AS 1720.

11988

Australian Standard
SAA TIMBER STRUCTURES CODE Part 1DESIGN METHODS

This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee TM/102, timber Engineering. It was approved on behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of Australia on 21 April 1988 and published on 15 July 1988.

The following interests are represented on Committee TM/102: Australian British Chamber of Commerce Australian Federation of Timber Merchants Associations Australian Institute of Building Australian Timber Importers Federation CSIRO, Division of Construction and Engineering Department of Forestry, Qld Electricity Supply Association of Australia Forest Products Association, W.A. Forestry Commission of N.S.W. Master Builders Federation of Australia National Association of Australian State Road Authorities New South Wales Timber Advisory Council Public Works Department, New South Wales Radiata Pine Research Institute Inc. Rail Track and Sleeper Association Railways of Australia Committee Royal Australian Institute of Architects Tasmanian Timber Promotion Board The Association of Consulting Engineers Australia Timber Merchants Association of South Australia Timber Merchants Association of Victoria Timber Preservers Association of Australia Timber Promotion Council Timber Research and Development Advisory Council Timber and Building Material Merchants Association, N.S.W Universities and colleges Victorian Sawmillers Association Woods and Forests Department, S.A Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard: Australian Timber Research institute Inc. Australian Uniform Building Regulations Co-ordinating Council

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest ed ition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine The Australian Standard, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 83171.

AS 1720.11988

Australian Standard
SAA TIMBER STRUCTURES CODE Part 1DESIGN METHODS

First published as AS CA651972. Revised and redesignated AS 17201975. Revised and redesignated AS 1720.11988. Incorporating: Amdt 11993

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 5090 2

AS 1720.11988

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Associations Committee on Timber Engineering to supersede AS 17201975, SAA Timber Engineering Code. In considering the revision of AS 17201975 the committee decided that it would be appropriate if its subject matter and other material to be included in the revision was divided into four parts as follows: Part 1: Part 2: Design methods (this Standard) Timber properties (in course of preparation)

Part 3: Non-standard connectors (in course of preparation Part 4: Fire resistance of timer structures (in course of preparation) While this Standard is primarily concerned with design methods, it also contains structural design properties for a modest range of timber species and metal connectors. Section 1 deals with general matters such as definitions and conditions for the application of this Standard. Design rules are given in Sections 2 to 7, with Section 2 containing the basic structural design properties of timber essential to the use of the Standard. Normal procedure for users is to note the general requirements of Section 1, obtain the basic structural design properties from Section 2 and then to proceed to one of Sections 3 to 7 depending on th type of element being designed. In general, the simpler design situations are covered in the main body of the text, and acceptable procedures for detailed design situations are given in the related appendices. For ease of use the appendices correlate sequentially with the sections of the text, i.e. Appendices A, B, C etc are related to the Sections 1, 2, 3, etc, in the main body of this text. It should be noted that Appendix A gives rules for the acceptance of timber structures based on proof and prototype testing. The appendices, which form an integral part of this Standard, have been drafted in mandatory terms to facilitate cross reference by Regulatory Authorities. Design information for timber piles which was included in the previous edition of this Standard is now provided in AS 2159, SAA Piling Code.

Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia. Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs. Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified. The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.

AS 1720.11988

CONTENTS
Page SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . 1.3 NEW MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . 1.4 TIMBER QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 1.6 DESIGN AND SUPERVISION . . . . . . . . 1.7 WORKMANSHIP AND MAINTENANCE 1.8 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7

SECTION 2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER 2.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 BASIC WORKING STRESSES AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY 2.4 DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 MODIFICATION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 3. DESIGN OF BASIC STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 3.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 BEAM DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 COLUMN DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 TENSION MEMBER DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL STRESSES . . . SECTION 4. CONNECTIONS 4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 NAILED JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 SCREWED JOINTS . . . . . . . . . 4.4 BOLTED JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 COACH SCREWS . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 SPLIT-RING CONNECTORS . . 4.7 SHEAR PLATE CONNECTORS

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SECTION 5. PLYWOOD 5.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 BASIC WORKING STRESSES AND 5.3 DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 MODIFICATION FACTORS . . . . . 5.5 JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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SECTION 6. ROUND TIMBERS 6.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 BASIC WORKING STRESSES AND STIFFNESS 6.3 DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 ADDITIONAL MODIFICATION FACTORS . . . . 6.5 DESIGN DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 7. GLUED-LAMINATED CONSTRUCTION 7.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 MODIFICATION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 OTHER REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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AS 1720.11988

Page APPENDICES A ACCEPTANCE TESTING OF TIMBER STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B BASIC DESIGN PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER . . . C DESIGN OF BASIC STRUCTURAL MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . D JOINTS IN TIMBER STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E BUCKLING STRENGTH OF PLYWOOD DIAPHRAGMS . . . . . F CONNECTIONS FOR ROUND TIMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G GLUED-LAMINATED CONSTRUCTIONSPECIAL CONDITIONS H REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . I NOTATION AND FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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AS 1720.11988

STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA Australian Standard TIMBER STRUCTURES PART 1: DESIGN METHODS SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE. This Standard sets out the design methods for the structural use of timber which are based on the principles of structural mechanics and on data established by research. The Standard is intended for use in the design or appraisal of structural elements comprised of timber or wood products and of structures comprised substantially of timber. To this end, the Standard provides design data for sawn timber, laminated timber, timber in pole form, plywood and various types of fastenings. In addition, it provides methods of test for components or assemblies of unconventional design which may not be readily amenable to detailed analysis. For ease of use, the simpler design situations are covered in the main body of the text. Related appendices, which form an integral part of the Standard, give acceptable procedures for detailed design situations. 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS. A list with titles of the documents referred to in this Standard is given in Appendix H. 1.3 NEW MATERIALS AND METHODS. This Standard shall not be interpreted to prevent the use of material or of methods of design or construction not specifically referred to herein. Nor is the classification of timbers into strength groups (Clause 1.4) or their grouping for joint design (Clause 4.1) to be interpreted as precluding the use of design stresses or other design data derived for a particular timber or grade of timber on the basis of authoritative research information.
NOTE: It usually will be necessary to seek approval from the Building Authority or other appropriate Regulatory Authority for the use of new materials or methods.

(c) Stress grade and species identification. Structural timber used in conjunction with this Standard shall have its stress grade identified. For many purposes it may also be necessary to specify a particular species. When a particular species is specified the specification shall require that all pieces of timber be suitably identified as to species.
NOTES: 1. The design properties recommended in this Standard have been chosen on the assumption that structures of unseasoned timber that are allowed to dry will not receive their full design load until a period of air drying for at least 2 weeks has taken place. Freshly sawn timber which is unseasoned, or has recently been treated with waterborne chemicals, tends to have a reduced resistance and stiffness to sustained loads during the initial drying period. 2. Usually, only a limited number of the timber species and stress grades listed in this Standard will be readily available at any particular place and time.

(d) Change of grade or durability. Care shall be taken to account for any change in original grading or preservative treatment as a result of sawing or dressing. Regrading will be necessary if members are longitudinally resawn. Machining may remove preservative envelopes rendering the treatment ineffective. (e) Special provisions. Design loads for timber joints and design rules for notched beams given herein are based on the assumption that there are no loose knots, severe sloping grain, gum veins, gum or rot pockets, lyctus-susceptible sapwood, holes or splits in the near vicinity of any connectors or notch roots. (f) Treated timber. Timber, treated by impregnation with waterborne chemicals such as preservatives, is classified as unseasoned timber unless seasoning is specified.
NOTE: Where the material is reseasoned, regrading would normally be required.

1.4 TIMBER QUALITY. All timber used in accordance with this Standard shall comply with the requirements of appropriate Australian Standards. The following points shall be noted: (a) General. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 herein and AS 1720.2, list common species used for structural purposes together with their strength classifications and design density. (b) Timber classification. Timber species are classified into seven strength groups S1 to S7 in the unseasoned condition and eight strength groups SD1 to SD8 in the seasoned condition. The timber species are also classified into six joint groups J1 to J6 if used unseasoned, and JD1 to JD6 if used seasoned. Sawn structural timber, pole timbers and plywood are classified into 12 stress grades F2 to F34 when these have been graded according to the appropriate grading Standard or other approved specification.

1.5 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. 1.5.1 Loads. 1.5.1.1 General. A structure, and any part of a structure, shall be designed for the loads specified in AS 1170 or such other loading Standard as is appropriate to the end-use of a specific structure or part of a structure. 1.5.1.2 Load duration. The significance of duration of loading in the design of timber structures shall be noted and particular attention paid to the term duration of loading. (For the definition of this term see Clause 1.8.2 and for further information Clause 2.5.1.)

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AS 1720.11988

1.5.2 Design methods. 1.5.2.1 General. A structure, or part of a structure, or an individual structural element shall be capable of sustaining the most adverse likely combination of loads. Every part of the structure shall be proportioned so that the permissible stresses determined in accordance with this Standard are not exceeded.
NOTE: Some of the clauses of this Standard have been simplified as far as practicable to permit rapid calculation and may as a consequence involve some degree of conservatism. Where appropriate, more refined design methods are given in the appendices which form an integral part of this Standard.

damage or unsightly appearances resulting from differential movement on structural members caused by timber shrinkage. These comments also apply to timber which has been impregnated with waterborne chemicals and which has not been reseasoned after treatment.
NOTE: For most timbers the magnitude of shrinkage is in the range of 0.1% to 0.3% in the direction of the wood grain and 2% to 10% transverse to this direction. Information on shrinkage for specific species can be obtained from: (a) KINGSTON, R.S.T. and RISDON C.J.E. Shrinkage and Density of Australian and Other South-west Pacific Woods. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No 13, CSIRO, 1961. (b) BUDGEN, B. Shrinkage and Density of some Australian and South-east Asian Timbers. Division of Building Research Technological Paper (Second Series) No 38, CSIRO, 1981.

1.5.2.2 Stress analysis. All stresses shall be calculated on the basis of elastic theory in order that the requirements of this code in regard to permissible stresses may be satisfied with regard to the load effects at any particular location. For example the applied bending moment M and shear force V on a beam of rectangular cross-section shall be checked by M (bd2/6)Fb V (2bd/3)Fs where b and d = Fb and Fs = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1.2)

1.5.3.6 Deformations. Timber structures shall be designed so that deformations incurred in-service do not impair the strength and serviceability of the structures or any part thereof, nor cause damage to other building components. Timber members shall have sufficient stiffness so that undesirable deflections and vibrations are avoided.
NOTES: 1. The responsibility for deflection and stiffness limits should rest with the design engineer. 2. In computing design deflections, it should be appreciated that timber is variable with respect to its structural properties. It should also be noted that the moduli given in Table 2.3 refer to design values for groups of timber. If for some reason (e.g. to specify camber) accurate predictions of deflection are required, detailed information relevant to the specific species of timber under consideration should be used.

the breadth and depth of the member the permissible design stresses in bending and shear. When several materials are glued together to form a structural element, stresses may be calculated from an equivalent transformed section, where the transformation is made with respect to the moduli of elasticity. 1.5.2.3 Experimentally based design. Where a structure or a structural element is of an unconventional or complex nature, and it is demonstrated by the full-scale tests specified in Appendix A that requirements for strength, deformation, stability and serviceability are satisfied, the corresponding design requirements of this Standard shall be deemed also to have been satisfied. 1.5.3 Other design considerations. 1.5.3.1 Stability. The stability of the structure as a whole shall be investigated, and mass and anchorage shall be provided so that the structure is in overall equilibrium.
NOTE: Suitable recommendations for this purpose will be given in AS 1170.1.

1.5.3.7 Timber dimensions for engineering calculations. All engineering calculations shall be based on the minimum net cross-section. Such calculations shall not be based on the nominal cross-section. 1.5.3.8 Timber in natural pole form. For logs or poles complying with the quality requirements of AS 2209, the correspondence between strength groups and stress grades is as shown in Table 6.1. 1.5.3.9 Biological deterioration. Generally, timber under cover and in well ventilated conditions and not in contact with the ground or free water, is not subject to fungal attack. However, such timber may be subject to termite attack and to attack by other insects in parts of Australia. If conditions favourable for biological attack exist, then steps shall be taken to eliminate the hazards. This is particularly important in structures where there is no load sharing capacity, e.g. large trusses. 1.6 DESIGN AND SUPERVISION. 1.6.1 Design. The design of timber structures to which this Standard applies, including the specification of materials and any protective treatment, shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of this Standard and the relevant documents in Appendix H.
NOTE: The design of a structure complying with this Standard should be the responsibility of a design engineer experienced in the design of such structures.

1.5.3.2 Buckling restraints. Where there may be some doubt as to the effectiveness of buckling restraints, appropriate computations, such as those indicated in Paragraph C7, Appendix C, shall be made to check the stiffness and strength of the restraints. 1.5.3.3 Erection and other extraneous forces. Adequate provision shall be made to resist the lateral and other forces that can occur during the transport of structural elements, and during and after the erection of a structure. 1.5.3.4 Secondary stresses. Careful consideration shall be given to possible secondary stresses. Where these cannot be reduced to negligible proportions, suitable provisions in the design or some reduction in permissible primary stresses shall be made. 1.5.3.5 Shrinkage. When using unseasoned timber, consideration shall be given to the effects of shrinkage. Detailing of the joints shall not restrain shrinkage where splitting could render the joint ineffective. Consideration shall also be given to architectural detailing to avoid

1.6.2 Supervision. The fabrication and erection of the timber structures or the parts of structures to which this Standard applies shall be supervised to ensure that all of the requirements of the design are satisfied in the completed structure.
NOTE: The supervision of fabrication and erection of timber structures should be the responsibility of a supervision engineer experienced in the fabrication and erection of such structures.

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1.7 WORKMANSHIP AND MAINTENANCE. 1.7.1 General. The following requirements are intended to help ensure that a structure or element when fabricated performs, and will continue to perform, structurally in the manner intended by the designer of the structure. 1.7.2 Moisture content. When structures or elements are to be fabricated with seasoned timber in situations where dimensional stability is critical, the designer of the structure shall ascertain the average equilibrium moisture content for the environment in which the structures or elements are to be erected, and shall specify that each piece of timber used shall have an average moisture content at the time of fabrication that is within 3 percent of the equilibrium value.
NOTES: 1. Definitions used in this Standard for the moisture content of seasoned and unseasoned timber are given in Clause 1.8.2. For intermediate values of moisture content, the term partially seasoned timber will be used. 2. Information on equilibrium moisture content values in timbers located in Australia can be obtained from the following references: (a) FINIGHAN, R. Moisture Content Predictions for Eight Seasoned Timbers under Sheltered Outdoor Conditions in Australia and New Guinea. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No 44, CSIRO, 1966. (b) BRAGG, C. An Equilibrium Moisture Content Survey of Timber in Queensland. Queensland Department of Forestry Technical Paper No 40, QFD, 1986.

long-duration loading, grade of timber, and a safety factor. Collapse-susceptible timbertimber for which the shrinkage values before and after reconditioning differ by more than 2 percent.
NOTE: Information on shrinkage values can be obtained from: (a) KINGSTON, R.S.T. and RISDON C.J.E. Shrinkage and Density of Australian and Other South-west Pacific Woods. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No 13, CSIRO, 1961. (b) BUDGEN, B. Shrinkage and Density of some Australian and South-east Asian Timbers. Division of Building Research Technological Paper (Second Series) No 38, CSIRO, 1981.

Corewoodtimber adjacent to or including the pith, that is of density less than 80 percent that of the density of mature trees.
NOTE: For plantation grown softwoods, corewood may be avoided by excluding all timber within a radius of 50 mm from the pith, that has a ring width greater than 6 mm.

Duration of loadingperiod during which a member, a structural element or a complete structure is stressed as a consequence of the loads applied.
NOTES: 1. For the purposes of interpretation in the use of load-duration factors in this Standard, see Clause 2.5.1. 2. The strength properties of timber under load are time dependent.

1.7.3 Corrosion. The designer of the structure shall take due account of any possible corrosive effects on metal connectors.
NOTE: Information on the protection of steel can be obtained from AS 2312.

In-grade verification verification of the design properties assigned to stress graded timber. Where applicable, these properties shall be evaluated in accordance with AS 4063.
NOTE: Where AS 4063 is employed to assign design properties to stress graded timber, the stress grading procedures should be subjected to a continuing quality-control program.

1.7.4 Maintenance. Where in the opinion of the designer of a structure special maintenance is required for a structure to fulfil its intended function, then such maintenance shall be specified in relevant documents. 1.8 DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 01 and those below apply. 1.8.1 Administrative definitions. Building Authority or other Regulatory Authority body having statutory powers to control the design and erection of buildings or structures, including scaffolding, in the area in which the building or structure concerned is to be erected. Engineerperson qualified for Corporate Membership of The Institution of Engineers, Australia.
NOTE: The definition of engineer does not require that the person be a Corporate Member of The Institution of Engineers.

Permissible stressmaximum stress to be used in the design of an element of a structure. It is obtained from the basic working stress appropriately modified for the type of structure and service conditions. Seasoned timberwood in which the maximum moisture content anywhere within a piece does not exceed 15 percent.
NOTE: Seasoned timber is sometimes referred to as dry or airdried timber. It includes kiln-dried timber.

Stress gradeclassification of timber for structural purposes by means of either visual or machine grading to indicate the basic working stresses and stiffnesses to be used for structural design purposes.
NOTE: The stress grade is designated in a form such as F7 which indicates that, for such a grade of material, the basic working stress in bending is approximately 7 MPa.

Unseasoned timberwood in which the average moisture content of each piece exceeds 25 percent.
NOTE: Unseasoned timber is sometimes referred to as green timber.

1.8.2 Technical definitions. Basic working stressstress appropriate to an arbitrarily chosen, but constant, basic reference set of conditions. It is derived from the known strength properties of a timber, due allowance having been made for such factors as material variability, long-duration loading, grade of timber, and a safety factor. Basic working load for connectorsload appropriate to an arbitrarily chosen, but constant, basic reference set of conditions. It is derived from the known strength properties of the timber-connector system, due allowance having been made for such factors as material variability,

1.9 NOTATION. Except where specifically defined in a particular clause, the quantity symbols and factors used in this Standard are listed in Appendix I. 1.10 UNITS. Unless otherwise stated, the units of measurement used in this Standard are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).
NOTE: In general N (newton), mm (millimetre) and MPa (megapascal) are appropriate units to be used.

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AS 1720.11988

SECTION 2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER

2.1 GENERAL. Permissible stresses for structural timber shall be obtained through modifying basic working values by factors appropriate to the service conditions. This general procedure applies to all types of structural timber, including sawn timber, laminated timber, natural round timber and plywood. 2.2 STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 list the structural classifications and design densities (for computing dead loads) of timber species and species groups that are commonly used in Australia. The data given in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 are taken from other Standards, in particular AS 2082, AS 2209, AS 2269, AS 2858 and AS 2878; any changes to these Standards shall be taken to supersede the data cited herein. In addition, any stress grades evaluated through in-grade testing of full size structural material shall be taken to supersede all the above information.
NOTES: 1. The density of unseasoned timber depends on its moisture content which reduces as the timber dries. The values given in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 have been computed on the basis that the percentage saturation of the timber is 45 and 80 percent for softwoods and hardwoods respectively. 2. The values of density given in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 do not represent average values for the species indicated; they are intended for use in computing the dead loading imposed by timber. 3. The moduli of elasticity given in Table 2.3 are intended to represent average values except where species mixtures or species with high variability are concerned; in the latter case, the cited moduli of elasticity are less than the average values. 4. A more extensive list of timber species and species groups will be given in AS 1720.2.

various F-grades given in Table 2.3 for softwood timbers, shall be multiplied by the factor 0.85. 2.4 DESIGN. 2.4.1 Permissible stresses. Permissible stresses for structural timber, whether sawn or laminated construction, or in pole form, shall be obtained by multiplying the basic working stresses given in Clause 2.3 by modification factors such as those given in Clause 2.5 as are appropriate to the service conditions. For example, Fb the permissible stress in bending is given by Fb = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.2) where k = the product of the relevant modifications factors, such as those in Clause 2.5, as are appropriate to the particular service conditions for which the structural member is being designed.
NOTES: 1. As an example, the factor k for the design bending stress of a solid timber beam is typically given by k = k1k2k8k11k12. 2. For convenience, the modification factors are collated and referenced in Appendix I.

2.3 BASIC WORKING STRESSES AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY. 2.3.1 Basic working stresses parallel to grain, and shear stresses in beams. These basic working stresses are given in Table 2.3 for the various stress grades. 2.3.2 Basic working stress in compression perpendicular to the grain and shear stress at joint details. These basic working stresses are given in Table 2.4 for each strength group and are applicable to all stress grades within the strength group. 2.3.3 Basic working stress in compression at an angle to the grain. The basic working stress in compression at angles to the grain other than 0 and 90 shall be denoted by and shall be calculated from the Hankinson formula . . . (2.1) where = the angle between the direction of the load and the direction of the grain. 2.3.4 Modulus of elasticity and rigidity. Design values of the modulus of elasticity and rigidity are given in Table 2.3.
NOTE: It should be noted that the modulus of elasticity, for the various stress grades given in Table 2.3, refers to the average modulus of elasticity for the stress-graded timbers that are grouped together within a stress grade. Therefore, when a better estimate for deflection is required, the modulus of elasticity values derived solely from Table 2.3. for a given stress grade should either be conservatively modified or accurate values should be obtained from in-grade verification.

2.3.5 Basic working stresses in tension (softwoods only). The basic working stresses in tension, for the

2.4.2 Deflections. Deflection calculations shall take into account the modification factors in Clause 2.5.1.2. 2.5 MODIFICATION FACTORS. 2.5.1 Duration of load. 2.5.1.1 Effect on strength. In order to derive permissible design stresses, the basic working stress shall be multiplied by the appropriate duration of load factor k 1 from Table 2.5. This factor is shown graphically in Figure 2.1. In checking the strength of a structural element, all load combinations must be considered. For any given combination of loads of differing duration, the factor k1 to be used is that appropriate to the load which is of the shortest duration. In Table 2.5, the effective duration of a peak load refers to the cumulative duration for which the peak load occurs. For the purposes of interpretation in the selection of load-duration factors in this Standard, the following shall apply: (a) Dead loads, and live loads which are removed or replaced at regular intervals such that the structure remains fully loaded for a substantial proportion of its life, are to be considered permanent loads. (b) Live loads (such as those due to vehicles or people) that act on floors, and are applied at frequent but irregular intervals such that the structure is unloaded, or loaded well below the allowable maximum, for most of each day, are to be considered loads of five months duration. (c) Live loads, such as those arising during erection and maintenance, and at infrequent crowd loading, applied for periods of a few days and at infrequent intervals, are to be considered loads of five days duration. (d) Gust wind loads with a long return period, such asthose referred to in AS 1170.2, and impact loads such as those caused by falling weights or snatch lifts, are to be considered loads of five second duration.

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TABLE 2.1 STRENGTH CLASSIFICATIONS AND DESIGN DENSITY FOR SOME COMMON GROUPS OF TIMBER
Stress grade Species group Moisture condition Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Strength group(1) S4 SD4 S4 SD4 S3 SD3 S7 SD7 SD7 SD8 S7 SD8 Joint group(2) Structural No 1 F14 F22 F14 F22 F17 F27 F7 F11 F11 F8 F7 F8 Structural No 2 F11 F17 F11 F17 F14 F22 F5 F8 F8 F7 F5 F7 Structural timber(3) Structural No 3 F8 F14 F8 F14 F11 F17 F4 F7 F7 F5 F4 F5 Structural No 4 F7 F11 F7 F11 F8 F14 F5 F5 F4 Structural No 5 Structural plywood(4) Pole timber(5) Design density (6) kg/m3 F17 F17 F22 F8 F8 F7 F7 F11 F17 F22 F8 1050 650 1050 650 1150 750 800 500 850 550 850 500 850 400

Mixed Australian hardwoods (excluding rainforest species) from S.A. and southern N.S.W. Ash-type Eucalypts from NSW Highlands Victoria and Tasmania Non-ash-type Eucalypts from Qld and N.S.W Rainforest species Mixed pinus species (Australian grown) Mixed softwood species (excl. pinus species) Imported softwoods (unidentified)

J3 JD3 J3 JD3 J2 JD2 J4 JD4 JD4 JD4 J6 JD6

NOTES: 1. For classification into strength groupssee AS 2878. 2. For joint strengthsee AS 1649. 3. For mechanical stress gradessee AS 1748. 4. For structural plywoodsee AS 2269. 5. For timber polessee AS 2209. 6. For use only in computing dead load due to mass in timber.

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TABLE 2.2 STRENGTH CLASSIFICATIONS AND DESIGN DENSITY FOR SOME COMMON SPECIES OF TIMBER
Stress grade Species Moisture condition Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Strength group(1) S4 SD4 S4 SD3 S3 SD3 S2 SD3 S2 SD2 S3 SD3 S1 SD1 S4 SD4 S1 SD2 S5 SD5 S6 SD6 S3 SD2 S3 SD3 S5 SD5 S3 SD4 Joint group
(2)

Structural timber(3) Structural No 1 F14 F22 F14 F27 F17 F27 F22 F27 F22 F34 F17 F27 F27 F34 F14 F22 F27 F34 F11 F14 F8 F14 F17 F34 F22 F27 F11 F17 F17 F22 Structural No 2 F11 F17 F11 F22 F14 F22 F17 F22 F17 F27 F14 F22 F22 F34 F11 F17 F22 F27 F8 F11 F7 F11 F14 F27 F17 F22 F8 F14 F14 F17 Structural No 3 F8 F14 F8 F17 F11 F17 F14 F17 F14 F22 F11 F17 F17 F27 F8 F14 F17 F22 F7 F8 F5 F8 F11 F22 F14 F17 F7 F11 F11 F14 Structural No 4 F7 F11 F7 F14 F8 F14 F11 F14 F11 F17 F8 F14 F14 F22 F7 F11 F14 F17 F5 F7 F4 F7 F8 F17 F11 F14 F5 F8 F8 F11 Structural No 5 F4 F5 F5

Structural plywood(4) F17 F22 F22 F22 F27 F22 F34 F17 F27 F14 F11 F27 F22 F14 F17

Design density(6) Pole timber(5) F17 F17 F22 F27 F27 F22 F34 F17 F34 F14 F11 F22 F27 F14 F22 kg/m3 1 050 650 1 050 650 1 100 850 1 150 900 1 150 900 1 150 900 1 200 1 100 1 100 750 1 150 950 710 550 710 550 1 150 1 000 1 100 850 1 150 900 1 100 750 (continued)

ash, alpine ash, mountain ash, silvertop balau blackbutt box, brush box, grey, coast brown barrel chengal fir, Douglas, North America fir, Douglas, elsewhere gum, blue, southern gum, blue, Sydney gum, red, river gum, rose

J3 JD3 J3 JD3 J2 JD2 J2 JD2 J2 JD2 J2 JD2 J1 JD1 J3 JD3 J2 JD2 J4 JD4 J5 JD5 J2 JD2 J2 JD2 J2 JD2 J2 JD2

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TABLE 2.2 (continued)

Stress grade Species Moisture condition Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Strength group(1) S2 SD2 S2 SD3 S6 SD6 S7 SD7 S1 SD1 S2 SD3 S4 SD4 S3 SD4 S3 SD2 S2 SD2 S2 SD3 S5 SD5 S2 SD3 S3 SD3 S5 SD6 Joint group
(2)

Structural timber(3) Structural No 1 F22 F34 F22 F27 F8 F14 F7 F11 F27 F22 F27 F14 F22 F17 F22 F17 F34 F22 F34 F22 F34 F11 F17 F22 F27 F17 F27 F11 F14 Structural No 2 F17 F27 F17 F22 F7 F11 F5 F8 F22 F34 F17 F22 F11 F17 F14 F17 F14 F27 F17 F27 F17 F27 F8 F14 F17 F22 F14 F22 F8 F11 Structural No 3 F14 F22 F14 F17 F5 F8 F4 F7 F17 F27 F14 F17 F8 F14 F11 F14 F11 F22 F14 F22 F14 F22 F7 F11 F14 F17 F11 F17 F7 F8 Structural No 4 F11 F17 F11 F14 F4 F7 F5 F14 F22 F11 F14 F7 F11 F8 F11 F8 F17 F11 F17 F11 F17 F5 F8 F11 F14 F8 F14 F5 F7 Structural No 5 F5 F4

Structural plywood(4) F27 F22 F11 F8 F34 F22 F17 F22 F27 F27 F27 F14 F22 F22 F11

Design density(6) Pole timber(5) F27 F27 F11 F8 F34 F27 F17 F22 F22 F27 F27 F14 F27 F22 F14 kg/m3 1 200 1 100 1 150 950 750 500 750 550 250 100 250 050 100 800 100 750 150 900 100 900 150 850 100 750 200 950 100 850

gum, spotted hardwood, Johnstone River Hemlock, western Hem-fir(7) ironbark, grey ironbark, red, narrow-leaved jarrah kapur karri kempas kwila (Merbau) lumbayu, Chengkulang mahogany, red marri meranti, dark red(7)

J1 JD1 J1 JD1 J4 JD4 J5 JD5 J1 JD1 J1 JD1 J2 JD2 J2 JD2 J2 JD2 J1 JD2 J2 JD2 J3 JD3 J1 JD1 J2 JD2 J4 JD4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 100 600-750 (continued)

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TABLE 2.2 (continued)

Stress grade Species Moisture condition Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Unseasoned Seasoned Strength group(1) S6 SD6 S3 SD3 S2 SD2 S5 SD6 S6 SD5 S6 SD6 S5 SD5 SD7 S3 SD3 S3 SD3 S2 SD2 S3 SD3 S2 SD3 Joint group(2) Structural No 1 F8 F14 F17 F27 F22 F34 F8 F17 F14 F11 F17 F8 F17 F27 F17 F27 F22 F34 F17 F27 F22 F27 Structural No 2 F7 F11 F14 F22 F17 F27 F7 F14 F11 F8 F14 F8 F14 F22 F14 F22 F17 F27 F14 F22 F17 F22 Structural timber(3) Structural No 3 F5 F8 F11 F17 F14 F22 F7 F5 F11 F8 F7 F11 F7 F11 F17 F11 F17 F14 F22 F11 F17 F14 F17 Structural No 4 F4 F7 F8 F14 F11 F17 F5 F4 F8 F7 F5 F8 F5 F8 F14 F8 F14 F11 F17 F8 F14 F11 F14 Structural No 5 F4 F7 F5 F4 F7 F4 Structural plywood(4) F11 F22 F27 F11 F14 F11 F14 F8 F22 F22 F27 F22 F22 Pole timber F11 F22 F27 F14 F11 F11 F14 F22 F22 F27 F22 F27
(5)

Design density(6) kg/m3 1050 700 1100 750 1150 900 850 700 800 550 800 550 850 650 700 500 1100 850 1150 900 1200 1000 1050 950 1250 1100

mersawa messmate oak, tulip brown pine, cypress, white pine, hoop pine, radiata (Australia and New Zealand) pine, slash spruce-pine-fir(7) stringybark brown stringybark yellow tallowwood turpentine wandoo

J3 JD3 J3 JD3 J2 JD2 J3 JD3 J4 JD4 J4 JD4 J3 JD3 JD5 J2 JD2 J2 JD2 J1 JD2 J2 JD2 J1 JD1

NOTES: 1. For classification into strength groupssee AS 2878. 2. For joint strengthsee AS 1649. 3. For mechanical stress gradessee AS 1748. 4. For structural plywoodsee AS 2269. 5. For timber polessee AS 2209. 6. For use only in computing dead load due to mass in timber. 7. Species mixture.

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TABLE 2.3 BASIC WORKING STRESSES AND STIFFNESS FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER
Basic working stress, MPa Stress grade Bending Tension parallel to grain Shear in beams Compression parallel to grain Short duration modulus of elasticity* (E) F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7 F5 F4 F3 F2 34.5 27.5 22.0 17.0 14.0 11.0 8.6 6.9 5.5 4.3 3.4 2.7 20.7 16.5 13.2 10.2 8.4 6.6 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.6 2.0 1.6 2.45 2.05 1.70 1.45 1.25 1.05 0.85 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.45 0.35 26.0 20.5 16.5 13.0 10.2 8.4 6.6 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 21 500 18 500 16 000 14 000 12 000 10 500 9 100 7 900 6 900 6 100 5 200 4 500 Short duration modulus of rigidity (G) 1 430 1 230 1 070 930 800 700 610 530 460 410 350 300

* The modulus of elasticity includes an allowance of about 5 percent for shear deformation. NOTE: For the basic working stresses in tension for softwoods only, refer to Clause 2.3.5.

TABLE 2.4 BASIC WORKING STRESSES FOR COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN AND SHEAR AT JOINTS
Basic working stress, MPa Strength Unseasoned S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Seasoned SD1 SD2 SD3 SD4 SD5 SD6 SD7 SD8 10.4 9.0 7.8 6.6 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.7 4.15 3.45 2.95 2.45 2.05 1.70 1.45 1.25 1.05 0.85 Compression perpendicular to grain Shear at joints details

TABLE 2.5 DURATION OF LOAD FACTOR FOR STRENGTH

Multiplying factor (k1) Type of load Effective duration of peak load 5 seconds 5 minutes 5 hours 5 days 5 months 50+ years Basic stresses for solid timber 1.75 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.40 1.00 Basic working loads for laterally loaded connectors* 2.00 1.75 1.50 1.35 1.20 1.00

Instantaneous Standard test Short term Medium term Long term Permanent

* For connectors loaded in withdrawal and for the strength of steel in connectors, k1 = 1.00.

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2.5.1.2 Effect on stiffness. For members in bending and compression or for members in tension, the calculated short-term deformation shall be multiplied by the appropriate creep factor j 2 or j3, as given in Table 2.6 and illustrated graphically in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Values intermediate between those given in Table 2.6 may be obtained through an interpolation involving the logarithm of time, and a linear function of initial moisture content as shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. When several types of load act on a timber member, the maximum deformation shall be taken to be equal to the sum of the deformations computed for each type of load acting alone.

The modification factors j2 and j3 given in Table 2.6 are not applicable to collapse susceptible hardwoods (see Clause 1.8.2) when their initial moisture content is above 25%. For these timbers the creep factors may be considerably greater than the values shown.
NOTES: 1. The loads to be considered in computing deflections are not only the peak loads used for strength checks, but all loads that act during the life of the structure. In general, peak values of live load are not of a permanent nature; accordingly if a designer wishes to compute the long term deformations of a structure he must first estimate the portion of the load that is permanently or semi-permanently applied, and then use an appropriate creep factor. 2. Where there is a recovery period of more than ten times that of the applied load, the creep component of deformation may be assumed to be totally recovered.

TABLE 2.6 DURATION OF LOAD FACTOR FOR DEFLECTION

Initial moisture content* % 15 25 For bending, compression and shear members (j2) For tension members (j3)

Load duration Load duration Load duration Load duration 1 day 1 year 1 day 1 year 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1.5

* Moisture content at the time of load application.

FIGURE 2.1. DURATION OF LOAD FACTOR k1

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2.5.2 Moisture condition. Depending on the initial moisture content of the timber and the moisture content at time of loading and throughout its life, the basic working stresses shall be modified as follows: (a) Unseasoned timber. Where unseasoned timber is used, the basic working stresses shall be those in Tables 2.3 and 2.4 appropriate to the stress grade and strength group of the unseasoned timber as indicated in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. (b) Unseasoned timber partly dry before use. Where unseasoned timber is used under normal conditions of temperature and humidity and will not be subject to its full design load until it has partly seasoned, i.e. to below 25% moisture content, the basic working stresses for unseasoned timber may be increased by multiplying by the factor k4 given in Table 2.7.

TABLE 2.7 PARTIAL SEASONING FACTOR

Least dimension of member Value of k 4 38 mm or less 1.15 50 mm 1.10 75 mm 1.05 100 mm or more 1.00

(c) Seasoned timber. (i) Where seasoned timber is used, the basic working stresses shall be those in Tables 2.3 and 2.4 appropriate to the stress grade and strength group of the timber in the seasoned condition as indicated in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. (ii) Where seasoned timber is subjected to conditions in which its average moisture content for a 12-month period is expected to exceed 15%, the basic working stresses shall

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be decreased by multiplying by the factor k 5 determined as the greater of: k5 = and k5 = where EMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.3(b)) (2.3(a))

TABLE 2.9 PARALLEL SUPPORT FACTOR

Effective number of elements carrying common load (neff) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 or more Factor k 8 1.00 1.14 1.20 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33

= the highest value of the annual average moisture content (percent) that the timber will attain in service. F (seasoned) = the basic working stress for the seasoned material F (unseasoned) = the basic working stress for material of the same grade in the unseasoned condition. 2.5.3 Temperature. For covered timber structures under ambient conditions, no modification to the basic working stresses need be made for the effect of temperature except that where seasoned timber is used in structures erected in the coastal regions of Queensland north of latitude 25S and all other regions of Australia north of latitude 16S, the basic working stresses shall be multiplied by a factor k6 of 0.9.
NOTE: Information on the effects of high temperatures can be obtained from: MEYER, R.W. and KELLOG, R.M. Structural Use of Wood in Adverse Environments. Van Nostrand, 1982

Except for laminated timber members, the effective number of elements (neff) may be taken to be the total number of members acting together. For laminated timber members, the effective number of elements (neff) to be used in Table 2.9 shall be taken as neff where nm nL = = = nm n L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.4)

total number of members effective number of lamination elements per member as defined in Clause 7.3.2. Where the factor k8 is applied to laminated members acting in parallel, the factor k23 discussed in Clause 7.3.2 shall be taken to be equal to unity. 2.5.5.3 Grid systems. Where constructions are such that three or more members act together to support either an overlying set of members usually laid at right angles to the supporting members or a structural sheathing material, a load sharing factor k9 may be applied to the basic working stress for bending, in beams. This factor is given by the equation: k9 = k0 + (k8 - k0) [1.0 - 2(s/L)] . . . . . . . . . (2.5) but not less than k0, where s = the centre-to-centre spacing of the supporting members L = span of the supporting member k8 = load sharing factor for parallel structural systems (see Clause 2.5.5.2) = 1.0 for solid timber k0 = k 2 3 for gl ued-lami nated timber (Clause 7.3.2). The load sharing factor k9 is illustrated graphically in Figure 2.4.
NOTE: In addition to load sharing characteristics, grid systems also provide a method for laterally distributing concentrated loads as described in Paragraph C8, Appendix C.

2.5.4 Length and position of bearing. For rectangular bearing areas for bearings of length less than 150 mm and with the bearing surface 75 mm or more from the end of a piece of timber, the basic working stress in bearing perpendicular to the grain given in Table 2.4 may be multiplied by the appropriate factor k 7 in Table 2.8, the length of bearing being measured parallel to the grain of the loaded member. For circular bearing areas the effective bearing length shall be taken as being equal to the diameter of the bearing area. TABLE 2.8 LENGTH OF BEARING FACTOR
Length of bearing of member Value of k 7 12 1.85 25 1.60 50 1.30 75 1.15 150 or more 1.05 1.00 125

2.5.5 Load sharing. 2.5.5.1 General. When a structural system consists of parallel acting elements that interact to assist each other, then the basic working stresses may be increased by the appropriate load sharing factor. 2.5.5.2 Parallel structural systems. For structural systems comprised of two or more elements effectively connected so that all of the elements are constrained to the same deformation, the load sharing factor k 8 may be obtained from Table 2.9, and applied to the basic working stresses for bending and compression. If the effective number of elements is not an exact integer, then a suitable value of k8 may be derived by linear interpolation.

2.5.6 Size factor for flexural and tension members. The basic working stress in bending and tension shall be multiplied by the size factor k 11 as given in Table 2.10. Linear interpolation may be used for intermediate sizes. For beams of depth d greater than 1500 mm, the value of k11 shall be taken to be given by k11 = (300/d)0.167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.6)
NOTE: The size factor for beams refers to beams of solid timber or glulam. For built up beams the size factor shall be applied to the individual components; an example of this would be the tension flange of a box beam.

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2.5.7 Stability factor. In the design of slender structural members, a factor k12 is used to allow for the effects of slenderness on strength. It is defined by F = k12F0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.7) where F = the nominal design stress F0 = the value of F if the structural member were completely stable.

The factor kl2 depends on both material factors and the slenderness coefficient S. These factors and the slenderness coefficient are defined for each type of slender structural member in the section of this Standard appropriate to that element. 2.5.8 Material and application factor. For all timber members, the basic working stresses given in Tables 2.3 and 2.4 shall be multiplied by the material and application fact K2, shown in table 2.11

TABLE 2.10 SIZE FACTORS FOR BEAMS AND TENSION MEMBERS

Maximum depth of beam or twice width of tension member mm Value of k11 300 1 375 0.96 500 0.92 625 0.89 750 0.86 1 000 0.82 1 250 0.79 1 500 0.77

RELATIVE SPACING (s/L) FIGURE 2.4. LOAD SHARING FACTOR k9 FOR GRID SYSTEMS

TABLE 2.11 MATERIAL AND APPLICATION FACTOR

Material and application factor (k2) Consequence of failure classification* Normal High Basis for assignment of structural properties From in-grade verification 1.0 0.9 All other methods 1.0 0.7

* Normal consequence of failure can be interpreted as that associated with housing construction, secondary framing in commercial or industrial scale structures and primary elements in farm buildings. High consequence of failure can be interpreted as that associated with primary structural elements in commercial or industrial scale structures, bridges and similar.

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SECTION 3. DESIGN OF BASIC STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

3.1 GENERAL. This Section shall be applied in conjunction with the clauses of Section 2. This Section applies to the design of basic structural members such as columns, beams and ties. In particular many of the design parameters given refer to members of rectangular cross-section, for which the notation used is shown in Figure 3.1 . The corresponding parameters for members of less usual shape are given in Appendix C. Special design requirements related to the use of pole timbers, glued-laminated construction and plywood are given in later sections. Clauses for the design of more complex structural elements are given in Appendix C. These include clauses related to (a) the design of spaced columns (Paragraph C6); (b) buckling restraint systems (Paragraph C7); (C) grid systems (Paragraph C8); (d) notched beams (Paragraph C9); (e) notched columns (Paragraph C10); and (f) notched tension members (Paragraph C11).
NOTE: In beam design deflection considerations will usually govern member sizes (See Clauses 1.5.3.6, 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5).

3.2 BEAM DESIGN. 3.2.1 Maximum stresses. Calculated values for the stresses in a beam shall not exceed the permissible stresses in bending F b, in shear Fs, and in compression perpendicular to the grain Fp, determined in accordance with Clause 2.4 for sawn and laminated timber and for poles. Due regard shall be paid to the beams effective span and lateral stability, and to an acceptable deflection. (See also Clause 3.5 and Paragraph C5 for combined bending and axial loading, and Paragraph C7, Appendix C for the design of lateral and torsional restraints.) When calculating a shear force in a beam, loads lying within a distance of the support of 1.5 times the depth of the beam from the inside face of the support may be disregarded, except in the design of notched beams (Paragraph C9, Appendix C). For unnotched beams, the permissible stress shall be calculated by the following equations: (a) In bending Fb = (b) In shearFs = Fp = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.3) (c) In compression perpendicular to the grain where the factors k1 to k11 are given in Section 2 and k12 is the stability factor defined in Equation 3.8 (see Clause 3.2.4). For beams in grid systems the load sharing factor k8 is replaced by k9. 3.2.2 Effective span. The effective span of flexural members shall be taken as the distance between the centres of areas of bearing. For members that extend over bearings longer than is necessary, the span may be taken as the distance between centres of imaginary bearings which are chosen in such a way that their lengths are adequate to comply with the requirements of this Standard. 3.2.3 Slenderness coefficient for lateral buckling. 3.2.3.1 General. For the general case, and for several useful specific cases, equations for evaluating the . . . . . . . . . . (3.1)

FIGURE 3.1. NOTATION FOR A RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION

FIGURE 3.2. NOTATION FOR BEAM RESTRAINTS

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slenderness coefficient are given in Paragraph C3, Appendix C. For the special cases of solid beams of rectangular cross-section, the simple approximations given in Clause 3.2.3.2 may be used. 3.2.3.2 Beams of rectangular cross-section. For beams of rectangular cross-section, the slenderness coefficients may be taken as follows: (a) Beams that bend only about their major axis. For discrete restraint systems that effectively restrain the compression flange of the beam at points L ay apart, the slenderness coefficient, denoted by S1, may be taken to be S1 = 1.25(Layd/b2)1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.4) For restraint systems that are continuous along the compression flange of the beam, the slenderness coefficient may be taken to be S1 = 0.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.5) For restraint systems that are continuous along the tension flange of the beam, and in addition the load is applied to the tension flange, the slenderness coefficient may be taken to be S1 = 2.5d/b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.6) (b) Beams that bend only about their minor axis. For all cases, the slenderness coefficient, denoted by S 2, may be taken to be S2 = 0.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.7) (c) Beams that bend about both axes. The design of such beams described in Clause 3.2.5, is based on an interaction of the two special cases for bending about single axes only, and hence no special definition of slenderness is required for this case. 3.2.4 Stability factor. The stability factor k 12 for modification of the basic working stress in bending shall be given by (a) For S 10 k12 = 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.8(a)) (b) For 10 S 20 k12 = 1.5 - 0.05 S . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.8(b)) (c) For S 20 k12 = 200/( S)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.8(c)) where a conservative value of the material constant is given in Table 3.1; more accurate values of are given by Equations C1 and C2 and tabulated in Tables C1 and C2 of Appendix C. The shape of the stability factor curve is illustrated in Figure 3.3. For large beams, where a size factor k 11 < 1.0 is used either for solid beams or the tension flanges of built up beams, the material constant inserted in Equations 3.8 above may be replaced by * where * = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.9) 3.2.5 Allowable nominal bending stress. The following are the design criteria for the allowable bending stress in a beam: (a) Beam that is bent only about its major axis (the x-axis) fbx/Fbx 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.10) (b) Beam that is bent only about its minor axis (the y-axis) fby/Fby 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.11)

TABLE 3.1 MATERIAL CONSTANT FOR BEAMS

Material constant Stress grade Seasoned timber F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7 F5 F4 F3 F2 1.23 1.18 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.80 0.78 Unseasoned timber 1.32 1.27 1.22 1.17 1.14 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87

FIGURE 3.3. EFFECT OF SLENDERNESS COEFFICIENT ON THE STABILITY FACTOR FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS

(c) Beam that is bent about both major and minor axes (fbx/Fbx) + (fby/F by) 1 . . . . . . . . . . (3.12) where fbx, fby = Mx/Zx, My/Zy = calculated bending stresses about the major and minor axes respectively Fbx, Fby = permissible design values of f bx, fby if the beam were bent about only one axis. For a less conservative criterion, see Equation C14 of Appendix C. 3.2.6 Strength of notched beams. Clauses for the design strength of notched beams are given in Paragraph C9, Appendix C. 3.2.7 Concentrated loads and partial area loads on grid systems. Clauses to assist in the design of floor grid systems to resist concentrated and partial area loads are given in Paragraph C8, Appendix C.

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(a) For buckling about major axis

(b) For buckling about minor axis

FIGURE 3.4. NOTATION FOR COLUMN RESTRAINTS

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3.3 COLUMN DESIGN. 3.3.1 Maximum stresses. The average compressive stress (fc), calculated on the effective cross-sectional area A of a member concentrically loaded by an axial force P, shall not exceed the maximum permissible stress (Fc) in compression parallel to the grain as determined in accordance with Clause 2.4 for sawn and laminated timber and for poles. (See also Clause 3.5.1 for combined bending and compression, and Paragraph C7, Appendix C, for the design of lateral and torsional restraints.) For unnotched columns, the permissible stress in compression shall be given by Fc = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.13) where the factors k1 - k8 are given in Section 2 and k12 is the stability factor defined by Equations 3.18(a), 3.18(b) and 3.18(c). TABLE 3.2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR g 13, FOR COLUMNS WITHOUT INTERMEDIATE LATERAL RESTRAINT
Effective length factor (g 13 ) Flat ends 0.7 Restrained at both ends in position and direction 0.7 Each end held by two bolts (substantially 0.75 restrained) One end fixed in position and direction, the other 0.85 restrained in position only Restrained at both ends in position only 1.0 Restrained at one end in position and direction 1.5 and at the other end partially restrained in direction but not in position Restrained at one end in position and direction 2.0 but not restrained in either position or direction at the other end Condition of end restraint

length of the column, the slenderness coefficient may be taken to be S3 = 0.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.15) (b) Columns that can bend only about their minor axis. For discrete restraint systems, the slenderness coefficient, denoted by S4, may be taken to be the lesser of the following: S4 = Lay/b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.16(a)) and S4 = g13L/b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.16(b)) where Lay = the distance between points of effectively rigid restraints against lateral movement in the direction of the x-axis as shown in Figure 3.4(b) g13 = the coefficient given in Table 3.2. For restraint systems that act continuously along one edge only and which restrain movement in the direction of the x-axis, the slenderness coefficient may be taken to be S4 = 3.5 d/b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.17) (c) Columns that can bend about both axes. The design of such columns, described in Clause 3.5.1, is based on an interaction of the two special cases for bending about single axes only, and hence no special definition of slenderness is required for this case. 3.3.3 Stability factor. The stability factor k12 for modification of the basic working stress in compression shall be given by: (a) For S 10 k12 = 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.18(a)) (b) For 10 S 20 k12 = 1.5 - 0.05 S . . . . . . . . . . (3.18(b)) (c) For S 20 k12 = 200/( S)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.18(c)) where a conservative value of the material constant is given in Table 3.3; more accurate values of are given by Equations C3 and C4 and tabulated in Tables C3 and C4, Appendix C. The shape of the stability factor curve is illustrated in Figure 3.3. TABLE 3.3 MATERIAL CONSTANT FOR COLUMNS
Stress grade F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7 F5 F4 F3 F2 Material constant Seasoned timber Unseasoned timber 1.26 1.44 1.22 1.39 1.18 1.35 1.13 1.30 1.10 1.27 1.06 1.22 1.01 1.18 0.98 1.15 0.95 1.11 0.91 1.07 0.88 1.04 0.85 1.01

3.3.2 Slenderness coefficients for lateral buckling. 3.3.2.1 General. For the general case, and for several useful specific cases, equations for evaluating the slenderness coefficient are given in Paragraph C4, Appendix C. For the case of solid columns of rectangular cross-section as shown in Figure 3.1, the simple approximations given below may be used. 3.3.2.2 Columns of rectangular cross-section. For columns of rectangular cross-section, the slenderness coefficients may be taken as follows: (a) Columns that can bend only about their major axis. For the case of discrete restraint systems, the slenderness coefficient, denoted by S3, shall be taken to be the lesser of the following: S3 = Lax/d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.14(a)) and S3 = g13L/d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.14(b)) where Lax = the distance between points of effectively rigid restraints against lateral movement in the direction of the y-axis as shown in Figure 3.4(a) g13 = the coefficient given in Table 3.2. For restraint systems that restrain movement in the direction of the y-axis, and are continuous along the

3.3.4 Allowable nominal axial stress. Allowable compression stress in a column is given by fc Fcx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.19) fc Fcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.20)

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where fc

= nominal compression stress in column = P/A Fcx, Fcy = permissible compression stress for member as a column able to buckle only about its major or minor axis respectively, (see Equation 3.13). 3.3.5 Strength of notched columns. The appropriate design procedure for notched columns is given in Paragraph C10, Appendix C. 3.3.6 Spaced columns. The slenderness coefficients required for computing the design axial strength of spaced columns are given in Paragraph C6, Appendix C.

3.5 COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL STRESSES. 3.5.1 Combined bending and compression. A rectangular member with cross-section as shown in Figure 3.1 subject to combined axial compression and bending about the x-axis only shall be proportioned so that (fbx/Fbx)2 + (fc/Fcy) 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.22) (fbx/Fbx) + (fc/Fcx) 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.23) where fbx Fbx = Mx/Zx = nominal bending stress about the major axis = permissible design values of f bx (Equation 3.1) = P/A = nominal compression stress acting on column = permissible design value of the compression stress (f c) if the member were used as a column that could buckle only about its major or minor axis respectively (see Equation 3.13)

3.4 TENSION MEMBER DESIGN. 3.4.1 Axial stress in tension members. In an axially loaded tension member, the average tensile stress(f t), calculated on the net area, shall not exceed the permissible stress in tension (F t), determined in accordance with Clause 2.4 for sawn and laminated timber and for poles. (See also Clause 3.5.2 for combined bending and tension and Paragraph C11, Appendix C for notched tension members.) For unnotched tension members, the permissible stress in tension shall be given by Ft = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.21)

fc Fcx, Fcy

NOTE: Equations 3.22 and 3.23 contain an allowance for the effect of bending moment amplification due to the axial load. For non-rectangular members, Equations 3.22 and 3.23 may be used in the absence of other information.

where the factors k1, to k11, are given in Section 2. 3.4.2 Slenderness coefficient. The slenderness coefficient for a tension member shall be defined as for columns in accordance with Clause 3.3.2. 3.4.3 Notched tension members. The appropriate design procedure for the design of notched tension members is given in Paragraph C11 of Appendix C.

For the unusual case of a beam-column subjected to bending simultaneously about both the x and y axes, a conservative criterion of strength is given by Equation C14, Appendix C. 3.5.2 Combined bending and tension. The nominal bending stress f bx and axial stress ft of a member subject to combined bending and axial tension shall be given by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.24) fbx - ft Fbx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.25) where Ft and Fb are the permissible tension and bending stresses for the member used as a tie or beam respectively (see Equations 3.1 and 3.21)

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SECTION 4. CONNECTIONS
4.1 GENERAL. 4.1.1 Scope of section. This Section applies to joints in solid timber fabricated with mechanical fasteners described by Australian Standards and characterized by a long history of use in timber structures. These include joints fabricated with the following mechanical fasteners: (a) Nails. (b) Wood screws. (c) Bolts. (d) Coach screws. (e) Split-ring connectors. (f) Shear-plate connectors.
NOTES: 1. Design rules for specialized and patented mechanical fasteners and for variants of conventional fasteners which will have been subjected to tests specified in AS 1649, will be given in AS 1720.3. 2. This Standard does not specifically cover glued timber-to-timber or timber-to-plywood connections as occur in fabricated components such as stressed skin panels or plywood webbed beams. In such cases, joint design can be based on the timber components in the connection, provided that the joint is fabricated using a rigid, durable adhesive. Phenolic type adhesives meet these requirements. The design of fabricated components comprising glued connections is therefore based on the fact that with correct bonding practice and quality control, a joint is developed in which the adhesive bond strength and durability will be superior to the timber components comprising the joint. 3. Joints with plywood are covered in Paragraph D1. Information on methods for assessing the deformation of joints is given in Paragraph D2.

Species for which > 0.8 often have a high tendency to split, particularly in exposed locations; species for which < 0.55 may be considered to have a negligible tendency to split.
NOTES: 1. Information on shrinkage and cleavage strength for specific species can be obtained from the following: (a) KINGSTON, R.S.T. and RISDON, C.J.E. Shrinkage and Density of Australian and other South-West Pacific Woods. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No 13, CSIRO, 1961. (b) BUDGEON, B. Shrinkage and Density of some Australian and South-East Asian Timbers. Division of Building Research Technological Paper (Second Series) No 38, CSIRO, 1981. (c) BOLZA, E. and KLOOT, N.H. The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No 25, CSIRO, 1963. 2. It will be found that most Eucalypts and most hardwoods of dry sclerophyll forests that have a basic density of less than 700 kg/m3 will have a splitting parameter > 0.8; most softwoods and most rainforest hardwoods have a splitting parameter < 0.8.

4.1.5 Eccentric joints. When it is impracticable to ensure that all the members meeting at a joint are arranged symmetrically, with their centrelines intersecting on a common axis which is also the axis of resistance of the fastener or group of fasteners, the combined effects of primary stresses and secondary stresses due to the resulting bending and shear stress shall be checked. 4.2 NAILED JOINTS. 4.2.1 Lateral loads. 4.2.1.1 Basic working loads. The basic working loads for plain shank, low carbon steel nails specified in AS 2334, whether driven by hand or by gun, in single shear in timber fabricated in the unseasoned condition are given in Table 4.1(A) and in timber fabricated in the seasoned condition in Table 4.1(B). TABLE 4.1 LATERAL LOADS FOR ONE NAIL IN SINGLE SHEAR IN SIDE GRAIN (comprising Tables 4.1(A) and 4.1(B)) 4.1(A) UNSEASONED TIMBER
Species group J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 2.5 330 260 185 130 100 75 Basic working load per nail, N Nail diameter, mm 2.8 3.15 3.75 4.5 5.0 400 490 665 915 1 100 315 385 525 720 870 225 275 375 515 620 160 195 265 365 440 120 150 200 275 330 90 110 150 210 250

4.1.2 Joint groups. For the purpose of joint design, timber species have been classified into six joint groups: J1, J2, J3, J4, J5 and J6 for unseasoned timber and JD1, JD2, JD3, JD4, JD5 and JD6 for seasoned timber. The joint group classifications for specific timbers are shown in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. Where joints comprise more than one species of timber, the design load to be used in the absence of other information is that appropriate to the weakest species in the joint. 4.1.3 Timber grade. No allowance for grade of timber has been made in design data for fasteners. Design loads for joints have been based on the assumption that there are no loose knots, severe sloping grain, gum veins, gum or rot pockets, lyctus-susceptible sapwood, corewood, holes or splits near any fastener. Accordingly, all of these defects except for corewood shall be avoided at fastener locations. Corewood shall only be permitted at fastener locations if the design joint strength is taken to be that of a timber that is in a joint group that is one lower than the normal value for the species used. 4.1.4 Tendency to split. Special precautions shall be specified in the use of timber that has a tendency to split to an extent that may be detrimental to connector strength. In the absence of other guidance, the criterion for tendency to split shall be based on the parameter defined by = 2/ where = tangential shrinkage, in percent = tangential cleavage strength of unseasoned timber, in newtons per millimetre (N/mm), as measured by BS 373 or ASTM D143.

5.6 1 340 1 060 755 540 400 300

4.1(B) SEASONED TIMBER

Species group JD1 JD2 JD3 JD4 JD5 JD6 2.5 435 330 260 185 150 115 Basic working load per nail, N Nail diameter, mm 2.8 3.15 3.75 4.5 5.0 530 650 885 1 210 1 460 400 490 665 915 1 100 315 385 525 720 870 225 275 375 515 620 185 230 310 425 510 140 170 235 320 385

5.6 1 780 1 340 1 060 755 620 470

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4.2.1.2 Permissible loads. The permissible load Q of a laterally loaded nail shall be taken to be given by Q = where k1 = k1,k13k14k16k17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.1)

the factor for duration of load given in Table 2.5 k13 = 1.0 for nails in side grain = 0.6 for nails in end grain k14 = 1.0 for nails in single shear = 2.0 for nails in double shear k16 = 1.2 for nails driven through close fitting holes into metal side plates = 1.1 for nails driven through plywood gussets = 1.0 otherwise k17 = factor for multiple nailed joints given in Table 4.2(A) for longitudinal tension joints and Table 4.2(B) for rotational joints Q = basic working load given in Tables 4.1(A) and 4.1(B) For longitudinal joints containing n nails, P n, the design load capacity of the joint, shall be taken to be given by Pn = nQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.2) For rotational joints containing n nails, M n, the design in-plane moment capacity of the joint shall be taken to be given by Mn = . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.3)

= the distance from the ith nail to the centroid of the nail group, rmax = the maximum value of ri. Longitudinal and rotational joints are illustrated in Figure 4.1. TABLE 4.2 VALUES OF FACTOR k 17 FOR USE IN THE DESIGN OF MULTIPLE NAIL AND SCREW JOINTS (Comprising Tables 4.2(A) and 4.2(B)) 4.2(A) TO CARRY DIRECT LOADS
Condition of timber Unseasoned Seasoned Values of k17 Fasteners na = 5 na = 10 0.90 0.80 0.94 0.90

where ri

na 4 1.00 1.00

n a 20 0.75 0.85

n a = total number of rows of fasteners per interface (see Figure 4.1(a))

4.2(B) TO CARRY IN-PLANE MOMENTS

na 2 5 10 20 100 or greater na ri r max k 17 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20

= number of nails per interface for which ri/r max 0.7 = distance from ith nail to centroid of nail group = maximum value of ri. (See Figure 4.1(b))

FIGURE 4.1. ILLUSTRATION OF A LONGITUDINAL AND ROTATIONAL JOINT

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4.2.1.3 Spacing, edge and end distances. Table 4.3 provides recommended minimum spacings, edge and end distances for nails in terms of nail diameter D. For spacings at an angle to the grain, interpolation by means of Hankinsons formula may be used.
NOTE: For timber that has a tendency to split (see Clause 4.1.4) some mitigation measure such as preboring or increased spacing is recommended. The fabrication of prototype joints is a useful method of checking the efficacy of mitigation measures.

4.2.1.5 Avoidance of splitting. The basic loads for nails have been derived on the assumption that splitting of the timber does not occur to any significant extent. In unseasoned timber which shows a marked tendency to split (see Clause 4.1.4), the use of prebored holes of diameter 80 percent of the nail diameter is recommended. 4.2.2 Withdrawal loads. 4.2.2.1 Basic working loads. The basic working loads in withdrawal for plain shank, low carbon steel nails as specified in AS 2334 driven by hand, into side grain of unseasoned timber are given in Table 4.4(A) and from side grain of seasoned timber are given in Table 4.4(B).
NOTE: Withdrawal loads for gun-driven plain shank nails may be considerably less than withdrawal loads for the same nails driven by hand.

TABLE 4.3 MINIMUM SPACING, EDGE AND END DISTANCES FOR NAILS
Minimum distance Spacing type Holes prebored to Holes not prebored 80 percent of nail diameter 20D 5D 20D 10D 10D 5D 10D 3D

End distance Edge distance Between nails along grain across grain

TABLE 4.4 WITHDRAWAL LOADS FOR PLAIN SHANK STEEL NAILS IN SIDE GRAIN (Comprising Tables 4.4(A) and 4.4(B)) 4.4 (A) UNSEASONED TIMBER
Basic working load, N per mm penetration of nail Species group 2.5 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 11 8.9 7.6 6.7 5.4 4.0 2.8 12 10 8.5 7.5 6.0 4.5 Nail diameter, mm 3.15 14 11 9.6 8.4 6.8 5.1 3.75 16 13 11 10 8 6 4.5 19 16 14 12 10 7 5.0 21 18 15 13 11 8 5.6 24 20 17 15 12 9

4.2.1.4 Nail length and timber thickness. For the basic loads given in Tables 4.1(A) and 4.1(B) to be applicable, timber thicknesses and nail length as shown in Figure 4.2 shall be as follows: (a) Two-member joints (nails in single shear). Thickness of first member, t1 > 10D, depth of penetration of nail into second member, tp > 10D. For lesser values of t1 and tp, the basic load shall be reduced in proportion to the decrease in t 1 or tp (whichever gives the greater decrease), and the nails shall be considered as non-loadbearing if t 1 or tp is less than 5D. (b) Three-member joints (nails in double shear). Thickness of central member, t m > 10D, thickness of outer member, to > 7.5D, depth of penetration of nail into outer member, tp > 7.5D. For lesser values of t m, to and tp, the basic load shall be reduced in proportion to the decrease in t m, to and tp (whichever gives the greatest decrease), and the nails shall be regarded as being in single shear if t p is less than 5D.

4.4(B) SEASONED TIMBER

Species group JD1 JD2 JD3 JD4 JD5 JD6 Basic working load, N per mm penetration of nail Nail diameter, mm 2.5 2.8 3.15 3.75 4.5 5.0 5.6 17 19 21 25 30 34 38 12 13 15 17 21 23 26 7.6 8.5 9.6 11 14 15 17 4.9 3.1 2.2 5.5 3.5 2.5 6.2 3.9 2.8 7.4 4.7 3.3 8.8 5.6 4. 9.8 6.3 4.5 11 7 5

FIGURE 4.2. TIMBER THICKNESSES AND FASTENER LENGTHS FOR NAILS, WOOD SCREWS AND COACH SCREWS

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4.2.2.2 Permissible loads. The permissible load Q of a single nail in withdrawal from side grain shall be taken to be given by Q where = = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.4) the basic working load in withdrawal given in Tables 4.4(A) and 4.4(B).

4.3 SCREWED JOINTS. 4.3.1 Lateral loads. 4.3.1.1 Basic working loads. The basic working loads for plain steel wood screws as specified in AS 1476, whether driven by hand or by machine, in single shear in unseasoned timber are given in Table 4.5(A) and in seasoned timber are given in Table 4.5(B).
NOTE: In the absence of specific data, these loads may also be used for other forms of steel screws intended for the fabrication of timber joints. Loads for other diameters may be derived by linear interpolation in direct proportion to diameters raised to the power of 1.75.

1.2 where the load is applied through metal sideplates of adequate strength to transfer the load and the screws are a close fit to the holes in these plates = 1.0 otherwise k17 = factor for multiple screw joints given in Tables 4.2(A) and 4.2(B) = basic working load given in Tables 4.5(A) and 4.5(B) 4.3.1.3 Spacing, edge and end distances. Table 4.6 provides recommended minimum spacings, edge and end distances for screws stated in terms of the shank diameter D. TABLE 4.6 MINIMUM SPACING, EDGE AND END DISTANCES FOR SCREWS
Spacing Type End distance Edge distance Between screws along grain across grain D = shank diameter of screws. Minimum distance 10D 5D 10D 3D

k16

TABLE 4.5 LATERAL LOAD FOR ONE STEEL WOOD SCREW IN SINGLE SHEAR IN SIDE GRAIN (Comprising Tables 4.5(A) and 4.5(B)) 4.5(A) UNSEASONED TIMBER
Basic working load per screw, N Screw size number 6 8 10 12 14 Shank diameter, mm 3.45 4.17 4.88 5.59 6.30 580 450 320 230 170 110 800 630 450 320 230 150 1 060 830 600 420 300 200 1 340 1 060 750 530 390 250 1 650 1 300 930 660 480 310

For spacings at an angle to the grain, interpolation according to Hankinsons formula may be used. 4.3.1.4 Screw length and timber thickness. For the basic working loads given in Tables 4.5(A) and 4.5(B) to be applicable, timber thicknesses and screw length as shown for nails in Figure 4.2(a) shall be such that (a) thickness of first member, t1 > 10D; and (b) depth of penetration into second member, tp > 7D. For lesser values of t 1 and tp, the basic load shall be reduced in proportion to the decrease in t 1, or tp and the screw shall be considered as non-load-bearing if t 1 or tp is less than 4D. 4.3.1.5 Preboring. The values given in Tables 4.5(A) and 4.5(B) apply when the correct size lead holes have been bored. The diameter of the hole for the shank must be equal to the diameter of the shank, and the lead hole for the threaded portion of the screw must not be greater than the root diameter of the screw. 4.3.2 Withdrawal loads. 4.3.2.1 Basic working loads. The basic working loads for plain wood screws as specified in AS 1476 (driven by hand or by machine), from the side grain of unseasoned timber are given in Table 4.7(A) and of seasoned timber in Table 4.7(B). As for lateral loads, in the absence of specific data these loads may also be used for other forms of screws. The maximum working load that may be applied to any one screw shall not exceed the value appropriate to the diameter and metal from which the screw is manufactured as given in Table 4.8. Loads for other diameters may be obtained by linear interpolation in all tables. The basic working loads for wood screws driven into end grain shall not exceed 60 percent of the values given in Tables 4.7(A) and 4.7(B).

Species group

4 2.74

18 7.72 2 360 1 860 1 330 940 680 440

J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6

380 300 210 150 110 70

4.5(B) SEASONED TIMBER

Basic working load per screw, N Screw size number 6 8 10 12 14 Shank diameter, mm 3.45 4.17 4.88 5.59 6.30 760 580 450 320 230 170 1 060 800 630 450 320 230 1 400 1 060 830 600 420 300 1 780 1 340 1 060 750 530 390 2 190 1 650 1 300 930 660 480

Species group

4 2.74 510 380 300 210 150 110

18 7.72 3 2 1 1 130 360 860 330 940 680

JD1 JD2 JD3 JD4 JD5 JD6

4.3.1.2 Permissible loads. The permissible load Q for a laterally loaded screw shall be taken to be given by Q where k1 k13 = = = = k1k13k16k17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.5)

the factor for duration of load given in Table 2.5 1.0 for screws in side grain 0.6 for screws in end grain

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TABLE 4.7 WITHDRAWAL LOADS FOR PLAIN WOOD SCREWS IN SIDE GRAIN (Comprising Tables 4.7(A) and 4.7(B)) 4.7(A) UNSEASONED TIMBER
Basic working load, N per mm penetration of thread Screw size number 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 Shank diameter, mm 2.74 3.45 4.17 4.88 5.59 6.30 7.72 29 37 44 52 60 67 82 22 28 34 40 46 52 63 17 21 26 30 34 39 47 12 10 8 16 13 10 19 15 12 22 18 14 25 21 16 28 23 18 35 28 22

Species group

Reference shall be made to Paragraph D3, Appendix D for equations for computing basic working loads for values of bolt diameters and effective timber thicknesses that are not included in Tables 4.9 and 4.10. 4.4.2 Lateral loads. 4.4.2.1 Basic working load parallel to the grain. The basic working load for a single bolt bearing parallel to the grain and acting in single shear is given for a selection of bolt diameters and effective timber thicknesses in Tables 4.9(B) and 4.9(C). 4.4.2.2 Basic working load perpendicular to the grain. The basic working load for a single bolt bearing perpendicular to the grain and acting in single shear is given for a selection of bolt diameters and effective timber thicknesses in Tables 4.10(B) and 4.10(C). 4.4.2.3 Basic working load for a bolted joint system. The basic working load for a bolted joint system, denoted by is derived as follows: (a) For systems loaded parallel to the grain ,

J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6

4.7(B) SEASONED TIMBER

Basic working load, N per mm penetration of thread Screw size number 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 Shank diameter, mm 2.74 3.45 4.17 4.88 559 6.30 7.72 42 53 65 76 87 98 120 32 41 50 58 66 75 92 25 32 38 45 52 58 71 19 15 12 24 19 15 29 23 18 34 27 21 39 31 24 44 35 27 54 43 33

Species group

JD1 JD2 JD3 JD4 JD5 JD6

where is the system capacity given in Table 4.9(A). (b) For systems loaded perpendicular to the grain, , where is the system capacity given in Table 4. 10(A). (c) For systems loaded at an angle to the grain, the system capacity is given by use of Hankinsons formula as follows = . . . . . . (4.7) Hankinsons formula is conveniently evaluated by means of the nomograms given in Figures 4.3 to 4.6. 4.4.2.4 Permissible loads. The permissible load Q s of a laterally loaded bolt system shall be taken to be given by Qs = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.8) where k1 = factor for duration of load given in Table 2.5 k16 = 1.2 for bolts that transfer load through metal sideplates of adequate strength, and the bolts are a close fit to the holes in these plates provided that b/D > 5 for loads acting parallel to the grain and b/D > 10 for loads acting perpendicular to the grain (where b denotes the effective timber thickness and D is the bolt diameter) = 1.0 otherwise k17 = factor for multiple bolted joint given in Table 4.11 = basic working load as derived in Clause 4.4.2.3. 4.4.2.5 Spacings, edge and end distances. Spacings, edge and end distances shall comply with the following requirements: (a) Loads parallel to grain. The basic working loads given in Tables 4.10(A), 4.10(B) and 4.10(C) apply to joints in which the edge, end and between-fastener spacings are not less than those shown in Figure 4.7(a). The distance a indicated in the figure shall be at least (n - 2)D with a minimum of 2.5D, where n is the total

TABLE 4.8 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE WITHDRAWAL LOAD PER SCREW

Maximum permissible withdrawal load, N Metal 4 Steel and 18/8 stainless steel Brass and silicon bronze Aluminium alloy 6 Screw size number 8 10 12 14 18 730 1 110 1 650 2 270 2 960 3 780 5 600

560 430

850 1 270 1 750 2 280 2 910 4 310 650 970 1 340 1 740 2 230 3 300

4.3.2.2 Permissible loads. The permissible load Q for a screw in withdrawal shall be taken to be given by the lesser of the value given in Table 4.8 and the value Q where k13 = = = = k13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.6)

1.0 for screws in side grain 0.6 for screws in end grain basic working load for wood screws in side grain, given in Tables 4.7(A) and 4.7(B). 4.4 BOLTED JOINTS. 4.4.1 General. The basic working loads given in Clauses 4.4.2.1 and 4.4.2.2 are applicable to steel bolts as specified in AS 1111, when fitted into prebored holes of diameter approximately 10 percent greater than the bolt diameter and when fitted with washers as given in Clause 4.4.2.6.

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number of bolts in the joint and D is the diameter of the bolt. Similarly, the required end distance lpar shall be at least 8D in tension joints in unseasoned timber, 7D in tension joints in seasoned timber, and 5D in compression joints and in joints subject to bending moment for both moisture conditions. However, lesser end distances may be used in tension joints provided that the basic load is reduced in proportion to the reduction in end distance. Nevertheless, in no case shall the end distance for tension joints be less than 6D for unseasoned timber and 5D for seasoned timber.

(b) Loads perpendicular to grain. The minimum edge, end and between-fastener spacings shall not be less than those shown in Figure 4.7(b). The distance a shall be at least 2.5D for a b/D ratio of 2, and it shall be increased proportionately so that it is at least 5D for a b/D ratio of 6 or more, where b is the thickness of the member loaded perpendicular to the grain. (c) Loads acting at an angle to the grain. For loads acting at an angle 0 to 30 to the grain, the spacings, edge and end distances may be taken as for loads parallel to the grain. For loads acting at an angle of 30 to 90 to the grain, the spacings, edge and end distances may be taken as for loads acting perpendicular to the grain.

TABLE 4.9 BASIC WORKING LOADS FOR SINGLE BOLTS PARALLEL TO GRAIN (comprising Tables 4.9(A), 4.9(B) and 4.9(C)) 4.9(A) SYSTEM CAPACITY
System capacity Type of joint Effective timber thickness

1. Two member

Smaller of t1 and t2

2. Three member

Smaller of t2 and 2 t1

3. Multiple member

(i)

Between A and B smaller of t1 and t2 (ii) Between B and C smaller of t2 and t3 (iii) etc

(i) (ii) (iii) etc = sum of basic loads (i), (ii), etc

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TABLE 4.9(B) IN UNSEASONED TIMBER: PARALLEL TO GRAIN

Joint group J1 Effective timber thickness mm 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 Basic working load Bolt diameter M6 980 980 980 980 980 980 980 820 820 820 820 820 820 820 760 760 760 760 760 760 760 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 500 520 520 520 520 520 520 400 460 460 460 460 460 460 M8 1650 1740 1740 1740 1740 1740 1740 1300 1460 1460 1460 1460 1460 1460 1050 1340 1340 1340 1340 1340 1340 830 1060 1060 1060 1060 1060 1060 660 930 930 930 930 930 930 530 810 810 810 810 810 810 M10 2100 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 1630 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 1310 2000 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 1040 1580 1660 1660 1660 1660 1660 830 1250 1450 1450 1450 1450 1450 660 1010 1270 1270 1270 1270 1270 M12 2500 3800 3900 3900 3900 3900 3900 1950 3000 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 1580 2400 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 1250 1890 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 990 1500 1980 2100 2100 2100 2100 800 1210 1590 1830 1830 1830 1830 M16 3300 5000 6600 7000 7000 7000 7000 2600 4000 5200 5800 5800 5800 5800 2100 3200 4200 5400 5400 5400 5400 1660 2500 3300 4200 4200 4200 4200 1320 2000 2600 3700 3700 3700 3700 1060 1610 2100 3200 3300 3300 3300 M20 4100 6300 8300 10900 10900 10900 10900 3300 4900 6500 9100 9100 9100 9100 2600 4000 5300 7900 8400 8400 8400 2100 3200 4200 6200 6600 6600 6600 1650 2500 3300 5000 5800 5800 5800 1330 2000 2700 4000 5100 5100 5100 M24 5000 7500 9900 14900 15700 15700 15700 3900 5900 7800 11700 13100 13100 13100 3200 4800 6300 9500 12100 12100 12100 2500 3800 5000 7500 9600 9600 9600 1980 3000 4000 5900 7900 8400 8400 1590 2400 3200 4800 6400 7300 7300 M30 6200 9400 12400 18600 25000 25000 25000 4900 7400 9800 14600 19500 20000 20000 3900 6000 7900 11800 15800 18900 18900 3100 4700 6200 9300 12500 14900 14900 2500 3800 5000 7400 9900 13100 13100 1990 3000 4000 6000 8000 11400 11400 M36 7400 11300 14900 22000 30000 35000 35000 5900 8900 11700 17600 23000 29000 29000 4700 7200 9500 14200 18900 27000 27000 3700 5700 7500 11200 14900 22000 22000 3000 4500 5900 8900 11900 17800 18800 2400 3600 4800 7200 9500 14300 16500 ,N

J2

J3

J4

J5

J6

TABLE 4.9(C) IN SEASONED TlMBER: PARALLEL TO GRAIN

Joint group JD1 Effective timber thickness mm 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 Basic working load Bolt diameter M6 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 990 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 780 940 940 940 940 940 940 M8 1640 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200 1320 1850 1850 1850 1850 1850 1850 1040 1560 1660 1660 1660 1660 1660 M10 2100 3100 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 1650 2500 2900 2900 2900 2900 2900 1300 1950 2600 2600 2600 2600 2600 M12 2500 3700 4900 4900 4900 4900 4900 1980 3000 4000 4200 4200 4200 4200 1560 2300 3100 3700 3700 3700 3700 M16 3300 4900 6600 8200 8700 8700 8700 2600 4000 5300 6600 7400 7400 7400 2100 3100 4200 5200 6700 6700 6700 M20 4100 6200 8200 10300 13500 13500 13500 3300 5000 6600 8300 11600 11600 11600 2600 3900 5200 6500 9100 10400 10400 M24 4900 7400 9800 12300 17200 19500 19500 4000 5900 7900 9900 13900 16600 16600 3100 4700 6200 7800 10900 13300 15000 M30 6200 9200 12300 15400 22000 26000 30000 5000 7400 9900 12400 17300 21000 25000 3900 5900 7800 9800 13700 16600 19500 M36 7400 11100 14800 18500 26000 31400 37000 5900 8900 11900 14900 21000 25000 30000 4700 7000 9400 11700 16400 19900 23000 ,N

JD2

JD3

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TABLE 4.9(C) (continued)

Joint group JD4 Effective timber thickness mm 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 Basic working load Bolt diameter M6 630 760 760 760 760 760 760 500 660 660 660 660 660 660 400 570 570 570 570 570 570 M8 840 1260 1340 1340 1340 1340 1340 660 1000 1170 1170 1170 1170 1170 530 790 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 M10 1050 1580 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 830 1250 1660 1830 1830 1830 1830 660 990 1320 1580 1580 1580 1580 M12 1260 1890 2500 3000 3000 3000 3000 1000 1490 1990 2500 2600 2600 2600 790 1190 1580 1980 2300 2300 2300 M16 1680 2500 3400 4200 5400 5400 5400 1330 1990 2700 3300 4600 4700 4700 1060 1580 2100 2600 3700 4100 4100 M20 2100 3200 4200 5300 7400 8400 8400 1660 2500 3300 4200 5800 7100 7300 1320 1980 2600 3300 4600 5600 6300 M24 2500 3800 5000 6300 8800 10700 12100 1990 3000 4000 5000 7000 8500 10000 1580 2400 3200 4000 5500 6700 7900 M30 3200 4700 6300 7900 11000 13400 15800 2500 3700 5000 6200 8700 10600 12500 1980 3000 4000 5000 6900 8400 9900 M36 3800 5700 7600 9500 13200 16100 18900 3000 4500 6000 7500 10500 12700 14900 2400 3600 4800 5900 8300 10100 11900 ,N

JD5

JD6

TABLE 4.10 BASIC WORKING LOADS FOR SINGLE BOLTS PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAIN (Comprising Tables 4.10(A), 4.10(B), and 4.10(C)) 4.10(A) SYSTEM CAPACITY
System capacity Type of joint 1. Two member Effective timber thickness 2t1

2. Three member, Type A

t2

3. Three member, Type B

2t1

4. Multiple member

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Between A and B t2 Between B and C t2 Between C and D t4 Etc

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Etc. = sum of basic loads (i), (ii), (iii), etc

NOTE: At each interface, the strength of the bolted joint with respect to the member aligned parallel to the direction of the stress must be checked according to Table 4.9.

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TABLE 4.10(B) IN UNSEASONED TIMBER: PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN

Joint group J1 Effective timber thickness mm 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 25 38 50 75 100 150 200 Basic working load Bolt diameter M6 500 750 970 970 970 970 970 390 590 780 920 920 920 920 250 380 500 730 730 730 730 157 240 310 470 520 520 520 105 159 210 320 390 390 390 52 79 105 157 195 195 195 M8 660 1000 1320 1490 1490 1490 1490 520 790 1040 1410 1410 1410 1410 330 500 660 990 1120 1120 1120 210 320 420 630 810 810 810 140 210 280 420 560 600 600 70 106 140 210 280 300 300 M10 830 1250 1650 2100 2100 2100 2100 650 990 1300 1950 1970 1970 1970 410 630 830 1240 1570 1570 1570 260 400 520 790 1050 1130 1130 175 270 350 530 700 840 840 87 133 175 260 350 420 420 M12 990 1500 1980 2700 2700 2700 2700 780 1190 1560 2300 2600 2600 2600 500 750 990 1490 1980 2100 2100 310 480 630 950 1260 1480 1480 210 320 420 630 840 1110 1110 105 159 210 320 420 550 550 M16 1320 2000 2600 4000 4200 4200 4200 1040 1580 2100 3100 4000 4000 4000 660 1000 1320 1980 2600 3200 3200 420 640 840 1260 1680 2300 2300 280 430 560 840 1120 1680 1700 140 210 280 420 560 840 850 M20 1650 2500 3300 5000 5900 5900 5900 1330 1980 2600 3900 5200 5600 5600 830 1250 1650 2500 3300 4400 4400 520 800 1050 1580 2100 3200 3200 350 530 700 1050 1400 2100 2400 175 270 350 530 700 1050 1190 M24 1980 3000 4000 5900 7800 7800 7800 1560 2400 3100 4700 6200 7300 7300 990 1500 1980 3000 4000 5800 5800 630 960 1260 1890 2500 3800 4200 420 640 840 1260 1680 2500 3100 210 320 420 630 840 1260 1560 M30 2500 3800 5000 7400 9900 10800 10800 1950 3000 3900 5900 7800 10300 10300 1240 1880 2500 3700 5000 7400 8100 790 1200 1570 2400 3100 4700 5900 530 800 1050 1580 2100 3200 4200 260 400 530 790 1050 1580 2100 M36 3000 4500 5900 8900 11900 14300 14300 2300 3600 4700 7000 9400 13500 13500 1490 2300 3000 4500 5900 8900 10700 940 1440 1890 2800 3800 5700 7600 630 960 1260 1890 2500 3800 5000 320 480 630 950 1260 1890 2500 ,N

J2

J3

J4

J5

J6

TABLE 4.10(C) IN SEASONED TIMBER: PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN

Joint group JD1 Effective timber thickness mm 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 Basic working load Bolt diameter M6 520 780 1040 1280 1280 1280 1280 400 600 800 1010 1180 1180 1180 300 450 600 750 1050 1100 1100 M8 700 1040 1390 1740 1970 1970 1970 540 800 1070 1340 1820 1820 1820 400 600 800 1000 1400 1700 1700 M10 870 1310 1740 2200 2800 2800 2800 670 1010 1340 1680 2300 2500 2500 500 750 1000 1250 1750 2100 2400 M12 1040 1570 2100 2600 3600 3600 3600 800 1210 1610 2000 2800 3300 3300 600 900 1200 1500 2100 2600 3000 M16 1390 2100 2800 3500 4900 5600 5600 1070 1610 2100 3700 3800 4600 5100 800 1200 1600 2000 2800 3400 4000 M20 1740 2600 3500 4400 6100 7400 7800 1340 2000 2700 3400 4700 5700 6700 1000 1500 2000 2800 3500 4300 5000 M24 2100 3100 4200 5200 7300 8900 10200 1610 2400 3200 4000 5600 6800 8000 1200 1800 2400 3000 4200 5100 6000 M30 2600 3900 5200 6500 9100 11100 13100 2000 3000 4000 5000 7000 8500 10100 1500 2300 3000 3800 5300 6400 7500 M36 3100 4700 6300 7800 11000 13300 15700 2400 3600 4800 6000 8400 10300 12100 1800 2700 3600 4500 6300 7700 9000 ,N

JD2

JD3

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TABLE 4.10(C) (continued)

Joint group JD4 Effective timber thickness mm 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 20 30 40 50 70 85 100 Basic working load Bolt diameter M6 220 330 440 560 780 920 920 156 230 310 390 550 660 780 108 162 220 270 380 460 540 M8 300 440 590 740 1040 1260 1420 210 310 420 520 730 880 1040 144 220 290 360 500 610 720 M10 370 560 740 930 1300 1570 1850 260 390 520 650 910 1100 1300 180 270 360 450 630 770 900 M12 440 670 890 1110 1550 1890 2200 310 470 620 780 1090 1330 1560 220 320 430 540 760 920 1080 M16 590 890 1180 1480 2100 2500 3000 420 620 830 1040 1460 1770 2100 290 430 580 720 1010 1220 1440 M20 740 1110 1480 1850 2600 3100 3700 520 780 1040 1300 1820 2200 2600 360 540 720 900 1260 1530 1800 M24 890 1330 1780 2200 3100 3800 4400 620 940 1300 1560 2200 2700 3100 430 650 860 1080 1510 1840 2200 M30 1110 1670 2200 2800 3900 4700 5600 780 1170 1560 1950 2700 3300 3900 540 810 1080 1350 1890 2300 2700 M36 1330 2000 2700 3300 4700 5700 6700 940 1400 1870 2300 3300 4000 4700 650 970 1300 1620 2300 2800 3200 ,N

JD5

JD6

FIGURE 4.3. MOGRAM FOR HANKINSONS FORMULA, RANGE I

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FIGURE 4.4. NOMOGRAM FOR HANKINSONS FORMULA, RANGE II

FIGURE 4.5. NOMOGRAM FOR HANKINSONS FORMULA, RANGE III

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TABLE 4.11 VALUE OF k17, FOR USE IN THE DESIGN OF MULTIPLE CONNECTOR JOINTS OF BOLTS, COACH SCREWS, SPLIT RINGS AND SHEAR PLATES
Values of k17 Type of joint na 4 Seasoned timber Unseasoned timber (no transverse restraint*) Unseasoned timber (transverse restraint*) 1.0 1.0 na = 5 1.0 0.95 na = 10 1.0 0.80 na = 15 1.0 0.55 na 16 1.0 0.50

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

na = total number of rows of fasteners per interface. * The term transverse restraint refers to the possibility of restraint to timber shrinkage due to the joint detail.

FIGURE 4.6. NOMOGRAM FOR HANKINSONS FORMULA, RANGE IV

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FIGURE 4.7. SPACINGS, EDGE AND END DISTANCES FOR BOLTED JOINTS

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4.4.2.6 Washers. In all timber-to-timber bolted structural joints, every bolt shall be provided with a washer at each end, of a size not less than in Table 4.12. If smaller washers are used then the basic working load given in Clause 4.4.2 shall be reduced in proportion to the dimension of the washer diameter or side length. TABLE 4.12 MINIMUM REQUIRED SIZE OF WASHERS FOR STRUCTURAL BOLTED JOINTS
Bolt M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 >M20 Washer size, mm Minimum Minimum side diameter for length for round washers square washers 30 25 36 32 45 40 55 50 65 57 72 65 85 75

Thickness 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

4.4.3 Axial loads. Where bolts are loaded axially, the basic working load of the bolt shall be taken as the lesser of the axial strength of the bolt and the bearing strength of the timber under the washer when loaded perpendicular to the grain. The design axial strength of bolts and the effective diameter for use in computing the bearing pressure on the timber are given in Table 4.13. TABLE 4.13 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR BOLTS UNDER AXIAL LOAD
Bolt size M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 Axial strength Effective diameter of a of bolt* standard washer in bearing kN mm 4.0 16 7.5 21 11.5 27 17 31 32.0 31 50.0 50 72 60 115 69 165 78

diameter, whichever is the lesser. The diameter of the hole for the threaded portion of the screw shall not exceed the root diameter of the screw. The depth of the hole shall not be less than the intended depth to which the screw is to be driven. The screw shall not be hammered into place but turned with a hand operated or machine operated wrench. (e) Timber thicknesses and screw lengths as shown in Figure 4.2(a) shall be such that (i) thickness of first member, t1 > 3D; (ii) depth of penetration into second member, for species groups J1, JD1, J2, JD2, JD3 - tp > 7D, J3, JD4 - tp > 8D, J4, JD5 - tp > 10D, J5, J6, JD6 - tp > 12D. For lesser values of tp, the basic load shall be reduced in proportion to the decrease in tp and the coach screw shall be considered as non-loadbearing if tp is less than 4D. 4.5.3 Withdrawal loads. 4.5.3.1 Basic working loads. The basic working loads for coach screws in withdrawal from the side grain are given in Table 4.14. Basic working loads for coach screws fixed into end grain shall not exceed 60 percent of the values given in Table 4.14. 4.5.3.2 Permissible loads. The permissible withdrawal load Q for a coach screw in withdrawal shall be taken to be given by Q = k13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.9) but not greater than the value given in Table 4.1 4(C) where k13 = 1.0 for coach screws in side grain, = 0.6 for coach screws in end grain = basic working load for coach screws in side grain, given in Tables 4.14(A) and 4.14(B).

* Bolts to be of grade 4.6, AS 1111. Standard washers are washers having the minimum dimensions shown in Table 4.12. The effective diameter is less than the actual diameter because it includes an allowance for bending of the washer.

TABLE 4.14 WITHDRAWAL LOADS FOR COACH SCREWS IN SIDE GRAIN (Comprising Tables 4.14(A), 4.14(B) and 4.14(C)) 4.14(A) UNSEASONED TIMBER
Species group J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 Basic working load, N per mm penetration of thread Shank diameter, mm 6 8 10 12 16 20 77 87 98 108 125 140 61 69 79 87 100 113 43 51 58 64 74 84 34 36 40 43 51 58 26 27 30 35 40 43 20 20 22 25 30 33

4.5 COACH SCREWS. 4.5.1 General. The basic working loads given in the following clauses are applicable to steel coach screws as specified in AS 1393. 4.5.2 Lateral loads. For coach screws bearing laterally in unseasoned timber, the provisions of Clause 4.4 for bolts shall apply, subject to the following conditions: (a) For the purpose of Clause 4.4, a coach screw shall be considered to be a bolt of diameter equal to the shank diameter of the screw. (b) The screws shall be fitted with washers as specified in Clause 4.4.2.6. (c) In a two-member joint, the thinner member shall have a minimum thickness of three times the shank diameter of the coach screw. (d) The diameter of the hole for the shank shall be not less than the shank diameter of the screw nor exceed it by more than 1 mm or 10 percent of the shank

4.14(B) SEASONED TIMBER

Species group JD1 JD2 JD3 JD4 JD5 JD6 Basic working load, N per mm penetration of thread Shank diameter, mm 6 8 10 12 16 20 96 109 120 135 156 175 76 86 99 109 125 141 54 63 73 80 93 106 43 45 50 54 64 72 32 34 38 44 50 54 25 25 28 31 38 41

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TABLE 4.14(C) MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE WITHDRAWAL LOAD PER COACH SCREW

Nominal diameter of coach screw mm 6 8 10 12 16 20 Maximum permissible withdrawal load N 2 000 4 000 6 000 9 000 20 000 31 500

= factor for tension loads applied along the grain, given in Table 4.17 (Values of k18 for intermediate directions may be obtained by the use of Hankinsons formula, see Clause 4.4.2.3.) = basic load given in Table 4.15. 4.6.4 Spacings, edge and end distances. Table 4.18 provides recommended minimum values of spacings, edge and end distances which are defined and illustrated in Figure 4.8. 4.7 SHEAR PLATE CONNECTORS. 4.7.1 General. The following requirements relate to shear plate connectors of nominal 67 mm and 102 mm size. An M20 bolt is used in conjunction with a 67 mm connector and an M24 bolt with a 102 mm connector. Where required, bolts are fitted with washers as specified in Clause 4.4.2.6.
NOTE: In computations for the design of the timber members, the projected area of the groove in the timber to receive the connector may be taken as 632 mm2 for the 67 mm connector and 1600 mm2 for the 102 mm connector.

4.6 SPLIT-RING CONNECTORS. 4.6.1 General. The following requirements relate to split-ring connectors of nominal size 64 mm and 102 mm. An M12 bolt is used in conjunction with the 64 mm connector and an M20 bolt is used with the 102 mm connector. The bolts are fitted with washers as given in Clause 4.4.2.6.
NOTE: In computations for the design of the timber members, the projected area of the groove to receive the connector in one member may be taken as 710 mm2 for the 64 mm connector and 1450 mm2 for the 102 mm connector.

4.6.2 Basic loads. The basic working loads for joints in unseasoned timber are given in Table 4.15. These loads apply to a connector unit comprising one split-ring in the contact faces of a timber-to-timber joint with its bolt in single shear. 4.6.3 Permissible loads. The permissible load Q for a split-ring connector shall be taken to be given by Q where k1 k15 k17 k18 = k1k15k17k18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.10)

4.7.2 Basic loads. The basic working loads for shear-plate connectors in unseasoned timber are given in Table 4.19. These basic loads apply to a connector unit comprising one shear-plate in the contact face of a timber-to-steel joint with its bolt in single shear. 4.7.3 Permissible loads. The permissible load Q for a shear-plate connector shall be the lesser of Q or Q = k1k15k17k18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.11) where k1, k15, k17, and k18 are as defined in Clause 4.6.3 and is the basic load given in Table 4.19.
NOTE: Loads marked with an asterisk in Table 4.19 exceed 24 000 N but are included for interpolation purposes.

24 000 N

= factor for duration of load given in Table 2.5 = 1.0 for unseasoned timber = factor for seasoned timber given in Table 4.16 = factor for multiple connector joints given in Table 4.11 = 1.0 for loads applied in compression along the grain, and for loads applied perpendicular to the grain

4.7.4 Spacings, edge and end distances. Table 4.18 provides recommended minimum values of spacings, edge and end distances which are defined and illustrated in Figure 4.8.

LEGEND: a1 = spacing parallel to grain a2 = spacing perpendicular to grain

a3 = end distance a4 = edge distance

FIGURE 4.8. SPACING, EDGE AND END DISTANCES FOR SPLIT-RING AND SHEAR-PLATE CONNECTORS
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TABLE 4.15 BASIC WORKING LOADS FOR A SINGLE SPLIT-RING CONNECTOR IN UNSEASONED TIMBER
Joint group Minimum nominal thickness of timber, mm Internal diameter of Connectors ring mm Connectors in opposite in one side only two sides 64 38 25 50 102 50 38 75 64 38 25 50 102 50 38 75 64 102 J4 64 102 25 38 25 38 38 50 25 38 38 50 25 38 38 50 38 50 50 75 38 50 64 50 75 38 50 64 50 75 38 50 64 50 75 Basic working load per connector in single shear, N Angle of load to grain 0 11900 17890 22900 31200 9520 14200 19700 26700 8900 13400 18000 23000 6360 8720 9520 13900 14900 18400 5100 7400 7620 11000 11900 13600 4100 6000 6100 9200 9500 11000 15 11300 16900 22200 30300 9000 13400 18800 25500 8260 12400 16900 21670 6180 8500 9260 13210 14400 17570 4810 7020 6420 10480 11560 13120 3880 5710 5930 8730 9230 10610 30 9880 14800 20600 28000 7780 11600 16900 22900 6910 10400 14300 18710 5760 7920 9630 11630 13400 15650 4170 6160 6910 9270 10710 11940 3370 5040 5520 7660 8560 9670 45 8440 12600 18700 25400 6580 9870 14700 20000 5650 8500 11900 15770 5260 7230 7920 9990 12200 13610 3530 5280 6320 8010 9740 10690 2860 4340 5040 6560 7790 8630 60 7370 11000 17100 23200 5700 8560 13100 17800 4780 7190 10200 13630 4850 6660 6300 8760 11200 12040 3060 4610 5820 7050 8930 9650 2490 3810 4640 5740 7150 7790 75 6740 11000 16100 21800 5190 7800 12100 16500 4290 6450 9210 12400 4580 6300 6900 8040 10500 11110 2790 4230 5510 6490 8410 9010 2270 3500 4390 5260 6740 7270 90 6540 9790 15800 21400 5030 7560 11800 16600 4140 6230 8900 12000 4500 6180 6760 7800 10300 10800 2700 4100 5400 6300 8240 8800 2200 3400 4300 5100 6600 7100

J1

J2

J3

J5

64 102

J6

64 102

TABLE 4.16 FACTOR k15 FOR SPLIT-RING CONNECTORS IN SEASONED TIMBER

Species group Angle of load to grain Factor k15 0 1.25 15 1.29 30 1.33 JD1, JD2, JD3 45 1.38 60 1.42 75 1.46 90 1.50 JD4, JD5, JD6 any 1.25

TABLE 4.17 FACTOR k18 FOR TENSION LOADS ON SPLIT RINGS AND SHEAR PLATES
Size of split ring or shear Connector remote from plate mm ends of members* 64, 67 102 1.0 0.8 Factor k18 Connector at ends of members Seasoned timber Unseasoned timber 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.3

* A connector may be taken to occur in the middle of a member if the distance from the connector to the end of the timber is greater than 10D, where D is the connector diameter. Factors for seasoned timber may be used if the timber has negligible tendency to split (see Clause 4.1.4).

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TABLE 4.18 MINIMUM SPACINGS, EDGE AND END DISTANCES FOR SPLIT RINGS AND SHEAR PLATE CONNECTORS
Spacing type End distance: tension members compression members Edge distance: 0 to 30 angle of load to grain 30 to 90 angle of load to grain: compression side opposite compression side Between fasteners: 0 to 30 angle of load to grain: Spacing parallel to grain spacing perpendicular to grain 30 to 90 angle of load to grain: spacing parallel to grain spacing perpendicular to grain Minimum distance mm D = 64 mm and 67 mm D = 102 mm 150 100 45 70 45 180 140 70 95 70

180 90 90 115

230 140 140 165

TABLE 4.19 BASIC WORKING LOADS FOR A SINGLE SHEAR PLATE CONNECTOR IN UNSEASONED TIMBER
External diameter of Joint group shear plate mm J1 67 102 67 102 67 102 67 102 67 102 67 102 Bolt diameter M20 M24 M20 M24 M20 M24 M20 M24 M20 M24 M20 M24 Minimum nominal thickness of timber, mm Connectors Connectors in one side opposite in only two sides 38 50 50 50 75 38 50 50 50 75 38 50 50 50 75 38 50 50 50 75 38 50 50 50 75 38 50 50 50 75 Basic working load per connector unit and bolt in single shear, N Angle of load to grain 0 14200 22900 31100* 11400 19700 26700* 10700 18000 24500* 8700 10700 14200 6000 9600 13000 4900 7800 10500 15 13400 22200 30300* 10900 18800 25500* 9930 16900 23000 8070 10400 13800 5670 9270 12540 4630 7530 10120 30 11700 20500 27900* 9340 16900 22900 8320 14300 19500 6720 9660 12800 4920 8490 11430 4010 6890 9200 45 10100 18700 25400* 7920 14700 20000 6760 11900 16100 5480 8810 11700 4170 7610 10210 3400 6170 8180 60 8810 17100 23100 6850 13100 17800 5720 10100 13700 4620 8100 10700 3620 6890 9210 2950 5580 7370 75 8050 16000 21800 6320 12100 16500 5160 9210 12400 4150 7610 10100 3300 6450 8600 2680 5220 6870 90 7830 15800 21400 6050 11800 16000 4980 8900 12000 4000 7470 9920 3200 6300 8400 2600 5100 6700

J2

J3

J4

J5

J6

* See Clause 4.7.3.

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SECTION 5. PLYWOOD
5.1 GENERAL. Permissible stresses for structural plywood shall be obtained by modifying the basic working stresses by factors appropriate to the service conditions. Provision is made in this Standard only for plywood which has been stress graded by visual or mechanical means to AS 2269.Where plywood is exposed to water or to damp conditions such that its moisture content may exceed 20 percent for prolonged periods, only plywood with a Type A bond as defined in AS 2754.1 shall be used. 5.2 BASIC WORKING STRESSES AND STIFFNESS. The basic working stresses and moduli of elasticity and rigidity for structural plywood are given in Table 5.1 for the various stress grades. 5.3 DESIGN. 5.3.1 Permissible stresses. Permissible stresses for structural plywood shall be obtained by multiplying the basic working stresses given in Clause 5.2 by the modification factors given in Clause 5.4, as appropriate to the service conditions and the assembly of the plywood. 5.3.2 Deflections. Deflection calculations shall take into account the modification factors in Clause 2.5.1.2. 5.4 MODIFICATION FACTORS. 5.4.1 Duration of load. The multiplying factors k1, j2 and j3 given in Clause 2.5.1 should be used where appropriate. 5.4.2 Moisture condition. For plywood at a moisture content of 15 percent or less, the basic working stresses shall be taken in accordance with Table 5.1. Where plywood is liable to be subjected to conditions such that the average moisture content for a 12 month period will exceed 15 percent, then the basic working stresses shall be modified by linear interpolation between those for 15 percent moisture content and those for 25 percent moisture content, obtained by multiplying the basic working stresses in Table 5.1 by the moisture content factor k19 given in Table 5.2(A). Similarly the stiffness should be modified by use of the moisture content factor j6 given in Table 5.2(B). 5.4.3 Temperature. The provisions of Clause 2.5.3 for seasoned timber shall apply in a similar manner to structural plywood. 5.4.4 Plywood assembly factor. The values shown in Table 5.1 refer to basic properties of plywood veneer in the direction of the grain. In order to use these values to derive the properties of plywood formed from several layers of veneer, the basic working stress and stiffness appropriate to a particular property shall be modified in accordance with the assembly factor given in Tables 5.3(A) and 5.3(B) applicable to the relative direction of stress in the plywood and the direction of grain in its face plies.
NOTE: The simplified methods of calculations shown in Tables 5.3(A) and 5.3(B) must be modified as shown in Appendix E for structures so proportioned that the strength of plywood is reduced due to buckling distortions.

5.4.5 Stability factors. Stability factors for plywood diaphragms are given in Appendix E. 5.5 JOINTS.5.5.1 Nailed and screwed joints. Recommendations for the design strength and stiffness of nailed and screwed joints between plywood and solid timber are given in Appendix D. 5.5.2 Glued joints. For information on glued joints see Table 5.3(B) and Clause 4.1.1.

TABLE 5.1 BASIC WORKING STRESSES AND STIFFNESS FOR STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD (Moisture content 15% or less)
Basic working stress, MPa Stress grade Bending Tension Shear Compression in the plane of the sheet Compression normal to the plane of sheet Short duration Short duration modulus of modulus or elasticity MPa rigidity MPa (E) (G) 21 18 16 14 12 10 9 7 500 500 000 000 000 500 100 900 1 075 925 800 700 625 525 455 395

F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7

34.5 27.5 22.0 17.0 14.0 11.0 8.6 6.9

20.7 16.5 13.2 10.2 8.4 6.6 5.2 4.1

2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.05 1.80 1.60 1.40

25.9 20.6 16.5 12.8 10.5 8.3 6.5 5.2

10.4 9.0 7.8 6.6 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.6

TABLE 5.2 FACTORS FOR SOAKED PLYWOOD WITH MOISTURE CONTENT 25% OR GREATER (comprising Tables 5.2(A) and 5.2(B)) 5.2(A) STRENGTH FACTOR k 19 5.2(B) STIFFNESS FACTOR j 6
Type of stress Bending Tension in plane of sheet Shear Compression in plane of sheet Compression normal to plane of sheet Factor k 19 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.45 Type of stiffness Modulus of elasticity Modulus of rigidity Factor j6 0.8 0.6

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AS 1720.11988

TABLE 5.3 ASSEMBLY FACTORS FOR PLYWOOD (Comprising Tables 5.3(A) and 5.3(B)) 5.3(A) GENERAL
Property Stress direction with respect to grain direction in face plies Parallel or perpendicular 45 Parallel or perpendicular 45 Assembly factor Portion of cross-section to be considered in computing area or second moment of area (moment of inertia) Parallel plies* only Full cross-sectional area Parallel plies* only Full cross-sectional area Parallel plies*only Full cross-sectional area Full cross-sectional area Full cross-sectional area Full loaded area Modification of basic values in Table 5.1 Basic stress for tension parallel to grain 0.17 basic working stress for tension parallel to grain Basic stress in compression parallel to grain 0.34 basic working stress in compression parallel to grain Basic value for modulus of elasticity 0.17 basic value for modulus of elasticity Basic working shear stress 1.5 basic working shear stress Basic working stress in compression perpendicular to grain Basic working stress for extreme fibre in bending

Tension

Compression

Deformation in Parallel or compression or tension perpendicular 45 Shear through Parallel or thickness perpendicular 45 Compression perpendicular to face of plywood Strength in bending Parallel or (perpendicular to plane perpendicular of plies)

The basic working bending moment capacity shall be computed from: where g19 = 1.20 for three-ply plywood having the grain of the outer plies perpendicular to the span and g19 = 1.00 for all other plywood

Deflection in bending

Parallel or perpendicular

Shear deformation in plane of sheet Shear deformation through the thickness *

Parallel or perpendicular Parallel or perpendicular

= basic working stress for extreme fibre in bending I = second moment of area (moment of inertia) computed on basis of parallel plies only Ymax = distance from neutral axis to outer fibre of outermost ply having its grain in the direction of the span Deflection may be calculated by the usual Basic value for modulus of elasticity formula, taking as the second moment of area (moment of inertia) that of the parallel plies + 0.03 times that of the perpendicular plies Full cross-sectional area Basic value for modulus of rigidity Full cross-sectional area Basic value for modulus of rigidity

By parallel plies is meant those plies whose grain direction is parallel to the direction of principal stress. The effect of buckling on compression strength is given in appendix E. For bending in the plane of the plies, check the in-plane compression and tension stresses. The effect of buckling on the compression strength is given in appendix E.

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TABLE 5.3 (continued) 5.3(B) SHEAR IN PLANES OF PLIES

Type of construction Plywood beams Position of shear Longitudinal shear between plies Stress direction with respect to grain direction in face plies Parallel or perpendicular Assembly factor Area to be considered Full shear area Modification of basic values in Table 5.1 0.4 basic shear stress

Box beams and I-beams with plywood webs

Shear between plies of web or between web Parallel or perpendicular and flange

Full area of contact between plywood and flange

0.2 basic shear stress

45

Full area of contact between plywood and flange

0.2 basic shear stress

Panels with plywood covers stressed in compression or tension or both

Shear between plies or between cover and framing members when: (a) depth of member exceeds twice its width and end nogging is used, or (b) depth of member is not more than twice its width and no end nogging is used

Parallel or perpendicular

Full area of contact between plywood and members

0.4 basic shear stress for interior framing 0.2 basic shear stress for edge framing members

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Full area of contact between plywood and framing member

0.4 basic shear stress for interior framing member 0.2 basic shear stress for edge framing members

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AS 1720.11988

SECTION 6. ROUND TIMBERS

6.1 GENERAL. Whether naturally round timbers are used as simple structural members, i.e. as poles or piles or as elements of a composite structure, the design procedures shall be similar to those given in Section 3, subject to the provisions of Clauses 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4. 6.2 BASIC WORKING STRESSES AND STIFFNESS. The basic working stresses and stiffness for untrimmed logs, poles or piles conforming in quality to the requirements of AS 2209 shall be those given in Tables 2.3 and 2.4. For any particular species, the appropriate stress grade is derived from its strength groups as given in Table 6.1. TABLE 6.1 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN STRENGTH GROUP AND STRESS GRADE FOR ROUND TIMBERS GRADED TO AS 2209
Strength group S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Stress grade F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8

6.4 ADDITIONAL MODIFICATION FACTORS. 6.4.1 Factor for immaturity. For poles having midlength diameters less than 250 mm, due allowance must be made for the properties of immature timber. For eucalyptus species and radiata pine, this may be done through multiplication of basic stresses and modulus of elasticity by the factors k20 and j9 respectively given in Table 6.2.
NOTE: For species other than eucalyptus or radiata pine, conservative assumptions should be used in design unless special investigations have been undertaken to derive accurate values.

6.4.2 Shaving factor. For timber members in natural pole form, the basic working stresses shall be reduced if the poles have been shaved. For poles of eucalyptus species and radiata pine that have been shaved to a smooth cylindrical form, the shaving factor k 21 shall be taken as specified in Table 6.3. In addition, it shall be assumed that the effect of shaving will be to reduce the modulus of elasticity by 5 percent. 6.5 DESIGN DETAILS. 6.5.1 Effective pole cross-section. The effective diameter of a cross-section between two points of lateral restraint shall be taken as the mean of the diameters at the points of lateral restraint. 6.5.2 Effective cross-section of untreated timber. Unless subjected to adequate preservative treatment in accordance with an approved Standard, the sapwood of all timbers shall be disregarded in assessing the effective structural cross-section of poles at or above the ground-line where exposed to the weather or when used as piles above permanent water level. 6.5.3 Moisture content of timbers in ground contact. Irrespective of whether poles are used in the unseasoned, partially seasoned or fully seasoned condition, it shall be assumed that all parts of poles within 1 m of a ground-line contact are, for design purposes, in the unseasoned condition. 6.5.4 Connectors. For information on connectors see Appendix F.

NOTE: The equivalence expressed in Table 6.1 is based on the assumption that all poles or logs are cut from mature trees. Factors for immaturity are given in Clause 6.4.1.

6.3 DESIGN. 6.3.1 Permissible stresses. To obtain permissible stresses for naturally round timbers, the basic working stresses shall be modified by such of the factors given in Clause 2.5 as are applicable to the service conditions. In addition, the modification factors specified in Clause 6.4 shall also be applied where appropriate. 6.3.2 Deflections. Deflection calculations shall take into account the modification factors in Clause 2.5.1.2.

TABLE 6.2 IMMATURITY FACTORS 6.2(A) IMMATURITY FACTOR k20 FOR STRESSES
Species Eucalyptus species Radiata pine Factor k20 for stresses D = 75 0.80 0.70 D = 100 D = 125 D = 150 D = 175 D = 200 D = 225 D = 250 0.90 0.75 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

D = pole diameter at mid-length, mm.

6.2(B) IMMATURITY FACTOR j 9 FOR STIFFNESS

Species D = 75 Eucalyptus species Radiata pine 0.80 0.70 0.90 0.75 1.00 0.80 Factor k20 for stresses D = 100 D = 125 D = 150 D = 175 D = 200 D = 225 D = 250 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

D = pole diameter at mid-length, mm.

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TABLE 6.3 SHAVING FACTOR k21

Stress Bending Compression parallel to grain Compression perpendicular to grain and shear Tension Factor k21 Eucalyptus Species 0.85 0.95 1.00 0.85 Radiata pine 0.75 0.90 1.00 0.75

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AS 1720.11988

SECTION 7. GLUED-LAMINATED CONSTRUCTION

7.1 GENERAL. This Section shall be applied in conjunction with Sections 2 and 3. The provisions of this Section apply specifically to glued-laminated timber members manufactured in accordance with AS 1328.
NOTE: The structural characteristics of laminated timber are very similar to those of solid timber. The laminating process does not affect the stiffness of the timber, but does provide a slight increase in strength. Design procedures to account for the effects of butt-joints in the laminations are given in Paragraph G2, Appendix G. Butt joints are a source of considerable weaknesses in glued-laminated timber and in general it is not economical to design members so that they contain butt joints in locations subjected to high tension stresses.

Where any glued-laminated member is likely to be exposed to water or to damp conditions, only a phenolic glue shall be used in its manufacture. 7.2 DESIGN. 7.2.1 Basic and permissible stresses. The basic stresses for structural timber set out in Section 2, and the permissible stresses given in Section 3 shall apply to glued-laminated timber subject to the additional requirements of Clauses 7.3 and 7.4. 7.2.2 Deflections. Deflection calculations shall take into account the modification factors in Clause 2.5.1.2. 7.3 MODIFICATION FACTORS. 7.3.1 Moisture condition. For glued-laminated members, Clause 2.5.2(c) shall be applied in deriving permissible stresses. 7.3.2 Lamination effects. 7.3.2.1 Vertically laminated timber. For a member of rectangular cross-section comprised of two or more laminations securely fastened together by gluing and loaded in a direction parallel to the plane of the glue-lines, the basic working stresses in bending, shear and compression parallel to the grain may be increased by the appropriate factor k23 given in Table 7.1. In the use of this Table, nL (the effective number of laminations carrying a common load) shall be taken as the total number of laminations in the member for bending and shear. For compression parallel to the grain, the value of nL shall be taken to be equal to the total number of laminations for the case of buckling in the plane of the laminations, and half of the total number of laminations for the case of buckling normal to the plane of the laminations. If several laminated members act together to form a parallel support system, then the effect of load sharing on bending and compression stresses may be obtained by taking the factor k23 to be unity and making use of the factor k8 as given in Clause 2.5.5.2. For some timbers, such as radiata pine, hoop pine and Douglas fir, a special lamination factor k 30 may be used as an alternative to the factor k 23 in Table 7.1. This factor, together with the special conditions required for its use, is given in Appendix G. 7.3.2.2 Horizontally laminated timber. For a member of rectangular cross-section comprising two or more laminations securely fastened together by gluing and loaded in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the gluelines, the basic stresses parallel to the grain may be

increased by the appropriate factor k23 given in Table 7.1. The value of nL, the effective number of laminations to be used in Table 7.1, may be taken to be 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 times the number of member laminations in evaluating k23 for application to the basic tension stress of tension members, the compression stress of columns and the bending stress of beams respectively. In evaluating k23 for modifying the basic shear stress of beams, the effective number of elements for shear shall be taken as four or the number of laminations, whichever is the lesser. If several laminated members act together to form a parallel support system, then the effect of load sharing on bending and compression stresses may be obtained by taking the factor k23 to be unity and making use of the factor k8 as indicated in Clause 2.5.5.2. For some timbers, such as radiata pine and Douglas fir, a special lamination factor k30 may be used as an alternative to the factor k 23 in Table 7.1. This factor, together with the special conditions required for its use is given in Appendix G.
NOTE: The factors k23 and k30 are applied to the basic working stresses for solid timber and are intended to account for the effects of glue laminating. Hence they are not used when the basic working stresses of glulam elements have been derived directly through the testing of such glulam elements.

TABLE 7.1 PARALLEL SUPPORT FACTOR k 23

Effective number of laminations carrying common load (nL) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 or more Factor k 23 1.00 1.14 1.20 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33

7.4 OTHER REQUIREMENTS. 7.4.1 General. The requirements of Clauses 7.4.2 to 7.4.7 apply specifically to glued-laminated timber members. Most of the provisions given below are set out in AS 1328 but are repeated here for the convenience of the designer. 7.4.2 End joints in laminations. 7.4.2.1 Butt joints. Clauses for the design strength of butt joints are given in Appendix G. 7.4.2.2 Glued end joints. Glued end joints shall comply with the requirements of AS 1328 with regard to strength, otherwise they shall be treated as butt joints with respect to spacing and design.

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7.4.2.3 Spacing of end joints. (a) See Appendix G for spacing of butt joints. (b) For limitations on the spacing of finger joints and scarf joints, see AS 1328. 7.4.3 Edge joints in laminations. A lamination may comprise two or more pieces of timber placed edge to edge, i.e. side by side. The gluing and spacing of edge joints shall be in accordance with the requirements of AS 1328. 7.4.4 Lamination thickness. For straight members the thickness of seasoned boards shall be 50 mm or less. For curved members, the thickness of laminations shall be limited to 1/150 of the radius of curvature of the members, unless it can be demonstrated that a tighter curve can be fabricated without adverse effects to the timber. In all cases, the moisture content of the laminate shall be uniform and the seasoning defects shall be negligible as specified in AS 1328. 7.4.5 Combination of grades of timbers. Combination of grades of timber within any member is practicable where the material of higher grade is placed in the most highly stressed zones, lower grade material being placed in the more lightly stressed zones. Even if all laminations are nominally of the same grade, those portions of laminations in tension zones subjected to maximum stress shall be carefully selected to be of the highest quality available within that grade. The stiffness properties of a glued-laminated beam made from material of different grades may be obtained by the method of transformed area. In this method, the effective width of each lamination is given by bi(eff) = bi Ei /Eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7.1)

where Ei bi Eo

= = =

modulus of elasticity of the i th lamination

actual width of the i th lamination modulus of elasticity of outermost lamination in tension. The position of the neutral axis, the second moment of area (moment of inertia) and the section modulus are then calculated in the usual way using the effective widths instead of the actual widths. In calculating the deflection and bending strength of a beam, the modulus of elasticity and allowable bending stress for the outermost lamination are used. In calculating the allowable shear stress, or the deflection due to shear, a transformation procedure based on the relative moduli of rigidity of the various grades of material may be used where these values are known. However, it is simpler and safe to use the actual cross-sectional dimensions and assume that all material has the shear properties of the laminations of the lowest grade used. 7.4.6 Combination of species. Laminations of different timber species may be combined within the same beam. Calculations for estimating the strength and stiffness of members with combined species shall be made using the transformed area method as described in Clause 7.4.5. 7.4.7 Curved and tapered members. Due account shall be taken of secondary stresses and instabilities arising from any curvature and taper in glued-laminated timber members.
NOTE: The secondary effects due to the camber of nominally straight beams may be ignored.

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AS 1720.11988

APPENDIX A

ACCEPTANCE TESTING OF TIMBER STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS

(This Appendix forms an integral part of this Standard) A1 GENERAL. A1.1 Limitations of acceptance testing. The methods of test given in this Appendix are applicable to structures or structural elements and are not appropriate for the testing of structural models or the establishment of general design data for timber or connections. Two types of load test are considered. One is a proof load test which shall be applied to every structure of a population of structures for them to be accepted. The other is a prototype load test which need be applied only to a portion of a population of structures for all structures of that population to be accepted. It should be noted that to carry a given load, a different structure will be necessary depending on whether the design is based on proof testing, prototype testing or computation. Partly, this arises from the necessity to use a load factor to provide for the effect of variability in structural strength. Design by proof testing implies that every structure of a population is tested and design by computation is usually based on the results of laboratory tests on large samples of structural elements, typically 100. Hence in general, acceptance based on proof testing will lead to the smallest overall load factor and that based on prototype testing of a few structural elements will lead to the largest load factors. It will be noted that where a structure comprises several types of components, the specified ratio between test loads and working loads can vary considerably from one component to another. Since the test load to be used is the largest one required, it may be most economical to subdivide a structure into various groups of components and to test each such group individually. This may be effected by temporarily strengthening those parts of the structures that are not under test. However, if such temporary strengthening is carried out, care shall be taken to ensure that the components under test receive their correct loading, and do not receive artificial restraints or other forms of strengthening that would not exist in the real structure. A1.2 Circumstances requiring tests. Structures or parts of structures designed in accordance with this Standard are not required to be tested unless by agreement between the parties concerned. Tests may be accepted as an alternative to calculation or may become necessary in circumstances which include (a) where a structure or part of a structure is not amenable to sufficiently accurate calculation; (b) where materials or design methods are used other than those for which there is a relevant specification or code of practice; (c) where there is doubt or disagreement as to whether the structure or some part of it complies with design rules, or as to whether the quality of the materials used is to the required Standard. A1.3 Testing authority. The testing of a structure or element shall be designed, supervised and certified by an engineer or other competent authority to ensure that tests are in accordance with this Standard.
NOTE: An example of a competent authority would be a laboratory registered with the National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia.

A1.4 Information required. A copy of the detailed drawings and the specification, together with any other data or information that might be required for the purpose of the test, shall be deposited with the testing authority before the tests are commenced. A2 DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of this Appendix, the following definitions apply: A2.1 Prototype testing-application of test loads to a structure or element to ascertain the structural characteristics of structures or elements which are nominally identical to the unit or units tested. A2.2 Proof testing-application of test loads to a structure or element to ascertain the structural characteristics of only that one unit under test.

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A3 METHOD OF TESTING. A3.1 General. The method by which the loading should be applied to the unit to be tested, and the positions at which deflections should be measured can only be decided with special reference to the particular structure or element and to the particular loading conditions to be investigated. A3.2 Test load. The test load should be applied and resisted in a manner that reasonably approximates the actual service conditions. Although in general both proof and prototype testing are most likely to involve symmetrical loading in a vertical plane, the engineer and/or the relevant approving authority (see Clause 1.8.1 ) may require, either additionally or alternatively, asymmetric loading of a structure or element to simulate, for example, the effect of wind loading. Lateral support to the unit as a whole or to individual members of the unit shall also represent as closely as possible actual service conditions. A3.3 Eccentricities. Any eccentricities not inherent in the design of the structure or element, or not resulting from typical loading in service, shall be avoided at points of loading and reaction, and care shall also be taken to ensure that no inadvertent restraints are present. Where it is clear that the method of test involves a significant or appreciable divergence from service conditions, either in loading or restraint, due allowance shall be made to compensate for this. All likely combinations of permanent loads and imposed loads of shorter duration, including those due to wind and, where applicable, those due to impact, shall be taken into account when determining the worst loading conditions. The latter shall be converted in accordance with Paragraph A.4 or Paragraph A.5, as appropriate, into an equivalent test load. A3.4 Load-deflection curve. A load-deflection curve shall be plotted during each test on each unit. Such a curve will serve not only as a check against observational errors, but also to indicate any irregularities in the behaviour under load of the structure or element and so enable a particular weakness to be investigated as the test progresses. It is desirable that a minimum of six points, not including the zero load point, be obtained to define the shape of the load-deflection curve if the latter is predominantly linear, and a minimum of ten points if the curve is significantly non-linear. A4 PROOF TESTING. A4.1 Equivalent test load. For the purpose of establishing an equivalence between the service loading for which the structure or element has been designed and the loading to be applied for test purposes, the following procedure shall be adopted: (a) For each element of a structure, ascertain the critical combination of design loads from either the engineer responsible for the design or from the information supplied in accordance with Paragraph A1.4. (b) For each element of a structure, calculate the equivalent total test load (ETL) which includes any loading already on the structure before the test commences as follows: ETL = (2.1k26k27/k1)[PD + 1.4(PL + Pw)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A1) where PD = known permanent load on the structure, such as its self-weight PL, PW = all other imposed loads (for working stress codes) k1 = the factor from Table 2.5 appropriate to the design load of shortest duration included in the critical combination k26 = 1.00 for structural elements in which the effect of duration of load on strength is similar to that of simple beams. (Values of K 26 for some other special cases are given in Table A1.) = factor obtained from Table A2 to compensate for the fact that test load is not of 15 min duration. (c) Select the largest ETL thus obtained. A4.2 Loading. The equivalent test load shall be applied to the unit at a rate as uniform as is practicable. The ETL shall not remain on the unit for longer than 15 min before it is removed. Should circumstances not permit the removal of the whole of the test load within a reasonably short period, at least 25 percent of the ETL shall be removed within 15 min subsequent to completion of the test, and 50 percent within the following hour. k27

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TABLE A1 COMPENSATION FACTOR k26

Structural component Beams with slenderness coefficients greater than 10, and all columns timber initially dry timber initially green Metal connectors failure in timber that is initially green failure in timber that is initially dry for failure of steel Factor k26 1.1 1.4

1.2 1.0 0.6 (k1/k27)

TABLE A2 COMPENSATION FACTOR k27

Time to reach ETL Factor k27 for bending and tension strength 1.00 Factor k27 for compression strength, and for strength of metal connectors 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.90 15 min 1h 6h

A4.3 Acceptance for strength. At no stage shall the unit show any sign of distress, or excessive distortion of any part or member. Furthermore, should the load-deflection curve show any discontinuities or a considerable departure from linearity, the engineer and/or the testing authority may require a repeat of the test to establish that no fault has developed in the unit not detected in the first test. A4.4 Acceptance of deflection. A check as to whether the deflection characteristics of a structure are acceptable shall be made from the deflections measured for loads up to the total design load. It should be noted that for long duration components of the load, the effect of creep is to produce long-term deflections that are two and three times the short-term deflections measured for structures made from timbers initially seasoned and unseasoned respectively. (See Clause 2.5.1.2.) Should the residual deflection on unloading the structure exceed 30 percent of the deflection at ETL, the structure shall not be accepted unless the engineer supervising the test is satisfied that no serious permanent damage has been done to the structure. This may be checked by reloading the structure again to the ETL. A5 PROTOTYPE TESTING. A5.1 General. For prototype testing, provisions of Paragraphs A5.2 to A5.8 shall apply in addition to those specified in Paragraphs A1 and A3. A5.2 Materials. The timber used in the prototype shall contain material only of the stress grade which is being, or will be, used in manufacture. No material of a higher stress grade shall be incorporated in the unit to be tested. A5.3 Manufacture. The manufacture and assembly of the prototype shall comply with the design specifications, and the method of fabrication used shall simulate, as closely as possible, that which would be used in production. A5.4 Equivalent test load. For the purpose of establishing an equivalence between the service loading for which the structure or element has been designed and the loading to be applied for test purposes, the following procedure shall be adopted: (a) For each element of a structure, ascertain the critical combination of design loads from either the engineer responsible for the design or from the information supplied in accordance with Paragraph A1.4 (b) For each element of a structure, calculate the equivalent test load (ETL) as follows: ETL = (2.2k26k27k28/k1)(PD + PL + Pw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A2) where PD + PL + Pw = the critical combination of dead, live and wind loads (for working stress codes) k1 is the factor from Table 2.5 appropriate to the design load of shortest duration included in the critical combination. k26, k27 and k28 are factors obtained from Tables A1, A2 and A3. It should be noted that the factor k 28 depends on the number of units to be tested and on the estimated coefficient of variation of strength for the total population from which the test units are selected. For guidance to the engineer in making an assessment of the coefficient of variation, a likely range of values is provided in Table A4.

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(c) Select the largest ETL thus obtained. TABLE A3 SAMPLING FACTOR k28
Number of similar units to be tested 1 2 3 4 5 10 100 Value of sampling factor k28 for estimated coefficient of variation (percent) of strength of individual units of 15 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.0 25 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.0 35 4.3 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.1 1.0

NOTE: For intermediate coefficients of variation, use linear interpolation on a log-log plot of coefficient of variation against k28.

TABLE A4 LIKELY VALUES OF COEFFICIENTS OF VARIATION

Structural element Scantlings bendign strength tensile strength compression strength (as short column) Finger-jointed elements bending strength Connections nailed joints toothed plate and other mechanical fasteners Likely range of coefficients of variation of strength of individual unit, percent 25 to 40 30 to 50 15 to 25 15 to 20 15 10 to 15

A5.5 Test procedure. A5.5.1 Preloads. A load equal to the design load shall be applied to the unit, maintained for 5 min and then removed. Deflections need not be measured during this preloading unless specifically requested by the engineer. This load sequence is then repeated and during this the maximum deflection, residual deflection and any other deflections requested by the engineer shall be recorded. A5.5.2 Test loading. Each prototype shall be loaded at a rate as uniform as practicable to failure or the ETL, whichever occurs first. A5.6 Acceptance of prototype. A5.6.1 For strength. At no stage in its testing shall a unit have shown any failure of any part or member up to a load equal to the ETL. A5.6.2 For deflection. Each unit shall meet the requirements of Paragraph A4.4 and, in addition, the residual deflection or deformation resulting from second preloading of any part or member of the unit shall not exceed 5 percent of the acceptable deflection or deformation under short-duration loading or such other limit as may be specified by the engineer or the approving authority. A5.6.3 Acceptance of production units. Production-run units similar in all respects to the unit or units tested shall be deemed to be structurally acceptable if the results of the tested unit or units comply fully with the requirements of Paragraph A5.6.2. A6 REPORT OF TESTS. The report of the test on each unit, whether a proof test or prototype test, shall contain in addition to the test results a clear statement of the conditions of testing including the method of loading and of measuring deflection, together with any other relevant data. The nature and size of defects in the timber, especially at the points of failure, if any, and its moisture content should be recorded. The report should also contain a statement as to whether or not the structure or part tested satisfies the acceptance conditions.

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AS 1720.11988

A7 USE OF TESTED STRUCTURES. Any unit tested in accordance with Paragraphs A4 or A5 and found to satisfy the standards of acceptability specified therein may only be considered satisfactory for practical use as a structural unit subject to agreement between the engineer, client and supplier.
NOTE: It should be realized the conformity with the acceptance requirements of Paragraphs A4 and A5 is a necessary condition but may not be sufficient for total acceptability of a structure or element. The engineer and/or approving authority may require that other criteria apart from strength and stiffness be satisfied having regard to the particular service conditions of the structure or element. In deciding on the acceptability of a structure or element fabricated of unseasoned timber, the engineer and/or approving authority should by inspection or otherwise assess the likelihood of any potential loss of strength or serviceability as a result of members shrinking on drying, particular attention being paid to the effects of differential shrinkage and checking or splitting of members at joints.

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52

APPENDIX B

BASIC DESIGN PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER

(This Appendix forms an integral part of this Standard) Basic design properties and additional design information on roughly 40 species commonly used in Australia will be given in Part 2 of this Standard.
NOTE: Design information, including strength grouping, on hundreds of other species from Australia and overseas can be found in AS 2878 and the following publications: BERNI, C., BOLZA, E. and CHRISTENSEN, F.J. South American timbers-the characteristics, properties and uses of 190 species. CSIRO Division of Building Research, Melbourne, 1979. BOLZA, E. and KEATING, W. African timbers-the properties, uses and characteristics of 700 species. CSIRO Division of Building Research, Melbourne, 1972. BOLZA, E. and KLOOT, N.H. The mechanical properties of 174 Australian Timbers. Technological Paper No 25, CSIRO Division of Forest Products, 1963. KEATING, W.G. and BOLZA, E. Timbers of commerce, Vol. 1. South East Asia, Northern Australia and Pacific. Incata Press, Melbourne, 1982.

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AS 1720.11988

APPENDIX C

DESIGN OF BASIC STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

(This Appendix forms an integral part of this Standard) C1 SCOPE. This Appendix extends the design recommendations given in Section 3. It gives accurate values of the material constant referred to in Clauses 3.2 and 3.3, and provides information for the design of complex structural elements not adequately covered by Section 3. C2 THE MATERIAL CONSTANT equations: For beams of seasoned timber = ...... For beams of unseasoned timber = ...... For columns of seasoned timber = ...... For columns of unseasoned timber = ...... . The -factor may be obtained from the following

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C4)

where denotes the basic working stress in bending and r = temporary load/total load. The maximum value of used need not exceed the value computed for the case r = 0.25. In the case of beams where a temporary load causes a stress reversal, the value of to be used is that corresponding to r = 1.0. Values of the material constant computed from Equations C1-C4 are given in Tables C1-C4. TABLE C1 MATERIAL CONSTANT FOR BEAMS OF SEASONED TIMBER
r=0 r = 0.25 r = 0.50 r = 0.75 1.23 1.23 1.18 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.13 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.08 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.03 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.93 0.95 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.88 0.88 0.84 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.78 0.78 0.74 0.72 r = (temporary load)/(total load), where the term temporary load in this context refers to loads duration of less than 12 months; when the temporary load causes a stress reversal, then the be used is 1.0. F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7 F5 F4 F3 F2 Stress grade Material constant r = 1.0 1.13 1.08 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 that act for a value of r to

MATERIAL CONSTANT
Stress grade F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7 F5 F4 F3 F2 r=0 1.32 1.27 1.22 1.17 1.14 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87

TABLE C2 FOR BEAMS OF UNSEASONED TIMBER

r = 0.25 1.32 1.27 1.22 1.17 1.14 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87 Material constant r = 0.50 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.81 r = 0.75 1.17 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.77 r = 1.0 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.75

r = (temporary load)/(total load), where the term temporary load in this context refers to loads that act for a duration of less than 12 months; when the temporary load causes a stress reversal, then the value of r to be used is 1.0.

TABLE C3

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54

MATERIAL CONSTANT
Stress grade F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7 F5 F4 F3 F2 r=0 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.10 1.06 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.85

FOR COLUMNS OF SEASONED TIMBER

r = 0.25 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.10 1.06 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.85 Material constant r = 0.50 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.07 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.81 r = 0.75 1.17 1.12 1.09 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.78 r = 1.0 1.14 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.99 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.77

r = (temporary load)/(total load), where the term temporary load in this context refers to loads that act for a duration of less than 12 months. When a member is normally subjected to axial tension stress, but may act in compression due to temporary loads such as winds, the material constant may be taken from Table C1 for the case of r = 1.0.

MATERIAL CONSTANT
Stress grade F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7 F5 F4 F3 F2 r=0 1.44 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.04 1.01

TABLE C4 FOR COLUMNS OF UNSEASONED TIMBER

r = 0.25 1.44 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.04 1.01 Material constant r = 0.50 1.30 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.14 1.11 1.07 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.91 r = 0.75 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.86 r = 1.0 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.85 0.82

r = (temporary load)/(total load), where the term temporary load in this context refers to loads that act for a duration of less than 12 months. When a member is normally subjected to axial tension stress, but may act in compression due to temporary loads such as winds, the material constant may be taken from Table C2 for the case of r = 1.0.

C3 SLENDERNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR BEAMS. C3.1 General. To evaluate the stability factor k 12 referred to in Clause 2.5.7, the slenderness coefficient S1 of a beam shall be defined by S1 where (EI)x ymax Mcr = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C5)

= the rigidity in bending about the x-x axis = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibre = critical elastic buckling moment of the beam, applies about the major axis.

NOTE: In some odd cases, the evaluation of the above equation for a solid beam of rectangular section, can lead to a value of S1 greater than given by the equations in Clause 3.2.3. In such a case, the value as given by Clause 3.2.3 may be used for obtaining k12 (Equation 3.8(a), 3.8(b) and 3.8(c)).

The evaluation of the slenderness coefficient requires a knowledge of M cr, the critical elastic buckling moment. Values of the critical elastic moment for particular structural situations can be obtained from standard texts on structural analysis. However, as an aid to design, some values of the critical elastic moment are presented in the following paragraphs. C3.2 End-supported beams. C3.2.1 General. The following recommendations are applicable to end-supported beams of bisymmetrical cross-section for which the contribution of warping stiffness to the buckling strength may be neglected.

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AS 1720.11988

The ends at supports are assumed to be effectively restrained against twisting. This condition will be satisfied if the supports possess a torsional stiffness in excess of 20(GJ)/L, where GJ is the torsional rigidity of the beam and L is its length. For information on more general sections, including the effects of warping stiffness, a useful reference is the following: NETHERCOT, D.A. and ROCKEY, K.C., Unified Approach to the Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams, The Structural Engineer, vol. 49, No 7, July 1971, pp 321-330. (For erratum see vol. 51, No 4, April 1973, pp 138-139.) C3.2.2 Beams with intermediate buckling restraints. The critical elastic value of the maximum moment between two buckling restraints may be taken as Mcr = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C6) where g25 = constant obtained from Table C5 = distance between effectively rigid buckling restraints Lay (EI)x, = effective rigidity for bending about the major and minor axes respectively (EI)y (GJ) = effective torsional rigidity.
NOTE: In computing the effective torsional rigidity of beams of solid rectangular cross-section, the value of G can be obtained from Table 2.3 and the value of J is given by J =

TABLE C5 COEFFICIENTS FOR SLENDERNESS FACTOR OF BISYMMETRICAL BEAMS WITH INTERMEDIATE BUCKLING RESTRAINTS
Moment parameter (see Figure C1(c)) 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 * Slenderness factor g25 Free restraint condition* Fixed restraint condition* 3.1 4.1 5.5 7.3 8.0 6.3 8.2 11.1 14.0 14.0

The buckling restraints must prevent rotation of the beam about the z-axis. The terms free and fixed restraint condition refer to the possibility for rotation of the beam about the y-y axis at the restraint locations, as shown in Figure C1.

FIGURE C1. NOTATION FOR BEAMS WITH INTERMEDIATE BUCKLING RESTRAINTS

AS 1720.11988

56

For rectangular sections of solid wood, a conservative approximation to the value of slenderness coefficient obtained from Equations C5 and C6 is S1 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C7)

C3.3 Beams with no intermediate buckling restraints. For this case the critical elastic value of maximum moment may be taken as: Mcr = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C8)

where (EI)x, (EI)y, (GJ) have the meanings defined in Paragraph C3.2.2 yh = height above centroid of the point of load application g26, g27 = constants obtained from Table C6 Lay = L = span of beam. For beams loaded only by end moments, Equation C8 may be used with g 27 = yh = 0 and the coefficient g26 taken from Table C5. For rectangular sections of solid wood, a conservative approximation of the value of slenderness coefficient obtained from Equation C8 and C5 is

S1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C9)

Equation C7 and C9 are good approximations for B 0.5D.

NOTE: In Table C6, the values of the coefficient is g26 and g27 apply to beams with lateral restraints only at their end points. However, these coefficients may be used for any other beam load system that has a similar shape of bending moment diagram between points of lateral restraint.

C3.4 Continuously restrained beams. For beams of bisymmetrical cross-section, continuously restrained against lateral displacement at a distance y o below the neutral axis (see Figure C2), the critical elastic moment Mcr may be taken as Mcr = where yh La . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C10)

= =

the location above the neutral axis of the loading point (see Figure C2) distance between points of effectively rigid rotational restraints.

NOTE: The parameter yh may take on negative values. If Equation C10 leads to a negative value of Mcr, then a value of Mcr = may be used to compute the slenderness coefficient S, i.e. S = 0.0. A rotational restraint may be obtained by the use of diagonal flybraces.

C4 SLENDERNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR COLUMNS. C4.1 End supported columns. Evaluation of the stability factor k 12 referred to in Clauses 2.5.7 and 3.3.2.1, requires an evaluation first of the slenderness coefficient of a column, denoted by S3 for bending only about the major axis and S4 for bending only about the minor axis. The value of the slenderness coefficient shall be obtained from S = [0.823 (EA)/Pcr] 1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C11) where (EA) = the effective axial rigidity Pcr = the critical elastic axial buckling load of the column. Both (EA) and Pcr are referenced to the appropriate axis. C4.2 Continuously restrained columns. For a bisymmetrical column, continuously restrained against lateral displacement at a distance y o from the neutral axis (see Figure C3), the slenderness coefficient with respect to lateral buckling may be obtained from the following equations: S = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C12)

Pcr

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C13)

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AS 1720.11988

where (EA) (EI)x, (EI)y (GJ) ye La

= effective axial rigidity = effective bending rigidity about major and minor axes respectively = effective torsional rigidity = distance from centroid to the point of load application, Figure C3 = distance between points of effectively rigid rotational restraints.

NOTE: The parameter Ye may take on negative values. If Equation C13 leads to a negative value of Pcr, then a value of Pcr = may be used in computing the slenderness coefficient S, i.e. S = 0.0.

TABLE C6 COEFFICIENTS FOR SLENDERNESS FACTORS OF BISYMMETRICAL BEAMS WITH NO INTERMEDIATE BUCKLING RESTRAINTS
Loading Bending moment M Condition of end restraint against rotation about y-y axis* Free Fixed Slenderness factors g26 g27 3.6 1.4 6.1 1.8

Free Fixed

4.1 5.4

4.9 5.2

Free Fixed

4.2 6.7

1.7 2.6

Free Fixed

5.3 6.5

4.5 5.3

Free Fixed

3.3

1.3

Fixed

4.0

2.0

Fixed

6.4

2.0

For direction of y-y axis, see diagram in figure C1 (free ends of cantilevers excepted).

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AS 1720.11988

C5 BEAM-COLUMN BENT ABOUT BOTH AXES. For the case of a beam-column of rectangular cross section, subjected to an axial compression load and bent about both axes, the following conservative criteria for strength may be used in the absence of more accurate information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C14(a))

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C14(b))
NOTE: Equations C14(a) and C14(b) contains an allowance for the effect of bending moment amplification due to the axial load. For non-rectangular members, Equations C14(a) and C14(b) may be used in the absence of other information.

C6 SPACED COLUMNS. C6.1 Definitions. Spaced columns have the individual shafts spaced apart by end and intermediate packing pieces or batten plates. These packing pieces and batten plates may be fastened by glue, nails, screws, bolts or split-ring connectors. The notation used for spaced columns is shown in Figure C4.
NOTE: The following paragraphs provide a design procedure for a particular set of spaced columns. For spaced columns with other parameters and geometrics, design information may be obtained from overseas Standards.

C6.2 Special requirements for spaced columns. C6.2.1 Size of connecting pieces. Packing pieces and batten plates shall be large enough to accommodate the required number of fasteners. End packing pieces shall not be shorter in length measured along the column axis than 6 times the thickness of the thinnest shaft. Intermediate packing pieces shall be not less than 230 mm long in the direction of the column axis. C6.2.2 Bolted connections. Bolts shall not be used with unseasoned timber unless it is practicable to ensure that they are tightened periodically as the timber dries out and shrinks. C6.2.3 Glued connections. Batten plates may be glued to the shafts but sufficient nails or other mechanical fasteners shall also be employed to transmit the shearing force. This provision does not apply to glued packing pieces, but if nails, screws or bolts are used to obtain clamping pressure then they shall be used in sufficient number and at suitable spacing to obtain adequate pressure over the full area of each piece. C6.2.4 Spacing of intermediate packing pieces and batten plates. The centre-to-centre distance between packing pieces or batten plates shall not exceed the least of the following: (a) one-third of the distance between centres of the end packing pieces or end batten plates; (b) 30 times the thickness of the thinnest shaft; (c) the value such that the slenderness coefficient of the portion of an individual shaft between any pair of packing pieces or batten plates is not greater than 0.7 times the maximum slenderness coefficient of the whole column, where the effective length of the individual shaft is taken as equal to the distance L s (see Figure C4) between centroids of the fasteners or glued areas in the adjacent packing pieces or batten plates. C6.2.5 Distance between shafts. The clear space between individual shafts shall not exceed 3 times the thickness of the thinnest shaft measured in the same plane. C6.2.6 Battened columns. Batten plates shall not be made from unseasoned timber. C6.3 Shear between components. C6.3.1 The design shear force. The connections between the packing pieces or batten plates of spaced columns shall be designed to transmit the stresses resulting from a lateral shear force V = V1 + V2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C15) where V1 = shear force due to applied loads V2 = shear force due to curvature of the column = 0.75P for end packing piece or batten plates = 0.001 (Lay/d)P for intermediate packing pieces or batten plates

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= axial column load = distance between points of lateral restraint on the spaced columns. (An end packing piece or batten plate shall be required at each point of lateral restraint.) d = a + 2ts. C6.3.2 Force effects on packing pieces. The interface of each packing piece and its connections shall be designed to transmit a shear force V pack equal to Vpack = VLs/a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C16) where V = resulting lateral force as defined in Paragraph C6.3.1 Ls = the centre-to-centre distance of packing pieces, see Figure C4 a = distance between shafts (see Figure C4).

P Lay

(a) Column fabricated with packing pieces

(b) Column fabricated with batten plates

FIGURE C4. SPACED COLUMNS

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AS 1720.11988

C6.3.3 Force effects on batten plates. Each batten plate and its connections shall be designed to transmit simultaneously a longitudinal shear force V bat and moment Mbat, given by Vbat = 0.5VLs/(a + ts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C17) and Mbat = 0.25VLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C18) where V = resulting lateral force as defined in Paragraph C6.3.1 Ls = the centre-to-centre distance between batten plates as defined in Paragraph C6.2.4 a = distance between shafts (see Figure C4) ts = shaft thickness (see Figure C4). C6.4 Permissible loads. C6.4.1 Slenderness coefficients. C6.4.1.1 Slenderness coefficients of individual shafts. The effective length L s of individual shafts of spaced columns shall be taken as the distance measured along the column axis between centroids of the fastener groups or glued areas in adjacent packing pieces or batten plates. From this effective length, the slenderness coefficients of the individual shafts may be obtained in accordance with Clause 3.3.2. C6.4.1.2 Slenderness coefficient of composite cross-sections. For spaced columns with packing pieces, composed of two shafts of timber, the slenderness coefficient for bending about the y-axis will be denoted by S 5 and is given by S5 = 0.3g13g28L(A/I)1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C19) where g13, g28 = modification factors as given in Table 3.2 and Table C7 respectively. L = length of composite column I = second moment of area (moment of inertia) of the net composite cross-section about the y-axis A = net cross-sectional area of the shafts. The slenderness coefficient for bending about the x-axis may be taken to be that of a solid timber column having the cross-sections shown in Figure C4. TABLE C7 MODIFICATION FACTOR g28 FOR THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF SPACED COLUMNS
Space Shaft spacing Value of g28 Glued packing pieces and batten plates (see Figure C4) 0 1 2 3 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 Packing pieces and batten plates fastened by metal connectors 1.6 2.2 2.7 3.0

C6.4.2 Design procedure. The permissible load shall be taken as the least of (a) that for a solid column whose area is that of the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the shafts, bending about the x-axis; (b) that for a column bending about the y-axis, whose geometrical properties of cross-section are those of the composite column but whose slenderness coefficient is as given in Equation C19, however, in the use of this slenderness coefficient, the load sharing factor k8 = 2.00 shall be used for computing the permissible stress on the spaced column; and (c) the sum of the permissible loads for the individual shafts where the permissible load for each shaft is equal to that for a solid column, the effective length of which is equal to the values of Ls defined in Paragraph C6.4.1.1. C7 BUCKLING RESTRAINTS. C7.1 Definitions. For most design situations, no check need be made on the effectiveness of buckling restraints. However in the case of an unusually light restraint system being used for a critical (i.e. non-load-sharing) engineered structure it may be advisable to assess the effect and the capacity of the restraints.

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The following method may be used for a design of slender beams and columns having equally spaced buckling restraints. The restraint systems considered are either lateral or torsional ones as shown in Figure C5, where the restraint stiffnesses K A and KB are defined as follows: PR = KA A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C20) TR = KB B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C21) where PR and TR are the restraint force and torque respectively that occur when the point of attachment of the restraint to the beam undergoes a displacement A and rotation B. It is assumed that the ends of beams are effectively restrained against torsional rotation (see Paragraph C3.2.1). C7.2 Notation. Notation to be used in this Paragraph is as follows: h26 = 1.0 when loads are live loads only = 1.5 when loads are dead loads only and timber is initially seasoned = 2.0 when loads are dead loads only and timber is initially unseasoned (Values of h26 for other conditions may be obtained by linear interpolation) h27 = 1.0 for sawn members = 0.4 for laminated and other carefully fabricated timber members g38 = lesser of (m + 1)/2 and 5 m = number of members supported by each restraint system n = number of equally spaced intermediate restraints Smax = slenderness coefficient if there are no restraints Smin = slenderness coefficient if the restraints are effectively rigid.

(a) Column lateral restraint

(b)

Beam lateral restraint

(c)

Beam torsional restraint

FIGURE C5. INTERMEDIATE RESTRAINTS

C7.3 Columns. C7.3.1 Load capacity. In computing the load capacity of a column of length L with n intermediate lateral restraints as shown in Figure C5(a), the slenderness coefficient S 4 for buckling about the minor axis may be taken as S4 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C22)

but not less than Smin and not more than Smax and where 1 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C23)

A similar method may be used to compute the effect of restraints against buckling about the major axis. C7.3.2 Force on lateral restraints. The design force P R on each lateral restraint may be taken to be given by PR = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C24)

where Pa is the applied axial load on the column.

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AS 1720.11988

C7.4 Beam with lateral restraints. C7.4.1 Load capacity. In computing the load capacity of a beam of length L with n intermediate lateral restraints as shown in Figure C5(b), the slenderness coefficient S 1 may be taken as S1 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C25)

but not less than Smin and not more than Smax and where 2 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C26)

C7.4.2 Force on lateral restraints. The design force P R on the lateral restraints may be taken to be given by PR = PR = for members of rectangular section and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C27(a)) for box beams for I-beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C27(b))

where Ma is the applied bending moment on the beam. C7.5 Beam with torsional restraints. C7.5.1 Load capacity. In computing the load capacity of a beam of length L with n intermediate lateral restraints as shown in Figure C5(c), the slenderness coefficient S 1 may be taken as S1 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C28)

but not less than Smin and not more than Smax and where 3 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C29)

C7.5.2 Torque on torsional restraints. The design torque T R on each restraint may be taken to be given by TR = for members of rectangular section and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C30(a)) for box beams TR = for I-beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C30(b))

where Ma is the applied bending moment on the beam. C8 CONCENTRATED LOADS AND PARTIAL AREA LOADS ON GRID SYSTEMS. C8.1 General. In the absence of further information, the following provides a method for assessing the lateral distribution effects of a beam grid system with respect to concentrated and partial area loads. The load sharing factor k9 specified in Clause 2.5.5.3 may be taken as additional to the following lateral distribution effects. C8.2 Concentrated load. For a beam located within a grid system and subjected to a point load P as shown in Figure C6(a), the maximum bending and shear stresses, and also the maximum deflection, may be taken to be equal to that of an isolated beam loaded by a point load P eff defined by Peff = g42P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C31) where g42 is bounded by the range 0.2 g42 1.0, and in this range it is given by g42 = 0.20 log10(hB/nChC) + 0.95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C32) where hB = EBIB/L3 hC = EcIc/s3 EBIB, ECIC = flexural rigidity of a single beam and a single crossing member respectively nC = number of crossing members L, s = span and spacing of beams (see Figure C6). For Equation C32 to hold, the centroid of the loads must lie within the middle half of the beam, and the loaded beam must be at least two beams in from the edge. For loads outside these limits, g 42 may be obtained by interpolating between the above value of g 42 and 1.0. Values of g42 derived according to Equation C32 are shown in Figure C7.
NOTE: If the point load P shown in Figure C6(a) is located somewhere between two main beams, then a conservative load distribution factor may be obtained by using the value g43 given in Paragraph C8.3 for the case of a partial area load of width equal to s.

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FIGURE C6. NOTATION FOR BEAM-GRID SYSTEM SHOWING CONCENTRATED AND PARTIAL AREA LOADS

FIGURE C7. GRID FACTORS g42 AND g43

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C8.3 Partial area load. For a beam located within a grid system and subjected to a load of intensity w distributed uniformly over an area of width a as shown in Figure C6(b), the maximum bending and shear stresses, and also the maximum deflection may be taken to be equal to that of an isolated beam loaded by a load of intensity weff defined by weff = g43w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C33) For the case of a = s, the value of g43 is given by g43 = 0.15 log10(hB/nchc) + 0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C34) The value of g43 is bounded by 0.2 g43 1.0. For the case of a = 0, the value of g43 is given by g42 as in Equation C32. For the case of 0 < a < s, the value of g43 may be obtained by linear interpolation between the two above cases. For Equation C34 to hold, the centroid of the loads must lie within the middle half of the beam, and the loaded beam must be at least two beams in from the edge. For loads outside these limits, g 43 may be obtained by interpolating between the above value and 1.0. Values of g43 derived according to Equation C34 are shown in Figure C7. C9 NOTCHED BEAMS. For a rectangular beam of depth d, notched as shown in Figure C8, the nominal maximum bending stress fb = and nominal maximum shear stress f s = 3V/2bdn calculated for the net section shall comply with the following interaction equation: fb + 4fs g40Fsj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C35) where g40 is computed as shown in Table C8 and F sj is the permissible shear stress for joint details from Fsj = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C36)

where the factors k 1 to k12 are given in Section 2. The stability factor k 12 need not be considered in checking the fracture strength of notched beams, provided that the notch is not located within the middle third of the beam. Defects shall not be permitted within 150 mm of the notch roots of critical beams, i.e. non-load-sharing beams. If, according to the sign convention shown in Figure C8, b is negative, it may be taken as zero in the application of Equation C35. Similarly, if s is negative, it may also be taken as zero in the application of Equation C35.
NOTE: In addition to the check on fracture strength according to Equation C35, the net section of depth dn must also be checked for its unnotched strength according to Clause 3.2.1, i.e. fb Fb and fs Fs. Moreover, it should be noted that in calculating the shear stress fs for use in Equation C35, all loads on the beam shall be taken into consideration, including those loads lying within a distance of 1.5 times the height of the beam from the inside face of the support. It should be noted that notching creates a significant reduction in the strength of a beam unless the notching is limited to the vicinity of support points. The adverse effects of notching may be minimized by increasing the opening angle of the notch. A typical example of a beam notched on the compression edge would be that of a continuous member notched over a support across which it rests. In this case fb may be neglected, but an effective value of fs still occurs for use in Equation C35.

FIGURE C8. NOTATION FOR NOTCH

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TABLE C8 COEFFICIENT g40 FOR SAWN NOTCH ON BEAM EDGE

Notch angle slope (see Figure C8) lnotch/dnotch = 0 lnotch/dnotch = 2 lnotch/dnotch = 4 g40 dnotch > 0.1 d 9.0/d0.45 9.0/d 9.0/d
0.33

dnotch < 0.1 d 3.2/ 4.2/ 5.2/

0.24

NOTE: lnotch, dnotchand d are to be stated in millimetres.

C10 NOTCHED COLUMNS. For a column, notched in the middle third, and with a stability factor k12 < 0.5, a check shall be made that the fracture strength is adequate. The fracture strength may be considered to be adequate if the member, considered as a beam, is capable of sustaining a nominal bending stress f b = k1Fc(1 - 2k12) at the notch root when a check is made in accordance with Paragraph C9. C11 NOTCHED TENSION MEMBERS. In the absence of other information the permissible nominal tension stress in the net section of a notched member shall be taken to be equal to that of the permissible bending stress of a similar notched member. This permissible bending stress shall be computed according to Equation C36 except that the factors k 12 may be omitted. In computing the nominal tension stress, due account shall be taken of any stresses induced by bending due to notching and any other geometric asymmetries.

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APPENDIX D

JOINTS IN TIMBER STRUCTURES (This Appendix forms an integral part of this Standard) D1 CONNECTORS FOR PLYWOOD. D1.1 General. The following paragraphs refer to the use of nail and screw connectors to join plywood to solid timber. D1.2 Strength of joints with plywood. D1.2.1 Joint strength grouping. The grouping of common timber species for joint design is given in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.

(a) Fastener in single shear

(b) Fastener in double shear

FIGURE D1. PLYWOOD THICKNESS AND NAIL LENGTH

D1.2.2 Permissible lateral loads for nails and screws in plywood. The permissible load for a laterally loaded plywood-to-timber joint fastened with nails or screws may be taken as 10 percent greater than the values given for timber-to-timber joints in Section 4 except that fastener diameter and length and plywood thickness (see figure D1) shall be such that to/D > 1.5 tp/D > 10 tw/D > 10 where D = nail diameter, in millimetres to tp = = thickness of plywood as indicated in Figure D1, in millimetres penetration of nail as indicated in Figure D1, in millimetres

tw = thickness of solid timber as indicated in Figure D1, in millimetres For values of (to/D) < 1.5, the basic load shall be reduced linearly with respect to (t o/D) so as to reach zero when (to/D) = 0. For values of t p/D and tw/D less than 10, the basic load shall also be reduced linearly with respect to tp/D and tw/D but in addition the fastener shall be considered as non-load-bearing if either t p/D or tw/D is less than 5. These requirements shall apply whether the fastener is in single or double shear.

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In the case of shear joints, such as occurs in the nailing of plywood webs to the solid timber flanges of box beams, the multiple nail factor k 17 = 1.0 shall be used in Equation 4.1 D2 DEFORMATION OF JOINTS. D2.1 General. The load-displacement characteristics of a joint are highly nonlinear. However, where a linear joint stiffness is required for design purposes, a secant stiffness may be used. A suitable definition of the secant stiffness (Ksec) is given by Ksec = Po/o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D1) where o is the deformation of the joint (including long duration effects) when the design load P o is applied. In the following paragraphs, the equations of deformation are good estimates for the deformation due to the first application of a load; for repeated loads, due allowance must be made for incremental slip and changes in joint stiffness. Where both a long duration load PD and a short duration load P L act on a connector, then non-linear loaddeformation characteristics must be considered in evaluating the maximum deformation. In the absence of further information, the maximum deformation may be taken to be equal to the long duration deformation due to load PD minus the short duration deformation due to load P D plus the short duration deformation due to load PD + PL. D2.2 Displacement of nailed and screwed joints in solid timber. The displacement of nailed or screwed joints in single shear for solid-wood to solid-wood joints may be estimated as follows: (a) For displacements < 0.5 mm where = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D2(a))

= joint displacement, in millimetres

D = diameter of nail or screw, in millimetres j12 = duration factor given in Table D2 P = load per nail or screw, in newtons h32 = stiffness factor given in Table D1. (b) For a displacement of = 2.5 mm P = 0.165D1.75j13h32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D2(b)) where the duration factor j13 is given in Table D2. (c) For a displacement 0.5 mm < < 2.5 mm the corresponding applied load P shall be obtained by linear interpolation between the values to give = 0.5 mm and = 2.5 mm.
NOTES: 1. The displacement = 2.5 mm usually occurs for applied loads above the allowable design load; however this value is included for interpolation purposes for 0.5 mm < < 2.5 mm. 2. For the case of metal and plywood side plates, Equations D2(a) and D2(b) lead to conservative over-estimates of nail slip.

D2.3 Displacement of solid timber joints fabricated with bolts, split-ring connectors and shear plates connectors. D2.3.1 General. Where relevant specific test information is not available, the following paragraphs may be used to estimate the displacement of joints fabricated with bolts, split-ring connectors and shear-plate connectors. D2.3.2 For loads acting parallel to the grain. For this case, the displacement may be taken to be given by where i = = = = = = i + (j14/h33)(P/ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D3)

total displacement, millimetres initial displacement due to oversize holes, millimetres 0, for a load superimposed on an existing load, otherwise 1/ncon for bolted joints 1/2ncon for split ring connectors or shear-plate connectors

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ncon j14 h33 P

= = = =

number of connector sets in the joint duration factor given in Table D3 stiffness factor given in Table D4 applied load per fastener, in newtons

= basic load per fastener as defined in Section 4, in newtons. Equation D3 is a good approximation for applied loads up to the allowable design load. D2.3.3 For loadings acting perpendicular to the grain. For this case the displacement may be taken to be given by where h35 = = = = = i + (j14/h33h35)(P/ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D4)

1.5 for bolted joints of Types 1, 2 and 3 as defined in Table 4.10 2.5 for bolted joints of Type 4 as defined in Table 4.10 1.0 for split-ring connectors and shear-plate connectors applied load per fastener, in newtons

= basic load per fastener as defined in Section 4, in newtons i, j14 and h33 are taken as defined in Paragraph D2.3.2. Equation D4 is a good approximation for applied loads up to the allowable design load. TABLE D1 STIFFNESS FACTOR h 32 FOR CONNECTIONS OF SOLID TIMBER
Initial moisture condition Unseasoned Species joint group J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 Seasoned JD1 JD2 JD3 JD4 JD5 JD6 Factor h32 1 450 1 050 750 550 410 300 1 600 1 250 990 750 590 470

TABLE D2 DURATION FACTORS j 12 AND j13

Initial moisture condition Unseasoned Duration of load More than 3 years 5 months Less than 2 weeks More than 3 years Less than 2 weeks Factor j12 9 4 1 4 1 Factor j13 0.5 0.7 1 0.5 1

Seasoned

NOTE: If required, intermediate values of j12 and j13 may be obtained by linear nterpolation with log-time.

TABLE D3 DURATION FACTOR j 14

Initial moisture condition Unseasoned Duration of load More than 3 years 5 months 2 weeks Less than 5 minutes More than 3 years 5 months 2 weeks Less than 5 minutes Factor j14 4 2 1.5 1 3 2 1.5 1

Seasoned

NOTE: Intermediate values of j14 may be obtained by linear interpolation with log-time.

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D3 EQUATIONS AND TABLES FOR BASIC WORKING LOADS FOR BOLTS. D3.1 Load . The basic working load for a single bolt bearing parallel to the grain and acting in single shear shall be the least of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D5) in timber of groups J1 and JD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D6) in timber of groups J2 and JD2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D7) in timber of groups J3, J4, JD3 and JD4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D8) in timber in groups J5 and JD5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D9) in timber of groups J6 and JD6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D10) where D = bolt diameter t = effective timber thickness as defined in Table 4.9(A) = appropriate stress value for the species group and seasoning condition as given in Table D5. Basic working loads computed in accordance with Equation D5 to D10 are given in Tables 4.9(B) and 4.9(C). D3.2 Load . The basic working load for a single bolt bearing perpendicular to the grain and acting in single shear shall not exceed the lesser of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D11) D3 in timber of groups J1 and JD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D12) D3 in timber of groups J2 and JD2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D13) D3 in timber of groups J3 and JD3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D14) D3 in timber of groups J4 and JD4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D15) D3 in timber of groups J5 and J6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D16) D3 in timber of groups JD5 and JD6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (D17) where D = bolt diameter t = effective timber thickness as defined in Table 4.10(A) = appropriate stress value for the species group and seasoning as given in Table D6. Basic working loads computed in accordance with these equations are given in Tables 4.10(B) and 4.10(C). TABLE D4 STIFFNESS FACTOR h33
Initial moisture condition Unseasoned Seasoned Factor Bolted joints Without metal side With metal side plates plates 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.8 Split rings and shear plate connectors 1.2 1.5

TABLE D5 VALUES OF
Joint group , MPa Joint group , MPa J1 16.5 JD1 20.5 J2 13.0 JD2 16.5

FOR BOLTED JOINTS

J3 10.5 JD3 13.0 J4 8.3 JD4 10.5 J5 6.6 JD5 8.3 J6 5.3 JD6 6.6

TABLE D6 VALUES OF
Joint group , MPa Joint group , MPa J1 6.6 JD1 8.7 J2 5.2 JD2 6.7

FOR BOLTED JOINTS

J3 3.3 JD3 5.0 J4 2.1 JD4 3.7 J5 1.4 JD5 2.6 J6 0.7 JD6 1.8

APPENDIX E

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BUCKLING STRENGTH OF PLYWOOD DIAPHRAGMS

(This Appendix forms an integral part of this Standard) E1 SCOPE. If large sheets of thin plywood are used in composite construction, it is possible for buckling distortions to cause a reduction in the load capacity of the plywood membrane. In the following paragraph, strength reductions of this type are stated in terms of a stability factor k 12 for some typical membranes and plywood lay-ups. E2 BUCKLING STRENGTH FOR DIAPHRAGMS LOADED IN-PLANE. E2.1 General. The following paragraphs apply to the design of members constructed from continuous sheets of plywood attached to continuous solid timber edge members. Where either of these is discontinuous, these requirements shall apply only if they are spliced so as to develop the strength and stiffness equivalent to that of continuous elements. E2.2 Diaphragms with lateral edges supported and subjected to uniformly loaded edge forces. E2.2.1 Slenderness coefficient. Figure E1 illustrates the notation to be used for a typical plywood diaphragm. The diaphragm is of length L, depth dw, and thickness t w. The face grain of the plywood is at an angle to the longitudinal edge as shown. The diaphragm is loaded along its edge by a combination of stresses comprising a shear stress f s, a direct compression stress f c, and a compression stress due to edgewise bending that has a maximum value of f cb. Where all edges are simply supported, the slenderness coefficient S for computation of the stability factor k12 for resistance to the stresses f s, fc and fcb may be taken to be S = g60 (dw/tw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E1) where the factor g60 is given in Table E1. For short panels in which the length L is less than the characteristic length L ch given in Table E2, the slenderness coefficient may be taken to be S = g60 (L/Lch)1/2 (dw/tw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E2) If the lateral edges AB and CD shown in Figure E1 are effectively fixed, and AD and BC are simply supported, then the slenderness coefficients may be taken as 80 percent of those computed according to Equations E1 and E2.

FIGURE E1. PLYWOOD DIAPHRAGM WITH SUPPORTED LATERAL EDGES AB AND DC

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TABLE E1 FACTOR g60 FOR SLENDERNESS COEFFICIENTS OF PLYWOOD DIAPHRAGMS WITH LATERAL EDGES SUPPORTED
Plywood lay-up* tpo/tpi = 0.5 3 ply 5 or more plies tpo/tpi = 1.0 3 ply 5 or more plies tpo/tpi = 1.5 3 ply 5 or more plies * Stress fc = 0 0.71 0.63 0.93 0.73 1.05 0.83 = 90 0.71 0.63 0.66 0.60 0.61 0.58 Factor g60 Stress fcb = 0 0.28 0.24 0.37 0.28 0.41 0.32 = 90 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.24 0.23 Stress fs = 0 0.46 0.34 0.60 0.40 0.67 0.46 = 90 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.30

All plies assumed to be of the same species; all inner plies assumed to be of equal thickness. tpo/tpi = ratio of thickness of outer to inner plies. NOTE: For direction of , see Figure E1.

TABLE E2 CHARACTERISTIC LENGTH OF PANELS

Plywood lay-up* Characteristic side ratio Lch/dw (see Figure E1) Stress fcb = 90 0.65 0.92 0.52 0.74 0.47 0.64 = 0 1.09 0.77 1.37 0.96 1.50 1.10 = 90 0.46 0.65 0.37 0.52 0.33 0.45

Stress fc = 0

Stress fs = 0 1.65 1.15 2.13 1.44 2.38 1.67 = 90 0.69 0.96 0.57 0.78 0.53 0.69

tpo/tpi = 0.5 3 ply 5 or more plies tpo/tpi = 1.0 3 ply 5 or more plies tpo/tpi = 1.5 3 ply 5 or more plies *

1.54 1.09 1.93 1.36 2.12 1.56

All plies assumed to be of the same species; all inner plies assumed to be of equal thickness. tpo/tpi = ratio of thickness of outer to inner plies. NOTE: For direction of , see Figure E1.

E2.2.2 Stability factor for edge shear stresses. The stability factor k 12 for the modification of the basic working stress in shear shall be taken as the lesser of the following: k12 = 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E3(a)) k12 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E3(b)) where E = modulus of elasticity specified in Table 5.1, in megapascals k1 = duration factor as specified in Table 2.5 S = basic design stress in shear as specified in Table 5.1, in megapascals = slenderness coefficient derived according to Paragraph E2.2.1

NOTE: From the data in Tables 5.1 and E1, it follows that k12 = 1.0 for all plywood of stress grade equal to or greater than F7, and web thickness ratio dw/tw 19.

E2.2.3 Stability factor for edge compression and edge bending stresses. The stability factor for the modification of the basic working stress in compression, shall be taken to be the lesser of the following: k12 = 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E4(a)) k12 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E4(b)) where E = modulus of elasticity specified in Table 5.1, in megapascals k1 = duration factor as specified in Table 2.5 S = basic design stress in compression as specified in Table 5.1, in megapascals = slenderness coefficient derived according to Paragraph E2.2.1

NOTE: From the data in Tables 5.1 and E1, it follows that k12 = 1.0 for all plywoods of stress grade equal to or less than F34, and web thickness ratio dw/tw 10.

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AS 1720.11988

E2.2.4 Permissible stresses. The permissible values of the stresses F s Fb and F cb shall be obtained by modifying the basic stresses and given in Table 5.1 by the factors k1 and k12, together with other appropriate factors as specified in Sections 2 and 5. E2.2.5 Stress combinations. When more than one type of stress acts simultaneously on the diaphragm, the following interaction equation may be used to check the design: (fc/Fc) + (fcb/Fcb)2 + (fs/Fs)2 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E5) where Fc, Fcb and Fs would be the permissible design values of f c, fcb and fs respectively if each type of stress were acting on its own.

FIGURE E2. NOTATION FOR AXIALLY LOADED DIAPHRAGM WITH FREE LATERAL EDGES AC AND BD

E2.3 Diaphragms with lateral edges free and subjected to uniformly loaded edge forces. For a diaphragm, as shown in Figure E2, with lateral edges AC and BD free and end edges AB and CD simply supported, the slenderness coefficient S for the stress f c may be taken to be given by S = g61(dw/tw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E6) where the factor g61 is given in Table E3. If the edges AB and CD are fixed, then the slenderness coefficient may be taken to be 70 percent of that calculated by Equation E6. The appropriate stability factor kl2 to be used for modification of the basic working stress is that given in Equations 3.18(a), 3.18(b) and 3.18(c) of Clause 3.3.3 for solid timber members. E2.4 Diaphragms subjected to concentrated edge forces. E2.4.1 Effective width. In assessing the resistance of a plywood web to the concentrated load and support reaction as shown in Figure E3, the effective bearing width of the load, denoted by l eff shall be taken as follows: (a) For the midspan concentrated load leff = lb + 2tf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E7) (b) For the end support reaction leff = lb + tf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E8) E2.4.2 Slenderness coefficients. In assessing the resistance of a plywood web to the concentrated load and the support reaction as shown in Figure E3, the slenderness coefficient of the web shall be defined by the following: S= and for the end support reaction S= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E9)

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where g61, and g62 = the geometry factors given in Tables E3 and E4 dw, tw, tf and lb = the dimensions (in millimetres) indicated in Figure E3.

FIGURE E3. NOTATION FOR BEAM WITH UNSTIFFENED PLYWOOD WEB

E2.4.3 Stability factor. The stability factor k 12 to be used for the modification of the basic working stress is k12 = 1.0 - 0.5S(k1 /E)1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E11)

where S = slenderness coefficient k1 = duration factor specified in Table 2.5 = basic design stress in compression as specified in Table 5.1, in megapascals E = modulus of elasticity as specified in Table 5.1, in megapascals.

E2.5 Stiffeners for beam webs. At supports or load points, where the buckling strength of the webs is inadequate, the webs should be reinforced by vertical stiffeners. The size of the stiffeners will be adequate if they extend the full width of the flanges and have a cross-section equal in area to that of one flange. For webs in which the slenderness coefficient for the shear stress ( s), as shown in Figure E1, is greater than 15, it is desirable that vertical stiffeners be placed at intervals along the web in order to reduce shear distortions normal to the web. It is recommended that each of these stiffeners have a cross sectional area not less than 0.25 times the area of a flange and that they be spaced not further than 1.5g 62dw apart, where the factor g62 is given in Table E4. All vertical stiffeners should extend from flange to flange. TABLE E3 FACTOR g61 FOR SLENDERNESS COEFFICIENTS OF DIAPHRAGMS WITH FREE EDGES
Plywood layup* = 0 tpo/tpi = 0.5 3 ply 5 or more plies tpo/tpi = 1.0 3 ply 5 or more plies tpo/tpi = 1.5 3 ply 5 or more plies 1.8 1.1 2.2 1.3 2.3 1.5 Factor g61 = 90 0.75 0.91 0.83 0.87 0.87 0.87

* All plies assumed to be of the same species; all inner plies assumed to be of equal thickness. tpo/tpi = ratio of thickness of outer to inner plies. NOTE: For direction of , see Figure E2.

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AS 1720.11988

TABLE E4 FACTOR g62 FOR EFFECTIVE BUCKLING WIDTH OF CONCENTRATED LOADS

Plywood layup* = 0 tpo/tpi = 0.5 3 ply 5 or more plies tpo/tpi = 1.0 3 ply 5 or more plies tpo/tpi = 1.5 3 ply 5 or more plies 1.54 1.09 1.93 1.36 2.12 1.56 Factor g61 = 90 0.65 0.92 0.52 0.74 0.47 0.64

* All plies assumed to be of the same species; all inner plies assumed to be of equal thickness. tpo/tpi = ratio of thickness of outer to inner plies. NOTE: For direction of , see Figure E3.

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APPENDIX F

CONNECTIONS FOR ROUND TIMBERS

For the case of standard connectors the recommendations given in Section 4 of this Standard are applicable.
NOTE: Information on non-standard connectors will be given in AS 1720.3.

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APPENDIX G

GLUED-LAMINATED CONSTRUCTION SPECIAL CONDITIONS

(This Appendix forms an integral part of this Standard) G1 SPECIAL LAMINATION FACTOR. Laboratory tests have indicated that a special lamination factor related to local reinforcement effects may be applicable to some species of timber. This lamination factor, denoted by k30, applies where the stress grade of a lamination is limited solely by local defects such as knots, holes, gum pockets and localized grain distortion, and the local slope of grain does not exceed 1 in 10. Test data show that carefully selected radiata pine, Douglas fir and hoop pine laminations fulfil these necessary conditions. Values of the special lamination factor k 30 are given in Table G1. Subject to the grade limitations specified, this alternative lamination factor k 30 may be used instead of the factor k 23 given in Clause 7.3.2 for modifying the basic stress in bending and tension. TABLE G1 SPECIAL LAMINATION FACTOR
Lamination thickness mm 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 Factor k30 for special grades* L1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 L2 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.25 L3 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.45 L4 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.55 1.70

* Special lamination grades correspond to the following grades with the special limitation that the slope of grain does not exceed 1 in 10: L1 special grade = Structural Grade No 1 (75 percent grade) L2 special grade = Structural Grade No 2 (60 percent grade) L3 special grade = Structural Grade No 3 (48 percent grade) L4 special grade = Structural Grade No 4 (38 percent grade). NOTES: 1. Typical examples of species that usually satisfy the requirements for application of the special lamination factor k30 are radiata pine, Douglas fir and hoop pine. 2. The factor k30 is applied to the basic working stresses for solid timber and is intended to account for the effects of glue laminating. Hence it is apparent that it is not used when the basic working stresses of glulam elements have been derived directly through the testing of such glulam elements.

G2 DESIGN STRENGTH OF BUTT JOINTS. G2.1 General. The nominal tension stress (f t) and shear stress (f s) at a butt joint (computed on the gross cross-section) shall comply with the requirements in Paragraphs G2.2 and G2.3. G2.2 Tension members and horizontally laminated beams. (a) For outermost laminations [(ftt)/(7Fsj)] 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Gl) (b) For inner laminations [(ftt)/(10Fsj)] + [(fst)/(1.7Fsj)] 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (G2) Fsj = k1k2k5k6k12k33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (G3) where t = lamination thickness, in millimetres k33 = 1.00 when there are four or fewer butt joints located in zones of maximum stress, = 1.3/(n0.2) when the number (n) of butt joints in zones of maximum stress exceeds four. and the factors k1 to k12 are defined in Sections 2 and 3. The factor k12 need not be applied in the case of tension members, nor in the case of beams when the butt joint under consideration is outside the middle third of the beam.

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78

G2.3 Vertically laminated beams. (a) For outermost laminations d [(ftt)/(15Fsj)] 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (G4) (b) For inner laminations [(ftt)/(20Fsj)] 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (G5) where Fsj is derived according to Equation G3. G2.4 Columns. For columns which have a stability factor k 12 < 0.5, a check shall be made that the butt joint strength is adequate to resist a stress distribution that varies linearly from a compression stress of k1Fc at one face to a tension stress k 1Fc(1 - 2k 12) at the other. It is assumed that any face may receive the tension stress. The parameters F c, k1 and k12 refer to the normal design compression stress, duration factor and stability factor for the design of a glulam column. G2.5 Conditions of use. Condition for the use of butt joints shall be as follows: (a) In members designed as straight beams and the straight portions of structural members containing curves. (b) The design working stresses given above may be used only if butt joints within any set of four adjacent laminations are spaced at least six lamination thicknesses (6t) apart. However, if the allowable design working stresses are taken to be 50 percent of those given above, then butt joints in adjacent laminations may be placed as close as two lamination thicknesses apart.
NOTE: Many straight glued-laminated beams have a built-up camber. For the purpose of this code a glued-laminated beam may be considered to be straight if the camber does not exceed 0.01 of the span.

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APPENDIX H

REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

(This Appendix forms an integral part of this Standard) AS 1111 1143 1144 1148 1170 ISO metric hexagon commercial bolts and screws High temperature creosote for the preservation of timber Arsenical creosote for the preservation of timber Nomenclature of commercial timbers imported into Australia SAA Loading Code Part 1: Dead and live loads (AS 1170.1) Part 2: Wind forces (AS 1170.2) Glued-laminated structural timber Coach screws (metric series) (with ISO hexagon heads) Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminimum/zinc-coated steel sheet in coil and cut lengths Carbon steels and carbon-manganese steels Hot-rolled bars and semi-finished products Laminated and/or finger-jointed radiata pine scantlings Metric wood screws Preservative treatment for sawn timber, veneer and plywood Methods for the sampling and analysis of wood preservatives and preservative-treated wood Methods for the determination of basic working loads for metal fasteners for timber SAA Timber Framing Code Code of practice for physical barriers used in the protection of buildings against subterranean termites Mechanically stress-graded timber Rules for mechanical stress grading of timber Soil treatment for buildings under construction for protection against subterranean termites Visually stress-graded hardwood for structural purposes Timber poles for overhead lines Structural plywood Plywood and blockboard for exterior use Marine plywood Guide to the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion Steel nails Metric series Nomenclature of Australian timbers Adhesives for timber and timber products Part 1: Adhesives for plywood manufacture (AS 2754.1) Timber Softwood Visually stress-graded for structural purposes Timbers Classification into strength groups Creosote oil for the preservation of timber Glossary of terms used in timber Standards Decking timbers from Eastern and South-eastern Australian hardwoods Seasoned size-matched framing timber (including finger-jointed pieces) from South-eastern Australian hardwoods Standard methods of testing small clear specimens of timber Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber Connectors for timber

1328 1393 1397 1442 1491 1476 1604 1605 1649 1684 1694 1748 1749 2057 2082 2209 2269 2271 2272 2312 2334 2543 2754 2858 2878 K55 O1 O80 O98 ASTM D143 BS 373 1579

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80

APPENDIX I

NOTATION AND FACTORS

(This Appendix forms an integral part of this Standard) This Appendix sets out the notation used in this Standard (see Table I1), lists the modification factors for stiffness (j) (see Table I2) and for strength (k) (see Table 13). Figure I1 below illustrates examples of dimensional symbols used.

NOTE: sub = subscript indicating details of quantity.

FIGURE I1. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF DIMENSIONAL SYMBOLS USED

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AS 1720.11988

TABLE I1 QUANTITY SYMBOLS

A a b bi bi(eff) c D d dn dnotch dW E (EA) (EI)x EBIB EcIc (EI)y Ei Eo EMC ETL F F = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = area of net cross-section general dimension breadth or width of member width of ith lamination effective width of ith lamination, Clause 7.4.5 general dimension, Figure 4.2 diameter of a metal fastener or pole depth of member (see Figure I1) net depth of notched beam, Figure C8 notch depth, Figure C8 depth of web of I-beam or box beam modulus of elasticity effective axial rigidity rigidity in bending about x-axis flexural rigidity of a single beam flexural rigidity of a single crossing member rigidity in bending about y-axis modulus of elasticity of ith lamination modulus of elasticity of outermost lamination, Clause 7.4.5 equilibrium moisture content equivalent test load, Paragraphs A4.1 and A5.1 permissible design stress basic working stress

= permissible stress for timber at moisture content less than 15%, Clause 2.5.2 = permissible stress for timber at moisture content greater than 15%, Clause 2.5.2 = permissible design stress in bending = = = = basic working stress in bending permissible design stress in bending about x-axis permissible design stress in bending about y-axis permissible design stress in compression parallel to grain

Fb Fbx Fby Fc Fcb Fco Fcx Fcy Fo Fp

= basic working stress in compression parallel to grain = permissible design value of fcb if no other stresses are present, Paragraph E2.2.5 = = = = basic bolt bearing stress along grain, Paragraph D3.2 permissible design compressive stress for stable columns permissible compression stress for member as a column able to buckle about the x-axis only permissible compression stress for member as a column able to buckle about the y-axis only

= basic working stress in compression at an angle to the grain = permissible design stress for stable members = permissible design stress for bearing perpendicular to grain = basic working stress for bearing perpendicular to grain = basic bolt bearing stress perpendicular to the grain, Paragraph D3.2 = permissible design stress for shear in beams = basic working stress for shear in beams = permissible design stress for shear in joint details = basic working stress for shear at joint details = permissible design stress in tension = = = = = = = = = = = basic working stress for tension parallel to grain nominal applied stress applied nominal stress in bending applied nominal stress in bending about x-axis applied nominal stress in bending about y-axis applied nominal stress in compression parallel to grain applied compression stress due to edgewise bending on a plywood diaphragm, Paragraph E2.2.1 applied nominal stress for bearing perpendicular to grain applied nominal stress for shear in beams applied nominal stress for shear in joint details applied nominal stress for tension parallel to grain (continued)

Fs Fsj Ft f fb fbx fby fc fcb fp fs fsj ft

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TABLE I1 (continued)
G GJ g h hB, hc I J j KA, KB Ksec k L La Lax Lay Lch lb leff lnotch lpar M, Ma Mcr Mn Mx My m n nL na nc ncon neff nm P PD PL PR PW Pcr Peff Pn Q Qs = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = modulus of rigidity torsional rigidity modification factor for geometry effects modification factor for material and load characteristics EBIB/L3, EcIc/s 3 second movement of area (moment of inertia) St Venant torsion constant modification factor applied to stiffness stiffness, Paragraph C7.1 secant modulus of a joint, Paragraph D2.1 modification factor applied to strength length of column or span of beam distance between points of effectively rigid rotational restraints distance between points of effectively rigid restraints against lateral movement in y-direction distance between points of effectively rigid restraints against lateral movement in x-direction characteristic length in buckling of plywood webs, Paragraph E2.2.1 bearing length of range of I-beam or box beam, Figure E3 effective compression width, Figure E3 notch length, Figure C8 end distance, Clause 4.4.2.5 applied bending moment critical elastic buckling moment in-plane moment capacity of multiple connector joint, Clause 4.2.1.2 applied bending moment, about x-axis applied bending moment, about y-axis number of members supported by each restraint system, Paragraph C7.2 number of items effective number of laminations number of fasteners or rows of fasteners, Table 4.2(A) and 4.2(B), Table 4.11 number of crossing members in a grid system number of connectors effective number of elements in a load-sharing system total number of members in a load-sharing system applied load or force dead load live load force acting on lateral restraint wind load elastic buckling load effective point load, Paragraph C8.2 direct load capacity of a multiple connector joint, Clause 4.2.1.2 permissible load capacity of a single fastener permissible load for a laterally loaded bolt system, Clause 4.4.2.4

= basic load capacity = basic load for a single bolt in bearing along the grain = basic load for a single bolt in bearing perpendicular to the grain = basic working load of a laterally loaded bolt system, Clause 4.4.2.3 = basic load capacity of a bolted joint system loaded parallel to the grain direction = = = = = = = = = = = = = basic load capacity of a bolted joint system loaded perpendicular to the grain direction temporary load/total load, Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 3.6 distance to ith nail, Clause 4.2.1.2 distance to the farthest nail, Clause 4.2.1.2 slenderness coefficient slenderness coefficient if there are no restraints slenderness coefficient if the restraints are effectively rigid centre-to-centre spacing of supporting members in a grid system torque load torque acting in lateral restraint thickness of timber (see Figure I1) thickness of timber in bolted joint, Table 4.9(A) and Table 4.10(A) flange thickness of I-beam or box beam Figure E3 (continued)

r ri rmax S Smax Smin s T TR t t1, t2, t3, t4 tf

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AS 1720.11988

TABLE I1 (continued)
ti tm to tp tpi tpo ts tw tw V w weff x y ye yh yo Zx Zy z 1 2 i * = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = thickness of first member of a two-member joint thickness of member of a nailed joint, Figure 4.2 thickness of member of a nailed joint, Figure 4.2 and Figure D1 depth of nail penetration into second member of a two member joint or a third member of a three member joint, Figure 4.2 and Figure D1 thickness of an inner ply of plywood thickness of outermost ply of plywood thickness of spaced column member, Figure C4 thickness of web of I-beam or box beam thickness of timber member, Figure D1 applied shear force applied uniformly distributed load effective uniformly distributed load, Clause 6.6.3 cartesian coordinate cartesian coordinate distance from column centroid to point of load application, Figure C3 height above beam centroid of the point of load application, Figure C2 distance of lateral restraint below the neutral axis, Figure C2 and C3 section modulus about x-axis section modulus about y-axis cartesian coordinate parameter related to tendency to split, Clause 4.1.4 parameter defined C7.3.1 parameter defined C7.4.1 tangential cleavage, N/mm deflection initial displacement of connector rotation tangential shrinkage, percent material constant Tables 3.3, C1, C2, C3, C4 material constant, when k11 < 1.0, Clause 3.2.4

= angle between the direction of the load and the direction of the grain

TABLE I2 MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR STIFFNESS (j)

Factor j2 j3 j6 j9 j12 j13 j14 Definition Factor for duration of load for bending, compression and shear Factor for duration of load for tension Factor for moisture content of plywood Factor for immaturity of round timbers Factor for duration of load on nailed and screwed joints Factor for duration of load on nailed and screwed joints Factor for duration of load on split ring connectors and shear-plate connectors Text reference Section 2 2.5.1.2 2.5.1.2 Section 5 5.4.2 Section 6 6.4.1 Appendix D D2.2 D2.2 D2.3

AS 1720.11988

84 TABLE I3 MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH (k) Definition Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor for for for for for for for for for for load sharing in grid systems load duration partial seasoning of nominally unseasoned timber high moisture content of seasoned timber temperature/humidity effect bearing length load sharing in parallel structural systems load sharing in grid systems member size instability

Factor k0 k1 k4 k5 k6 k7 k8 k11 k12

Text reference Section 2 2.5.5.3 2.5.1.1 2.5.2 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5.2 2.5.5.3 2.5.6 2.5.7 Section 4 4.2.1.2, 1.3.1.2, 4.3.2.2, 4.5.3.2 4.2.1.2 4.6.3 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.2, 4.3.1.2, 4.4.2.4, 4.6.3 4.6.3, 4.7.3 Section 5 5.4.2 Section 6 6.4.1 6.4.2 Section 7 7.3.2.1 Appendix A A.4.1 A.4.1 A.5.4 Appendix G G1.1 G2.2

k13 k14 k15 k16 k17 k18 k19 k20 k21 k23 k26 k27 k28 k30 k33

Factor for end grain effects Factor Factor Factor Factor for for for for effect of double shear effect of seasoning of timber plywood or metal side plates multiple connector effect

Factor for effect of tension loads Moisture content of plywood Factor for timber immaturity Factor for effect of shaving Factor for load sharing effect of laminating Factor related to design load duration Factor for duration of test Factor for effect of sample size Special lamination factor Factor for multiple butt joints

NOTES: 1. In the design of solid timber beams, the following are the modification factors usually considered: For bending strength: k1 k8 k11 k12 For shear strength: k1 For end bearing: k1 k7 For deflection: j2 2. In the design of solid timber columns, the following are the strength modification factors usually considered: k12 k1 3. In the design of glued-laminated members, the modification factors to be considered are usually those for solid timber beams and columns together with the following: k23 or k30

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AS 1720.11988

INDEX
ITEM Acceptance testing Basic working stress Basic working load, connectors Beams general glued-laminated notched solid rectangular Bearing stresses Bending stresses glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber Buckling restraints butt joints Collapse susceptible timber Columns general glued-laminated timber notched solid rectangular Combined stresses bending and axial compression bending and axial tension Compression stresses parallel to the grain glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber Compression stresses perpendicular to the grain glued-laminated timber plywood solid timber Corewood Creep factors connectors wood Definitions Deflections Duration of load factor Hankinsons formula Joints bolted joints butt-joints coach screws joint deformations nailed joints screwed joints shear-plate connectors split-ring connectors Load sharing Load tests Modification factors stiffness strength Modulus of elasticity glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber REFERENCE App. A 1.8.2, 2.3 1.8.2 3.2, C3 Sect. 7, app. G C9 3.2 2.3, 2.5 7.2, App. G 5.2 6.2 2.3, 2.5, 3.2 C3.2 G2 1.8.2 3.3, C3 Sect. 7, app. G C10 3.3 3.5.1 3.5.2 7.2, app. G 5.2 6.2 2.3, 3.5, 3.3 7.2, App. G 5.2 2.3, 2.5 1.8.2 App. D 2.5.1.2 1.8 1.5.3.6, 2.4.2 2.5.1.1 2.3.3, 4.4.2.3 4.4, G2 4.5 D2 4.2, 4.3, 4.7, 4.6, D2, D3 ITEM Notation Notched members beams columns tension members Permissible stress Plywood basic design properties buckling strength connectors Pole timbers Proof testing Prototype testing Referenced documents Scope of code Shear stresses glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber Spaced columns Stability factor Stiffness factors Strength factors Stress basic working bearing bending glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber combined bending and axial compression bending and axial tension compression, parallel to the grain glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber compression, perpendicular to the grain glued-laminated timber plywood solid timber permissible (definition) shear glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber tension glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber Temperature factor Tendency to split Tension members general glued-laminated timber notched Tension stresses glued-laminated timber plywood poles solid timber Washer sizes 1.1 7.2, App. G 5.2 6.2 2.3, 2.5 C6 2.5.7 Table I2, app. I Table I3, app. I 1.8.2, 2.3 2.3, 2.5 7.2, App. G 5.2 6.2 2.3, 2.5, 3.2 3.5.1 3.5.2 7.2, app. G 5.2 6.2 2.3, 2.5, 3.2 7.2, app. G 5.2 2.3, 2.5 1.8.2 7.2, app. G 5.2 6.2 2.3, 2.5 7.2, app. G 5.2 6.2 2.3, 2.5, 3.4 2.5.3 4.1.4 3.4 Sect. 7, App. G C11 7.2, App. G 5.2 6.2 2.3, 2.5, 3.4 4.4.2.6 REFERENCE App. I, Table II C9 C10 C11 1.8.2 Sect. 5 App. E D1 Sect. 6 A4 A5

D1, D2 D2 D2.3 D2.3

2.5.5 App. A Table I2, App. I Table I3, App. I 2.3.4 7.1, 7.4.5 5.2 6.2 2.3