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Puji dan syukur kita panjatkan kehadrat Allah Yang maha Esa atas segala rahmat dan kurnia-Nya sehingga Modul Pecutan Akademik, Jabatan Pelajaran Kelantan dapat dihasilkan pada tahun ini. Modul Pecutan Akademik ini diharapkan dapat menjadi panduan dan bimbingan kepada para guru dan para pelajar dalam membuat persediaan bagi menghadapi peperiksaan UPSR, PMR dan SPM. Setinggi-tinggi penghargaan dan terima kasih dirakamkan kepada semua guru dan semua pihak yang terlibat dalam menjayakan penghasilan Modul Pecutan Akademik ini. Semoga usaha murni ini dapat diteruskan pada masa hadapan bagi menghasilkan pelajar yang cemerlang, gemilang dan terbilang dan seterusnya menjayakan visi Jabatan Pelajaran Kelantan, Cakna Pendidikan Kelantan Terbilang 2013.
HJ MOHD ADNAN BIN MOHD NOOR Ketua Sektor Pengurusan Akademik Jabatan Pelajaran Kelantan
CONTENT CHAPTER 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 FORCES AND MOTION FORCE AND PRESSURE HEAT LIGHT WAVES ELECTRICITY ELECTROMAGNETISM ELECTRONICS RADIOACTIVITY LAMPIRAN 1-19 20 36 37 50 51 64 65 81 82 94 95 110 111 123 124 139 140 - 144
Parachutist A Penerjun A
Parachutist B Penerjun B
What is the meaning of net force? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan daya bersih?
(b)
Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 , compare the weight of the parachutists, the air resistance and the net force acted on both of them. Write an equation to relate the net force with the forces acted towards the parachutists to make a deduction on the relationship between net force and acceleration. [5 marks] Menggunakan Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2, bandingkan berat kedua-dua penerjun itu, rintangan udara dan daya bersih yang bertindak ke atas mereka. Tuliskan satu persamaan untuk menghubungkaitkan daya bersih dengan daya-daya yang bertindak ke atas kedua-dua penerjun itu untuk membuat kesimpulan tentang hubungan daya bersih dan pecutan. [5 markah] 1
Load Beban
Pulling force
Daya tarikan
Diagram 9.2 Rajah 9.2 Using the concept of component force, explain with the aid of diagram, why the wheelbarrow is easier moved when a pulling force is applied. [4 marks] Dengan menggunakan konsep komponen daya, terangkan dengan bantuan gambar rajah, mengapa kereta sorong adalah lebih mudah digerakkan apabila daya tarikan dikenakan. [4 markah]
Tyre Tayar
Diagram 1.4 Rajah 1.4 (d) Diagram 1.4 shows a bicycle. You are required to give some suggestions to design a bicycle to be used in the Bicycle Racing Competition. Using your knowledge of motion, forces and properties of materials, state and explain the suggestions based on the following aspects: Rajah 1.4 menunjukkan sebuah basikal. Anda dikehendaki memberikan cadangan dalam mereka bentuk sebuah basikaluntuk digunakan dalam Pertandingan Lumba Basikal. Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan anda dalam gerakan, daya-daya dan sifat bahan, nyata dan terangkan cadangan-cadangan berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: The distance between the seat and the handlebar Jarak antara tempat duduk dan stereng hendal The type of handlebar Jenis stereng hendal The height of the seat Ketinggian tempat duduk The density of bicycles frame. Ketumpatan rangka basikal The thickness of tyre. Ketebalan tayar [10 marks] [10 markah] 3
Spring M
X1 cm
Spring N
X2 cm Diagram 2.2 Rajah 2.2 (a) What is the meaning of elasticity? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kekenyalan? (i) [1 mark] [1 markah]
(b)
With reference to Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the thickness of the spring wire and the launching distance of the balls. [2 marks] Merujuk kepada Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2, bandingkan ketebalan dawai spring dan jarak pelancaran bola-bola itu. [2 markah]
(iii)
State the relationship between the force with the elastic potential energy of the spring [1 mark] Nyatakan hubungan antara daya dengan tenaga keupayaan kenyal spring [1 markah]
(c)
Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, and your knowledge on transformation of energy, explain the launching distance of the balls. [4 marks] Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2, dan pengetahuan anda tentang perubahan tenaga, terangkan jarak pelancaran bagi bola-bola tu. [4 markah] Diagram 2.3 shows an archer aimed on a target board from a far distance. Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan seorang pemanah membuat sasaran ke arah papan sasaran daripada suatu jarak yang jauh.
(d)
Cord Tali
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Diagram 3.1 Rajah 3.1 Diagram 3.2 shows another boy of the same mass is riding an identical bicycle up an inclined plane at 60o to the horizontal. The incline plane has the same frictional force. He finds that he has to apply a bigger thrust force to move up the inclined plane. Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan budak lelaki yang lain berjisim sama sedang menunggang basikal yang serupa menaiki satu satah condong pada 60 o terhadap ufuk. Satah condong itu mempunyai daya geseran yang sama. Dia mendapati dia perlu mengenakan daya tujah yang lebih besar untuk bergerak naik satah condong itu.
(a)
What is the meaning of acceleration? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pecutan? (i)
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(b)
Based on Diagram 3.1, calculate the frictional force acting on the bicycle. [1 mark] Berdasarkan Rajah 3.1, hitung daya geseran yang bertindak ke atas basikal itu. 1 markah] Using Diagram 3.2 and the concept of force, explain why the boy has to apply more thrust force to move up the inclined plane [3 marks] Menggunakan Rajah 3.2 dan konsep daya, terangkan mengapa budak lelaki itu mesti mengenakan daya tujah yang lebih besar untuk bergerak naik satah condong itu. [3 markah]
(ii)
Pillar Tiang
Mat Pelapik Diagram 3.3 Rajah 3.3 Table 3.1 shows the characteristics of four different type of swings at the playground. Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi empat jenis buaian yang berlainan di taman permainan. Angle of Vshape pillars Sudut bagi tiang bentukV 10o 40o 40o 10o
Seat Tempat duduk Wood Kayu Plastic Plastik Canvas Kanvas Wood Kayu
Length of chain Panjang bagi rantai Short Pendek Long Panjang Short Pendek Long Panjang
Concrete Konkrit Concrete Konkrit Rubber Getah Rubber Getah Table 11.1 Jadual 11.1
10
100 N 50o 80 N Diagram 3.4 Rajah 3.4 (i) Draw the vector diagram by using suitable scale to determine the resultant force, F. Lukis gambar rajah vektor dengan menggunakan skala yang sesuai untuk menentukan daya paduan, F. Calculate the resultant force, F. Hitung daya paduan, F. [5 marks] [5 markah]
(ii)
11
Diagram 4.1 Rajah 4.1 Diagram 4.2 shows the state of the ball B when ball A is pulled aside and released. Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan keadaan bola B apabila bola A di tarik ke tepi dan dilepaskan.
Diagram 4.2 Rajah 4.2 (a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum ? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan momentum? [1 mark] 1 markah]
(ii)
Explain, in terms of momentum and energy transfer, why ball B is knocked away from the others when ball A is released. [4 marks] Terangkan, dalam konteks momentum dan pemindahan tenaga, mengapa bola B tertolak menjauhi bola yang lain apabila bola A dilepaskan. [4 markah]
12
Pendulum system Q Sistem bandul Q Material for the balls : Steel Bahan bagi bebola: Keluli
Pendulum system R Sistem bandul R Material for the balls : Steel Bahan bagi bebola: Keluli
Pendulum system S Sistem bandul S Material for the balls : Steel Bahan bagi bebola: Keluli
Pendulum system T Sistem bandul T Material for the balls : Rubber Bahan bagi bebola: Getah
13
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable pendulum system. Give a reason for your choice. 10 marks] Terangkan kesesuaian setiap aspek dan seterusnya tentukan sistem bandul yang paling sesuai. Beri sebab untuk pilihan anda. [10 markah]
14
(ii)
(iii)
15
Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1 Diagram 5.2 shows the man aiming an identical arrow with different stretching distance using the same force and bow. The arrow moves with a high speed. Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan lelaki itu membuat sasaran sebatang anak panah yang serupa dengan jarak regangan yang berbeza menggunakan daya dan busur yang sama. Anak panah itu bergerak dengan laju yang tinggi.
Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.2 Based on the information and observation: Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian itu: (a) State one suitable inference. Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai. [1 mark] [1 markah]
16
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as a trolley, a ticker timer, a spring and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in 5(b). Dengan menggunakan radas seperti troli, jangka masa detik, spring dan lain-lain radas, terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di 5(b). In your description, state clearly the following: Dalam penerangan anda, nyatakan dengan jelas perkara berikut: (i) The aim of the experiment. Tujuan eksperimen. The variables of the experiment. Pembolehubah dalam eksperimen. The list of apparatus and materials. Senarai radas dan bahan. The arrangement of the apparatus. Susunan radas. The procedure of the experiment which should include one method of controlling the manipulated variable and one method of measuring the responding variable. Prosedur eksperimen yang mesti termasuk satu kaedah mengawal pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan dan satu kaedah mengukur pemboleh ubah bergerak balas. The way to tabulate the data. Cara untuk menjadualkan data. The way to analyse the data. Cara untuk menganalisis data. [10 marks] [10 markah]
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
17
Based on the information and observation: Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian itu: (a) State one suitable inference. Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai. State one suitable hypothesis. Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang sesuai. [1 mark] [1 markah] [1 mark] [1 markah]
(b)
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as a slotted weight, plasticine, nail and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in 6(b). Dengan menggunakan radas seperti pemberat, plastisin, paku dan lain-lain radas, terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di 4(b). 18
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
19
(a)
(i)
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(ii)
A force of 50 N is used to push down piston X and able to raise piston Y and piston Z. Satu daya 50 N digunakan untuk menolak omboh X ke bawah dan boleh menaikkan omboh Y serta omboh Z. Referring to Diagram 1.1, compare the pressure exerted on pistons Y and Z, the surface area of pistons Y and Z, and the force produced at pistons Y and Z [3 mark] Merujuk kepada Rajah 1.1, bandingkan tekanan yang dikenakan ke atas omboh Y dan Z, luas permukaan omboh Y dan Z, dan daya yang terhasil pada omboh Y dan Z. [3 markah]
20
(b)
Explain how toothpaste is squeezed out from its tube. Terangkan bagaimana ubat gigi dikeluarkan daripada tiubnya. [4 m] Diagram 1.2 shows a cars hydraulic brake system. Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan sistem brek hidraulik kereta.
(c)
Slave cylinder Silinder kedua Axle Gandar Brake disc Cakera brek
Tyre Tayar
By referring to Diagram 1.2, suggest and explain ways that can be taken to have an efficient hydraulic brake system. Your suggestions should be based on the following aspects: Dengan merujuk kepada Rajah 1.2, cadang dan terangkan cara-cara yang boleh diambil untuk memperolehi satu sistem brek hidraulik yang cekap Cadangan anda harus berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) The type of the brake fluid Jenis bendalir brek
21
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(a)
Diagram 2.1 shows the cross section of a wing of a moving aeroplane. Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan keratan rentas bagi sayap sebuah kapalterbang yang sedang bergerak. Air flow Aliran udara
Diagram 2.1 Rajah 2.1 (i) Name the shape of the cross section in Diagram 2.1. Namakan bentuk keratan rentas dalam Rajah 2.1 [1m] Explain why the wing of the aeroplane experiences a lift force. Terangkan mengapa sayap kapalterbang mengalami daya angkat. [4 m] Name the physics principle involved. Namakan prinsip fizik yang terlibat. [1 m ]
(ii)
(iii)
22
Sail Layar
Sailboat Y Kapal layar Y Position after period of time Kedudukan selepas suatu tempoh masa Diagram 2.3 Rajah 2.3
(i)
Based on Diagrams 2.3, compare the shapes of the sail and the distance traveled by the sailboats and the forward force produced after a period of time. Berdasarkan Rajah 2.3, bandingkan bentuk layar dan jarak yang dilalui oleh kedua-dua kapal layar dan daya ke hadapan yang dihasilkan selepas suatu tempoh masa. [ 3 m] Relate the forward force produced and the distance traveled. Hubungkaitkan daya ke hadapan yang terhasil dengan jarak yang dilalui. [1 m] 23
(ii)
Cylinder Silinder
Plunger Omboh Nozzle Muncung jet Plastic container Bekas plastik Insecticide Racun serangga
Diagram 2.4 Rajah 2.4 Explain how you would design an efficient car paint sprayer using the idea of the working principle of the insecticide sprayer. Terangkan bagaimana anda mereka bentuk satu penyembur cat kereta yang efisien menggunakan idea prinsip kerja penyembur racun serangga. Your design should be based on the following aspects: Rekabentuk anda hendaklah bedasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) Way to produce continuous spray of paint Cara untuk menghasilkan semburan cat berterusan Way to increase the speed of spray Cara untuk meningkatkan laju semburan The material of the paint sprayers container Jenis bahan bagi bekas penyembur cat The density of the paint sprayers container Ketumpatan bagi bekas penyembur cat The size of paint sprayers container Saiz bagi bekas penyembur cat [10 m]
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
24
Balloon Belon
String Tali
Diagram 3.1 Rajah 3.1 (a) The ability of the weather balloon to rise in the air can be explained based on the Archimedes principle. Keupayaan belon kajicuaca untuk naik ke udara dapat diterangkan berdasarkan prinsip Archimedes. (i) State the Archimedes principle. Nyatakan prinsip Archimedes.
[1 m ]
(ii)
Explain why a rising weather balloon will stop moving upwards after reaching a certain altitude. Terangkan mengapa sebuah belon kajicuaca yang sedang menaik akan berhenti bergerak ke atas selepas mencapai suatu altitud tertentu. [4 m ]
25
envelope karung
Diagram 3.2 Rajah 3.2 Table 3.1 show the characteristics of four hot air balloons, P, Q, R and S. Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi empat biji belon udara panas, P, Q, R dan S. Hot air balloon Belon udara panas P Q R S Size of balloon Saiz belon Small Kecil Small Kecil Large Besar Large Besar Material of envelope Bahan karung Nylon Nilon Canvas Kanvas Nylon Nilon Canvas Kanvas Table 3.1 Jadual 3.1 Number of burners Bilangan pemanas 1 1 2 2 Material of basket Bahan bakul Rattan Rotan Steel Keluli Rattan Rotan Steel Keluli
26
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
27
water air
container bekas
(a)
(i)
[1 m]
(i)
Based on the observation in Diagram 4.1, explain the situation using the concept of atmospheric pressure. Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam Rajah 4.1, terangkan situasi itu dengan menggunakan konsep tekanan atmosfera. [2 m] Without removing the plastic bottle from the container, suggest and explain a method of making the water in the bottle flow out into the container. Tanpa mengalihkan botol plastik dari bekas air, cadang dan jelaskan satu cara untuk membuatkan air di dalam botol mengalir keluar ke dalam bekas. [3 m]
(ii)
(b) 28
Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your choice. Terangkan kesesuaian aspek-aspek itu. Beri sebab bagi pilihan anda. [10 m ]
29
Density of liquid = 1250 kgm-3 Ketumpatan cecair = 1250 kgm-3 Diameter of tube = 2.0 mm Diameter tiub = 2.0 mm
30
Diameter of tube = 8.0 mm Diameter tiub = 8.0 mm Diagram 4.2 Rajah 4.2
31
Diagram 4.3 Rajah 4.3 If the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg, determine : Jika tekanan atmosfera adalah 76 cm Hg, tentukan : (Given density of mercury = 1.36 x 104 kgm-3 ) (Diberi ketumpatan merkuri = 1.36 x 104 kgm-3 ) (i) The length, x Panjang x The pressure at A in cm Hg Tekanan di A dalam cm Hg The pressure at B in Pa Tekanan di B dalam Pa [4 m]
(ii)
(iii)
32
Water flow out Aliran air keluar Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1 Based on the observation and information above: Berdasarkan kepada pemerhatian dan maklumat di atas: (a) State one suitable inference Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai State one hypothesis that could be investigated Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang boleh dikaji
[1 m]
(b)
[1 m]
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as a thistle funnel, measuring cylinder, manometer and others, describe an experiment to investigate your hypothesis stated in 5(b). Dengan menggunakan radas seperti corong tisel, silinder penyukat, manometer dan lain-lain radas, terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di 5(b).
33
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
34
Based on the observation and the information above: Berdasarkan pemerhatian dan maklumat di atas: (a) State one suitable inference Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai State one hypothesis that could be investigated Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang boleh dikaji
[1 m]
(b)
[1 m]
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as cylinders with different diameters, plasticine and others, describe an experiment to investigate your hypothesis stated in 6(b). Dengan menggunakan radas seperti silinder yang berlainan diameter, plastisin dan lain-lain radas, terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di 6(b). In your description, state clearly the following: Dalam penerangan anda, nyatakan dengan jelas perkara berikut: (i) The aim of the experiment Tujuan eksperimen
35
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
36
Diagram 1.1 Rajah 1.1 (a) What is the meaning of thermal equilibrium ? [ 1 mark ] Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan keseimbangan terma? [1 markah] Using Diagram 1.1, compare the mass of the metal block A and metal block B, initial temperature, final temperature on both of them, rate heat flow between A and B and quantity of heat in A and B. [5 marks] Menggunakan Rajah 1.1, bandingkan jisim logam A dan B, suhu awal dan suhu akhir kedua-duanya,kadar pengaliran haba antara A dan B dan juga kuantiti haba dalam A and B. [5 markah] Based on suitable physics concept, describe how a doctor can use a clinical thermometer to get the body temperature of his patient . [4 marks] Berdasarkan konsep fizik yang sesuai, terangkan bagaimana seorang doktor boleh menggunakan satu termometer klinik untuk mendapatkan suhu badan pesakitnya. [4 markah]
(b)
(c)
37
Explain how you would design a thermometer which is more accurate and sensitive, and able to measure the temperature at range of -10oC to 110oC. Your suggestions should be based on the following aspects: Terangkan bagaimana anda akan mereka bentuk sebuah termometer yang lebih jitu dan peka, dan boleh mengukur suhu pada julat -10oC ke 110oC Cadangan anda haruslah berdasarkan kepada aspek-aspek berikut: (i) The characteristics of the liquid used Ciri-ciri cecair yang digunakan [4 marks] [4 markah]
(ii)
The way to increase the sensitivity of the thermometer [2 marks] Cara untuk menambah kepekaan bagi termometer [2 markah]
(iii)
The boiling point and the freezing point of the liquid used [2 marks] Takat didih dan takat beku bagi cecair yang digunakan [2 markah] The way to reduce the error during measurement [2 marks] Cara untuk mengurangkan ralat semasa pengukuran [2 markah]
(iv)
38
Kettle filled with water Cerek berisi air Ice Ais Water Air
(a)
What is meant by heat? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba? Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 , Menggunakan Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2 , (i)
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(b)
Compare the process that take place in both situations Bandingkan proses yang berlaku di dalam keduadua situasi [2m] The heat required for both processes to occur. Haba yang diperlukan bagi kedua-dua proses itu berlaku [1m]
(ii)
(iii)
Relate the processes with the heat required to deduce a relevant physics concept. Hubungkaitkan kedua-dua proses dengan haba yang diperlukan untuk meyimpulkan satu konsep fizik yang sesuai. [1m]
(iv)
Name the physics concept involved. Namakan konsep fizik yang terlibat.
[1m]
39
(ii)
(d)
Diagram 2.3 shows a simple solar waterheating system. Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan satu sistem solar pemanasan-air yang ringkas.
Pipes embedded in plate Paip yang terbenam dalam plat Pipe Paip
40
(ii)
(iii)
41
Mercury Merkuri
(i)
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(ii)
Explain one method of the calibrating the thermometer. [4 marks] Terangkan satu kaedah penentukuran bagi sebuah termometer. [4 markah]
(b)
Diagram 3.2 shows a cooling system of a motorcycle engine Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan sistem penyejukan enjin motosikal.
Spark plug Palam pencucuh Fin Sirip To carburetor Ke kaburator Engine block Blok enjin Diagram 3.2 Rajah 3.2
42
P Q R S
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the metals and determine the most suitable metal to be used as the fin blades for the purpose of cooling the motorcyle engine more effectively. Give reasons for your choice. Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri logam dan tentukan logam yang paling sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai bilah-bilah sirip bagi tujuan menyejukkan enjin motorsikal yang lebih efektif. Beri sebab bagi pilhan anda. [10 marks] [10 markah]
43
44
(ii)
(b)
A liquid substance of mass 2.0 kg is heated using an immersion heater of 100 W. Diagram 4.1 shows the heating-curve of the liquid. Suatu bahan dalam keadaan cecair berjisim 2.0 kg dipanaskan dengan menggunakan pemanas rendam 100 W. Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan keluk pemanasan bagi cecair itu.
30
10
Calculate Hitung (i) The energy supplied by the immersion heater during the phase change state. 2 marks] Tenaga yang dibekalkan oleh pemanas rendam semasa keadaan perubahan fasa. [2 markah]
45
(c)
Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 show the characteristics of the coolants and the pipes that carry the coolant in the refrigerator. Jadual 4.1 dan Jadual 4.2 menunjukkan ciri- ciri bagi bahan penyejuk dan paip yang membawa bahan penyejuk dalam sebuah peti sejuk. Specific latent heat of vapourisation Haba pendam tentu pengewapan ( J kg-1 ) 1.5 x 105 7.6 x 105 4.5 x 105 Table 4.1 Jadual 4.1 Specific heat capacity Muatan haba tentu ( J kg1 oC1 ) 220 350 180 Table 4.2 Jadual 4.2 Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the coolant and the pipe so that the refrigerator can work efficiently. State which coolant and which pipe is most suitable. Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri bahan penyejuk dan saluran supaya peti sejuk itu boleh berfungsi dengan cekap. Nyatakan bahan penyejuk dan paip manakah yang paling sesuai. [10m] 46
P Q R
35 10 -10
Pipe Paip
Diameter Diameter
X Y Z
Water Air
Based on the information and observation: Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian: (a) State one suitable inference. Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai. State one suitable hypothesis. Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang sesuai. [1 mark]
(b)
[1 mark]
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as immersion heater, beaker , measuring cylinder and other necessary apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in 5(b). Dengan menggunakan radas seperti pemanas rendam, biker, silinder penyukat dan lain-lain radas yang sesuai, terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di 5(b).
47
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
[10 marks]
48
Diagram 6.1 Rajah 6.1 When he reaches Johor Bahru, Ali measured the air pressure of the tyres again. He found that the air pressure in the same tyre has increases to 240 kPa. Apabila sampai ke Johor Bahru, Ali telah mengukur tekanan udara di dalam tayar semula. Dia mendapati tekanan udara dalam tayar yang sama telah meningkat kepada 240 kPa. Ali also found that the tyre become hot after he arrived at Johor Bahru. However the size of the tyre remains the same. Ali juga mendapati tayar itu menjadi panas setelah sampai di Johor Bahru. Walau bagaimanapun, saiz tayar itu adalah sama. Based on the information: Berdasarkan maklumat: (a) State one suitable inference Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai. State one suitable hypothesis. Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang sesuai. [1 mark] [1 markah] [1 mark] [1 markah]
(b)
49
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
50
60o 30o
o
Perspex block Blok perspek
PP
The refractive indeces of the glass block and the perspex block is 1.50 and 1.39 respectively. Indeks biasan bagi blok kaca dan blok perspek adalah 1.50 dan 1.39 masingmasing. (a) (i) What is the meaning of critical angle? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sudut genting?
[1 mark]
(ii)
Give a reason why the incidence rays is not refracted when entering the semicircular blocks? Beri satu sebab mengapa sinar tuju tidak dibiaskan apabila memasuki blok semibulatan? [1 mark]
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(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(c)
Name the light phenomenon that occurs when the incident angle is more than the critical angle of the medium. Namakan fenomena cahaya yang berlaku apabila sudut sinar tuju adalah melebihi sudut genting bahan. [1 mark]
52
Using your knowledge on total internal reflection and other properties of light, give some suggestions on how you would design an efficient optical fibre which is capable of carrying the largest number of signals simultaneously. Explain the suggestions based on the following aspects: Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan dalam pantulan dalam penuh dan sifat-sifat cahaya, beri beberapa cadangan tentang bagaimana anda akan mereka bentuk sebuah gentian optik yang efektif yang mana mampu untuk membawa isyarat yang paling banyak secara serentak. Terangkan cadangan-cadangan itu berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: The features of the optical fibre Sifat gentian optik The density of the inner core and outer cladding Ketumpatan bagi teras dalam dan pembalut luar The flexibility of the optical fibre Kelenturan gentian optik The ability to withstand extreme heat Kebolehan untuk menahan haba yang kuat The strength of the optical fibre Kekuatan gentian optik [10 marks]
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. F
image imej
object objek
Diagram 2.2 Rajah 2.2 The characteristic of the image formed by both lenses is virtual. Ciri Imej yang terbentuk oleh kedua-dua kanta itu adalah maya. (a) What is the meaning of virtual image ? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan imej maya ? Referring to Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 ; Merujuk kepada Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2; (i) Compare the object distance, u . Bandingkan jarak objek , u
[1 mark]
(b)
[1 mark]
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(iii)
[1 mark]
(c)
Diagram 2.3 shows an object placed in front of a convex lens with focal length ,f. Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan satu objek berada di hadapan kanta cembung dengan jarak fokus , f.
image imej
screen skrin
Diagram 2.3 Rajah 2.3 The Image formed on the screen is enlarged. Imej yang terbentuk di atas skrin adalah diperbesarkan. (i) Name the light phenomenon that occurs. Namakan fenomena cahaya yang berlaku.
[1 mark]
(ii)
State two other characteristics of the image formed on the screen. Nyatakan dua ciri lain imej yang terbentuk di atas skrin. [2 marks]
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(d)
You are given two convex lenses P and Q with focal lengths of 40 cm and 20 cm respectively. Using your knowledge on lenses , explain how you would build a simple astronomical telescope at normal adjustment. In your explanation, emphasise on the following aspects; Anda diberikan dua kanta cembung P dan Q dengan jarak fokus 40 cm dan 20 cm masing-masing. Menggunakan pengetahuan anda mengenai kanta, terangkan bagaimana anda akan membina sebuah teleskop astronomi ringkas pada pelarasan normal. Dalam penerangan anda beri penekanan kepada aspek-aspek berikut: (i) The lens for the eyepiece and objective lens Kanta untuk kanta mata dan kanta objektif The distance between the two lenses . Jarak antara kedua-dua kanta itu
[2 marks]
(ii)
[1 mark]
(iii)
(iv)
The formation of the image by objective lens and eyepiece. Pembentukan imej oleh kanta objektif dan kanta mata [4 marks] The characteristics of the final image Ciri-ciri bagi imej akhir [2 marks] The way to increase the magnification of the image . Cara untuk meningkatkan pembesaran imej [1 mark]
(v)
56
Diagram 3.1 Rajah 3.1 (a) What is the meaning of focal length of a lens? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan panjang fokus bagi satu kanta? [1 mark] (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by the magnifying glass. Lukis satu gambar rajah sinar untuk menunjukkan bagaimana imej dihasilkan oleh kanta pembesar. [4 marks] State the characteristics of the image produced Nyatakan ciri-ciri imej yang dihasilkan.
(b)
(ii)
[2 marks]
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Diameter (cm)
K L M N
58
(ii)
[3 marks]
4.
Diagram 4.1 shows the image formed by a concave mirror when the object distance is u. Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan imej dibentuk oleh cermin cekung apabila jarak objek adalah u. Screen skrin
image imej Bulb Mentol To power supply Ke bekalan kuasa Object objek
(a)
(i)
What is the meaning of real image? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan imej sahih? Name the phenomenon of light involved . Namakan fenomena cahaya yang terlibat .
[1 mark]
(ii)
[1 mark]
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Lighted candle Lilin menyala Diagram 4.2 Rajah 4.2 Draw a ray diagram to show how the image is formed by the mirror. Lukiskan rajah sinar cahaya untuk menunjukkan bagaimana imej dibentuk oleh cermin itu. [4 marks] (c) Diagram 4.3 shows a student is looking at the image of E which is situated behind him through a plane mirror placed 3 m in front of him. Rajah 4.3 menunjukkan seorang pelajar melihat imej , E, yang berada 4 m di belakangnya melalui cermin satah yang terletak 3 m di hadapannya.
4m
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(ii)
(iii)
The board is then moved backwards 2 m from its original position. What is the distance between the image E and the student now? Papan kenyataan itu kemudiannya dialihkan 2 m ke belakang dari kedudukan asalnya . Apakah jarak di antara imej E dengan pelajar itu sekarang? [4 marks]
(d)
You are asked to investigate the designs and the characteristics of a filament and reflector to be used in a spotlight. Explain the suitability of each characteristics and determine the spotlight which is more efficient. Anda diminta mengkaji reka bentu dan ciri-ciri filamen serta pemantul untuk digunakan di dalam sebuah lampu limpah. Terangkan kesesuaian bagi setiap ciri dan tentukan lampu yang lebih cekap.
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cover Penutup
Small aperture parabolic Parabola bukaan kecil T Big aperture Parabolic Parabola bukaan besar
thick glass with uneven surface inside and smooth surface outside kaca tebal dengan permukaan tidak rata pada bahagian dalam dan licin di bahagian luar
thin glass with smooth surface at both side kaca nipis dengan permukaan licin di kedua-dua belah
thick glass with uneven surface inside and smooth surface outside kaca tebal dengan permukaan tidak rata pada bahagian dalam dan licin di bahagian luar
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Model
camera man
camera man
image in camera
image in camera
Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1 While taking the picture, he looks at the image of the model on a small screen in the camera . He finds that the image becomes smaller when he stands further from the model. Semasa mengambil gambar, dia melihat imej model tersebut pada sebuah skrin di kamera. Dia mendapati imej menjadi semakin kecil apabila dia berdiri lebih jauh daripada model itu 63
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
[10 mark]
64
(a)
What is the meaning of coherent sources ? Apakah maksud sumber koheren ? [ 1 mark]
(b)
Observe Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 Perhatikan Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2 (i) Compare the wavelength of the wave in region A and region B. Bandingkan panjang gelombang bagi gelombang di kawasan A dan kawasan B. [1 mark]
65
(ii)
Compare the distances between two consecutive node or antinode lines , X, in region A and B . Bandingkan jarak antara dua garis nodal atau antinodal berturutan, X, dalam kawasan A dan B. [ 1mark]
(iii)
Compare the distances between the two-slit separation, a in region A and B. Bandingkan jarak antara dua pemisah,a dalam kawasan A dan B [ 1 mark] Relate the wave length of waves to the distances between two consecutive nodes or antinode lines , X, Hubungkait panjang gelombang bagi gelombang dengan jarak antara dua garis nodal dan antinodal berturutan, X [1mark] Name the wave phenomenon involved. Namakan fenomena gelombang terlibat. [1mark]
(iv)
(v)
Diagram 1.3 Rajah 1.3 Diagram 1.3 shows a ripple tank used to produce water wave . The bright and dark fringes are formed on the white paper(screen) . Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan sebuah tangki riak diguna untuk menghasilkan gelombang air. Pinggir-pinggir cerah dan gelap terbentuk pada kertas putih (skrin) 66
(c)
Explain why the bright and dark fringes are formed on the screen. Terangkan mengapa pinggir cerah dan gelap terbentuk pada skrin. [4 marks]
(d)
Diagram 1.4 shows the seashore of a seaside resort. During the monsoon season, waves are big and eroded the seashore, damaged the hotels and caused the jetty to collapse. Rajah 1.4 menunjukkan pantai bagi suatu tempat peranginan di tepi laut. Semasa musim monsun, ombak adalah besar dan menghakis pantai, memusnahkan hotel dan menyebabkan keruntuhan jeti.
Diagram 1.4 Rajah 1.4 To prevent similar damage in the future, there are several suggestions to build a retaining wall , relocate the jetty and the basic amenities. Provide ideas to solve the problems. You should use knowledge of reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves to explain these suggestions which include the following aspects: Untuk mengelakkan kemusnahan yang sama pada masa depan, terdapat beberapa cadangan untuk membina tembok penahan, memindahkan jeti dan kemudahan asas.
67
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Diagram 2.1 shows a tuning fork vibrating near a microphone. The sound waves detected by the microphone are displayed on a cathode-ray oscilloscope. Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan sebuah tala bunyi bergetar berhampiran dengan sebuah mikrofon. Gelombang bunyi yang dikesan oleh mikrofon itu dipaparkan pada sebuah osiloskop sinar katod. When the tuning fork is struck harder, the sound produced is louder and the sound waves produced are as shown in Diagram 2.2. Apabila tala bunyi itu diketuk dengan lebih kuat, bunyi yang dihasilkan adalah lebih nyaring dan gelombang bunyi yang dihasilkan adalah seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.2.
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a1
a2
(a)
(i)
What is the meaning of longitudinal waves? Apakah maksud gelombang membujur? [1 mark]
(ii)
Explain how a tuning fork produces sound waves. Jelaskan bagaimana tala bunyi menghasilkan gelombang bunyi. [4 marks]
(b)
Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2, (i) Compare the amplitudes of vibration of the tuning forks. Banding amplitud getaran tala bunyi itu. (ii) Compare the peak values, a1 and a2, of the waves displayed by the oscilloscope. 69
(i)
Using your knowledge of the nature and phenomena of waves, explain how the following aspects of the wave affect the results obtained. Menggunakan pengetahuan anda tentang sifat dan fenomena gelombang, terangkan bagaimana aspek gelombang yang berikut mempengaruhi keputusan yang diperoleh. Frequency of the waves Frekuensi gelombang Energy of the waves 70
Paper 2 (Section C) 3. Diagram 3.1 shows the plane wave moving to the gap formed by two barriers. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan gelombang satah bergerak ke celah yang dibentuk oleh dua penghalang.
Diagram 3.1 Rajah 3.1 (a) (i) What is meant by diffraction? Apakah yang di maksudkan dengan pembelauan? [1 mark ] Draw the wave pattern of the waves after passing through the gap formed by two barriers. Lukiskan corak gelombang bagi gelombang selepas melalui celah dibentuk oleh dua penghalang. [1 mark] Diagram 3.2 shows the gap is made wider. Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan celah dijadikan lebih lebar. (i) draw the wave pattern of the waves after passing through the wider gap. lukiskan corak gelombang bagi gelombang selepas melalui celah yang lebih lebar. [ 1 mark ] 71 (ii)
(b)
Diagram 3.2 Diagram 3.2 (ii) What remains unchanged after the waves passing through the gaps? Apakah yang tidak berubah selepas gelombang melalui celah ? [1 mark] What is the effect on the waves and the harbour passing through the entrance? Apakah kesan terhadap gelombang dan pelabuhan yang melalui laluan masuk itu? [2 marks]
(iii)
(c)
Diagram 3. 3 shows modifications to the harbour to overcome the heavy sea traffic problem. The wave pattern produced at the entrances is shown in Diagram 3.3. Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan pengubahsuaian kepada pelabuhan untuk mengatasi masalah laluan dipelabuhan. Corak gelombang yang dihasilkan di laluan masuk seperti di Rajah 3.3
72
Describe the movement of two similar ships that are located at A and B . Explain your answer. Huraikan gerakan dua buah kapal serupa yang berada di A dan B. Terangkan jawapan anda. [ 4 marks ] (d) A new harbour city is constructed at a selected location. There are four possible structures of the retaining wall. Table 3 shows the locations and the characteristics of the four retaining walls. Sebuah bandar pelabuhan baru dibina di lokasi yang terpilih. Terdapat empat struktur kemungkinan bagi tembok penahanan. Jadual 3 menunjukkan lokasi dan ciri-ciri bagi empat tembok penahanan. Explain the best location and the suitability of each characteristics of retaining wall. Determine the most suitable model to be used for
construction of the harbour. Give reasons for your choice.
Terangkan lokasi yang paling baik dan kesesuaian bagi setiap ciri-ciri untuk tembok penahan . Tentukan model yang paling sesuai digunakan untuk pembinaan pelabuhan. Berikan sebab untuk pilihan anda. [ 10 marks ]
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Bay Teluk
Rough Kasar
High Tinggi
Cape Tanjung
Smooth licin
High Tinggi
Bay Teluk
Rough Kasar
Low Rendah
Table 3 Jadual 3
(a)
Diagram 4.1 shows a Bartons pendulum which consists of five pendulums tied to a horizontal string. When X is pulled and released, it causes the other four pendulums to oscillate. Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan bandul Barton yang terdiri daripada lima bandul yang diikat kepada satu tali mengufuk. Apabila X ditarik dan dilepaskan, ia menyebabkan empat bandul lain berayun.
74
Diagram 4.1 Rajah 4.1 (i) Why do the other pendulum start to oscillate when X is pulled and released?
Mengapakah bandul lain mula untuk berayun apabila X ditarik dan dilepaskan? [ 1 mark ]
(ii)
What type of oscillation is gained by pendulums A, B,C and D ? Apakah jenis ayunan yang diperoleh oleh bandul A,B,C dan D? [ 1 mark ] Which pendulum oscillates with the maximum amplitude? Give reason . Bandul yang manakah berayun dengan amplitud
maksimum? Berikan sebab .
(iii)
[ 2 marks ] (iv) Name the phenomenon that occurred in (a) (iii). Namakan fenomena yang terjadi di (a) (iii). [ 1 mark ]
75
10 P
Low Rendah
Less than the focal length Kurang daripada panjang fokus Focal length Panjang fokus More than the focal length lebih daripada panjang fokus
High Tinggi
High Tinggi
Low Rendah
Table 2 Jadual 2 Study the specifications of all the four radar systems based on the following aspects and choose the most suitable radar system. Kaji spesifikasi untuk keempat-empat radar sistem radar berdasarkan aspek yang berikut dan pilih sistem radar yang paling sesuai.
76
Give reasons for your choice. Berikan sebab untuk pilihan anda. [10 marks] (c) Ultrasonic waves are transmitted by a hydrophone from a ship to the sea-bed to determine the depth of the sea. The hydrophone transmits an ultrasonic wave with a frequency of 25 kHz and a speed of 1 500 m s1 in sea water. The echoes of the ulltrasonic waves are received by the detector on the ship 0.12 s after transmission. Gelombang ultrasonik dipancar oleh hidrofon dari sebuah kapal kepada dasar laut untuk menentukan kedalaman laut. Hidrofon memancarkan gelombang ultrasonic yang berfrekuensi 25 kHz dan kelajuan 1 500 m s 1 dalam air laut. Gema gelombang ultrasonik yang diterima oleh alat pengesan pada kapal adalah 0.12 s selepas penghantaran. (i) What is the depth of the sea ? Berapakah kedalaman laut? [3 marks] (ii) Determine the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves in sea water. Tentukan panjang gelombang bagi gelombang ultrasonik dalam air laut. [2 marks]
77
Based on the information and observation above: Berdasarkan kepada maklumat dan pemerhatian di atas, a) State one suitable inference Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai. b) State one suitable hypothesis Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang sesuai.
[ 1 mark ]
[ 1 mark ]
c) With the use of apparatus such as a ripple tank, obstacles and other apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b) Dengan menggunakan radas seperti tangki riak, penghalang dan lain-lain radas, terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di (b) In your description, state clearly the following : Dalam penerangan anda, jelaskan perkara berikut : (i) Aim of the experiment Tujuan eksperimen Variables in the experiment Pembolehubah dalam eksperimen 78
(ii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Diagram 6.1 Rajah 6.1 Diagram 6.1 shows the view of a beach at a bay. The water wave moves from the deeper to the shallower part of the beach . Hence, water
79
[ 1 mark ]
[ 1 mark ]
(c) With the use of apparatus such as a ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar and other apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b) Dengan menggunakan radas seperti tangki riak, lampu, motor,batang kayu dan lain-lain radas, terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di (b) In your description, state clearly the following : Dalam penerangan anda, jelaskan perkara berikut : (i) Aim of the experiment Tujuan eksperimen (ii) Variables in the experiment Pembolehubah dalam eksperimen (iii) List of apparatus and materials Senarai radas dan bahan (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus Susunan radas (v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable Prosedur eksperimen termasuk kaedah mengawal pembolehubah dimanipulasikan dan kaedah mengukur pembolehubah bergerakbalas (vi) The way you would tabulate the data 80
81
82
Diagram 1.2 Rajah 1.2 (a) (i) What is meant by electromotive force? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan daya gerak elektrik? [1 mark] [1 markah] (ii) Draw a circuit diagram for each circuit and label the type of circuit. Lukis litar bagi setiap rajah dan labelkan jenis litar tersebut. [4 marks] [4 markah]
(b)
Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, compare the brightness of the bulbs, the potential difference across the bulb and the current flows through the bulb . Relate the brightness of the bulb, the potential different and the current flows through the bulbs to deduce a relevant physics concept. Menggunakan Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2, bandingkan kecerahan mentol, beza keupayaan merentasi mentol dan arus yang melalui mentol. Hubungkaitkan kecerahan mentol, beza keupayaan dan arus yang mengalir melalui mentol untuk menyimpulkan satu konsep fizik yang relevan. [5 marks] [5 markah] 83
You are required to modify the design of the electric kettle in Diagram 1.3 so that it can boil water in a shorter time and has better safety. State and explain the modifications based on the following aspects: Anda dikehendaki untuk mengubahsuai reka bentuk cerek elektrik dalam Rajah 1.3 supaya dapat mendidihkan air dengan lebih cepat dan lebih selamat. Nyata dan terangkan pengubahsuaian berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) diameter of the wire used as the flexible cable diameter wayar yang diguna sebagai kabel mudah alih (ii) length of the cable panjang kabel (iii) type of heating element jenis unsur pemanas (iv) type of material used as the body of the kettle jenis bahan yang digunakan sebagai badan cerek (v) safety precaution langkah keselamatan [10 marks] [10 markah]
84
Diagram 2.2 Rajah 2.2 (a) What is the meaning of electric current? Apakah maksud arus elektrik? [1 mark] [ 1 markah ] (b) Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the ammeter reading, the voltmeter reading and the length of the wire. Relate the voltmeter reading with the length of the wire to deduce a relevant physics concept. Dengan menggunakan Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2, bandingkan bacaan ammeter, bacaan voltmeter dan panjang wayar. 85
Diagram 2.3 Rajah 2.3 You are required to modify the design of the filament bulb so that it can light up with normal brightness. State and explain the modifications based on the following aspects: Anda dikehendaki untuk mengubahsuai reka bentuk filamen mentol dalam Rajah 2.3 supaya dapat menyala dengan kecerahan normal. Nyata dan terangkan pengubahsuaian berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) type of material used for the filament jenis bahan yang digunakan sebagai filamen shape of the filament coil bentuk gelung filamen thickness of the filament wire ketebalan wayar filamen melting point of the filament takat lebur filamen length of filament wire panjang wayar filamen 86
PAPER 2 (SECTION C) 3 Diagram 3.1 and 3.2 show two electrical circuits containing two bulbs 5 W 4 each and an adjustable rheostat (0 50 ) Rajah 3.1 dan 3.2 menunjukkan dua buah litar elektrik ringkas yang mengandungi dua buah mentol masing masing 5W, 4 dan sebuah reostat yang boleh melaras rintangan dari 0 hingga 50 .
Batteries bateri
Rheostat Reostat, (0 50 )
(a)
(b)
(i) State the arrangement of the bulbs with the rheostat and relate it to theconcept of effective resistance for both diagrams. Nyatakan susunan mentol mentol dengan reostat dan hubungkaitkan dengan konsep rintangan berkesan bagi kedua dua Rajah. (ii)
If the rheostat has a resistance of 50, calculate the effective resistance in Diagram 3.2 Jika reostat mempunyai rintangan 50 , hitungkan rinta berkesan dalam Rajah 3.2 [4 marks] 87
Table 3 shows the specifications for four wires of the same diameter that can be used as a heating element of an electric kettle. Jadual 3 menunjukkan spesifikasi empat dawai berdiameter sama yang boleh digunakan untuk membuat elemen pemanas sebuah cerek elektrik.
Type Jenis
6500
7000
8050
7.0 x 10-7
5000
8500
5.0 x 10-7
2500
9000
8.0 x 10-7
Table 3 / Jadual 3 You are required to determine the most suitable wire and explain the suitability of the aspects in Table 3.
88
(ii)
(a)
What is meant by potential difference ? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan beza keupayaan ? [1 mark] [ 1 markah]
(b)
Explain why the bulb connected to two dry cells lights up brighter than one bulb connected to one dry cell. Explain. Terangkan mengapa mentol yang disambungkan kepada dua sel kering menyala lebih terang berbanding dengan mentol yang disambung kepada satu sel kering. [4 marks] [4 markah] Table 4 below shows the characteristics of four types of cables that have the same length. Jadual 4 dibawah menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi empat jenis kabel yang mempunyai panjang yang sama. Cable Diameter Density 89 Rate of Melting point
(c)
P Q R S
[ 1 mark ] [1 markah]
(ii)
the power loss due to the heating of the cables kuasa yang hilang oleh kesan pemanasan kabel [ 2 marks ] 90
PAPER 3 (SECTION B) 5 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show two electric kettles used to boil the same amount of water with a heating element. The heating coil of the kettle in Diagram 5.1 is thicker than that in Diagram 5.2. The length and material of both coils are the same. It is noticed that the kettle in Diagram 5.2 heated up water faster than the kettle in Diagram 5.1. Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan dua cerek elektrik digunakan untuk mendidihkan jumlah air yang sama menggunakan unsur pemanas. Gegelung pemanas bagi cerek dalam Rajah 5.1 lebih tebal berbanding dalam Rajah 5.2. Didapati, cerek dalam Rajah 5.2 memanaskan air lebih cepat berbanding cerek dalam Rajah 5.1.
91
Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.2 Based on the information and observation : Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian tersebut : (a) State one suitable inference, Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai. [1 mark] [1 markah] (b) State one hypothesis that could be investigated. Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang boleh disiasat. [1 mark] [1 markah] (c) With the use of apparatus such as a dry cell, constantan wire and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in 5(b). Dengan menggunakan rada seperti sel kering ,wayar konstantan dan lain-lain radas, terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di 5(b). In your description, state clearly the following: Dalam penerangan anda nyatakan dengan jelas perkara berikut (i) (ii) (iii) The aim of an experiment. Tujuan eksperimen. The variables in the experiment. Pemboleh ubah dalam eksperimen. The list of apparatus and materials. Senarai radas dan bahan. 92
6.
Diagram 6.1 shows a light bulb which lights up when it is connected to a dry cell. Diagram 6.2 shows the same light bulb lights up with more brightness when it is connected to two dry cells. Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan sebiji mentol menyala apabila disambungkan kepada sebiji sel kering. Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan mentol yang sama menyala dengan lebih cerah apabila disambungkan kepada dua biji sel kering.
Based on the information and observation above : Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian di atas: (a) State one suitable inference. Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai 93
94
(i)
What is the meaning of electromagnetic induction? Apakah maksud aruhan electromagnet? markah]
[1 marks/ 1
(ii)
Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, compare the speed of motion of the two Bar magnets and the deflection of the two galvanometer pointers. Relate the deflection of the galvanometer pointers, the currents in the solenoids and the speed of the bar magnets, deduce a physics concept. 95
(iii)
Name the physic law that explains the above situation. Namakan hukum fizik yang menerangkan situasi di atas. [1 marks/ 1 markah] State two advantages of the National Grid Network in the transmission of electricity. Nyatakan dua kelebihan Rangkaian Grid Nasional dalam penghantaran elektrik. [2 marks/ 2
(b) (i)
markah] (ii) Explain why the electrical power is better transmitted at a high voltage compared to a low voltage. Terangkan mengapa kuasa elektrik adalah lebih baik dihantar pada voltan tinggi berbanding dengan voltan yang rendah. [2 marks/ 2 markah]
(c) Diagram 1.3 shows a simple generator. Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan suatu penjana ringkas.
Diagram 1.3
96
(ii)
Explain the modification that needs to be done on the generator and the external circuit to change it to become a d.c electric motor. Explain how the motor can be made with faster rotation. Terangkan pengubahsuaian yang perlu dilakukan pada penjana dan litar luar untuk mengubahnya menjadi satu motor elektrik a.t. Terangkan juga bagaimana motor dapat dibuat dengan putaran yang lebih cepat. [10 marks/ 10 markah]
2.(a) Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show two identical electromagnets, X and Y. The current in X is 2.0 A and the current in Y is 3.0 A. Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan dua electromagnet yang sama, X dan Y. Arus dalam X ialah 2.0 A dan arus dalam Y ialah 3.0 A.
(i)
What is the meaning of electromagnet? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan electromagnet? [1 marks/ 1 markah]
(ii)
Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the amount of iron 97
Diagram 2.3 (i) Explain why a current is produced. Terangkan mengapa arus dihasilkan. [1mark/1markah] What is the magnetic pole formed at the end of B of the solenoid when the magnet is pushed into the solenoid? Explain your answer. Apakah kutub magnet yang terbentuk pada hujung B solenoid itu apabila magnet ditolak ke dalam solenoid? Terangkan jawapan anda. [1mark/1markah] State the direction of the current in the solenoid seen by observer P. Nyatakan arah arus dalam solenoid yang dilihat oleh pemerhati P. [1mark/1markah] State what is observed on the galvanometer pointer when the magnet is 98
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Diagram 2.4 (i) Explain the operating principle of a transformer. Terangkan prinsip operasi transformer itu. markah]
[ 4 marks/ 4
(ii)
Explain the modification that needs to be done to the transformer so that it can step down the mains voltage of 240V to 2V, 4V, 6V, 8V,10V,or 12V. Suggest three ways to increase the efficiency of the transformer. Terangkan pengubahsuaian yang perlu dilakukan pada transformer supaya transformer itu dapat menurunkan voltan sesalur 240V menjadi 2V,4V, 6V,8V, 10V atau 12V. Cadangkan tiga cara untuk menambahkan kecekapan transformer itu. [6 marks/ 6 markah]
99
3. Diagram 3.1 shows a bar magnet moving in and out of a copper coil which is connected to a galvanometer. Diagram 3.2 shows a copper wire, which is connected to a galvanometer, oscillating in the space between two bar magnets.
( a) ( i) What is the meaning of induced current ? ( ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2. Compare the motion between the bar magnets, the copper coil and copper wire, relate a physics concept with them. ( b) Diagram 3.3 shows a magnet moving towards a solenoid connected to a galvanometer. On Diagram 3.3, indicate the direction of flow of the induced current and state three ways to increase the magnitude of the induced current. ( c) Diagram 3.4 shows a simple transformer used for stepping down the voltage of an alternating current.
100
Paper 2 ( Section C ) 4. (a) Diagram 4.1 shows a simple experiment to demostrate the principle of electromagnetic induction. An induced current is produced when the bar magnet is pushed into a coil where it ends are connected to a sensitive galvanometer. Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan suatu eksperimen ringkas untuk menunjukkan prinsip aruhan elektromagnet. Suatu arus teraruh dihasilkan apabila batang magnet ditolak ke dalam gegelung di mana hujungnya disambungkan kepada suatu galvanometer peka.
Diagram 4.1 (i) What is the meaning of electromagnetic induction? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan aruhan electromagnet?
101
(b) Diagram 4.2 shows a model of an electric transmission system set up in a laboratory. A 12V power supply is used as a power station. X,Y and Z are transformers. A bulb of 6V is used to represent a factory and a bulb of 3V is uses to represent houses. The electric power from the power station is sent at a voltage of 36V. Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan suatu model bagi sistem penghantaran elektrik yang disediakan dalam makmal. Bekalan kuasa 12V digunakan sebagai stesen kuasa. X, Y dan Z merupakan transformer. Satu mentol 6V digunakan untuk mewakili sebuah kilang dan satu mentol 3V digunakan untuk mewakili rumah-rumah. Kuasa elektrik dari stesen dihantar pada voltan 36V.
102
Diagram 4.2 You are required to set up the model as shown in Diagram 3.2 using the information below. Number of turns of the coils Bilangan lilitan gegelung A = 1500 Type of transformer core Jenis teras transformer Material of transmission lines Bahan talian penghantaran Nichrome Nikrom Constantan Konstantan Copper Kuprum Aluminium Aluminium
Copper core solid Pepejal teras kuprum Laminated copper core Teras kuprum berlamina Iron core solid Pepejal teras besi Laminated iron core Teras besi berlamina Steel core solid Pepejal teras keluli Laminated steel core Teras keluli berlamina
B = 1080
C = 1000
D = 500
E = 180
F = 120
(iii)
(c) If the resistance of the transmission lines between X and Y in the model is 2 .0 and the power supplied by the power station is 36 W, calculate jika rintangan talian penghantaran di antara X dan Y dalam model itu ialah 4.0 dan kuasa yang dibekalkan oleh stesen kuasa ialah 18W, hitung (i) the current in the transmission line arus dalam talian penghantaran [2marks/2markah] .(ii) the power loss in the transmission line kehilangan kuasa dalam talian penghantaran. [3 marks/ 3 markah]
104
Diagram 5.1 (i) What is the meaning of electromagnet? Apakah maksud elektromagnet? [1mark/1markah] (ii) Explain why the hammer strikes the bell repeatedly when the switch is turned on. Terangkan mengapa penukul memukul loceng berulang kali apabila suis dihidupkan.
[2marks/2markah] (iii) Explain why the bell can also function when an a.c voltage is used instead of the d.c supply. Terangkan mengapa loceng itu juga boleh berfungsi apabila voltan a.u digunakan untuk menggantikan bekalan a.t [1marks/1markah]
105
(b) Diagram 5.2 shows the National Grid Network. Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan Rangkaian Grid Nasional.
Diagram 5.2
Table 5 gives the information about four types of cables that could be used for the Transmission of electricity in the National Grid Network. Jadual 5 memberikan maklumat tentang empat jenis kabel yang boleh digunakan untuk penghantaran elektrik dalam Rangkaian Grid Nasional.
106
5.0 x 10x
1.50
3.0 x 10x
0.30
1.0 x 10x
0.60
6.3 x 10x
Table 5 Explain the suitability of each characteristic in Table 5 and determine which cable is most suitable to be used. Give reasons for your choices. Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri dalam Jadual 5 dan tentukan kabel yang manakah paling sesuai digunakan . Berikan sebab-sebab bagi pilihan anda. [10 marks / 10 markah] .
107
Diagram 6.1 Using your knowledge of electromagnetism : Menggunakan pengetahuan anda berkaitan keelektromagnetan: ( a) Make one suitable inference. Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai ( b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated. Nyatakan satu hipotesis bersesuaian yang boleh dikaji ( c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis state in (b). Rekabentuk satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis dinyatakan dalam (b) Choose suitable apparatus such as a bar magnet, a coil of copper wire and others. In your description, state clearly the following : Pilih radas yang sesuai seperti magnet bar, gegelung wayar kuprum dan lainlain. Dalam penerangan anda, nyatakan dengan jelas yang berikut:
108
( ii) variables in experiment pembolehubah eksperimen ( iii) list of apparatus and materials senarai radas dan bahan ( iv) arrangement of the apparatus susunan radas ( v) the procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable prosedur eksperimen termasuk kaedah mengawal pembolehubah dimanipulasi dan kaedah mengukur pembolehubah bertindakbalas ( vi) the way you would tabulate the data cara menjadualkan data ( vii) the way you would analyse the data cara menganalisis data
7 Diagram 7.1 and Diagram 7.2 shows a large electromagnet used in steelworks to lift and move heavy steel scraps. The load is released when the electric current is switched off.
Diagram 7.1
Diagram 7.2
109
( ii) variables in experiment pembolehubah eksperimen ( iii) list of apparatus and materials senarai radas dan bahan ( iv) arrangement of the apparatus susunan radas ( v) the procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable prosedur eksperimen termasuk kaedah mengawal pembolehubah dimanipulasi dan kaedah mengukur pembolehubah bertindakbalas ( vi) the way you would tabulate the data cara menjadualkan data ( vii) the way you would analyse the data cara menganalisis data
110
111
(b)
Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram1. 2 compare, Menggunakan Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2 bandingkan, (i) the intensity of the green dot kecerahan tompok hijau [1 mark] [1 markah]
(ii)
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(iii) the velocity of electron halaju elektron (c) State the relationship between Nyatakan hubungan antara (i) voltage and the velocity of electron voltan dengan halaju elektron Velocity of electron and the intensity of green dot Halaju elektron dan keamatan tompok hijau
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(ii)
(d)
Explain how the green dot can be formed on the screen. [4 marks] Terangkan bagaimanakah tompok hijau itu dapat terbentuk di atas skrin. [ 4 markah] Using both Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, suggest the modifications to be made to the cathode ray tube to turn it into a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) based on the following aspects: Menggunakan kedua-dua Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2 cadangkan modifikasi yang perlu dibuat untuk menukarkan tiub sinar katod itu kepada sebuah Osiloskop sinar katod (CRO) berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) electron gun senapang elektron [4 marks] [4 markah]
(e)
112
2.
Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 shows two identical electric circuits containing a diode , an ammeter, a bulb and two batteries. Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan dua litar serupa mengandungi sebuah diod, satu ammeter dan dua buah bateri.
113
(b)
Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the lighting of the bulbs, the current flow and the connection of the diode to the battery terminal. Relate the connection of the diode to the battery and the lighting of the bulb to deduce a relevant physics concept. [5 marks] Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2, bandingkan nyalaan mentol, arus yang mengalir dan sambungan diod kepada terminal bateri. Hubungkaitkan sambungan diod kepada bateri dan nyalaan mentol bagi menyimpulkan satu konsep fizik yang relevan. [5 markah]
(c)
Diagram 2.3 shows a half wave rectifier circuit. Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan litar rektifikasi gelombang separuh.
Diagram 2.3 Rajah 2.3 (i) Draw the wave form at the output of the circuit. [1 mark] Lukiskan bentuk gelombang pada bahagian output litar itu. [1 markah] A capacitor is then placed across the output of the circuit.
(ii)
114
Diagram 2.4 Rajah 2.4 You are required to make modifications to the circuit so that the circuit can be used to switch on the alarm automatically in case of a fire. The alarm used operates with a voltage supply of 240 V a.c. State and explain the modifications based on the following aspects: Anda dikehendaki untuk membuat perubahan kepada litar di atas bagi menghidupkan penggera secara automatik apabila berlaku kebakaran. Penggera yang digunakan beroperasi dengan bekalan 240 V a.u. Nyata dan terangkan pengubahsuaian berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) Position of the thermistor Kedudukan termistor. Connection of the battery Sambungan bateri [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah]
(ii)
115
Paper 2 (Section C)
3. Diagram 3.1 shows the symbol of a transistor. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan simbol satu transistor.
(a)
(i)
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(ii)
Explain with the aid of a diagram how the transistor can be used as an amplifier. [ 4 marks] Terangkan dengan menggunakan rajah bagaimana transistor itu dapat digunakan sebagai penguat arus. [4 markah]
(b)
Diagram 3.2 shows four transistor circuits, J, K, L and M used to light up street light. Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan empat litar transistor, J,K,L dan M yang digunakan untuk menyalakan lampu jalan.
116
117
Diagram 3.2 Rajah 3.2 You are required to determine the most suitable design of the circuit so that the street light with light up automatically when the surrounding is dark. Anda ditugaskan untuk menentukan rekabentuk litar yang paling sesuai untuk menyalakan lampu jalan secara automatik apabila keadaan persekitaran adalah gelap. Study the specification of all the four circuits based on the following aspects: Kaji spesifikasi keempat-empat litar berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) . (ii) The position of LDR. Kedudukan LDR The position of resistor R Kedudukan perintang R Connection of dry cells Sambungan sel kering Additional component Komponen tambahan [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah]
(iii)
(iv)
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable circuit. 118
(c)
Diagram 3.3 shows a graph of collector current, I c against base circuit, I b from an experiment using a transistor circuit. Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan satu graf arus pengumpul, I c melawan arus tapak, I b dari satu eksperimen menggunakan litar bertransistor.
Based on the information from the graph, Berdasarkan maklumat dari graf, Calculate: Hitungkan:
(i)
[2 marks] [ 2 markah]
(ii)
the value of emitter current, I e when the collector current, I c is 30 mA. [2 marks] Nilai arus pengeluar, I e apabila arus pengumpul, I c adalah 30 mA. [2 markah]
119
Diagram 4.1 Rajah 4.1 (a) (i) What is the meaning of thermionic emission? [1 mark] Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pancaran termion? [1 markah] Explain why the milliammeter record a reading when the switch is on. [4 marks] Terangkan mengapa milliammeter mencatatkan bacaan apabila suis dihidupkan. [4 markah]
(ii)
(b)
Diagram 4.2 shows four cathode ray tubes, L,M,N,O which is to be used to study the characteristics of cathode ray in a magnetic field. Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan empat tiub sinar katod yang digunakan untuk mengkaji sifat-sifat sinar katod di dalam medan magnet.
120
121
You are required to determine the most suitable cathode ray tube that can show the effect of cathode ray in a magnetic field. Anda ditugaskan untuk menentukan tiub sinar katod yang paling sesuai yang dapat menunjukkan kesan sinar katod dalam medan magnet. Study the specifications of all the four cathode ray tubes based on the following aspects: Kaji spesifikasi keempat-empat tiub sinar katod berdasarkan aspekaspek berikut: (i) . (ii) The position of the cross. Kedudukan palang The position of anode Kedudukan anod Connection of EHT Sambungan VLT The position of cathode Kedudukan katod [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah]
(iii)
(iv)
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable cathode ray tube. Give a reason for your choice. [2 marks] Terangkan kesesuaian setiap aspek dan seterusnya tentukan tiub sinar katod yang paling sesuai. 122
(c)
Diagram 4.3 shows a wave form on the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope, CRO. The Y gain setting is 3 V cm-1 and time base setting on the CRO is 5 ms cm-1. Rajah 4.3 menunjukkan satu gelombang yang terhasil pada skrin sebuah osiloskop sinar katod, OSK. Pengganda Y adalah 3 V cm-1 dan masa tapak pada OSK adalah 5 ms cm-1.
Diagram 4.3 Rajah 4.3 Calculate: Hitungkan: (i) period of the wave tempoh ayunan gelombang frequency of the wave form frekuensi gelombang peak voltage of the wave Voltan puncak gelombang [2 marks] [2 markah] [1 mark] [1 markah] [ 2 marks] [2 markah]
(ii)
(iii)
123
Diagram 1.1 Rajah 1.1 (a) What is the meaning of background reading? Apakah maksud bacaan latarbelakang?
(b) (i)
Based on information and observation on Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, compare the background reading, the level of milk in the containers and the readings of the rate meters. Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian pada Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2, bandingkan bacaan latarbelakang, aras susu dalam bekas dan bacaan meter kadar.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
124
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(c)
A radioisotope emits two radioactive rays, R and S. The path of both rays in an electric field are shown in Diagram 1.3. Suatu bahan radioisotop memancarkan dua sinaran radioaktif, R dan S. Lintasan kedua- dua sinaran itu dalam medan elektrik seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.3.
(i)
[2 marks] [2 markah]
125
(d) Diagram 1.4 shows how a worker handling a radioactive material. The method used to handle the radioactive material is not safe. Radioactive ray emitted by the radioactive material can caused side effect to the worker. Suggest and explain how to handle the radioactive material safely based on the following aspects : Rajah 1.4 menunjukkan bagaimana seorang pekerja sedang mengendalikan bahan radioaktif. Kaedah yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan bahan radioaktif itu tidak selamat. Sinaran radioaktif yang dipancarkan oleh bahan radioaktif boleh menyebabkan banyak kesan sampingan. Cadang dan terangkan bagaimana untuk mengendalikan bahan radioaktif dengan selamat berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut:
Radioactive material Bahan radioaktif Wooden box Kotak kayu Diagram 1.4 Rajah 1.4
(i) The modifications in the storing methods of the radioactive material safely. Pengubahsuaian dalam kaedah penyimpanan bahan radioaktif secara selamat. 126
[2 marks] [2 markah]
[4 marks] [4 markah]
[4 marks] [4 markah]
2. Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show the activities of two radioactive sources X and Y. Rajah 2.1 dan 2.2 menunjukkan aktiviti dua sumber radioaktif X dan Y.
Activity / s1 Aktiviti/ s1
1200 900 600 300
Activity / s1 Aktiviti/ s1
2000 1500 1000 500
10
15
20
Time / h Masa / j
100
200
300
400
Time / s Masa / s
127
(b)
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
[1 mark] [1 markah]
The following equation shows the decay process of Polonium. Persamaan berikut menunjukkan proses penyepaian Polonium.
214 84
Po
x 82
4 Pb + y He
(i) Determine the value of x and y. Tentukan nilai x dan y (ii) Name the radioactive emission emitted by Polonium 214 ( 84 Po ) Namakan sinaran radioaktif yang dipancarkan oleh 214 Polonium ( 84 Po )
[2 marks] [2 markah]
[1 marks] [1 markah]
128
[1 markah]
(d) The radioactive ray emitted by a radioactive source used in the treatment of brain tumor. You are assigned to conduct the treatment so that the side effect of radioactive ray to the patient can be reduced. Using the knowledge of radioactivity, suggest and explain on the following aspects: Sinaran radioaktif yang dipancarkan oleh sumber radioaktif digunakan untuk rawatan ketumbuhan dalam otak. Anda ditugaskan untuk mengendalikan rawatan itu supaya kesan sampingan sinaran raadioaktif terhadap pesakit dapat dikurangkan. Menggunakan pengetahuan tentang keradioaktifan, cadang dan terangkan berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) The type of radioactive ray Jenis sinaran radioaktif (ii) How to target the radioactive ray on the tumor cells Bagaimana sinaran radioaktif disasarkan ke atas sel-sel ketumbuhan. (iii) The dosage of the radioactive ray Dos sinaran radioaktif (iv) Exposure time to radioactive ray Masa pendedahan sinaran radioaktif [2 marks] [2 markah] [4 marks] [4 markah] [ 2 marks] [2 markah] [ 2 marks] [2 markah]
129
(a)
What is the meaning of radioactive? Apakah maksud radioaktif? Using Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2, compare: Menggunakan Rajah 3.1 dan 3.2, bandingkan: (i) The voltage of the EHT Voltan VLT (ii) The deflection of radioactive ray Pesongan sinaran radioaktif
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(b)
(c)
State the relationship between the strength of electric field between the plates and Nyatakan hubungan antara kekuatan medan elektrik antara plat-plat
dengan (i) the voltage of EHT Voltan VLT [1 mark] [1 markah] [1 mark] [1 markah]
(d)
Explain why a radioisotope that emits alpha particle is not suitable for use as a tracer in medicine? [4 markah] Terangkan mengapa radioisotop yang memancarkan zarah alfa tidak sesuai digunakan dalam bidang perubatan? [4 markah]
(e)
Diagram 3.3 shows a system used in a factory to ensure the thickness of cardboard sheet is uniform. The system used radioactive source. The rollers are used to compress the cardboard sheet. Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan suatu sistem yang digunakan dalam sebuah kilang untuk memastikan ketebalan kepingan kadbod adalah seragam. Sistem itu menggunakan sumber radioaktif. Penggelek-penggelek digunakan untuk memampatkan kepingan kadbod.
Diagram 3.3 Rajah 3.3 The thickness of cardboard sheets are accepted if the reading of the counter is 250 count per minute. Suggest and explain on the following aspects so that the system can works efficiently. Ketebalan kepingan kadbod akan diterima jika bacaan pembilang adalah 250 bilangan per minit.Cadang dan terangkan berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut supaya sistem itu boleh bekerja dengan lebih cekap
(i)
[2 marks]
(iii) the half life of the radioisotope. separuh hayat radioisotop (iv) the modification should be done on the distance between the rollers when the readings recorded by the counter is lower or higher than 250 count per minute. pengubahsuaian yang perlu dilakukan ke atas jarak antara penggelek bila bacaan yang direkodkan oleh pembilang lebih rendah atau lebih tinggi dari 250 bilangan perminit.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]
132
4. to
Radioactive material has some important uses in the field of agriculture such as study the effectiveness of fertilizers and control the population of pests.
Bahan radioaktif mempunyai beberapa kegunaan penting dalam bidang pertanian seperti mengkaji keberkesanan baja dan pengawalan populasi serangga. (a) A researcher conducted an investigation using posphorus-32 to study the absorption and movement of fertilizers in the plant. Diagram 4.1 shows how radioisotope phosphorus - 32 is injected to the stem of the plant. The half-life of posphorus-32 is 14 days and emits -particles. Seorang penyelidik telah menjalankan satu penyiasatan menggunakan fosforus-32 untuk mengkaji penyerapan dan pergerakan baja dalam satu tumbuhan.Rajah 4.1menunjukkan bagaimana fosforus-32 disuntik kedalam batang tumbuhan itu. Separuh hayat bagi fosforus-32 ialah 14 hari dan memancarkan zarah- .
133
(ii)
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(iii) Name the most suitable detector could be used to detect -particles. Namakan satu alat pengesan yang paling sesuai digunakan untuk mengesan zarah- .
[1 marks] [1 markah]
(b) The initial posphorus-32 activity is 600 counts per second. Calculate the time taken for the phosphorus-32 activity to decrease to 75 counts per second. Keaktifan awal fosforus-32 ialah 600 bilangan per saat.Hitung masa yang diambil untuk keaktifan fosforus-32 berkurang menjadi 75 bilangan per saat. [2 marks] [2 markah]
(c)
The population of pests can be controlled using radiation from radioactive source.
You are assigned to study the characteristics of some radioisotopes that are suitable for use in controlling the population of pests. Table 3.2 shows the characteristics of four radioisotopes. Populasi serangga dapat dikawal dengan menggunakan sinaran radioaktif dari satu sumber radioaktif. Anda ditugaskan untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri bagi beberapa radioisotope yang sesuai untuk digunakan dalam mengawal populasi serangga.
134
Radioisotope Radioisotope
Characteristics of radioisotope Ciri-ciri radioisotop State of matter Keadaan jirim Types of ray Jenis sinar Half-life Separuh hayat
Iodine-131 Iodin-131
Liquid Cecair
Gamma Gama
8 days 8 hari
Xenon-133 Xenon-133
Solid pepejal
Beta Beta
5 days 5 hari
Cobalt-60 Kobalt-60
Solid Pepejal
Gamma Gama
5 years 5 tahun
Strontium-90 Strontium-90
liquid cecair
Beta Beta
8 years 8 tahun
Table 4.2 Jadual 4.2 Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the radioisotope to be used in the controlling the population of pests based on the following aspects: Terangkan kesesuian ciri-ciri radioisotope untuk digunakan dalam mengawal populasi serangga berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut: (i) State of matter Keadaan jirim (ii) Types of ray Jenis sinar (iii) Half-life Separuh hayat 135 [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah]
[2 marks] [2 markah]
(d) The following equation shows a fission reaction of Uranium-235. Persamaan berikut menunjukkan satu persamaan tindakbalas pembelahan nukleus Uranium-235.
(i) What is the meaning of nuclear fission? Apakah maksud pembelahan nucleus?
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(ii) Explain how nuclear energy is produced from the nuclear fission? [3 marks] Terangkan bagaimana tenaga nuklear dihasilkan daripada tindak balas pembelahan nukleus itu? [3 markah]
(e)
The nuclear energy produced in fusion reaction of two nuclei is 6.0 x 10-9 J. Tenaga nuklear yang dihasilkan dalam tindakbalas pelakuran dua nucleus ialah 6.0 x 10-9 J. Calculate: Hitungkan: (i) The total loss of mass in the reaction. Jumlah kehilangan jisim dalam tindakbalas itu. [ c = 3.0 x 108 ms-1] (ii) Time taken to produce the power of 200 W Masa yang diambil untuk menghasilkan kuasa 200 W [2 marks] [2 markah]
[1 mark] [1 markah]
136
Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1 (a) (i) State one characteristic of gamma ray. Nyatakan satu ciri sinar gamma. [1 mark] [1 markah]
(b) Explain Terangkan (i) why the radioactive source is kept in the lead box. mengapa sumber radioaktif itu disimpan dalam kotak plumbum. how gamma ray is used to control the thickness of the metal plate. bagaimana sinar gamma digunakan untuk mengawal ketebalan kepingan logam. [2 marks] [2 markah]
(ii)
[4 marks] [4 markah]
137
Radioisotope Radioisotop V W X Y Z
Half-life Separuh hayat 28 years 28 tahun 5 years 5 tahun 5 days 5 hari 8 days 8 hari 140 days 140 hari
Table 5 Jadual 5 (i) Explain the suitability of the characteristics to be used in the sterilization of medical equipment. Terangkan kesesuaian ciri-ciri yang boleh digunakan untuk pensterilan peralatan perubatan. (ii) Determine the most suitable radioisotope to be used and give one reason for your choice. . Tentukan radioisotop yang paling sesuai digunakan dan beri satu sebab bagi pilihan anda. .
[6 marks] [6 markah]
[2 marks] [2 markah]
138
Additional information: Maklumat tambahan: Mass of Po Jisim Po Mass of Pb Jisim Pb Mass of He Jisim He = 209.982 u
= 205.969 u
= 4.004 u
Based on the equation and additional information given, calculate; Berdasarkan persamaan dan maklumat tambahan yang diberi, hitung; (i) the mass defect cacat jisim (ii) the energy released tenaga yang dibebaskan (iii) the power produced in 5 s kuasa yang dihasilkan dalam 5 s [1 mark] [1 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah] [2 marks] [2 markah]
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LAMPIRAN
BIl. Alat Ciri ciri , huraian dan alasan
ALAT ELEKTRIK 1. Kipas yang boleh menyejuk dengan pantas 1. Motor yang berkuasa tinggi supaya kelajuan putaran tinggi. 2. Bilah yang banyak supaya isipadu udara yang dapat digerakkan adalah tinggi. 3. Panjang bilah kipas yang lebih panjang supaya lebih banyak udara dapat diputarkan. 4. Bilah diperbuat daripada bahan yang ringan dan kukuh supaya tidak mudah patah. 5. Luas keratan permukaan kipas yang menggerakkan udara hendaklah besar supaya lebih banyak udara dapat digerakkan . 1. Ruang penyejuk dibahagian atas supaya berlaku proses perolakan udara . 2. Dinding ditebat dengan tebal supaya haba dari persekitaran tidak dapat mengalir masuk 3. Motor pemampat yang berkuasa tinggi supaya dapat menyejuk dengan pantas. 4. Sirip penyejuk yang berwarna hitam dan banyak supaya dapat mengalirkan haba kepersekitaran dengan lebih pantas. 5. Gegelung penyejuk dalam kotak penyejuk yang lebih banyak supaya lebih banyak haba dapat diserap . 6. Mempunyai ciri-ciri keselamatan seperti dawai pembumian supaya tidak berlaku renjatan elektrik bila berlaku litar pintas. 1. Motor yang berkuasa tinggi supaya dapat menghasilkan ruang hampagas yang bertekanan rendah. 2. Ruang kotak hampagas mestilah kedap udara supaya udara tidak boleh mengalir masuk atau keluar. 3. Liang penapis debu yang bersaiz kecil supaya semua debu halus dapat ditapis. 4. Mempunyai sistem penyejukan motor yang sesuai supaya motor tidak terbakar. 5. Mempunyai ciri-ciri keselamatan seperti dawai pembumian supaya tidak berlaku renjatan elektrik bila berlaku litar pintas.
2.
3.
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4. Cerek elektrik yang efisien dan selamat 1. Elemen pemanas daripada bahan yang sesuai seperti wayar nikrom kerana rintanagan wayar tinggi dan banyak haba dapat dihasilkan. 2. Gegelung wayar yang banyak supaya banyak haba dapat dihasilkan 3. Pemegang cerek diperbuat daripada bahan yang mempunyai muatan haba tentu yang tinggi supaya tidak mudah panas. 4. Mempunyai ciri-ciri keselamatan seperti dawai pembumian supaya tidak berlaku renjatan elektrik bila berlaku litar pintas. 5. Mempunyai sensor atau timer supaya apabila air mencapai takat didih kuasa elektrik dapat dimatikan secara automatik. 6. Kuasa pemanas yang tinggi supaya banyak haba dapay dihasilkan . 7. Dinding bekas diperbuat daripada bahan yang tahan panas supaya tidak mudah lebur 1. Kipas yang berkuasa tinggi supaya banyak udara yang dapat digerakkan. 2. Gegelung penyejuk yang banyak supaya lebih banyak hada dapat dipindahkan keluar. 3. Diameter geglung penyejuk yang lebih besar supaya lebih banyak cecair penyejuk dapat mengalir 4. Sirip penyejuk yang banyak supaya pembungan haba lebih cepat. 5. Kuasa motor pemampat yang tinggi supaya penyejukan lebih cepat 6. Bilik mempunyai sistem penebat haba yang baik supaya haba dari luar tidak dapat mengakir masuk. 1. Elemen pemanas diperbuat daripada wayar nikrom yang boleh menghasilkan haba dengan banyak 2. Kipas yang berkuasa tinggi supaya dapat meniup dengan lebih laju 3. Memunyai suis dua haa yang sesuai supaya dapat menghembus udara panas dan sejuk. 4. Diameter muncung pengering yang besar supaya banyak udara dapat ditup keluar 5. Mempunyai ciri-ciri keselamatan seperti dawai pembumian supaya tidak berlaku renjatan elektrik bila berlaku litar pintas. 6. Pemengang yang mempunyai muatan haba tentu tinggi supaya tidak mudah panas. 7. Elemen pemanas yang mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi supaya tidak mudah cair.
5.
6.
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7. Mentol lampu berfilamen yang cerah 1. Filamen yang bergelung yang lebih banyak supaya rintangan filamen lebih tinggi 2. Diameter wayr yang halus supaya rintangan wayar tinggi 3. Filamen diperbuat daripada bahan yang mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi. 4. Mentol mempunyai tekanan udara yang rendah supaya mentol tidak mudah terbakar 5. Bahan tungsten sebagai filamen kerana rintanganya tinggi. 6. Gas lengai digunakan dalam mentol supaya filamen tidak mudah terbakar 1. Jisim sterika yang lebih besar supaya lebih berat bagi meratakan pakaian yang tebal yang berkedut 2. Elemen pemas yang boleh menghasilakn haba yang banyak supaya sterika cepat panas. 3. Elemen pemanas tidak mudah lebur supaya elemen pemanas tidak mudah lebur. 4. Mempunyai ciri-ciri keselamatan seperti dawai pembumian supaya tidak berlaku renjatan elektrik bila berlaku litar pintas. 5. Pemegang sterika diperbuat daripada bahan yang mempunyai muatan haba tentu yang tinggi supaya tidak mudah panas. 6. Bentuk sterika tajam dihadapan supaya dapat mengurangkan rintangan 7. Tapak sterika diperbuat daripada bahan yang muatan haba tentu yang rendah supaya mudah panas. 1. Kuasa pam yang tinggi supaya ia dapat mengalirkan air yang lebih banyak 2. Sistem paip air yang tidak bocor supaya tekanan adalah tetap. 3. Paip air yang tebal supaya paip tidak pecah atau bocor 4. Sistem penyejuk motor pump yang sesuai supaya motor tidak mudah terbakar 5. Diameter paip air masuk dan diameter paip air keluar mestikan sesuai supaya pump berfungsi dengan baik. 1. Magnet kekal yang lebih kuat supaya daya getaran yang lebih besar dapat dihasilkan. 2. Pembesar suara perlu disambungkan kepada amplifier supaya arus yang lebih besar dapat dialirkan kedalam gegelung . 3. Bilangan gegelung yang lebih besar supaya dapat menghasilkan daya yang lebih besar.
8.
Sterika elektrik yang efisien dan dapat menggosok pakaian yang lebih tebal.
9.
Pump air elektrik yang efisien dan dapat membekalkan air kepada bangunan tinggi.
10.
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4. Diameter wayar gegelung besar supaya dapat menampung arus yang lebih besar. Atau rintangan lebih rendah 5. Luar permukaan kon yang lebih besar supaya lebih bnayak udara yang boleh digetarkan. 6. Mempunyai transformer yang sesuai supaya beza keupayaan yang lebih tinggi dapat dihasilkan. 7. Dipasangkan kepada kotak yang besar supaya lebih banyak uadara dapat digetarkan. ALAT ATAU KENDERAAN DI ATAS PERMUKAAN AIR 11. Kapal yang boleh membawa kargo yang banyak dan selamat 1. Bentuk hadapan berbentuk aerofoil supaya mengurangkan rintangan air 2. Kapal yang menpunyai ruang yang besar supaya boleh membawa lebih muatan 3. Kapal yang mempunyai garisan plimsol memberi maklumat tentang kuantiti muatan yang selamat 4. Bentuk kapal yang lebar di bahagian bawah supaya dapat menyesarkan air dengan banyak dan menghasilkan daya apungan yang lebih besar 5. Kapal mempunyai engin yang berkuasa tinggi supaya ia dapat membawa muatan yang banyak 6. Bahagian bawah kapal diperbuat lebih tebal supaya dapat menampung tekanan air yang lebih besar di bawah. 7. Bahan untuk badan kapal yang kukuh dan tahan karat supaya kapal tidak mudah pecah atau terhakis. 8. Propeller kapal yang besar supaya kapal boleh bergerak lebih laju . 1. Bahagian hadapan berbentuk aerofoil supaya dapat mengurangkan rintanagn udara 2. bentuk bahagian belakang juga berbentuk aerofoil supaya ia dapat menghasilkan aliran air yang seragam ( streamline ) 3. Badan kayak yang kecil dan tidak lebar dapat menyrangkan rintangan air. 4. Bahan diperbuat daripada gentian fiber yang berktumpatan rendah supaya jisim kecil 5. Pengdayung yang permukaan lebar supaya dapat menambah lelajuan 6. Permukaan atas yang ditutupi supaya tidak
12.
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dimasuki air 7. Permukaan badan kayak yang licin supaya dapat mengurangkan rintangan air. 8. Bahan untuk badan kayak kalis air supaya kayak tidak mudak rosak. 13. Rakit yang boleh bergerak laju dan membawa muatan penumpang yang ramai. 1. Bahagian hadapan berbentuk aerofoil/ tajam supaya dapat mengurangkan rintangan air. 2. Jisim rakit yang kecil supaya ia dapat memberi halaju yang lebih tinggi 3. Bahan terdiri daripada buluh/ balak supaya boleh terapung di atas air. 4. Batang-batang buluh diikat untuk menghasilkan bahagian yang terggelam lebih besar supaya daya apungan lebih besar 5. Pasang enjin pada bahagian belakang supaya dapat memberi daya tujah ke hadapan yang lebih besar 6. Guna tong plastik, tiub getah berisi udara dan lain-lain supaya dapat menambah daya apungan. 1. Bahan badan berketumpatan rendah supaya jisimnya kecil 2. Bahan badan yang kalis air dan ringan supaya boleh terapung di atas air. 3. Bahagian hadapan berbentuk aerofoil/ larus supaya dapat mengurangkan rintangan air. 4. Permukaan badan kapal licin supaya dapat mengurangkan rintangan udara. 5. Layar mempunyai permukaan besar supaya daya tolakan angin lebih besar dihasilkan. 6. Kain layar ringan dan kalis air supaya dapat menembah halaju 7. Tiang layar diperbuat daripada bahan yang kukuh supaya tidak mudah patah. 1. Badan kapal berbentuk peluru / torpedo/ aerofoil supaya dapat mengurangkan rintangan air 2. Ada tangki balast supaya air boleh dikeluarkan atau dimasukkan bagi tujuan mengubah kedalaman 3. Badan diperbuat daripada keluli yang tebal supaya kapal selam tidak pecah 4. Propeller yang mempunyai bilangan daun kipas yang banyak supaya boleh memberi tujahan ke hadapan yang besar 5. Enjin kapl selam berkuasa tinggi supaya dapat menghasilkan daya tujah yang besar kehadapan.
14.
15.
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LAMPIRAN
6. Periskop dipasang supaya kapten kapal selam boleh melihat objek di atas permukaan air. 7. Sistem komunikasi menggunakan gelombang radio yang canggih supaya dapat berhubung dengan pusat kawalan 8. Mempunyai kelengkapan SONAR untuk menyukur kedalaman dasar laut dan navigasi. 9. Tekanan udara dalam kapal yang sama dengan tekanan atmosfera supaya anak-anak kapal tidak mengalami gangguan tekanan 10. Bekalan oksigen yang mencukupi supaya dapat menampung pernafasan 1. Bahagian hadapan berbentuk aerofoil/ tajam supaya dapat mengurangkan rintangan air. 2. Jisim motor boat yang kecil supaya ia dapat memberi halaju yang lebih tinggi 3. Bahan untuk badan boat terdiri daripada bahan yang kukuh ia tidak mudah pecah atau patah 4. Permukaan bawah licin supaya mengurangkan rintangan air 5. Pasang enjin berkuasa kuda tinggi pada bahagian belakang supaya dapat memberi daya tujah ke hadapan yang lebih besar 6. Guna pelampung keselamatan , tong plastik, tiub getah berisi udara dan lain-lain supaya dapat digunakan untuk terapung 7. Mempunyai sistem membrek yang sesuai supaya dapat diberhentikan dengan baik 8. Mempunyai kemudi di bahagian belakang supaya mudah menukar arah
16.
KENDERAAN DI ATAS DARATAN 17. Lori tangki yang membawa minyak dengan selamat 1. Kuasa enjin tinggi supaya dapat menggerakkan lori dengan muatan yang besar 2. Sistem brek angin yang cekap supaya lori dapat di berhentikan dengan baik 3. Tangki terdiri daripada beberapa tangki kecil supaya mengurangkan inersia 4. Sistem suspensi dengan spring yang keras supaya dapat menahan beban yang besar 5. Bilangan tayar yang banyak supaya dapat mengurangkan tekanan pada permukaan tanah 6. Terdapat jarak pemisahan antara tangki
145
LAMPIRAN
dengan ruang pemandu supaya dapat mengurangkan daya impuls 7. Terdapat alat pemadam apil supaya dapat mengawal kebakaran. 8. Sistem rantai tangki ke bumi supaya berlaku pembuangan cas elektrostatik ke bumi dan mengelak daripada kebakaran. 18. Kereta lumba bergerak laju dan selamat 1. Bahagian hadapan yang mudah kemek supaya mengurangkan daya impuls semasa pelanggaran 2. Kuasa enjin ( kuasa kuda) yang tinggi supaya dapat bergerak dengan halaju yang tinggi atau memecut 3. Bahagian hadapan yang berbentuk aerofil supaya mengurangkan rintangan udara 4. sistem brek yang cekap( contoh : ABS, hidraulik, brek angin dan lain-lain) supaya kereta dapat diberhentikan dengan cepat 5. Tayar yang lebar supaya kereta bergerak dengan stabil 6. Tali pinggang keledar supaya mengurangkan kesan inersia terhadap pemandu dan penumpang 7. Jisim kereta kecil supaya dapat bergerak dengan halaju tinggi 8. Pemandu dan penumpang memakai topi keledar supaya dapat mengurangkan daya impuls sewaktu kepala mengena hentakan 9. Pusat graviti kereta rendah supaya lebih stabil dan mengelak kereta daripada terbalik 10. Tayar diperbuat daripada bahan takat lebur tinggi supaya mengelak daripada pencairan . 1. Lapisan luar terdiri daripada bahan yang kukuh supaya tidak mudah pecah . 2. Bentuk topi keledar adalah sfera dan bersaiz penuh supaya menutupi kepala dengan sempurna. 3. Bahan dalam lapisan dalam terdiri daripada sponj // bahan lembut supaya dapat mengurangkan daya impuls . 4. Terdapat tali pengikat supaya tidak mudah tercabut semasa kemalangan.
19.
146
Answers Chapter 3: Forces and Pressure Paper 2 Section B Question Answer 1(a)(i) Pressure is normal force per unit area (ii) Pressure on Y = pressure on Z Surface area Y < surface area Z Force on Y < force on Z The bigger the surface area, the bigger the force Pascals principle (b) A force is exerted when the tube is squeezed/pressed A large pressure is produced / P = F/A Due to Pascals principle the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions A large force pushed the toothpaste out of the tube (c) Suggestion Explanation 1. Brake fluid should be 2. Pressure exerted is constant non-compressible liquid throughout the liquid / - oil pressure can be transferred without any bubbles forming in the liquid 3. -Liquid should have a 4. Does not change to gas high boiling point easily on hot days -Low freezing point -Does not freeze easily on cold days -low rate of evaporation - Does not vaporize easily when engine is hot - low density -Total weight of liquid is small 5. Ratio of cross sectional area of master piston to slave piston is big 7. The material for the disc has a high melting point - high specific heat capacity 9. High degree of hardness for brake pad 6. Produce a large braking force 1,1 8. does not melt easily when temperature is high -to better absorb heat produced by friction between brake pad and brake disc 10. able to withstand very strong force / does not break easily
Mark 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,1
Total
20
2(a)(i) (ii)
(iii) (b)(i)
(ii) (c)
Aerofoil the air flowing above the aerofoil is faster the pressure above the aerofoil is lower creates a pressure difference between the upper and lower regions of the aerofoil produces an upward force known as lift force Bernoullis principle the shape of the sail in sailboat X is an aerofoil whereas sailboat Ys sail is in the shape of a rectangle sailboat X traveled a longer distance than sailboat Y the forward force in the sail of sailboat X is greater than that of sailboat Y the greater the lift force, the longer the distance traveled Modification 1. Use air compressor 3. Use a thin nozzle/ Use high pressure 5. Material for paint container is metal 7. Use low density material 9. Size of container should be large Explanation 2. To produce a continuous air flow 4. Air flow will be faster / fine 6. Cannot be easily broken
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. Lighter and easier to be moved/ handled and carried 10. Can be filled with a large volume of paint at one time and needs less refills
1,1
Total Paper 2 Section C Question Answer 3 (a)(i) The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that body (ii) buoyant force acting on the balloon is equal to the weight of air displaced by the balloon/ buoyant force is larger than the weight of the balloon density of air decreases with altitude weight of air displaced becomes smaller / buoyant force is smaller when weight of air displaced// buoyant force is equal to the total weight of the balloon, balloon stops to rise (b) Characteristics Explanation 1. Size of balloon should 2. A bigger volume of air can be be large displaced to produce a higher
20 Mark 1
1 1 1 1
1,1
5. The number of burners used should be more than one 7. The basket should be made of rattan
buoyant force 4. Reduce the total weight of the balloon to produce a larger upward resultant force/ not easy to break 6. Able to heat up the air in the balloon faster to keep the balloon rising 8. Light /can reduce the impulsive force when the basket touches the ground
1,1
1,1
1,1
1 Balloon chosen is R because the size of balloon is large, envelope of balloon is made from nylon, two burners are used and the basket is made of rattan Mass = volume x density = 800 x 1.0 = 800 kg Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration = 800 x 10 = 8 000 N Buoyant force = weight of hot air + weight of bag + weight of load Buoyancy = 8 000 + (40)(10) + (160)(10) = 10 000 N Total Weight of air molecules acting on the surface of the earth Atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the water in the container supports the column of water in the bottle puncture a small hole on the side of the bottle outside air which is at atmospheric pressure will be forced into the bottle the water in the bottle will be pushed out due to the atmospheric pressure in the bottle Characteristics 1. Length of glass tube should be short 3. Diameter of tube should be small 5. Liquid must have a high boiling point 7. Density of liquid must be Explanation 2. Easier to handle / move around 4. Only a small amount of liquid is required 6. Does not evaporate easily 8. To reduce the required 1
(c)(i)
1 1 1 1 20 1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) (iii)
1,1
1,1 1
because the tubes length is short, the diameter of the tube is small, the boiling point of the liquid is high and the density of the liquid is also high (c)(i) (ii) (iii) x = 76 cm P at A = 76 cm Hg P at B = hg = (0.88)(1.36 x 104)(10) = 1.197 x 105 Pa Total Paper 3 Section B Question Answer 5 (a) The water pressure depends on the height / depth (b) If the height / depth increases, the pressure also increases (c)(i) To investigate the relationship between the height / depth of water and the water pressure (ii) Manipulated variable : height / depth Responding variable : pressure Fixed variable : density of liquid / type of liquid (iii) Thistle funnel, manometer, measuring cylinder, meter rule, rubber tube, water, rubber membrane (iv)
1 1 1 1 20 Mark 1 1 1 1 1 1
(v)
1. Controlling the manipulated variable: The thistle funnel which is connected to the manometer using a rubber tube is immersed into the water until the height / depth , y = 10 cm 2. Measuring the responding variable: The difference in the levels of water in the manometer, h is
measured 3. The experiment is repeated with y = 15cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm (vi) Height / Depth, y (cm) Difference in levels of water, h ( cm ) 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 (vii) A graph of h against y is plotted h (cm) 1
1 y (cm) Total 6 (a) (b) (c)(i) (ii) Pressure depends on surface area If surface area increases, then pressure decreases To investigate the relationship between surface area and pressure Manipulated variable : surface area / diameter Responding variable : pressure / depth of depression Fixed variable : force applied Five cylinders with the same mass but different diameters, plasticine, meter rule cylinder height, h plasticine (v) 1. Controlling the manipulated variable: A slotted weight with mass m = 1 kg is put on a cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder, d = 1.0 cm is measured. (The surface area A = (d/2)2) 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1
(iii) (iv)
1 2. Measuring the responding variable: The depth of the depression made by the cylinder on the surface of the plasticine, l is measured using a meter rule 3. The experiment is repeated with d = 1.5cm, 2.0 cm, 2.5 cm and 3.0 cm (vi) Diameter, d (cm) Depth of depression, l (cm) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 (vii) A graph of l against d is plotted l 1
Answers Chapter 4: Heat Number 1 (a) (b) Answer Paper 2 (Section B) Rate heat flow is equal / net rate heat flow is zero - mass of the metal A is higher than B - initial temperature A is higher than B - final temperature on both of them are equal - rate heat flow between A to B = rate heat flow between B to A - quantity of heat in A is higher than B. - Place the thermometer at.. - heat from body transfer to the thermometer - when net rate heat flow is zero/ thermal equilibrium achieve the length of the mercury not change, take the reading of temperature Suggestion An opaque liquid is used The liquid should expand uniformly went heated A thin capillary tube is used A liquid with high boiling point and low freezing point is used Position eyes must be perpendicular to the scale 2 (a) Explanation Can be easily seen Calibration of scale would be easier as the divisions in the scale are equal To increase the sensitivity of the thermometer. Able to measure a wide range of temperature. Reduce parallax error 20 1 Mark 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c)
(d) 2 2
2 2 2
TOTAL Heat is the quantity of energy that is transformed from one hot object to a cold object. 1-Figure 9.1 shows a situation where a solid changes into liquid / Figure 9.2 shows a situation where a liquid change into gas 2-Both processes have a change in the state of matter. 3-Both processes require heat. 4-The heat absorbed is not to raise the temperature, to overcome the force between the molecule particles during the physical change. 5-Concept involved is Latent Heat
(b)
1 1 1 1 1
(c)(i)
1-Water evaporates from the skin when we sweat. 2-for water to evaporate it use heat from the body 1-Steam condenses to form water so, 2-latent heat of vaporization of steam is let out more steam.
1 1 1 1
(ii)
(d) Suggestion Use insulator behind the absorber panel Use an absorber panel which is painted black. Explanation To prevent the loss of heat energy A black surface is a good absorber of radiation so it will absorb heat faster The pipe inside the Metal is a good heat conductor, plate must be made of so it will transmit heat to metal water easily Pipe embedded in Longer pipe will enlarge plate must be long surface area will absorbs heat faster A storage tank must be To give higher pressure place at a higher level To trap heat energy. (energy is radiated in, but cannot radiate out again). Any five suggestions and explanation[ 10 marks ] TOTAL Paper 2 (Section C) Degree of hotness in an object. 1. put the thermometer in melting ice, mark the lower part or the mercury thread ,1o. 2. place the same thermometer in boiling water, mark the top part of the mercury thread,1 100. 3. divide the length between the two marks into 100 equal divisions. 4. each division is now equal to 1c 1 Characteristics 1. specific heat capacity is low.(1m) 3. melting point is high.(1m) Reasons 2. faster to get hot.(1m) 4.does not melt easily.(1m) 6.the heat can be lost easily.(1m) 20 1 1 Use glass cover on the top of the panel
2 2
2 2 2
3. (a) (b)
5. good conductor of heat.(1m) 7. rate of expansion is moderate.(1m) The most suitable is P (i) Q=mc =0.5x450x10 =2250J Energy lost=10x2250 =22500J
8. the shape of the fin unchanged.(1m) because specific heat capacity is low, melting point is high, rate of expansion is moderate 10 1 1 1 1 20 1
(ii)
4 (a) (i)
TOTAL Specific latent heat of vaporization is amount of heat required to change 1 kg of liquid into gas without a change in the temperature. - When a fan is rotating, there is a movement of air - the sweat absorbs heat and evaporates - Specific latent heat of vaporization of water is absorbed from the body - when there is air movement, the rate of evaporation increase - the body feels cool after the removal of heat
(ii) 1 1 1 1
(b) (i)
1 1 1 1 1 Explanation Increase the surface area/release Heat faster A lot of air can move Not easy to hot Not easy to boil
(c)
Suggestion large number of fin blade Big size of fan High specific heat capacity High boiling point
The most suitable is P, because large number of fin blade, big size
of fan, specific heat capacity is high and melting point is high TOTAL Paper 3 (Section B) 5 a b
10 20
c i
ii
iii
iv
Inference The time taken for water to boil is affected by its volume ( mass ) Hypothesis The larger the volume ( mass ) of water, the longer is the time required for water to boil Aim of experiment To investigate the relationship between the volume ( mass ) of water and the time required for the water to boil. Variables: Manipulated : Volume/ mass of water Responding: Time required to boil the water Fix : The power rating of the immersion heater. Apparatus and materials: Stopwatch, measuring cylinder. * needed to measure the manipulated and responding variable. Arrangement of the apparatus: * with label.
1 1
1 1 1
Thermometer
Measuring cylinder
Immersion heater
Stopwatch
Procedure of experiment: 100 cm3 of water is measured using cylinder and pour into a beaker. A thermometer and an immersion heater are placed into the water in the beaker.
The heater is then switched on and at the same time the stopwatch is started . The water is heated until its the temperature reached 100 oC and the time is recorded according to the stopwatch reading. The experiment is repeated using different volume of water of 200 cm3, 300 cm3, 400 cm3, 500 cm3.
1 1
Tabulation of data: Volume of water, v ( cm3 ) 100 200 300 400 500
Analysis of data - The graph time for water to boil against volume of water is drawn.
t(s)
Answers Chapter 5 : Light Number 1(a)(i) Answer Paper 2 (Section B) Incident angle is when the ray of light travel from denser medium to less dense medium where the refracted angle is 90o Because the ray of light towards the curve surface is normal to the surface. Glass block is denser than the perspex When the incident angle increase the refracted angle also increase The critical angle of glass block is smaller than perspex. When the density increase the critical angle decrease. Total internal reflection Suggestion The fiber optic is made in bundles The fiber is made in two different layers, core is denser than outside layer Explanation more signals can be transmitted at one time as the light travel from a denser to a less dense medium total internal reflection takes place. Mark 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
to make it easy to bend in any situation The fiber should be heat not easy to damage when resistant exposed to the heat. The fiber is able to not broken when the cable withstand pressure sinks under ground
2 2 2
TOTAL Virtual image is the image that cant be shown on screen Distance of object in D1 is smaller than in D2. Image produced in D1 is smaller than D2 When the distance of object increase the image also increase Refraction Real /Inverted/Magnified
20 1 1 1 1
(d)(i)
(ii) (iii)
Choose lens P as an objective lens because it has a large focal length And Q as an eye piece because it has a smaller focal length. The distance between two lenses is at normal adjustment = fo + fe . Show with the scale diagram:
1 1 1
1m 1m m 1m
1m (iv) A light ray at infinity from the object passes through the objective lens to form a real,bigger and inverted image. The final image seen is enlarged, virtual and situated at infinity To increase the magnification of the telescope the focal length of the objective lens is increased and the focal length of the eyepiece is reduced TOTAL Paper 2 ( Section C ) Critical angle is the incident angle of a light ray traveling from a denser medium to a less dense medium when the refracted angle is 90o. The incident angle of light ray is more than the critical angle. total internal reflection 1 1 1
(v)
20
3(a)(i)
(ii) (iii)
(b)
(c)(i)
n=
On a hot day the air near the earth is hotter than the upper layer. - The density of air near the earth is low and increases with height. [2m] - Light from the sky travels from a high density layer of air to a low density layer of air and is refracted with an increasing angle as it nears the earth - When the incident angle of light is more than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs.[2m] - -The reflected light enters the observers eyes causing him to see a pool on the road. = 2.42
Sin c = c = .. reflected incident angle is more than critical angle Characteristic prism made of glass Reason it is hard and not easy to Damage or berdebu//malap//always shiny. isosceles the small incident angle is always more than the critical angle Denser
Prism is an triangle
Bigger index of refraction Two prisms must be arranged opposite of each other The most suitable is M.
the light from the object is reflected in each prism and follows the direction which is needed Made of glass, is an isosceles triangle, large index of refraction and arranged opposite of each other 20
4(a)(i) (ii)
TOTAL Real image is an image that can be projected on the screen reflection
(b)
Draw a light ray from object parallel to the principle axis and reflected through the F [1m] Draw a straight line to represent a light ray from the curvature moving toward to the mirror is reflected through the C [1m] Draw a dotted line form behind mirror [1m] Draw an upright image [1m]
image imej C F
virtual//upright//laterally inverted 10 m 12 m Characteristic Use a semicircle reflector Filament of the bulb is situated at the focal length of the reflector The surface of reflector is coated with silver Reason all the rays of light will be reflected very far ahead so that the light rays will be reflected parallel to each other
2 2
reflector will be shiny and acts as a concave mirror // all the lights will be reflected The lamp cover is many small curves on the made of glass with surface of the glass cover will uneven surface inside make the light reflected by a reflector converge and spot to long distance The most suitable spot because it have used a light is T semicircle mirror. filament situated at focus point, reflector coated with silver like a mirror and using cover made by a glass with uneven inside surface. TOTAL Paper 3 ( Section B )
20
5(a) (b) (c)(i) (ii) Magnification of image depends on the distance of object When distance of opbject,u , increase the magnification of object ,M,decrease. To investigate the relationship between distance of object,u to the magnification of object,M. Variable ; manipulated distance of object,u responding - magnification//distance of image,v constant - fical length//power of lens Apparatus: lens, bulb (object),screen, power supply//barttery, meter rule, lens holder and screen Arrangement apparatus 1 1 1
1 1
(iii)
(iv)
object
lens
screen 1
lens holder (v) -Put a lens of focal length 10cm on the lens holder and arrange the apparatus as shown in diagram. -Place a bulb as the object at u = 25 cm from the lens. --Adjust the screen until a sharp image is formed on it. -Measure the distance between image and lens as distance of image, v. -Calcul;ate the magnification of image, M using equation v M= u -Experiment is repeated with u = 30cm, 35 cm, 40 cm, 45 cm and 50 cm.
u TOTAL 12
Answers Chapter 6: Wave Paper 2 Section B Question Answer 1(a) Sources that have the same frequency /same amplitude and in phase (same phase) b(i) Wave length in Diagram 1.1 shorter than in Diagram 1.2 / in 1.1 < in 1.2 // vice versa Distance , x in Diagram 1.1 is shorter / X in 1.1 < X in Diagram 1.2 Unchanged / constant Wave length increases, distance X increases // X interference The bright and dark bands of the wave pattern formed on the screen because the surface of water acts as lenses. The crest of water waves similar with convex lens to focus the light, hence the bright bands occur, and the trough of water waves similar with concave lens diverges the light, hence the dark banks occur.
Mark 1
(ii)
1 1 1
(d)
Explanations wave is refracted with velocity/ magnitude /decreasing wavelength Can absorb waves/decrease reflection
To prevent over flow of water Design a higher retaining wall 2(a)(i) TOTAL A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. When a tuning fork vibrates, layers of air vibrate The particles of air undergos a series of compression and rarefaction 20 1
(ii)
1 1 1
(b)(i)
Compare the amplitudes of the wave form correctly - The amplitude in Diagram 2.2 is higher Compare the peak values of the wave form correctly - The peak value in Diagram 12.2 is higher State the relationship between amplitude and peak value correctly - The higher the amplitude, the higher the peak value State the relationship between the peak value and loudness correctly
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
- The higher the peak value, the louder is the sound. (v) State the relationship between the loudness and the amplitude correctly - The higher the amplitude, the louder is the sound Suggest the type of frequency correctly - The boat must use high frequency sound waves Give the reason correctly - Smaller wavelength, less diffracted Suggest the type of energy correctly - High energy waves Give the reason correctly - High penetrating power Suggest the list of equipments needed for the measurement Transmitter Receiver Sound generator CRO [Any of the three above] State the method of measuring the time - The time taken, t from the transmitter to the receiver is recorded by the CRO - The speed of the sound wave, v in water is given vt - The depth of the sea, d = 2 TOTAL Paper 2 Section C State the meaning correctly Spreading out of waves when they pass through aperture or around an obstacle.
1 1 1 1 1
(c)(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1 1 1 20
3(a)(i)
(ii)
(b)(i)
(ii) (iii)
Frequency or amplitud or velocity The wave increasing , hence the energy also increasing The harbour wil be erosion/collapse/destroy The movement at A UP and down frequently because constructive interference occur The movement at B Standstill/ calm/ not moving becauce destructive interference occur Item location Characteristic Bay Reason Calm/not moving
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c)
(d)
1,1
rough
Not reflected/ wave absorb Not allow the water flow/ prevent the high wave To overcome the high pressure of the water
1,1
high
1,1
1,1
Choose Q Because , at bay, surface is rough, height of the wall is high and sloping retaining wall. TOTAL
1 1 20
Transfer of energy Forced oscillation Pendulum B because the natural frequency of B is the same as the natural/ driving frequency of X. Resonance Item The diameter of the parabolic disc Type of wave Characteristic Large Reason that more signals are received frequency is high. signals are focused at the receiver. signal is not blocked.
1 1 1 1
(iv) (b)
1,1
microwave
1,1
1,1
high
1,1
Based on the reasons above, R is most suitable because the diameter of the parabolic disc is large, transmits microwave, distance of signal receiver from the disc is the same as the focal length and height of the parabolic disc is high. (c)(i) s = vt 2 = 1 500 0.12 2 = 1 500 0.06 = 90 m =v f = 1 500 25 000 = 0.06 m TOTAL
1 1
1 1 1
(ii)
1 1 20
5(a)
Paper 3 Section B Inference The angle of bent depends on the size of aperture 1
(b)
(c)(i)
Aim of the experiment : To investigate the relationship between the angle of bent and the size of aperture Variables in the experiment: Manipulated variable: size of aperture Responding variable: angle of bent Fixed variable: frequency of vibrator List of apparatus and materials: Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply white paper , two pieces metal bar ,metre rule protractor and mechanical stroboscope. Arrangement of the apparatus:
(ii)
1 1
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. By using a metre rule , the width of the slit is measured = a The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves which propagate towards the aperture. 1
The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen. By using a protractor , the angle of bent = The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different widths of slit. (vi) Tabulate the data: a Analysis the data: Plot the graph against a
(vii)
TOTAL 6 (a) Inference : The wavelength of water waves depand on the depth of water waves
12 1
(b)
Hypothesis: The depth of water increases as the wavelength of water waves increases.
(c)(i)
Aim of the experiment : To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the wavelength of water waves.
(ii)
Variables in the experiment: Manipulated variable: depth of water Responding variable: wavelength Fixed variable: frequency
1 1
(iii)
List of apparatus and materials: Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply white paper , protractor ,plane reflector , perspex plate , metre rule and mechanical stroboscope. Arrangement of the apparatus:
(iv)
(v)
The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. The depth of water on a perspex is measured by using a metre rule = d The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves which propagate onto the perspex plate . The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen. The distance between 11 successive bright bands is measured by the metre rule = x The wavelength is calculated i.e. = x 10 The experiment is repeated 5 by increasing the number of perspex plate to change the depth the water.
(vi)
Tabulate the data: d Analysis the data: Plot the graph against d
(vii)
TOTAL
12
CHAPTER 7: ELETRICITY
Paper 2 Section B Question Answer 1(a)(i) Work done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another
Mark 1
(ii)
Answers
Parallel circuit Chapter 7: Electricit y Diagram 1. 10.2 The bulb in parallel circuit // Diagram 1.2 is brighter than those in series circuit // Diagram 1.1 2. The potential difference across each bulb in the parallel circuit is the same as that of the battery // dry cell. 3. The potential difference across each bulb in the series circuit is smaller than that of the battery // dry cell. 4. The current flowing through each bulb in the parallel circuit is higher than the current flowing in the series circuit. 5. When the potential difference across each bulb is higher, the current flowing through it is also higher and the bulb is brighter.
(b)
1 1 1
(c) Suggestion 1. Diameter of wire used as flexible cable must be thicker Explanation So that the resistance will be reduced. A thinner wire has a higher resistance. If large current flows through it, it becomes overheated and may burn and cause a fire.
1,1
2. Length of cable is shorter 3. Heating element must made of material with high resistivity such as nichrome 4. The kettle is made of good heat insulator 5. Use a suitable fuse. The current flow through the cable is 8.33 A. The suitable fuse is between 11 A to 13 A 2 (a) (b)
So that the resistance is smaller Can produce the higher heat energy with small current. So that water will boil faster So that the heat will not loose to the surroundings and water will boil faster. It is safer to handle If there is a short-circuit, a very high current flows and melt the fuse wire. The kettle will not be damaged. Total
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,1
( c)
The rate of charge flow Ammeter reading in Diagram 2.1 = Diagram 2.2 Voltmeter reading in Diagram 2.1 > Diagram 2.2 Length of wire in Diagram 2.1 >Diagram 2.2 The longer the length, the higher the voltmeter reading/potential difference. The longer the wire, the higher the resistance -Ohmic conductor is the conductor which obeys ohms law -V I provided that the temperature and other physical properties or the conductor are constant -Resistance of the conductor is constant -Example: constantan wire Aspect Tungsten Coil Low thickness of the wire Low melting point Long wire of filament Explanation High resistance Able to fix in a small area High resistance Easy to melt and break the circuit High resistance TOTAL
20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
(d)
20
Mark Scheme : PAPER 2 (SECTION C) Question Answer 3(a) Ratio of potential difference to current (b)(i) In both diagrams the bulbs are connected in parallel to the rheostat Mark 1 1
(ii)
In Diagram 12.1 the effective resistance is given by; 1 / R effective = 1 / R bulb + 1 / R bulb + 1 / R rheostat 1 In Diagram 12.2 the effective resistance is given by ; 1 / R effective = 1 / 2R bulb + 1 / R rheostat 1 1 / R effective = 1 / 2R bulb + 1 / R rheostat 1 / R effective = 1 / 2(4) + 1 / 50 R effective = 6.89 Specification Low density High melting point 1 Reason Lighweight / not heavy / portable Does not melt at high temperatures / does not melt easily Does not oxidize easily / can be used for a longer period Current will increase / more heat will be produced 2 2 2 2
(c)
(d)(i)
R is my choice because it has a low density , high melting point , low rate of oxidation and it has a low resistance P = VI 2000 = 240 I I = 8.33A R =V/I R = 240 / 8.333 = 28.81 Cost = 30 days x 2 kWh x RM0.22 = RM13.20 sen.
1 1
1 1 1
(ii)
(a)
TOTAL Potential difference is defined as work done in moving a unit electric charge between two point. (1m)
20 1
(b)
The two dry cells are connected in parallel The effective e.m.f. remains the same The effective internal resistance of the two cells is smaller A larger current will flow through the bulb to make it brighter 1. Diameter should be large 2. to reduce the resistance of the cables 3. Density should be low 4. the cables will be lighter and can be supported securely 5. The rate of expansion should be low 6. So there is less expansion and less sagging in the cables during hot days. 7. The melting point should be high 8. So the cables does not melting in high temperature. 9. Q is suitable 10. Diameter is large, density is low, the rate of expansion is is low and the melting point is high. Current = P/V = 9500/240 = 39.58A Power loss ,P = I2R = 39.582 x1 = 1566.6 W Percentage of loss of power 1566 .6 = x100 9500 = 16.49 % TOTAL
1 1 1 1
(c)
10
(d) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
20
Mark scheme : PAPER 3 (SECTION B) Question Answer 5(a) Making the right inference Resistance depends on the thickness/ cross sectional area/ diameter of the conductor // (b) Building an appropriate hypothesis The greater the thickness/ cross sectional area/ diameter, the greater the resistance of the conductor// (c)(i) Stating the aim of the experiment To study the relationship between the thickness/ cross sectional area/ diameter and the resistance of the conductor.// (ii) Stating the correct variables Marks 1
(iii)
(iv)
Manipulated variable : thickness/ cross sectional area/ diameter,A Responding variable : Resistance, R // Potential difference, V Fixed variable : Current, I // Length // Resistivity // Temperature List of appropriate apparatus and material ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, connecting wires, constantan wires(s.w.g.24, s.w.g.26, s.w.g. 28, s.w.g. 30, s.w.g.32) Describing set up of the apparatus
V
X Y
Constantan wire
(v)
vi) vii)
Stating the procedure of the experiment Set up the the electrical circuit as shown. Connect a 50 cm constantan wire of size s.w.g.24 between terminal X and Y. Adjust the rheostat to get a current of I = 0.5 A on the ammeter. Record the values of current, I and potential difference,V. Calculate resistance, R of the wire, where R = V I Repeat by using 50 cm constantan wires of size s.w.g.24, s.w.g.26, s.w.g.28, s.w.g.30 and s.w.g.32. Record data Plot an R against A graph Tabulating data Show table with A, I, V and R as headings Analysing data
R A or swg
1 1
1 1
Total
12
Question 6. (a)
Answer State a suitable inference The brightness of light influenced by the number of dry cell.
Marks
State a relevant hypothesis The higher the potential difference across a wire, the higher the current flows in it. (c) (i) State the aim of experiment To investigate the relationship between potential difference and the current for a constantan wire. State a suitable manipulated variable and responding (ii) variable (Quantity that can be measured) Manipulated variable : potential difference Responding variable : current State the constant variable The length / thickness / temperature of resistance wire (iii) State the complete list of apparatus and materials Ammeter, Voltmeter, rheostat, dry cell, 10 cm constantan wire and connecting wires Draw functional arrangement of the apparatus (iv)
(b)
State the method to control the manipulated variable (v) Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the voltmeter reads the potential difference, V= 0.2 V. State the method to measure the responding variable Read and record the current, I, across the wire. Repeat the experiment at least 4 times with the values Repeat steps 2 and 3 for V = 0.3 V, 0.4 V, 0.5 V and 0.6 V 1
1 1
State how the data tabulated with the title MV and RV (vi) Potencial difference / V 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 I/A
State how the data is analysed, plot a graph RV against (vii) MV I/A
V/V
Total
12
Answers Chapter 8: Electromagnetism Paper 2 Section B Question Answer 1(a)(i) Electromagnetic induction is the production of an induced e.m.f in conductor by a changing magnetic field. (ii) When the magnet is pushed into the solenoid quickly, the deflection of the galvanometer pointer is more compared to that when the magnet is pushed slowly. Deflection of the galvanometer is more meant the induces current bigger The motion of the magnet induces a current in the solenoid which causes a deflection in the galvanometer pointer. The magnet is pushed quickly the change of magnetic field is faster then the induces current bigger. Physics concept : An induced e.m.f is produced in a conductor if the conductor is in a changing magnetic field, whereby the rate of change of the magnetic field affects the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. (iii) (b)(i) Faradays law When a certain power station breaks down, electricity can be supplied to the affected area from the power stations. When the demand for electricity low, certain power stations can be repaired and shut down for mantainance. When power is transmitted at high voltage, the current in the transmission lines is small. This will reduce power loss. When the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic field lines of the permanent magnets. Using Faradays law, this induces a current which flows in the coil and the electric circuit. Alternating current is produced. Conversion of generator to a d.c motor : On the generator, replace the two slip rings with a commutator. On the external circuit, replace the galvanometer with d.c supply. 1 1 1
Mark
(ii)
1 1
(c)(i)
(ii)
The motor speed can be increased by : Increasing the current in the coil. Increasing the strength of the magnet in the motor. Increasing the area of the coil. Increasing the number of turns in the coil.
2(a)(i)
TOTAL An electromagnet is a coil wrapped around a soft iron core which will be magnetised when a current flow through the coil and loses all it magnetism when the current is switched off. Electromagnet Y attracted more iron filings than electromagnet X. The magnetic field strength of electromagnet Y is stronger than that of electromagnet X. The current flowing in electromagnet Y is larger than that flowing in electromagnet X. Current flowing in a conductor produces a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field increases as the current flowing in the conductor increases. When the magnet is pushed into the solenoid, the solenoid cuts the magnetic field lines of the magnet and produces an induced current. A North pole is formed at B because according to Lenzs law, the induced current will flow in such a direction that it opposes the change producing it. Clockwise The galvanometer pointer will show deflection in the opposite direction A transformer is made of two coils wound on a soft iron core. The coil connected to the power supply is the primary coil while the other coil is known as the secondary coil. When alternating current flowing in the primary circuit changes, the magnetic field in the primary coil also changes. The changing magnetic field is linked to the secondary coil
20
(ii)
(b)(i)
(ii)
by the soft iron core. Therefore, an induced e.m.f is produced in the secondary coil. (ii) The secondary coil is tapped slowly at different points to produce different output voltage.
The efficiency of the transformer is increased by : Using thicker wires made of a good conductor to reduce heat energy Winding the secondary coil on top of the primary coil to reduce linkage magnetic field Using a laminated core to increase resistance therefore reducing eddy current TOTAL Induced current is the current produced in a closed circuit by a conductor in a changing magnetic field. The bar magnet is moving while the copper coil is stationary. The copper wire is moving while the two bar magnets are stationary. Both the copper wire and the copper coil cut through the magnetic field of the bar magnets. Induced current is produced as the conductor cuts across the magnetic field lines. The physics concept is electromagnetic induction 20
3(a)(i) (ii)
(b)
The induced current increases by : Increasing the speed of the magnet towards the solenoid Increasing the number of turns of the solenoid Changing to a stronger magnet (c)
The shape and design of the core should be made as shown. The core is laminated to reduce the eddy currents induced in the core. The shape of the core allows the secondary coil to be arranged in such a way that it wraps around the primary coil, to reduce the leakage of magnetic flux. The core should be made of soft iron as it concentrates the magnetic field produced by the primary coil. Magnetization and demagnetization of the core occur easily and this reduces the amount of energy lost in the form of heat. The transformer shown is a step-down transformer, the current flowing in the primary coil is lower than that of the secondary coil. Therefore, the diameter of the wire in the secondary coil should be thick while the diameter of the wire in the primary coil should be thin. This is because there needs to be more number of turns in the primary coil compared to that of the secondary coil for a step-down transformer
TOTAL 4(a)(i) (ii) Using a stronger magnet Moving the magnet at a higher speed Increasing the number of turns in the coil When the bar magnet is held stationary inside the coil, there is no induced current, because there is no changing magnetic field in the coil. When the bar magnet is pushed in and pulled out of the coil, an induced current is produced and its direction changes when the direction of motion of the bar magnet changes. Transformer X : Primary coil = 500 turns (D) Secondary coil = 1500 turns (A) 36 = 1500 12 500 Transformer Y : Primary coil = 1080 turns (B) Secondary coil = 180 turns (E) 6 = _180_ 36 1080 Transformer Z : Primary coil = 1000 turns (C) Secondary coil = 500 turns (D) 3 = 500 6 1000 (ii) Laminated iron core is used as the cores in the transformers. Magnetisation and demagnetization occur easily for iron. Laminated iron core will reduce eddy currents formed in the core and reduce power loss. Copper is used as transmission line. Copper has low resistance. Reduce power loss = V x I 36 = 36 x I = 1A Paper 2 ( Section C ) Electromagnetic induction is the production of an induced e.m.f in a conductor by a changing magnetic field.
20
(iii)
(b)(i)
(iii)
(c)(i)
P I
(ii)
= I2 R = (1)2 x 2 = 2 W 20
5(a)(i)
TOTAL An electromagnet is a coil of insulated wire wrapped round a soft iron core, so that the iron core becomes a magnet when a current flows through the coil and loses its magnetism when the current is switched off. When the switch is turned on, current flows, the Ushaped iron core becomes a magnet and pulls the iron armature and the hammer hits the bell. When the armature is attracted by the electromagnet, the contact between the armature and the screw is broken, the circuit is no longer complete, no current flows, the iron core loses its magnetism, the armature is pulled back to its original position by the springy steel, there is contact between armature and the screw again. The process described above will be repeated continuosly and cause the hammer to hit the bell repeatedly. When the a.c current flows in the circuit, the iron core still attracts the armature. Plastic core the plastic cannot be magnetized. The magnetism of the electromagnet will not be strong enough to pull the armature and the hammer will not hit the bell. Copper core copper also cannot be magnetized. The magnetism of the electromagnet is very week. Steel core when the current is switched on, the steel becomes a permanent magnet, it retains the magnetism when the current is not flowing. Therefore, the hammer will hit the bell once only and the armature will be permanently attracted to the steel core. The resistance per km should be low. To reduce heat loss The cables should be made of low density material to reduce weight Rate of rusting low to avoid rusting The rate of thermal expansion should be low. There will be less expansion and less sagging of the cables in hot wheather. C is most suitable. It has the lowest resistance per km, the lowest density ,
(ii)
(iii) (iv)
(b)
6(a)
(b)
(c)(i)
(ii)
rate of rusting low and low rate of thermal expansion TOTAL Paper 3 (Section B) Inference : The magnitude of the induced current (and before the brightness of the bulb ) depends on how rapid the magnet moves in a coil of wire. Hypothesis : The greater the velocity of a magnet moves through a coil, the greater magnitude of the induced current produced. Aim of the experiment : To study the relationship between the motion of a magnet in a coil and the induced current produced. Variables of the experiment : Manipulated :Height of the magnet ( height of magnet from the coil determines the velocity of the magnet in the coil ) Responding :Galvanometer reading Constant :Number of turns in the coil List of apparatus and materials : Bar magnet, coil of wire, galvanometer and connecting wire. Arrangement of apparatus : Procedure : Apparatus as shown in the figure is prepared. The height of the bar magnet from the table is set as 20.0 cm. the magnet is then dropped into the coil of the wire. The deflection of the galvanometer is recorded. The experiment is repeated with heights of 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm and 60.0 cm. Height of the Galvanometer magnet, deflection h / cm 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 a graph of the galvanometer reading I against height of the bar magnet from the surface of the table, x is plotted. TOTAL The strength of an electromagnet is influenced by the magnitude of the current flowing in the coil. The strength of an electromagnet is directly proportional to the magnitude of the current flowing in the coil.
20
(vi)
(vii)
12
7(a) (b)
(c)(i) (ii)
To study the relationship between current flowing in the solenoid and the strength of the electromagnet. Manipulated variable : Current flowing in the solenoid Responding variable : Strength of the electromagnet ( Number of paper clips attracted ) Constant variable : Distance of solenoid from the paper clips Iron nails, insualted kuprum wire, ammeter, rheostat, batteries, switch, paper clips, retort stand and solenoid.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in ( iv ). 2..Adjust the rheostat until the reading of the ammeter is 1.0A. 3. Place the box of paper clips under the solenoid and count the number of paper clips attracted by the solenoid. 4. Repeat the experiment for the currents, I=2.0A, 3.0A, 4.0A and 5.0A.
(vi) Current, (A) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 (vii) Number of paper clips attracted, n
TOTAL
12
Answers Chapter 9 : Electronics Number 1 (a) (b)(i) (ii) (iii) (c)(i) (ii) (d) Answer Paper 2 (Section B) Fast moving electron Intensity of green dot in Diagram 1.1 is lower Voltage supplied in Diagram 1.1 is lower Velocity of electron in Diagram 1.1 is lower Voltage supplied increases, velocity of electron increases Velocity of electron increases, intensity of green dot increases Electron emitted from the hot filament through thermionic emission Electron is attracted to the anode Electron strike the fluorescent screen Screen will glow green light / kinetic energy change to light energy (e) Modifications Control grid Explanation Regulates the number of electrons which reach the anode// control the brightness of the spot on the screen Focuses electrons leaving the cathode to a narrow beam so that they arrive at the same spot on the screen // accelerates the electron beam to a high velocity to move electron beam vertically and horizontally Glow when electron beam strikes it. Channel the electrons striking the screen to earth 10 Mark 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
X plate and Y plate Inside surface coated with zinc sulphide The glass surrounding the fluorescent screen coated with graphite and connected to earth
TOTAL
20
2(a) (b)
Allow current to flow in one direction only Bulb in Diagram 2.1 lights up / vice versa Current flows in Diagram 2.1 / vice versa P to positive terminal battery // vice versa P to positive terminal battery bulbs light up / vice versa Diode allow current to flow in one direction only
1 5
(c)(i)
(ii)
Capacitor charge Capacitor discharge (d) Modifications Thermistor below R1 Explanation Produces high voltage across R1 during dark // Acts as a potential divider in the circuit Positive terminal battery to Produces forward bias // so the collector of transistor that collector current flows R2 at the base of transistor Control or limit the current flow to the base Replace earphone with an alarm Use relay switch Produces loud sound To switch on the alarm which needs higher voltage 20 TOTAL 10
When a person speak sound convert to electrical energy Produces I b I c Produce A small change in I b will cause a bigger changes in I c current amplification = I c Ib (b) Aspect LDR at the bottom Reasoning Acts as a potential divider / produces higher voltage across LDR R at base of transistor Positive terminal of cell to collector Relay switch Limit the current to base Produces forward bias to switch on the second circuit connecting to street light LDR at bottom, R at base , Positive terminal of cell to collector and Relay switch = 2.7 x 103 50 x 10 -6 = 54 1 1 10
K is chosen
(c) (i)
Gradient = I c Ib
(ii)
I c= 30 mA , Ib = 60 A I e = I b + Ic = 30 mA + 60 A = 3.006 x 10- 2 A TOTAL Process where electron emits from surface of hot metal Electron emits from surface of cathode Anode will attracts the electrons The terminal of node is positive Current flow through the circuit
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(b) Aspect Between anode and cross In front of cathode Positive terminal of EHT connected to cathode In front of the filament N is chosen Reasoning to form a shadow / block the electron flow to attract electrons Anode will be positive terminal to get heat from filament Between anode and cathode, in front of cathode, positive terminal of EHT connected to cathode, in front of the filament
10
T = 4 cm x 5 ms cm -1 = 20 ms f=1 P = 1 0.02 = 50 Hz
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(iii)
Vp = 3 cm = 3 x 3 = 9 V Total
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