Class XI Notes On Projectile Motion

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dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads vectors force inertia momentumprjectile motion one dimentionl motion circular Revised and Updated Edition First Edition: 10/08/2011 motion banking of roads vectors force inertia momentumprojectile motion Second Edition: 10/03/2012 one dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads vectors force inertia momentum Ayaan Hassan dfghjk Physicsmqwertprojectile motion one motion one dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads
Kinematics vectors force 10inertia Projectile Motion momentummqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxlmqwertyuiopaprojectile motion one dimentionl 4/10/2012 circular motion banking of roads motion By Salik Hussain vectors force inertia momentumprojectile motion one dimentionl copyrighted 2012 motion circular motion banking of roads vectors force inertia momentumprojectile motion one dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads vectors force inertia momentum Ayaan Hassan dfghjk Physicsmqwertprojectile motion one 10Qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnproject ile motion one dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads vectors force inertia10 momentum Ayaan Hassan dfghjk Physicsmqwertprojectile motion one dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads vectors force inertia momentum Ayaan Hassan dfghjk Physicsmqwertprojectile motion one Qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnprojectile motion one dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads Qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnprojectile motion one dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads vectors force inertia momentum Ayaan aazaad Hassan dfghjk Physicsmqwertprojectile motion one Qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnprojectile
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Projectile Motion
By Salik Hussain
Projectile is a body thrown with an initial velocity in the vertical plane and then it moves in two dimensions under the action of gravity alone without being propelled by any engine or fuel. Its motion is called projectile motion. The path of a projectile is called its trajectory. Examples: A packet released from an airplane in flight. A golf ball in flight. A bullet fired from a rifle. A jet of water from a hole near the bottom of a water tank. A bomb dropped from a fighter plane in flight Projectile motion is a case of two-dimensional motion. Any case of two-dimensional motion can be resolved into two cases of one dimensional motion -one along the x-axis and the other along the y-axis. The two cases can be studied separately as two cases of one dimensional motion. The results from two cases can be combined using vector algebra to see the net result. What is important to remember is that the motion along the horizontal direction does not affect the motion along the vertical direction and vice versa. Horizontal motion and vertical motion are totally independent of each other. A body can be projected in two ways: 1) Horizontal projection-When the body is given an initial velocity in the horizontal direction only. 2) Angular projection-When the body is thrown with an initial velocity at an angle to the horizontal direction. We will study the two cases separately. We will neglect the effect of air resistance, effect of rotation of projectile, effect of curvature of earth, effect of rotation of earth. We will take x-axis along the horizontal direction and y-axis along the vertical direction.
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Projectile Motion
By Salik Hussain
Case 1: Horizontlal Projection

A body is thrown with an initial velocity u along the horizontal direction. We will study the motion along x and y axis separately. We will take the starting point to be at the origin.
Figure showing the case of Horizontal Motion.A Free Body Diagram is also shown
Equation of a trajectory(path of a projectile) for Horizontal Projection: We know at any instant ,x = ut

t=x/u Also, y= (1/2)gt2 Subsituting for t we get y= ( )g( )
2
y= ( )(g/u2 )x2
y= kx2 ;where k= g/(2u2 ) This is the equation of a parabola which is symmetric about the y-axis.Thus,the path of projectile, projected horizontally from a height above the ground is a parabola.
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Projectile Motion
Table showing the motion along both axes:
By Salik Hussain
Along x-axis
1. Component of initial velocity along x-axis. Ux = u 2. Acceleration along x-axis ax=0 (Because no force is acting along the horizontal direction) 3. Component of velocity along the x-axis at any instant t. Vx=ux + axt=u + 0 vx=u This means that the horizontal component of velocity does not change throughout the projectile motion. 4. The displacement along x-axis at any instant t x=uxt + (1/2) axt2 x=uxt + 0 x=uxt
Along y-axis
1. Component of initial velocity along y-axis. Uy=0 2. Acceleration along y-axis ay=g=9.8m/s2 It is directed downwards. 3. Component of velocity along the y-axis at any instant t. Vy=uy + ayt=0 + gt vy=gt
4. The displacement along y-axis at any instant t y= uyt + (1/2) ay t2 y= 0 + (1/2) ayt2 y=1/2 gt2
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Projectile Motion
Figure showing components of velocity of a Horizontally fired Projectile:
By Salik Hussain
Net velocity at any instant of time ,t: We know, at any instant, t vx= u vy= gt v= (vx2 + vy2)1/2 = [u2 + (gt)2] 1/2 Direction of v with the horizontal at any instant :
= tan-1 (vy/vx)= tan-1(gt/u)
Time of flight(Tf):
It is the total time for which the projectile is in flight ( from O to B in the diagram above). To find T we will find the time for vertical fall. From y= uyt + (1/2) gt2 When , y= h , t=Tf h= 0 + (1/2) gt2 T=(2h/g)
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1/2
[y=h, means that the projectile has hit the ground. How?]
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Projectile Motion
By Salik Hussain
Range(R):
It is the horizontal distance covered during the time of flight T. From x= ut When t=Tf , x=R [Tf is the Time of flight] Range, R=uTf R=u(2h/g)1/2 [because Tf=(2h/g)1/2 ]
Case 2: Angular Projection
We will now consider the case when the object is projected with an initial velocity u at an angle to the horizontal direction. We assume that there is no air resistance .Also since the body first goes up and then comes down after reaching the highest point; we will use the Cartesian convention for signs of different physical quantities. The acceleration due to gravity 'g' will be negative as it acts downwards. We will separate the motion into horizontal motion (motion along x-axis) and vertical motion (motion along y-axis) .We will study x-motion and y-motion separately.
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Projectile Motion
Along X-axis
By Salik Hussain
Along Y-axis
1. Component of initial velocity along y-axis. Uy=u sin 2. Acceleration along y-axis ay= -g= -9.8m/s2 (g is negative as it is acting in the downward direction) 3. Component of velocity along the y-axis at any instant t. Vy=uy + ayt vy=usin - gt
1. Component of initial velocity along x-axis. Ux= u cos 2. Acceleration along x-axis ax=0 (Because no force is acting along the horizontal direction) 3. Component of velocity along the x-axis at any instant t. Vx=ux + axt =ucos + 0= ucos vx=ucos This means that the horizontal component of velocity does not change throughout the projectile motion. 4. The displacement along xaxis at any instant t x=uxt + (1/2) axt2 x=ucos.t
4. The displacement along yaxis at any instant t y= uyt + (1/2) ayt2 y= usin.t - (1/2)gt2
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Projectile Motion
By Salik Hussain
Equation of Trajectory (Path of projectile) for Angular Projection: At any instant t, x= ucos.t t= x/(ucos) Also , y= usin.t - (1/2)gt2 Substituting for t, y= usin.x/(ucos) -- (1/2)g[x/(ucos)]2 y= x.tan -- [(1/2)g.sec2 .x2 ]/u2 This equation is of the form y= ax + bx where 'a' and 'b are constants. This is the equation of a parabola.Thus, the path of a projectile is a parabola.
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Net velocity of the body at any instant of time, t:

vx=ucos vy=usin gt
V= (vx2 + vx2 )1/2 Direction of v with the horizontal at any instant :

= tan-1 (vy/vx) ,where is the angle that the resultant velocity(v) makes with the horizontal at any instant .
Time of flight,Tf:
Angular Projectile motion is symmetrical about the highest point.The object will reach the highest point in time Tf/2 .At the highest point,the vertical component of velocity vy becomes equal to zero. vy =usin - gt
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Projectile Motion
By Salik Hussain
At t=Tf/2 , vy= 0 0= usin gTf/2 T= (2usin)/g
[ALTERNATE APPROACH: Suppose the particle is at B, as shown in figure below. The equation for Horizontal motion gives, OB=x=Uxt=ucos They y-coordinate at the point B is zero. Thus, from the equation of vertical motion,
y=utsin-1/2gt2 or, 0=utsin-1/2gt2 or, t(usin-1/2gt)=0 Thus, either t=0 or t= 2usin/g Now t=0, corresponds to the position O of the particle. The time at which it reaches B is thus, Tf=2usin/g, which is same as by other method!]
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Projectile Motion
By Salik Hussain
Maximum height,Hmax:
Equation for vertical distance (y-component), y= uyt - (1/2)gt2 At t=Tf/2 , y=H Hmax.= usin.Tf/2 - (1/2)g(Tf/2)2 Substituting Tf Hmax.= usin.usin/g - (1/2)g(usin/g)2
= (u2sin2)/g - (u2sin2)/2g Hmax.= (u2sin2)/2g
[Since Tf =2 usin/g, so Tf /2=usin/g ]
Range,R:
Range is the total horizontal distance covered during the time of flight. From equation for horizontal motion, x=uxt When t=Tf, x=R R= uxTf = ucos.2usin/g = 2u2sincos/g =u2 (2 sincos)/g = u2sin2/g R= (u2sin2)/g [ux=cos & Tf= 2usin/g]
[using 2sincos= sin2]
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Class XI Notes On Projectile Motion

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Class XI Notes On Projectile Motion

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Qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnprojectile motion one dimentionl motion circular motion banking of roads vectors force inertia momentummqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxlmqwertyuiopaprojectile motion one

Case 1: Horizontlal Projection

Equation of a trajectory(path of a projectile) for Horizontal Projection: We know at any instant ,x = ut

= tan-1 (vy/vx)= tan-1(gt/u)

Case 2: Angular Projection

Net velocity of the body at any instant of time, t:

V= (vx2 + vx2 )1/2 Direction of v with the horizontal at any instant :

At t=Tf/2 , vy= 0 0= usin gTf/2 T= (2usin)/g

[using 2sincos= sin2]

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