyn t c cc vi cc gi tr o c ca hm in mi v m

a) Mt ngang:

V in trng ca nh sng vung gc vi phng truyn sng nh sng, v vy ch c cc mt ngang c kch thch. T l tn s cng hng ca mi trng lan truyn V vc t truyn ca sng nh sng nh, v vy ch c cc mt quang hc c kch thch, c ngha l T tng ng vi TO
b) Mt dc:

v = 0 V mi trng truyn sng khng c in tch d nn tng in tch ca mi trng l bng 0. Do , phng trnh sau y phi tho mn: . y l trng hp () = 0, c ngha l khi , () khng bin dn tha mn phng trnh Maxwell:

V nh vy l LO lun ln hn TO.

M v Q thng kh xc nh bng thc nghim 3.9 Exciton: cp in t l trng lin kt Mt exciton l mt cp in t - l trng. Bn knh ca cc cp ph thuc vo lc ht Coulomb gia in t v l trng, v vy ph thuc vo hm in mi ca mi trng bao quanh chng. Exciton thng c phn bit thnh hai loi: Frenkel exciton: nh <= bn knh ln Mott Wannier exciton: ln <= bn knh nh Bn knh ca exciton c tnh da theo : Trong re v rh l ta ca in t v l trng m*e v m*h l khi lng hiu dng ca in t v l trng Khi lng ca exciton s l M = m*e + m*h Khi lng hiu dng ca exciton: Phng trnh Shrodinger ca exciton:

Tng ng phng trnh Shrodinger ca nguyn t hydro Li gii s l cc mc nng lng ring ca exciton:

Trong :

vi Ry = 13,6 meV

Bn knh hiu dng ca exciton: Do , s tn sc nng lng ca exciton s l:

vi r0 = 0,529 Ao

Hnh v: Ph hp th ca mt exciton 3.10 Hp th trn cc trng thi nh x: cc tp cht S pha tp vt liu vi cc ht ti in thm vo (in t hoc l trng) s lm thay i mt cch c bn tnh cht in t ca vt liu. y l mt k thut c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip bn dn. S pha tp c th thc hin bng cch a cc nguyn t tp vo trong vt liu: - Donor: cung cp mt in t t do - Acceptor: ly i mt in t t do => cung cp mt l trng

V d:

Trong trng hp n gin nht, ch c mt in t v mt l trng c a vo vt liu. T cc tm tp nh x c x l nh trng hp nguyn t hydro:

Li gii ca phng trnh Shrodinger: cc mc nng lng ca tm tp:

Ch l cc tm tp khng c ng tn sc v bn cht nh x ca chng

Hnh v: Gin nng lng v h s hp th ca cc trng thi tp cht