Bogyoke and His Journey To A Moy

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Computer typing . . . wunna30

Electronic Book
1st Edition
October 2008
Myanamrcupid Community Forum

www.myanmarcupid.net
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www.myanmarcupid.net 4
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(1) &JabmfoHk;usdyfarmfuGef;
(2) 1945 jrefrmEdkifiH zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ordkif;
pmtkyfrsm;udk t"du tajcwnfí uRefawmf a&;om;jyKpkaMumif;udk 0efcHygonf/ uRefawmf\
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdktyfaeaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk &SmazG ay;olrsm;tm; aus;Zl;Oyum&
txl;wif&SdaMumif; azmfjytyfygownf;/
okawoDjrifhxGef;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tw¬KyÜwÅdtusOf;csKyf
(1915-1947)
olUuRefrcHvdkol OD;rif;a&mif\ajr;jzpfonf\
ewfarmufNrdKUae a&SUaeBuD; tb OD;zm? trd a':pk wdkU\ om;axG;jzpfonf/
1915ck? azazmf0g&Dv(13)&uf? (1276 ck? waygif;vqef; 1 &uf) paeaeUwGif zGm;jrifonf/
i,fpOf xdefvif;[kac:í tpfudk atmifoef;trnfESifhvdkuf&ef atmifqef;[k ac:wGif trnf
wyfay;cJhonf/
oli,fwef;ausmif;om; armifatmifqef;
1922 ckESpf (touf 7 ESpf) wGif ewfarmufNrdKU q&mawmf OD;aombdwausmif;wGifaecJhonf/
1928 ckESpf (touf 13 ESpf)wGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKU trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;odkU ajymif;í
aecJhonf/
1932 ckESpfwGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKU trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif; rS 10wef; pmar;yGJ atmifonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;om; udkatmifqef;
1932 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkU a&mufonf/
1935-36 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf or*¾trIaqmif tzGJUESifh tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/ xdkodkUaqmif&GufaepOf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGifyg&Sdaom (HELL HOUND AT
LARGE)]acG;o&rf;BuD;vGwfaeonf} aqmif;yg;a&;oludk xkwfazmfrajymí wuúodkvfausmif;rS
xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onf/
1936 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 22 &ufaeUwGif wuúodkvfausmif;oydwfBuD; arSmufonf/
wuúodkvfoydwfarSmuf&onfh ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;t&if;rS udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rS
xkwfy,fjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
1937 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmwef; atmifjrifonf/
1927 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf yJcl;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; Ouú| tjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/
1937-38 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfor*¾ 'k-Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
1937-38 ckESpfwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ Ouú| tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
1928 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwpfck tdE´d,jynf
odkU oGm;cJhonf/
1938 ckESpf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| tjzpfrS EIwfxGufonf/
1938 ck? yxrqHk;wuúodkvfausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f? wuúodkvfaumifpD0iftjzpf wifajr§muf
jcif;cH&onf/
ocifatmifqef;
1938 ckESpfwGif wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkudk tm;ay;ulnDonf/
1939 ckESpf armfvNrdKifü usif;yaom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; nDvmcHwGif ppftwGif;ü NAdwdoQudk
rulpwrf; tqdkwifonf/
1940 jynfhESpf ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;BuD; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&mwGif taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/
1940 jynfhESpf [oFmwc½dkif0efu qkawmfaiG(5 usyf)jzifh ocifatmifqef;tm; zrf;&ef 0&rf;
xkwfonf/ 0&rf;qkaiGrSm vlxkacgif;aqmifwpfOD;udk apmfum;jcif;jzpfí wpfjynfvHk;u
½Iwfcsonf/
1940 jynfhESpf 0&rf;ajy;ae&pOf wuúodkvfaumifpD0if vlBuD;tjzpfrS EkwfxGufonf/
ajratmufawmifvSefa&;acgif;aqmif
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zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
jynfyawmfvSefa&;tzGJUacgif;aqmiftjzpf ocifatmifqef;uwm0ef,lí jynfwGif;awmfvSef
a&; acgif;aqmiftjzpf ocifjru wm0ef,lonf/
1940 jynfh? Mo*kwfv (9)&ufaeUwGif [dkifvDtrnf&Sdaom oabFmjzifh ta&SUodkU vQdKU0SufpGm
xGufcJhonf/
1940 jynfhESpfwGif *syefjynfodkU a&muf&Sdonf/
1941 ckESpfwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf pDrHude;f wpfck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; udk,fwdkifa&;qGJ
cJhonf/
1941 ck? rwfv 3 &ufaeUwGif oGm;wkwyfum ½kyfzsufí jrefrmEdkifiHodkU jyefvmonf/
1941 ckESpfwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;udk pnf;½Hk;pkaqmif;NyD; *syefjynfodkU ac:aqmifoGm;
cJhonf/
1942 ckESpfwGif [dkifeef;uRef;ü &JabmfoHk;usdyfudk acgif;aqmifí ppfynmoifMum;cJhonf/
1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeUwGif xdkif;Edkifih befaumufNrdKUü &JabmfoHk;usdyf ESifhtwl
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf bD? tdkif? at udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
&JabmfoHk;usdyf vufarmif;aoG;azmufí aomufcJhMuonf/
AdkvfawZ
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf zGJUpnf;onfhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf AdkvfawZ trnfudk
cH,lonf/
1942 ckESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif *syefwyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um AdkvfawZ acgif;aqmifaom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf onf jrefrmEdkifiHudk csDwuf wdkufcdkufonf/
1942 ckESpf? rwfv 8 &ufaeUwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom bD? tdkif? at wyfrawmf
BuD;onf bD? tdkif? at tvHudk vTifhum &efukefNrdKUudk odrf;ydkufonf/
ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf ppfaoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

1942 ck? ZlvdkifvwGif AdkvfrSL;BuD;&mxljzifh ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf ppfaoemywd tjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/
tdrfaxmif&Sif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
1942 ck? pufwifbmv 6 &ufaeUwGif a':cifMunfESifh vufxyfcJhonf/
ppf0efBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
1943 ck? rwfv 17 &ufaeUwGif a'gufwmbarmf? a'gufwmodrf;armif? ocifjr wdkU ESifh twl
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef *syefjynfodkU oGm;cJhonf/
1943 ck? rwfv 22 &ufaeUwGif *syefbk&if\ qkwHqdyf csD;jr§ifhjcif; cH&onf/
1943 ck? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeUwGif a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&tzGJUü ppf0efBuD;tjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/
1943 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,jynf&Sd r[mrdwfppfXmecsKyfESifh vQdKU0SufpGm qufoG,fonf/
1944 ck? Mo*kwfvwGif zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolUvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfBuD; udk vQdU0SufpGm
zGJUpnf;onf/
1944ck? pufwifbmv4&ufaeUwGif&efukefNrdKUü *syefbk&if\qkwHqdyfxyfrHcsD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/
awmfvSefa&;orm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
1945 ck? rwfv 17 &ufaeUwGif &efoludk wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf wyfrawmfudk OD;aqmifí
ppfajrjyifodkU xGufcJhonf/
1945 ck? rwfv 27 &ufaeUwGif zufppf*syefudk awmfvSefonf/
1945 ck? Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeUwGif aeol&def tpnf;ta0;BuD;ü obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufí
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; awmif;qdkonf/
1949 ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,Hüusif;yaom jynfvHk;uRwf z-q-y-v
nDvmcHudk OD;pD;onf/
1946ck? Mo*kwfvwGiftpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;udkoydwfarSmufapumNAdwdoQtpdk;&tay:tefwkonf/
1946 ck? pufwifbmv 27 &ufaeUwGif bk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpDü 'kwd, obmywd
tjzpf &mxl;vufcHonf/
1947 ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJUudk OD;pD;um t*Fvefjynf vef'efNrdKU
ü atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqdkonf/
1947 ck? azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeUwGif wdkif;&if;om; aoG;pnf;a&;jzpfaom yifvHknDvmcHudk
OD;pD;usif;yonf/
1947 ck? rwfv 19 &ufaeUwGif *sLbvDa[mü usif;yaom z-q-y-v yPmr
jyifqifrInDvmcHudk obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
1947 ck? ZGefv 16 &ufaeUwGif yxr wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfü tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif
or®wEdkifiH zGJUpnf;&ef tqdkwifonf/
1947 ck? Zlvkdifv 13 &ufaeUwGif NrdKUawmfcef;rü ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom rdefUcGef;
>rufMum;onf/ (þrdefUcGef;rSm AdkvfcsKyf aemufqHk;>rwfMum;cJhaom rdefUcGef; jzpfonf/)
1947 ck? Zlvdkifv 19 &uf? paeaeU eHeuf 10 em&D 45 rdepf tcsdefwGif e,fcsJU vufyg;ap\
vufcsufjzifh usqHk;&&Smonf/
(10? 7? 65 aeUpGJjzifh xkwfa0aom rarhEdkifaom 19 Zlvdkif?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfMuD;rsm;\ tw¦KyÜwÅdpmtkyfi,frS ul;,lazmfjyygonf/)
ocifatmifqef;trGdKifodkUrxGufcGmrD jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;tajctae
1885 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 28 &ufaeUwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfh&Sif bk&ifoDaygrif;ESifh

rdzk&m;wdkUtm; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU vufeufudkifwyfrsm;u zrf;qD;NyD; tdE´d,EdkifiHodkU ac:,l oGm;cJhonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifEdkifiH tjzpfrS uRefEdkifiHtjzpfodkU
a&muf&Sdawmh\/
olUuRefrcHvdkolrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;toD;oD;wdkU\ rsdK;cspfyk*¾dKvfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf wdkif;wpfyg;
wdkU\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif raevdkMuay/ xdkUaMumifh olUuRefrcHvdkaom pdwf"mwfjzifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
ppfrsm;tNyD;wGif wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;cspfrsm;onf x<uykefuefcJh Muonf/
jrefrmwdkU\ MuiSef;a&S;½dk;*kPfa&mifn§dK;í wpfrsdK;om;vHk; uRefjzpfcJh&NyD;aemuf jyif;xefvSaom
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfudk t&if;cHí awmfveS fMuonf\ tcsdKUvnf; taocHMu ukef\/
wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;cspfawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm –
&Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;xJrS 0efodkapmfbGmBuD;? wGufivl? vif;yif;rif;om;tkyfpk? OD;uefvIdif?
apm&efEdkif? OD;bdk;apm ponfh acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/
ucsifawmfvSefa&;trsdK;om;rsm;rSm qrm;'l;0g;? yHkuef;'l;0g;? oe'l;0g;? rcef;'l;0g;?
q'Hk;orm;'l;0g; ponfrsm;onf xif&Sm;aom ucsifawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfayonf/
u&iftrsdK;om;xJwGif u&ifeDacgif;aqmifBuD; apmvaygonf xif&Sm;onf/
csif;awmfvSefa&; trsdK;om;rsm;xJwGif qGeyf uf? a&T*sdK;jzLrif;om; wdkU acgif;aqmifum
wdkufcdkufcJhMuavonf/
u,m;trsdK;om;rsm;xJwGif apmfvSabmf OD;aqmifNyD; awmfvSefykefuefcJhMuonf/
0 trsdK;om;rsm;xJwGif apmrwmESifh aemfcrf;OD;wdkUOD;aqmifí wdkufcdkufawmfvSef cJhMuavonf/
jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;xJwGif
1/ yGifjzLe,frS AdkvfOwÅr
2/ rif;wkef;e,frS Adkvf&GJ
3/ ausmufqnfe,frS Adkvfomusef;
4/ qD;yifBuD;e,frS jrifpdkif;rif;om;BuD;
5/ a&Tbdke,frS xdyfwifrSwf
6/ ykyÜg;e,frS Adkvfeufausmf
7/ 0Ja*gife,frS Adkvf&mñTefU
8/ &Sdrf;rum;e,frS Adkvf&drf
9/ yk*He,frS AdkvfjcHK
10/ uRef;cifBuD;e,frS AdkvfvSausmf
11/ acsmif;cGrS rif;om; apm&efEdkif
12/ ewfarmufrS Adkvfva&mifbGJUcH NrdKUolBuD; OD;rif;a&mif
ponfwdkUrSm xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSaom awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; jzpfonf/
xdktxJwGif Adkvfva&miftrnfcH OD;rif;a&mifonf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ tbdk;jzpfaomaMumifh vlodrsm;\/ Adkvfva&mif trnfcH OD;rif;a&miftm; av;wdkifpif
pcef;wGif t*FvdyfwdkUu zrf;rdí OD;acgif;jzwftowfcH&Smonf/
þodkUjzifh jrefrm? &Srf;? csif;? ucsif? u&ifeD? u,m;? ponfh jynfaxmifpkom; wdkif;&if;zGm;
rsdK;cspfyk*¾dKvfrsm; acgif;aqmifí e,fajra'otvdkuf toD;oD;x<uykefuef cJhMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ a&S;OD;e,fcsJU awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf vufeuftiftm;? vltiftm; rrQwí
vnf;aumif;? pnf;vHk;nDñGwfjcif;r&Sdao;ívnf;aumif;? pepfwus pk½Hk;acgif;aqmifay;rnfh
acgif;aqmifaumif;r&Sdao;ívnf;aumif;? awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;onf 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhodkU &SdaeNyD;
NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUvufatmuf wGif qHk;½IH;cJhMu&onf/
þodkUqHk;½HI;oGm;aomfvnf; jrefrmwdkU\ awmfvSefa&;tm;rmefum; aysmufuG,fíroGm;/
jrefrmEdkifiHtESHUtjym;wGif awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; rMumcP ay:aygufvsuf &Sdonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ awmfvSefa&;onf vHk;0NyD;qHk;oGm;NyD[k rqdkEdkifay/ wpfacwfwpfcgwGif acwÅrQ
NidrfoufoGm;jcif;omjzpfonf/ pepfwus pk½Hk;acgif;aqmifay;rnfh awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifaumif;
ay:xGufvmrnfhtcsdefudkom jrefrmvlxkBuD;u arQmfvifh apmifhpm;vsuf&Sdavonf/
t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
1886 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif rEÅav;tygt0if jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk;tm; t*Fvdyfydkif tdE´d,
EdkifiHawmftwGif;wGif tkyfcsKyfvdkufNyDjzpfaMumif; t*Fvdyftpdk;&u aMunmcsuf wpf&yfxkwfjyef
vdkufonf/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf jrefrmbk&ifvufxufu <uif;usefaeaom ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepfudk
wnfwhHap&ef qufvufBudK;pm;onf/ xdkwpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& w&m;ojzifhr[kwfbJ

rsdK;½dk;tvdkuf &mxl;qufcHcGifh&onfh pepfqdk;udk aus;&Gmrsm;wGif qufvufwnf&SdapcJhayonf/
xdkUaMumifh zcifolBuD;aoqHk;vQif om;jzpfolu olBuD;&mxl;udk tvdktavsmuf qufcHEdkif
cGifh&Sdonf/ olBuD;onf tpdk;&ucefUtyfxm;aom NrdKUe,ft&m&Sdrsm;xHrS tcGifhtmPmudk &&Sdxm;ol
jzpfonf/ olBuD;onf rdrd\aus;&GmwGif olUoabmtwdkif; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;? tcGeftwkwfrsm; rw&m;
aumuf,ljcif;? aus;&Gmvlxktm; rw&m;zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfcGifh&&SdcJhayonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpdk;&\ NrdKUydkif? e,fydkift&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;xHrS
vmbfaiGypönf;rsm;udk vufcHí aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;\ rw&mjyKrIrsm;udk vspfvsL½IcJhonf/ wpfcsdKUaom
olBuD;qdk;rsm;\ rw&m;jyKrIrsm;udk rcH&yfEdkifvGef;í NrdKUydkif? e,fydkif? ykvdyXf me ponfrsm;odkU vma&muf
wdkifMum;aom t½dk;cH&Gmom;rsm;&SdcJhonf/ xdk&Gmom;rsm;udk NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUtpdk;&\ vufyg;apt&m&Sd
rsm;u Oya'trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ajcmufvSefUonf/ ta&;,l zrf;qD;jcif;cHMu&avonf/
olBuD;qdk;rsm;\ rw&m;rIrsm;udk iHkUírcHEdkifojzifh txuft&m&Sdrsm;xH wdkifMum;rdolwdkUtm;
emrnfausmfapmrI? tvkyfvufrJhjzpfrI? rouFmzG,fjzpfrIponfh tjrifuyfonfh Oya'rsm;jzifh ta&;,l
jcif;cH&onf/ jynfolvlxkonf tm;udk;&mrJhb0jzifh twd'ku© a&mufcJhMu&ayonf/
olBuD;qdk;rsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ toufocifaus;Zl;&Sifjzpfonfh jAL½dku&uft&m&Sdrsm;udk aus;Zl;
qyfonfhtaejzifh ylaZmfjcif;? y o jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
NrdKUe,ft&m&Sdrsm;onf tpdk;&udpöjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? aysmfyGJpm;aomf vnf;aumif;?
aus;vufawm&Gm;rsm;odkU oGm;a&mufonfhtcg ESpfvHk;jyL;aoewfudkif txl;tmPm& olBuD;rsm;u
zG,fzG,f&m&mwdkUjzifh {nfhcHMuonf/ xdkUaemuf &GmwGif;&Sd acsmarmvSyaom rdef;rysdKrsm;udk NrdKUe,ft&m&Sd
tm; aysmfawmfqufaponf/ ,if;odkU aysmfawmfqufjcif;udk jiif;qefrdol rdef;rysdKESifh rdbaqGrsdK;wdkU
onf txl;tmPm& olBuD;rif;\ enf;y&d,m,ftrsdK;rsdK;wdkUjzifh &efjyKrIudk cHMu&avonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJU t*Fvdyftpkd;&onf tkyfcsKyfa&;bufwGif þodkUjyKrlxm;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;bufwGif
acgif;yHkjzwf aoG;pkyfonfhvkyfief;rsm;udk pDrHudef;csíaqmif&GufcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pdkufysdK;rIr&Sdaom
ajruGufvyfrsm;wGif v,f,mpdkufysdK;vkyfudkifEdkif&ef tdE´d,rS tdE´d,trsdK;om;v,form;rsm;pGmudk
ESpfpOfac:,lcJhonf/ tdE´d, v,form;rsm;udk ajrrsm;a0iSay;NyD; pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifap
cJhonf/ wpfzufrSvnf; t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ udk,fpm;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom "e&Sif? t&if;&Sif ukefonfBuD;rsm;
u jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdkU\ v,f,mxGuf oD;ESHrsm;udk tedrfhqHk;aps;odkU ESdrfí0,f,lapcJh\/
xdkUtwGufaMumifh jrefrmv,form; qif;&Jom;trsm;pkonf qif;&JwGif;eufvmonf/ þtcsdef
wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf wpfzufrS jrefrmv,form;rsm;tay:wGif vlceG f? ajrcGef? ,mcGef ponfjzifh
tcGeftrsdK;rsdK;wdkUudk rw&m;aumufcHjyefonf/ jrefrmaus;awmae awmifolv,form;rsm;tzdkU
oD;ESHaps;ESdrfí 0,fjcif;cH&í aiGp &Sm;yg;csdef jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifhtcGefawmftwGuf ay;p&maiGr&Sd/
,if;tcg t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ vufyg;ap olBuD;qdk;rsm;? tcGefawmft&m&Sdqdk;rsm;u jrefrmv,form;
wdkU\ v,f,m? uRJ? EGm;? tdrfajr ponfwdkUudk avvHypfa&mif;csNyD; odrf;,lMuawmhonf/
jrefrmawmifolv,form;rsm;onf t*Fvdyftpdk;&aumufcHaom rw&m;tcGefaiGrsm;udk ay;

aqmif&ef twdk;pm;cspfwD;ukvm;rsm;xHwGif aygifESHMu&onf/ ESpftenf;i,fMumonftxd v,f,majr
rsm;udk jyefNyD;ra&G;Edkifonfhtcg twdk;ESifht&if;ygaygif;í v,form;xHrS v,f,mudk cspfwD;u odrf;,l
vdkufavonf/
xkdtjzpftysufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd awmifolv,form;wdkif; cHpm;aeMu&aom
jzpf&yfrsm;jzpfonf/ rdk;acgif a&BuD; ydk;udkufí v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;ysufpD;Muaomtcg jrefrmv,f
orm;xkMuD;onf tiwfab;BuD;ESifh &ifqdkif&avawmhonf/
jynfoludk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&ef
1885 ckESpfrS 1897 ckESpftxd t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf r[mrif;BuD;wpfOD;cefUNyD; tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf/
1897 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,bk&ifcHwpfOD;cefUxm;NyD; jrefrmEdkifiHudktkyfcsKyfjyefonf/ r[mrif;BuD;udkcefUxm;
pOfu vdktyfonfh Oya'rsm;udk tdE´d,vTwfawmfu jy|mef;ay;cJhonf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHcefUpOfu Oya'jyK
tzGJU0ifudk;OD;yg0ifí bk&ifcHu zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ xdkOya'jyKtzGJUonf e,fcsJU tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfqdk;rsm;
udk r,drf;r,dkif ap&atmif vdktyfonfh Oya'rsm;udk jy|mef;ay;&av\/
1909 ckESpfwGif armfvrifwdkpDrHudef;ay:xGef;vm\/ xdkpDrHudef;t& Oya'jyK tzGJU0if
trwfrsm;udkOD;a&wdk;csJUcJhonf/ þtzGJUwGif 14 OD;udk bk&ifcHu a&G;cs,fonf/ usefwpfOD;udk Oa&my
wdkufom;rsm;om yg0ifaom ukefonfBuD;toif;u a&G;cs,f&onf/ tm;vHk;aygif;tzGJU0if 15 OD;
&Sdonf/ þtzGJUonf jrefrmEdkifiHtpkd;&\ ESpfpOf &oHk;rSef;ajc aiGpm&if;udk yg0ifaqG;aEG;&onfhtjyif
jynfolvlxktay: zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh Oya'rsm;udk jyKvkyfay;&avonf/
1900 jynfhESpfausmfvmonfhtcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
wjznf;jznf; NidrfoufoGm;awmh\/ þodkUNidrfoufrIudk tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf
jrefrmEdkifiHxGuf qefpyg;? uRef;opf? a&eH? "mwfowÅK? ausmufrsuf &wemrsm;udk t&if;wnfNyD;
acgif;yHkjzwf aoG;pkyf&ef pDrHudef;trsdK;rsdK; csrSwfí aqmif&Guf awmhonf/
þpDrHudef;rsm; taumiftxnfay:ap&ef jynfwiG f; vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rsm;udk jyKjyifxdk;csJU
onf/ xkdpDrHudef;rsm;tm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif jrefrmtrsdK;om; trIxrf;rsm;\ tultnD rsm;pGmvdktyf
onf/ jrefrmvli,frsm;tm; jAL½dkua&pD ynma&;pepf wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;vmatmif aqmif&Gufonf/
,if;odkUjzifh txufwef;atmifjrifvQif aomfvnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfrSbGJU&vsifaomfvnf;aumif?
pm;yGJukvm;xdkifrsm;jzifh t*Fvdyftpdk& uay;aom &mxl;tqifhqifhwGif usdK;EGHpGm0ifa&mufí wm0efxrf;
Muavawmhonf/
e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;
jrefrmtrsdK;om;vli,frsm;onf t*Fvdyftpdk;&uay;tyfaom tqifhtwef;wdkUwGif pnf;pdrf
,pfí aeMuonf/ xdktcsdefwGif wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;wdk;wufBuD;yGm;a&;udk aqmif&Gufvdkonfh vli,f
tcsdKUonf jrefrmtoif;tzGJUrsm; pwifwnfaxmifvmMuonf/
1906 ckESpfwGif Ak'¨bmomuvsmP,k0 trnfcH jrefrmtoif;BuD;udk OD;baz? OD;armifBuD;

(trfat)? a'gufwmb&if qdkolwdkUu pwifwnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ þtoif; BuD; t*Fvdyfbmom
twdkaumufjzifh 0dkif? trf? bD? at [k ac:onf/ 1910 jynfhESpf wGif 0dkif? trf? bD? at rS ol&d,
trnfcH jrefrm owif;pmBuD;wpfapmifudk oHk;&ufvQif wpfBudrf xkwfa0cJh\/
tdE´d,jynftkyfcsKyfa&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf rGefaw*lcsrf;pzdkUpDrHudef; udk 1918 ckESpfwGif
taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHtwGif;ü yg0ifaom jrefrmEdkifiH twGuf pDrHudef;wGif ryg&SdcJhay/
xdkUtwGufaMumifh OD;baz? OD;yk ESihf OD;xGef;&Sdef paom 0dkif? trf? bD? at toif;acgif;aqmif rsm;onf
1919 ckESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiHodkU oGm;a&mufNyD; ta&;qdkMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHodkU jyefvmaomtcg
EdkifiHa&; pdwf"mwf wuf<uaeonfh jrefrmjynfolvlxBk uD;onf &efukefqdyfurf;rSaeNyD; urf;vHk;ñTwfrQ
pka0;NyD; BudKqdkaeMuav\/
xdktcsdefonf trsdK;om;pdwf"mwfrsm; twuf<uqHk; tcsdef[k qdk&ayrnf/ 1922 ckESpfwGif
rGefaw*lcsrf;pzdkU pDrHudef;udk jrefrmEdkifiHESifhoufqdkifap&ef t*Fvdyftpdk;&utwnfjyKcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH
onf 'kwd,bk&ifcHtkyfcsKyfaomEdkifiH r[kwfawmhay/ bk&ifcHwpfOD;tkyfcsKyfaom EdkifiHjzpfvmonf/
þtcg vlxka&G;aumufyGJjzifh wifajr§muf &onfh trwf 80 ESifh bk&ifcH cefUxm;onfh trwf 21 OD;?
&mxl;tavsmuf yg0if&aom trwf ESpfOD; aygif; trwf 103 OD; yg0ifaom Oya'jyKtzGJUopfudk
zGJUpnf;vmavonf/
vlxka&G;aumufwifajr§mufaom trwf 80 wdkUrSm ynma&;? opfawma&; paom wm0efrBuD;
onfh Xmersm;wGifom yg0iftkyfcsKyf&onf/ b@a&;? umuG,fa&;? jynfxJa&;? rD;&xm;? pwdkuf?
qdyfurf;? taumufcGef ponfhXmersm;udk bk&ifcHESifh tdE´d,tpdk&wdkUu wdkuf½dkufudkifwG,ftkyfcsKyfonf/
jrefrmvlxktaejzifh vlxkqEúdk emrnfcHrQom tpdk;&utodtrSwfjyKNyD; vdrfvnf vSnfhzsm;í
tkyfcsKyfaejcif;udkod&Sdonf/ trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDñw G fa&;ESifh e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;twGuf acgif;aqmif
ay;rnfh acgif;aqmifaumif;r&Sdao;í rnfodkUrQ rwwfEdkifao;ay/ 1920 jynfhESpfwGif 0dkif? trf? bD?
at toif;BuD;udk EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; wuf<uaeonfh acgif;aqmiftcsdKUu *sD? pD? bD? at ac:
jrefrmtoif;csKyfBuD; odkU trnfajymif;cJh avonf/
*sD? pD? bD? at toif;onf 0dkif? trf? bD? at xuf trsdK;om;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIudk aqmif&GufEdkif
cJhonf/ jrefrmtrsdK;om;tcsif;csif; cspfMunfpnf;vHk;NyD;vQif jynfwGif;jzpf t0wftxnfrsm; 0wfqif
Mu&ef? trsdK;bmomomoemwdk;yGm;&ef Edk;aqmifaqmif&Guf cJhonf/
1922 ckESpfwGif *sD? pD? bD? at toif;BuD;u [krf;r½l;ac: udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; udk tjrefqHk;
ay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf/ o&ufNrdKUwGif jyKvkyfonfh Oya'jyKaumifpDudkvnf; oydwfarSmuf&ef
aMunmvdkufonf/ þtcsdefrSpí jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;onf e,fcsJU qefUusifa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk
wpfqifhNyD; wpfqifh wdk;wufaqmif&Guf EdkifcJhavonf/
yxre,fcsJUawmfvSefa&; ausmif;om;oydwf
1920 jynfhESpfrS pNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif e,fcsJUqefUusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIwdkufyGJrsm;onf
wjznf;jznf;BuD;xGm;vmonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfü ausmif;om;rsm;onf 1920 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 5
&uf (wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 10 &uf) aeUwGif oydwfpwifarSmufcJhonf/ aemiftcgwGif xdkaeUudk
trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeUtjzpf owfrSwfNyD; ½Hk;ydwf&uftjzpf jrefrm EdkifiHwpf0ef;wGif owfrSwfcJhMuonf/
jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;\pdwfxJwGif ynmoifMum;a&;pepfrSm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;jzifh jynfhaeonf
[k ,lqonf/ jynfolrsm;u wuúodkvfynm&yfrsm;xda&mufpGmoifMum; EkdifrSomvQif trsdK;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif atmifatmifjrifjrif &dSvdrfhrnf[k txif&SdaeMuavonf/
1920 jynfhESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvfonf tdE´d,EdkifiH umvuwÅm;wuúodkvf\ vufatmuf
cHwuúodkvfwpfck jzpfonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfudk oD;jcm;wuúodkvftjzpfxm;&Sd&ef tpdk;&wGif tpDtpOf
&Sd\/ tdE´d,yg&*lwpfOD;onf &efukefwuúodkvf pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk a&;qGJonf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;t&
wuúodkvfopfonf tpdk;&\ tpDtrHatmufwGif&Sdonf/ ausmif;tdyf ausmif;pm;aeaom ausmif;om;
rsm;om wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;cGifh&Sdavonf/
xdkacwfu wuúodkvfausmif;omwpfOD;\ wpfESpfwGuf ukefusaiGrSm usyf 400 rQom&Sdonf/
xdkaiGonf t*FvefEdkifiH&Sd atmufpzdkUESihf uif;b&pf wuúodkvfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ ukefusp&dwf
q,fyHkwpfyHkrQyifr&Sday/ xdkaiGudkyif jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdkUu ukefusEdkifpGrf;r&Sday/ ausmif;tdyf ausmif;pm;
ae&rnfqdkaomtcsufonf jrefrm ausmif;om;rsm;\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIESifh y#dyu©jzpfapay\/
,if; wuúodkvfOya'opfyg tcsufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ausmif;om;xkudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh
oabmyg&Sdí 1920? 'DZifbmv 5 &ufaeUwGif oydwfBuD;udk wpfcJeufarSmufvdkufonf/ jrefrmwpfrsdK;
om;vHk;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;\tHk<urIudk axmufcHcJhMuonf/ xdkpOfwGif trsdK;om;a&;udk OD;aqmif
vsuf&SdaeNyDjzpfaom *sD? pD? bD? at 0HomEktoif;BuD;u t*FvefEdkifiHxGuf ukefypönf;rsm;ESifh t*Fvdyf
trsdK;om;wdkU\ qif,ifxHk;zGJUrI"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk oydwfarSmufcJhMuonf/ xdkvkyfief;onf EdkifiHwpf0Sef;
vHk;odkU ysHUESHUoGm;NyD; jynfwGif;jzpfyifeo
D nf jrefrmwdkU\ rsdK;cspft0wftxnf jzpfcJhonf/
wuúodkvfoydwfBuD;arSmufaepOf pmoifrysufap&ef &efukefNrdKU A[ef;&yfwGif trsdK;om;aum
vdyfudk trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u wnfaxmifMuonf/ trsdK;om;aumvdyfudk wnfaxmifonfrSpNyD;
jrefrmEdkifiHwpf0ef;wGif trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;rsm; tESHUtjym; ay:aygufvmcJhayonf/
ynma&;pepfudkoabmrusojzifh jzpfay:vmaom ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh
rsm;pGm tESpfom& &SdcJhonf/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom tpdk;&ESifh ynma&;pepfudk oydwfarSmufvdkufMuaom
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ aemufuG,frS jrefrmvlxkBuD;onf zdvQif<urnfqdkonfh e,fcsJUqefU
usifa&; pdwf"mwf? awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay:ayguf
vsuf&Sdayonf/
1921 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;NrdKUüusif;yaom vlxkwpfodef; wufa&mufonfh ESpfywfvnf *sD? pD?
bD? at tpnf;ta0;BuD;rS jrefrmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufonfh wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf
10 &ufaeUudk trsdK;om;rsm;\ atmifyGJaeUtjzpf owfrSwfvdkuf\/
q&mawmf OD;Owår
&efukef wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh *sD? pD? bD? at tzGJUBuD;u xdxda&mufa&muf e,fcsJU
t*Fvdyftpdk;&tm; qefUusifvIyf&Sm;aepOf jrefrmvlxkBuD;onf pnf½Hk;tHk<uí axmufcHcJhMuonf/
þodkU tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzifhvIyf&Sm;aepOf wpfzufuvnf; e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;twGif wpfudk,fawmf
wdkifyGJ0ifaom acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:ayguf vmjyefayonf/
q&mawmf OD;Owåronf e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;acgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyf e,fcsJU
bk&ifcHtm; ...
]rif; jrefrmjynfu xGufoGm;vdkufyg} [kaMunm xkwfazmfajym0Hhaom acgif;aqmifBuD;rSm
q&mawmf OD;Owår jzpf\/
q&mawmf OD;Owårudk 1241 ckEpS fwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifcJhonf/ touf 16 ESpf wGif
tdE´d,EdkifiH umvuwåm;NrdKUodkUoGm;a&mufNyD; ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ touf 19 ESpf wGif jrefrmEdkifiH
yckuúLNrdKUü &SifOD;Owår onf &[ef;cHcJhavonf/
q&mawmf OD;Owåronf trsdK;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&ef ol&d,owif;pmrS
EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ bk&ifcH qm&J*sDe,fu&ufa'ghtm; ]rif;
jrefrmjynfu xGufoGm;vdkufyg}paom toHk;tEIef;rsm;yg&Sdonfh ay;pmwpfapmifudk q&mawmf OD;Owår
u bk&ifcHxHodkU a&;om;vdkufonf/
þa&;om;csufonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU\ zdESdyftkyfpdk;rIrsm;udk iHkUcHaeMu&aom jrefrmvlxkBuD;
twGuf tm;aq;wpfcGufjzpf\/ EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJwpfckwGif e,fcsJUqefUusifa&; a[majymrIaMumifh
zsmyHkta&;ydkiftrdefUjzifh 1922 ckESpfwGif q&mawmftm; zrf;qD;cJhMu\/ xdktrIjzifh q&mawmfonf
axmif (4)ESpf csjcif;cH&avonf/ q&mawmf OD;Owår onf axmifrS xGufvmNyD;aemuf &efukefNrdKU?
vrf;rawmfwGifusif;yonfhw&m;yGJwGif q&mawmfu a[majymjyef&m t*Fvdyftpdk;&u zrf;qD;jyefonf/
þtrIjzifh q&mawmfonf axmif (3)ESpf uscJh&onf/ axmifrSvGwfjyefaomf e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk qufvufvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhavonf/
q&mawmf OD;0dpm&
q&mawmf OD;Owår uJhodkUyif e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;wdkufyGJ0if q&mawmfwpfyg;rSm q&mawmf
OD;0dpm&jzpf\/ q&mawmfrSm aoonftxd awmfvSefqefUusifoGm;aom e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfavonf/
q&mawmf OD;0dpm& udk 1250 jynfhESpf? wefcl;vqkwf 8 &ufaeUwGif tjrifhNrdKUe,f?
urf;edrfhU&GmwGif zGm;jrifonf/ c&pfouúZf 1924 ckESpfrSpNyD; q&mawmf OD;0dpm& onf t*Fvdyf tpdk;&\
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk qefUusifvIyf&Sm;Mu&ef tNrdKUNrdKU te,fe,fodkU vSnfhvnfNyD; w&m;yGJrsm;
usif;ya[majymcJhavonf/
1926 ckESpfwGif rvIdifNrdKUe,fü tpkd;&tm; ajrcGefraqmif&ef v,form;rsm;udk q&mawmfu

vIHUaqmfcJhonf/ xdkESpfwGif tpdk;&tm; tMunftndKysufap&ef a[majymrIjzifh om,m0wDta&;ydkifu
q&mawmftm;ta&;,lcJhonf/
om,m0wDc½dkif om&a0gNrdKUwGif w&m;a[myGJwpf&yf jyKvkyfí q&mawmf OD;0dpm&tm;
om,m0wDta&;ydkifu axmifESpfvcscJhonf/ om,m0wDaxmifwGif ESpfv tusOf;rS vGwfvmaomtcg
axmifAl;0rS tpdk;&u jyefzrf;jyefonf/
om,m0DaxmifwGifae&pOf Ak'¨mbmomqdkif&m OykofjyKcGifh ay;&ef q&mawmf u tpmiwfcHí
qE´jycJh&m &uf 90 wGif q&mawmftm; OykofjyKcGifh ay;&\/ q&mawmf tm; ckef½Hk;odkU trIppf&ef
yifhac:&m rvdkufbJ tmPmzDqefcJhí csKyfaESmifí ac:& avonf/
q&mawmf OD;0dpm&tm; trsdK;rsdK;tjypf&Smum tpkd;&u axmif'Pf wpfESpf ajcmufv cHap&ef
tjypfay;cJhonf/ t&mawmfonf &efukefaxmifBuD;wGifcsxm;&m e,fcsJUtpdk;&\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk
&JU0HhpGm ckcHwGef;vSefcJhavonf/
þwpfBudrf axmifrSxGufNyD;aemuf q&mawmfonf e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;w&m;rsm;udk oHk;cGNrdKU
e,f? z½Hkuef&GmwGif a[mjyef&m tzrf;cH&jyefonf/ &efukefaxmifwGif tcsKyfcHae&pOf q&mawmfonf
ouFef;0wfcGifh&a&;? OykofjyKcGifh&a&;wdkUudk tpmiwfcHNyD; wdkufyGJ0ifjyefavonf/
q&mawmfonf tpmiwfcHaepOf tpdk;&u axmif'Pf ajcmufESpf tjypfay;cJh jyefonf/
tpmiwfcHí wpf&majcmufq,fhajcmuf&uftMum? jrefrmouú&Zf 1291 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf 2
&ufaeUwGif q&mawmfonf axmifwGif;üyif ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ q&mawmfOD;0dpm&onf e,fcsJUt*Fvdyf
tpdk;&udk vHk;0t½IH;ray;bJ aoonftxd awmfvSef wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;ol tmZmenfyk*¾dKvfjzpfayonf/
awmifolv,form;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;
1930 jynfhESpftxd jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;onf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtpdk;&tm; qefUusif
cJhonf/ þodkUqefUusif&mwGif vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;enf;udk toHk;rjyKcJhay/
1930 jynfhESpfwGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtpdk;&\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk onf;rcHEdkifawmhay/
xdkUaMumifh jrefrmqif;&Jom; awmifolv,form;rsm;onf tEkenf;jzifh qefUusifvIyf&Sm;rIudk ausmfvTm;
um vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ppfudk qifETJavonf/
jrefrmHv,form;awmfvSefa&;udk om,m0wDe,frS acgif;aqmifBuD;q&mpHu OD;pD;uGyfuJ
onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH v,form;awmfvSefa&;BuD; ay:aygufvm&jcif;taMuif;rSm t*Fvdyf tpdk;&u
jrefrmqif;&Jom; awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; axmifhtrdsK;rsdK;rS zdESdyf csKyfcs,faomaMumifh 1929
ckESpfwGif jrefrmv,form;rsm;ydkifqdkifonfh yxrwef;pm; ajr trsdK;tpm; v,f{u ESpfoef;ausmfrSm
cspfwD;rsm;vufwGif qHk;½HI;cJh&avNyD/
cspfwD;ukvm;rsm;\ aiGacs;toif;rsm;onf jrefrmv,form;wdkUxHrS ukyfaoG;pkyf tjrwfxkwf
cJh&m jrefrmv,form;wdkUonf v,frJh? ,mrJh b0jzifh 'ku©a&mufMuawmhonf/ jrefrmv,form;rsm;\
ajr,m? tdrf? vSnf;? EGm;? tdk;cGuf yef;uefrusef cspfwD;wdk.u a<u;jzifhodrf;,ljcif;cH&onf/ xdktcsdef
wGif t&m&Sdqdk;ESifh olBuD;qdk;wdkUuvnf; tcGefraqmifEdkifonfh v,form;rsm;udk zrf;qD;ta&;

,lavonf/
jrefrmqif;&Jom; v,form;rsm;\ b0vGwaf jrmufa&;udk arQmfrSef;onfh v,form;
awmfvSefa&;BuD;onf þtcsdefwGif om,mowDe,frS pwifay:aygufvmcJh\/ q&mpH? q&mNrdKif?
OD;pHausmf? OD;ÓP? OD;pH&Sm;[lom trnfig;rsdK;cH,laom q&mpHonf om,m0wDc½dkif tvHawmifpcef;
udk v,form; *VKefawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyftjzpfowfrSwfNyD; 1930 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 22 &ufaeUrSpí
e,fcsJUtpdk;&tm; awmfvSefavonf/
v,form;awmfvSefa&; wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf iwf&if;rao? wdkuf&if;aornf qdkonfh a<u;
ausmfoHudk udkifpGJNyD; [oFmw? zsmyHk? a';'&J ponfhNrdKUe,frsm;odkU wpf[kefxdk; ul;pufjyefUyGm;
oGm;avawmhonf/
q&mpH\ v,form;ta&;awmfyHkwyfBuD;onf e,fcsJUtpdk;&tm; awmfvSef&mwGif atmifyGJ&
onfvnf;&Sd\/ ½IH;edrfhonfvnf;&Sd\/ tpdk;&t&m&SdBuD;rsm;? ykvdyft&m&SdBuD;rsm;? ppfwyft&m&SdBuD;rsm;
pGmwdkUjzifh q&mpH\ v,form;awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;onf wdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/ vufeuf tiftm;
csif;rrQí q&mpH\ awmifolv,form;wyfom;rsm;onf e,fcsJU t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ wyfom;rsm;udk
t½IH;ay;cJhMu& avonf/
jrefrmv,form;awmfvSefa&;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd t*Fvdyftpdk;&ppfwyfjzifh ESdrfESif;jcif;iSm
rwwfEdkifawmhNyD/ xdkUaMumifh t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf tdE´d,rS ppfwyftoD;oD;udk jrefrmEdkifiHudk ac:,lNyD;
v,form;ta&;awmfyHkwyfBuD;udk ESdrfeif;cJh&onf/ aemufqHk; acwfrDvufeufrsm; enf;yg;jcif;?
pnf;pepfusonfh awmfvSefa&;pDrHudef;enf;yg;jcif;? wpfEdkifiHvHk;rS tHk<uyg0ifrIr&Sdjcif; ponfh
taMumif;rsm;aMumifh v,form;awmfvSefa&; BuD;onf wjznf;jznf;NidrfoufNydKvJvmcJh\/
1931 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 2 &ufaeUwGif &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; aemifcsdKe,fü v,form;acgif;
aqmifBuD; q&mpHtm; tpdk;&wyfrsm;u zrf;rdcJhonf/ q&mpHudk t*Fvdyftpkd;&u pGJcsuf 14 csufjzifh
ppfaq;vsuf ao'Pftjypfay;cJh\/
q&mpHonf e,fcsJU t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk vufeufjzifhawmfvSefykefuefMuavmh [lí a<u;aMumfNyD;
vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJ0if tmZmenfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;yif jzpfonf/ q&mpH usqHk;NyD;aemuf 1932 ckESpf?
{NyDvtxd jrefrmEdkifiHwpf0efvHk;ü v,form;awmfveS fa&;wyfom;rsm; BudK;Mum;BudK;Mum; ykefuefvsuf
&SdMu\/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&uvnf; qufvufESdrfeif;cJhMu&\/ v,form;awmfvSefa&;BuD; NidrfoufoGm;
aomfvnf; NrefrmtrsdK;om; wdkU\ e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;um; rNyD;ao;/ qxufxrf;ydk;
wdk;íom vkyfvmavawmhonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif v,form;awmfvSefa&; jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm; pdwfxJ0,f
awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; tHk<uvsufusef&pfcJh\/
wdkUtcdsefwGif wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;udk jrefrmvli,frsm;u pwifwnfaxmifonf/ 1930-31

ckESpfqDrSpí wnfaxmifcJhonf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk ocifbaomif; ESifh taygif;toif;wpfpku
pwifwnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ocifbaomif; ESifhtwl ajcvsiftkef;cif? ocifvSabmf? udkwifpdef?
udkausmfxGef;paomyk*¾dKvfrsm;u wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;ay:xGef;vmEdkifa&;twGuf txl;yif BudK;pm;cJhMu
avonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;\ a<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSm ...
Armjynfonf wdkUjynf/
Armpmonf wdkUpm/
Armpum;onf wdkUpum;/
wdkUjynfudk cspfyg/
wkdUpmudk csD;jr§ifhyg/
wdkUpum;udk av;pm;yg/
[líjzpfonf/
xdktcsdefu rsufESmjzLt&m&SdBuD;i,fwdkUonf rdrdwdkUtm; ocif [laom tmvkwf pum;jzifh
ac:a0:rS auseyf\/ wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; vli,fwdkUu ordkif;tqufqufwGif jrefrmonfom ocifrsdK;
jzpfonf/ rnfolUudkrQ ocifac:p&mvdk ponfjzifh qHk;jzwfcJhMuavonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if jrefrmvli,frsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ emrnfa&SUwGif ocif[laom a0g[m&
udkxnfhum ocifbaomif;? ocifvSabmf? ociftkef;cif ponfjzifh ac:a0:toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/
pme,fZif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwdkUuyg ,if;odkUac:a0:rIudk todtrSwfjyKvmMuí ocif
vli,frsm;\ aqmif&Gufonfrsm;u atmifjrif vmcJhavonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if ocifvli,frsm;onf wdk;wufaeaom urÇmwpfvTm;udk vSrf;arQmfMunfh
Muonf/ urÇmhawmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkvnf; avhvmonf/ tvkyform;? v,form;wdkU\ tmPm
&Sifb0opfudk xlaxmifrnfh vuf0J t,ltq0g'rsm; urÇmü xGef;um;vmjcif;udkvnf; tpOfrjywf
owdjyKaeavonf/ xdktcgwGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtpdk;&\ t&if;&Sifpepf qdk;&Gm;npfywfrIrsdK;pHkudkvnf;
aumif;pGmod&dSem;vnfaeonf/ jrefrmtrsdK;om; pmayacgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfaom q&mBuD;ocifudk,f
awmfrIdif; ESifh xdkacwfu xif&Sm;aMumfMum;vsuf&Sdaom wuúodkvfausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;odkU 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ ,if;tcsdeu f pNyD; wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;onf ydkrdkxif&Sm;
vlodrsm;vsuf &Sdawmhonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if ocifvli,frsm;onf qif;&J'ku© trsdK;rsdK;cHonf/ NrdKUe,f toD;oD;odkU
vSnfhvnfNyD; w&m;a[monf/ txl;ojzifh ocifvli,frsm;u jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;&&ef jynfol
vlxk nDñGwfzdkUvdkaMumif;? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUqDu ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk&,lzdkU enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJU BudK;pm;Mu&
rnf jzpfaMumif;rsm;udk tus,fw0ifh a[majymMuonf/
ocifvli,frsm;\ &J0Hhawmufajymifaom pum;vHk;rsdK;aMumifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUt&m&Sdrsm;udk
aMumuf&GHUaeMuaom jrefrmvlxkBuD;onf rsm;pGmauseyftm;&Muonf/ xdktcsdefu ocifvli,frsm;tm;
*sD? pD? bD? at acgif;aqmifrsm;xuf ydkrdkjywfom;onf? &J0Hhonf? owÅd&Sdonf[k jynfolvlxku

,lqMuavonf/
*sD? pD? bD? at acgif;aqmifwdkUonf t&m&mwdkUwGif oifhroifh? awmf rawmf tBudrfBudrfEIdif;
csdefNyD;rS qHk;jzwfaqmif&Gufonf/ t&m&mwGif a&S;usaomawG;ac:rIwdkUjzifhom aqmif&GufwwfMuolrsm;
jzpf\/ ocifvli,frsm;onf wdk;wufaom tawG; tac: t,ltqrsm;udk vufcHxm;olrsm;jzpf\/
xdkacwf\ EdkifiHwuma&;&mrsm;udkavhvmxm;NyD; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;vkyf
ief; twGuf qdkvQif rnfonfht&mudkrQ *½krpdkuf/ &J&Jawmufajymqdkaqmif&Guf wwfavonf/
xdkacwfu ocifvli,frsm;\ EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJusif;yjyKvkyfwdkif; pHkaxmufrsm; vma&mufem;
axmifNyD; ocifvli,frsm;tm; e,fESifjcif;? Oya'trsdK;rsdK;wdkUjzifh zrf;qD;jcif; ponfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk
rMumcPjyKvkyfonfudk awGU&avonf/
'kwd,e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;ausmif;om;oydwf
1936 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 22 &ufaeUwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf oydwfBuD;arSmufvkdufjyefonf/ þoydwfBuD;rSm wuúodkvf ausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm; ausmif;rSxkwfojzifhvnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkU\ enf;y&d
,m,f trsdK;rsdK;jzifh csKyfcs,frIjyKí vnf;aumif; ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfayonf/
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|udkEkonf tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGif rdefUcGef;wpfck
>rwfMum;cJhonf/ xdkrdefUcGef;wGif ...
&efukefwuúodkvf Oya'wpfckvHk;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&rnfhtaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
rw&m;zdESdyfaeonfh q&mrsm;udkta&;,l&efESifh wuúodkvfaumifpDonf ausmif;om;xk\ nDñGwfa&;udk
NzdKcGJzsufqD;aeonfponfjzifh yg&SdcJh\/ Ouú| udkEkonf rdrd\oabmxm;udk pmjzifha&;om;í
wuúodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD;xHodkU tBudrfBudrfydkUcJhonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD;onf nDñGwfaom
ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh wuúodkvf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ xifay:aMumfMum;rIudk
NzdKcGJESdrf vdkonfh pdwf"mwfjzifh &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;or*¾¾Ouú|udkEktm; ausmif;rSxkwfy,f
aMumif; trdefUxkwfvdkufavonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS xkwaf 0aom tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifh
wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;tm; apmif;ajrmif;NyD;ceJUxm;onfh t*Fvdyfbmomaqmif;yg;wpfyk'f yg&Sdonf/
xdk t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom aqmif;yg;rSm (HELL HOUND AT LARGE) acG;o&rf;BuD;
vGwfaeonf[lí jzpfonf/ tqdkyg aqmif;yg;udka&;olrSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfol
udkodef;wif jzpfonf/
,if;aqmif;yg; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;üyg&SdvmNyD;aemuf wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf rsm;pGm pdwfqdk;
a'go jzpfonf/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm udkatmifqef;udk tmPmydkifrsm;uawGUqHkonf/ þaqmif;yg;
a&;olonf rnfoljzpfaMumif;udk xkwfazmfajymqdk&rnf[k trdefUay;\/ udkatmifqef;onf wuúodkvf
tmPmydkifrsm;tm; xdkaqmif;yg;a&;om;ol\trnfudk xkwfazmfírajymcJhay/ aqmif;yg;&Sif\ trnfudk
xdef;odrf;vQdKU0Suf&rnfh wm0ef&Sdonf/ xkwfazmfrajymEdkifyg/ tu,fí ta&;,lp&m&SdvQif rdrdtm;om

ta&;,lyg[k &J0Hhjywfom;pGmjyefajymonf/ xdktcgwGif wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf udkatmifqef;tm;
ausmif;rSxkwfvdkufaMumif; trdefUxkwfjyefvdkufav\/
&efukefwuúodkvf ausmifo;or*¾ Ouú| udkEkESifh udkatmifqef;wdkUtm; wuúodkvf ausmif;rS
xkwfy,fvdkufonf/ ,if;odkUxkwfy,fvdkufjcif;onf 1936 ckESpf? wuúodkvf ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;
ay:aygufvma&;twGuf "mwfqDESifh rD;wdkUay;vdkufonfESifhwl\/ wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh
tpdk;&wdkUonf tESpfESpftvvu zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk tmPmzDqefjcif;jzifh wHkUjyef&ef taMumif;&Sm
awGUoGm;NyDjzpfaom &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf nDñGwfpGmjzifh oydwfarSmufvdkufMuawmh\/
&efukef wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;\ oydwfudk rdbjynfolwpf&yfvHk;u axmufcHonf/
,if;odkUaxmufcHatmifvnf; wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u rdbjynfolrsm;xH vSnfhvnfNyD; &Sif;vif;
ajymjy\/
&efukef wuúodkvf ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf &efukefNrdKUwGif;odkU vSnfhvnfNyD; uRefynmtvdkr&Sd
paom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk a<u;aMumf\/ xdkUaemuf e,fcsJU t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ trGeftjrwfxm;om
,leD,H*suftvHudkvnf; rD;½IdUypfMuonf/ ,if;odkUjzifh ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf e,frsm;odkU
ul;pufjyefUyGm;oGm;onf/ e,frsm;&Sd ausmif;om; rsm;vnf; oydwfarSmufMuavonf/
xdktcsdefu wufa&muftkyfpdk;aom ñGefUaygif;tpdk;&u &efukef wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;\
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk txl;*½kjyKavhvm&\/ xdkUaemuf udkEkESifh udkatmifqef; wdkUtm; ausmif;0ifcGifhjyK&ef
tpdk;&u wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;tm;rSmMum;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ rauseyfcsufrsm;udk
txl;pHkprf;a&; aumfrwDwpf&yfzGJUum pHkprf;apNyD; vdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;&ef ñTefMum;cJh&
avonf/
1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk
jrefrmouú&mZf 1300 jynfhESpfwGif ay:aygufcJhaom tvkyform;vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;jzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJonf/
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUonf jrefrmv,form;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcJhonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm jrefrmtvkyf
orm;xkBuD;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fNyD; aoG;pkyfjyefonf/ 1938 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 8 &uf? paeaeUwGif
acsmufNrdKU bDtdkpDa&eHajrü tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ xdkoydwfBuD;onf acsmufNrdKU
bDtdkpDa&eHvkyfief;rS tvkyform;(95)&mcdkifEIef;yg0ifonf/ xdkaMumifh þoydwfBuD;onf bDtdkpDtmPm
ydkifrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm xdk;ESufcsuf jzpfvmonf/
a&eHajroydwfjzpfay:vm&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;rsm;rS
(1) bDtdkpD a&eHukrÜPDu bmoma&; tvkyfydwf&uf (10) &ufudk (7) &ufokdU avQmhcsjcif;?
(2) tvkyform;wdkU\ pm;0wfaea&;qdkif&m awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rvdkufavsmjcif;?
(3) acsmufbDtdkpD armfawmf,mOfXme pufjyifq&m ocifcifudk tvkyfrSxkwfcJhjcif; wdkUaMumifh
jzpfav\/
þtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh oydwfarSmuf&eftwGuf ½kwfw&ufjzpfay:vm\/ EdkifiHjcm;om;

"e&Sifrsm;tm; awmfvSefa&;tmPmzDqef&ef tvkyform;rsm;u qE´&SdaeonfrSm MumNyDjzpf\/
xdkqE´rsm;aMumifh a&eHajroydwfBuD; ay:aygufvm&avonf/
bDtdkpDukrÜPDrS EdkifiHjcm;om;t&m&Sdrsm;onf wpfvvQif vpmaiG 5000 usyfrS 8000
usyftxd xkwf,laeonf/ xdkUaemuf armfawmfum;? tdrfESifh tcdkif;taprsm;udk tcrJh&,lcGifh&Sdonf/
xdktcsdefü bDtdkpDa&eHvkyfom;wpfa,muf\ vpmaiGrSm wpfv 15 usyfom jzpfonf/ bDtdkpDa&eHajr
ukrÜPDonf wpfESpfvQif usyfodef;aygif; wpfaxmifausmftxd jrwfcJhonf/ bDtdkpDvkyfom;rsm;twGuf
wpfESpfvQif usyfodef; 70 om toHk;jyK cJhavonf/
bDtdkpD ukrÜPDtjrwfaiG\ 10 &mcdkifEIef;yif rjynfhaom aiGudk vkyfctjzpfjyefay;cJh\/
rsufESmjzLt&m&SdBuD;i,fwdkUu tcGifhxl;cHpm;ae&av\/ jrefrmvkyfom;xkBuD;rSm rao½Hkpm;ae&
onfhb0ü usa&mufaeav\/ xdktaMumif;rsm;aMumifh bDtdkpD a&eHajroydwfBuD; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/
bDtdkpDa&eHajrvkyfom;rsm;\ oydwfudk &efukefNrdKU&Sd wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;XmecsKyfrS axmufcHtm;ay;
ulnDcJhonf/ tpdk;&ykvdyfrsm;\ zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjcif;udkcH&onfhtcdkufrSmyif tvkyform;rsm;onf
&J&Jawmuf qE´jycJhMu onf/ þa<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSm ...
oydwf ... oydwf? arSmuf... arSmuf
ocifrsdK;a[h... wdkUArm
"e&Sifpepf ysufpD;ygap
"e&Sifpepf usqHk;ygap
ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap
þa<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSm a&eHajrwpfckvHk;udk odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;apav\/ a&eHajr vkyfom;
trsdK;orD;rsm;onf ykvdyfrsm;\ ½dkufESufrIrsm;udkcHum uwÅ&map;vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vSJtdyfqE´jy
Muonf/
1938 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 30 &ufaeUwGif tmVm0uocifzdk;vSBuD;acgif;aqmifNyD;
a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;onf &efukefNrdKUodkU csDwufxGufvmonf/ rdkif 400 c&D;&SnfcsDwufrnfh a&eHajr
vkyfom;wyfBuD;onf wyfom;ESpfaxmifcefUyg0ifonf/ xdka&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;tm; &efukef wuúodkvf
ausmif;om; or*¾rS udkA[def;? udkAaqGwdkUu rauG;NrdKUodkU vma&mufBudKqdk&if; w&m;rsm;a[majym
Muonf/
udkA[def;u ...
e,fcsJUorm;&JUjrif;wyfu cGmwpfcsufayguf&if jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; rD;[kef;[kef; awmufapr,f?
toufaoao t½dk;ausaus yef;wdkifta&mufcsDMupdkUponfh aoG;<uzG,fa[majym&m tvkyform;xk
BuD;u rsm;pGmtm;rmefwwfcJhonf/
'DZifbmv 12 &ufaeUwGif a&eHajrtvkyform;wyfBuD;udk t*Fvdyfppfom;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;u
jrif;cGmESifhaygufMuonf/ ykvdyrf sm;u wkwfESifh½dkufMuonf/ touftaocHícsDwuf&ef qHk;jzwfxm;
aom tvkyform;rsm;onf a&SUodkUomwdk;wufMuonf/ ykvdyfrsm;onf tvkyform;wyfrS tvHudkif
rsm;? acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qufvufzrf;qD;Mujyef\/ wpfAdkvfus wpfAdkvfwufpepfjzifh tvkyform;

acgif;aqmifrsm;udk wifajr§mufNyD; tvkyform;xkBuD;onf &efukeo f dkUta&muf qufvufícsDwufvm
avonf/ a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;udk axmufcHonfhtaejzifh oxHk? yJcl;? a0gNrdKUe,frsm;rS awmifol
v,form;wyfBuD;onf &efukefNrdKUodkU c&D;&SnfcsDwufvmMu&m tvkyform;ESifh v,f orm;wyfBuD;
onf 1939 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 8 &ufaeUwGif &efukefNrdKUodkU a&mufcJhMuavonf/
wwd,e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;ausmif;om;oydwf
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHktaMumif;udk azmfjyvQif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmfudk
>cif;csefxm;í rjzpfay/ rauG;NrdKUodkUoGm;a&mufNyD; w&m;a[maom &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmif udkA[def;ESifh udkAaqGwdkUtm; tpdk;&u zrf;qD;cJhonf/ xdkudpöudk rauseyfí 1938 ckESpf?
'DZifbmv 20 &ufaeUwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS &efukefNrdKU twGif;0efrsm;½Hk;udk 0dkif;0ef;NyD;
qE´jyMuonf/ ,if;odkYqE´jy&m tpdk;&ykvdyfjrif;wyfBuD;\ wkwfrsm;jzifh½dkufESufjcif;aMumifh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkatmifausmfonf aq;½Hkü aoqHk;oGm;onf/ ausmif;om; acgif;aqmif
wpfOD;onf &J0hHonfh pdwf"mwfjzifh e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&udkqE´jy&if; usqHk;&jcif;aMumifh udkatmifausmf
tm; Adkvfatmifausmf[k ausmif;om;xkBuD;u *kPfjyKac:a0:cJhay\/
1939 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeUwGif 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkudkaxmufcH&if;
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfatmifausmfusqHk;&jcif;udk*kPfjyKvsuf e,fcsJUtpdk;&tm; uefUuGufwm;qD;
onfh vlxkqE´jyyGJBuD;udk &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;xkBuD;jzifh rEÅav;wGif pnfum;pGm usif;ycJh\/
aoG;½l;aoG;wef;jzpfaeaom t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf jrefrmvlxkwpf&yfvHk;\qE´jyrIudk aoewfjzifh ypfcwf
wm;qD;cJhonf/ þrEÅav;NrdKUwGifusif;yaom e,fcsJUtpdk;&tm;qefUusifa&; vlxkqE´jyyGJwGif
&[ef;&Sifvl 17 OD; usqHk; cJhNyD; 50 ausmf 'Pf&m&Sd cJMuavonf/
usqHk;oGm;cJhaom tmZmenf 17 OD;wdkUrSm &[ef;rsm;xJrS OD;y@dw? OD;Zedw? OD;auwk?
OD;tmavmu? OD;ynmaZmw? ODa0ykv? OD;auvmo wdkU jzpfMuonf/
qE´jyvlxkxJrS OD;rl? OD;bvGef;? OD;xGef;td ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfaom udkbaX;? udkcifarmif?
udkxGef;atmif? udka&T½dk;? udkatmifxl;? udkvSarmif? udkwifatmif wdkU jzpfMu onf/
,if;odkU usqHk;&jcif;udk jrefrmhordkif;wGif tmZmenf 17 OD; usqHk;jcif; [k armfuGef;
xdk;cJhavonf/
a&eHajrtvkyform;xk ta&;awmfyHkBuD; ay:aygufvm&jcif;? rEÅav;wGif tmZmenf 17 OD;udk
vnf;aumif;? &efukefNrdKUwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmfudk vnf;aumif; &ufpufpGm
owfjzwfcJhaom a'gufwmbarmf acgif;aqmifonfh ñGefUaygif;tpdk;&tzGJUonf rMumrDyif
vTwfawmfwGif t,HktMunfr&Sd tqdkwifoGi;f cH&NyD; rJ½IH;í jyKwfusoGm;cJhavonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; ESpfzGJUuGJjcif;
jrefrmtrsdK;om;vlxkBuD;onf e,fcsJUtpdk;&tm; rnfonfhenf;jzifhxdk;ESufNyD; jrefrmh
vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,lrnfenf;[k awG;qMuHpnfvsuf&Sdonf/ xdktcsdefwGif e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;ESifh
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJwdkUudk ajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf qifETJaepOf 1937 ckESpfrSpí wdkUArm
tpnf;t½Hk;BuD; twGif;ü oabmuGJvGJrIrsm; pwif ay:aygufvmcJhayonf/
1937ckESpfwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;nDvmcHonf tvGefyifpnfum;vSonf/
xdknDvmcHBuD;rS vTwfawmfwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufaeMuaom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if ociftrwfrsm;
vc,la&; r,la&;udkvnf;aumif;? Ouú|opf ESifh trIaqmifopfrsm; a&G;cs,f&rnfhudpöESifh ywfoufí
vnf;aumif; tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkMuavonf/
xdktpnf;ta0;BuD;rS ociftrwfrsm;onf tpdk;&uay;onfh vpmaiGudk r,lMu&ef qHk;jzwf
Muonf/ Ouú|opfa&G;cs,f&mwGif ocifnDESifh ocifodef;armifwdkU ,SOfNydKifta&G;cHMu\/ ocifnD
bufrS½IH;edrfhoGm;onf/ ocifodef;armifu Ouú|opftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/
þnDvmcHBuD;onf trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJudk ajymifajymif ajrmufajrmuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;udk ESpfjcrf;uGJ&ef tpjyKcJhonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if acgif;aqmiftcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; rausreyfrIrsm;onf nDvmcH
wGifay:aygufvm\/ wpfa,muf\aqmif&GufrIudk wpfa,mufua0zef vmonf/ ,if;odkUa0zef&mwGif
"r®"d|mefydkif;udk ausmfvGefNyD; yk*¾v"d|mefydkif;odkUa&mufvmonf/ xdkUaMumifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; aqG;aEG;jiif;
cHkrIrsm; jzpfay:vmavawmh\/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;XmecsKyf acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif emrnfxif&Sm;aom ocifodef;armifESifh
ocifApdefwdkUtcsif;csif; tnDrñGwfjzpfaeMuonf/ þudpörSmvnf; wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD; ESpfjcrf;uGJ
a&;wGif taMumif;wpfcsufjzpfavonf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a>rrao wkwfrusdK;
oabmjzpfap&ef twwfEdkifqHk; BudK;pm;vsuf nDvmcHBuD; atmifjrifNyD;pD;oGm;&ef aqmif&GufcJhMu&
avonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;nDvmcHBuD;NyD;pD;oGm;onf/ Ouú|opf ocifodef;armifESifh trIaqmiftzGJU
onf XmecsKyfvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; XmecsKyfvufatmufwGif
udk,fhrif;udk,fcsif;tzGJU[laom Oya'jyKvTwfawmfESifh a'oEÅ& tzGJU0ifyk*K¾ vfrsm;\ tpktzGJUudk zGJUpnf;
onf/ xdkUtjyif Armhvuf½Hk;wyfzGJUudkvnf; zGJUpnf; jyefavonf/
Armhvuf½Hk;wyf\ acgif;aqmifAdkvfcsKyfrSm yifjzLvSaz (ac:) ocifvSaz jzpfonf/
udk,fhrif;udk,fcsif;acgif;aqmifrSm trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;ocifjr(usqHk;)wdkU jzpfonf/ Armhvuf½Hk;
wyfudk jrefrmEdkifiHt&yf&yfwGif us,fus,fjyefUjyefU zGJUpnfMuonf/ xdkUaemuf ppfa&;avhusifhcef;rsm;udk
avhusifhapcJhonf/ Armhvuf½Hk;wyfom;rsm;onf pdwfyg0ifpm;pGmjzifh ppfa&;avhusifhMuum
tem*wfwGif qifETJ&rnfh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf tqifoifhjzpfaecJhMuonf/
udk,fhrif;udk,fcsif;tzGJUwdkUu Oya'jyKvTwfawmf pwifpnf;a0;onfhaeUwGif Armjynfbk&ifcH
<uvmonfudk rwfwwf&yfí t½dktaoray;? EIwcf Gef;qufojcif;rjyKbJ aecJhMuonf/ ,if;odkU
e,fcsJUbk&ifcHtm; vTwfawmfwGif twdtvif; qE´jyEdkifcJhjcif;twGuf wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if trwfwdkU

tm; wdkif;jynfvlxku rsm;pGmauseyftm;& &SdcJhayonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;onf wdkif;jynfvlxk\axmufcHrIudk&aepOfrSyif tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmif
ocifodef;armifESifh ocifApdefwdkU rauseyfrIrsm; wpfpwpfpESifhaygufuGJpjyKvmonf/ aemufqHk;wGif
Ouú|ocifodef;armifonf ocifApdefwdkUtm; wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS xkwfy,fypfvdkufonf/
ocifApdeftm; wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS xkwfy,fypf&mwGif Ouú| ocifodef;armifonf tvkyftrIaqmif
rsm;tm; wdkifyifqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sd[kqdkum ocifoed f;armiftay: trIaqmifrsm;u rausreyfjzpfvm
Muonf/
okdUjzifh Ouú|\ trdefUonf w&m;0if r0ifudk tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;twGif;ü tjiif;tcHkjzpf&m
trIaqmiftzGJU ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;awmhonf/ XmecsKyf wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS ESpfjcrf;uGJa&m*gonf
e,ftoD;oD;&Sd wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rsm;odkU ysHUESHUvIyf&Sm;oGm;av\/ ,if;udpöESifh ywfoufNyD;
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if acgif;aqmifBuD;wpfOD;jzpfaom q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;xHodkU csOf;uyfNyD;
wpfpHkwpf&m tqHk;tjzwfay;&ef wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; trIaqmiftcsdKUu awmif;yefonf/
aemifumvwGif q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ tqHk;tjzwfudk xufjcrf;uGJoGm;aom trIaqmifrsm;
u remr,l&SdcJhMuav\/
ocifApdefwdkUvlpkonf om,m0wD oHk;q,fyef;qGJwGif pwkw¬tBudrf wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk
usif;yMuonf/ ocifodef;armifwdkU acgif;aqmifaomtzGJUonf armfvNrdKifwGif pwkw¬tBudrf
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;nDvmcHudk woD;wjcm; usif;yMuavonf/
om,m0wD yef;qGJnDvmcHwGif yef;qGJq&mawmf OD;0go0? q&mawmfOD;OwÅr\ nD
&Sift&d,BuD;? ocifxGef;tkyf? ocifatmifoef;? ocifat;? ocif cifatmif? ocif vSaz? ocifc?
ocifatmifBuD;? ocifxGef;tkyf? ocifausmf&if? ocifapmBuD;paom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmif
rsm; yg0ifMuavonf/
armfvNrdifNrdKUwGifusif;yaom nDvmcHü ocifodef;armif acgif;aqmifí ocifjr?
ocifav;armif? ocifxGef;cif? ocifxGef;pdef? ocifpHxGef;vS? ocifb&if? ocifbarmifBuD;?
ocifoef;xGef; (awmwGif;uGefjrLepf) wdkU yg0ifMuavonf/
ocifBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;tm; ocifodef;armifwdkUtzGJUu acgif;aqmiftjzpf wifajr§mufcJh
onf/ ,if;odkUjzifh om,m0wDnDvmcHrS ocifApdefwdkUtzGJUESifh armfvNrdKifnDvmcHrS ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;
wdkUtzGJUonf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ESpfjcrf;uGJcJhMuonf/
tqdkyg wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;nDvmcHodkU emrnfausmf &efukefwuúodkvfrS ausmif;xGufvmMu
aom ocifatmifqef;? ocifvSaz? ocifwifarmifBuD; tygt0if ocifvli,fwpfpkvnf;
wufa&mufMuavonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rSm ESpfckjzpfoGm;aomfvnf; &nf&G,fcsufESihfvrf;pOfwdkU ruGJjym;ay/
yk*¾dKvfa&;t&om uGJjym;oGm;Muonf/ xdkUaMumifh EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rI toD;oD;wGif wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;
BuD; tzGJUtpnf;ESpfckwdkUonf yg0ifulnD aqmif&Gufay;av\/
trGdKifodkUrxGufcGmrD vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
1938 ckESpfwGif Oa&mywdkufEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;tqdk;&Gm;qHk;tajctaeESifh &ifqdkifMuHKawGU

ae&\/ *smreDjynfwGif zufqpfemZDygwDtiftm;jzifh tmPm&&Sdvmaom ta'gh[pfwvmonf 1938
ckESpf? rwfv 12 &ufaeUwGif MopaMw;vs odkU apvTwfNyD; odrf;ydkufaponf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif *smreD
tmPm&Sif [pfwvmonf csufudkpvdkAufEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;vdkufjyefonf/
1939 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 1 &ufaeUwGif [pfwvmonf ydkvefudk 0ifwdkufjyefonf/ 1939
ckESpf? pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeUwGif t*Fvef ESifh jyifopfonf vufeuftm;udkjzifh &rf;um;aeaom
*smreDudk ppfaMunmvdkufonf/ tm&SwdkufwGif *syefuvnf; ppfrD;rsm;arT;&ef tcsdefaumif;udk
apmifhaeavonf/
t*Fvdyftcuf Armhtcsuf
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onf t*Fvdyftcuf Armhtcsuf[laom a<u;aMumfoHjzifh ydkrdkvIyf&Sm;NyD; tvkyfrsm;vsuf&SdMuonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf pnf;½Hk;rI? vIHUaqmfrI? EdkifiHa&;w&m;rsm;
a[mMum;rIrsm; jyKvkyfvmMuonf/ e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&tm; ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif ½IwfcsrIrsm;
jyKvkyfvmMu\/ EdkifiHjcm;oH½Hk;rsm;ESihf vQdKU0SufpGmqufoG,frIrsm;udk wGifwGifBuD; vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sd
onf/ e,fcsJUt*Fvdyf pHkaxmufrsm;uvnf; rsufjrnfrjywf waumufaumuf vdkufNyD; ppfaq;ar;jref;
zrf;qD;aeMuav\/
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDudk vQdKU0SufygwD wpfcktjzpf 1929 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 15 &ufaeUwGif
ocifatmifqef; acgif;aqmifNyD; wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;onf/
1939 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvukefwGif tdE´d,jynfrS uGefjrLepfygwD pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL; wpfOD; jzpfol
rpöwm eE´L'wfpf*lywm; onf &efukefNrdKUodkU a&muf&Sdvmonf/ xdkolonf &efukefNrdKUodkU
a&mufonfESifh ocifatmifqef;? ocifpdk;? ocifvSazwdkUyg0ifaom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS uGefjrLepf0g'
avhvma&;orm;rsm;ESifh awGUqHkawG;aEG;onf/ xdkUaemuf &Jabmf*dk&S,f? &Jabmfa';? &Jabmfewf?
&Jabmfbdk;pf paom uGefjrLepf0g'avhvma&;orm; tdE´d,trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh awGUqHk;aqG;aEG;jyef\/
,if;odkU aqG;aEG;NyD;vQif 1939 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 15 &ufaeUwGif Amrmjynf uGejf rLepfygwDudk &efukefNrdKU
ta&SUydkif; 49 vrf;rS tdrfwpftdrfwGif pwifwnfaxmif zGJUpnf;Muavonf/
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD uvmyfpnf;udk yxrzGJUpnf;&mwGif ocifatmifqef;u
(taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)tjzpfwm0ef,lonf/ ocifpdk; (vlxkacgif;aqmif)? &Jabmf *dk&S,f ac: bwif
(pnf½Hk;a&;ESifh vQdKU0Sufa&;rSL;)? ocifvSaz (b@ma&;rSL;)? &Jabmfeuf (pmMunfhwdkufrSL;)? ocifA[def;
(ausmif;om;vli,f pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;)wdkU jzpfMu\/
uGefjrLepfygwDpnf;½Hk;a&;twGuf vQdKU0SufuGefjrLepfoifwef;udk ocifpdk;? ocifatmifqef;?
&Jabmf*dk&S,fwdkUu OD;pD;zGifhvSpfoifMum;ay;\/ xdkoifwef;odkU ocifvSNrdKif? ocifoGif (usdKufra&m
OD;oGif)? udkcif ponfh vli,facgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh ocifausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifwufa&muf oifMum;
Muonf/ ocifEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf uGejf rLepf0g'oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm;udk rjywfavhvm
ae\/ wzufrSvnf; trsdK;om; pnf;½Hk;a&;udkvnf; rem;rae BudK;pm;aqmif&Gufaeavonf/
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yl;aygif;NyD; ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf; (BURMA FREEDOM BLOC) trnf&Sd EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkBuD wpf&yfudk
xlaxmif&ef MuHpnfMujyefonf/
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vrf;pOfudk ocifatmifqef;u tpnf;ta0;rSmyif wpfxdkifwnf; a&;qGJNyD; tm;vHk;twnfjyKMuonf/
ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;wGif tzGJUOuú| a'gufwmbarmf? twGif;a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;u
aqmif&Gufonf/ usefacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm ocifoef;xGef;? ocifvSabmf? ocifjr? ocifEk? OD;bOD;
(rEÅav;)? apmazom? AE¨KvOD;pdef? OD;ba&T? a'gufwmodrf;armif? OD;xGef;atmif ponfwdkUjzpfMuonf/
þtzGJUBuD;onf EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf jyifytultnD,l&mwGif txl;ojzifh *syefEdkifiH\
tultnDudk &,l&ef tmoDoxm;cJhavonf/
ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;MuD;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;OD;a&rsm;pGm
yg0ifonf/ xdkUaMumifh tiftm;awmifhwif;aom tzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpfckjzpfvmonf/
ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf; EdkifiHa&;tzGJUBuD;u EdkifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef

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w&m;rsm;udk a[majymMuavonf/
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xdkUaMumifh ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;tzGJUtiftm; wdk;wufap&ef? aiGaMu;tiftm; jynfhjynfh00 &Sdap&ef
BudK;pm;ay;onf/
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xdktcsdefwGif wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;u jynfolvlxktwGif;odkU vGwfvyfa&;rSm vTwfawmf
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xdktqdkwGif ...
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t*Fvdyftcuf Armhtcsuf oabmw&m;rsm;yg&Sdonfh xdktqdkjyKcsufudk ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;acgif;aqmif
wpfOD;jzpfaom ocifEku om,m0wDüusif;yonfh wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;&m
tpdk;&u ocifEkudk yk'fr 124 (u) jzifh zrf;qD;NyD; axmif ESpfESpf csvdkufavonf/
jynfolUta&;awmfyHkygwD
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jyef\/ &efukefNrdKU 37 vrf;xdyfwGif oGm;pdkufqdkifzGifhxm;aom *syefvlrsdK;oGm;pdkufqdkifydkif&Sif rpöwm
udkudkblqdkolESifh qufoG,frdjyefonf/
rpöwmudkudkblESifh ocifApdef? ocifxGef;tkyf? ocifwifoef; (AdkvfrSL;pMum)? ocif cspfwif?
ocif cifarmifwdkUonf 1940 jynfhESpf? ZGefv twGif;wGif awGUqHkaqG;aEG; Muonf/\
awGUqHkaqG;aEG;onfhtcsdefrSm n 10 em&Djzpfonf/ vlrodap&ef &efuek fNrdKU *sLAvDa[mcef;
rBuD; twGif;wpfae&mü vQdKU0SufaqG;aEG;Mujcif; jzpfonf/
jrefrmvli,f ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;\ e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&; tpDtpOfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD;
rpöwmudkudkblu tao;pdwfar;jref;onf/
e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;NyD;pD;onfhtcg tkyfcsKyfrnfph epfESifh yHkpHrsm;? awmfvSefa&; tpD tpOfrsm;udk
a&;om;ay;&ef rpöwmudkudkblu awmif;qdkí ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;u tao;pdwf a&;om;ay;Muonf/
rpöwmudkudkblrSm *syeftpdk;&u apvTwx f m;aom xdyfwef;olvQdK wpfOD;jzpfonf/
rpöwmudkudklonf xdktpDtpOfrsm;udk *syefjynf jyefrnfh c&D;onfrS wpfqifh *syef EdkifiH&Sd
tmPmydkifrsm;xHodkU ydkUay;vdkufavonf/
ocifApdefESifh ocifxGef;tkyfwdkU wifjyaom awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk *syefedkifiH&Sd oufqdkif
&mtmPmydkifwdkUu avhvmNyD;aemuf auseyfvufcHaMumif; taMumif;jyefMum;csufudk ocifApdefwdkU
vufcH&&SdcJhonf/
*syeftmPmydkifrsm;u ocifApdefudk xdkif;EdkifiHrSwpfqifh *syefEdkifiHodkU xGufcGmvm&ef ñTefMum;
vdkufMuonf/
ocifApdefonf e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;ESifh ywfoufaom vQdKU0Sufonfh pm&Gufpmwrf; rsm;udk
,laqmifNyD; ukef;vrf;c&D;rS xdkif;EdkifiH AefaumufNrdKUodkU wdwfwqdwf xGufcGmoGm; onf/
ocifApdefonf &efukefNrdKUrS a0godkU ocifxGef;tkyfESifhtwl armfawmfum;jzifh xGufcGmoGm;í
a0gNrdKUrSwpfqifh rD;&xm;jzifh c&D;qufoGm;av\/
xdkif-jrefrm e,fpyfwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ pHkaxmufrsm; ajccsif;vdrfaeMuonf/ ocifApdeftm;

xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyfteD; r,lawmifwef; ay:wGif pHkaxmufrsm;u zrf;rdoGm;onf/ ocifApdefwGif *syefESifh
qufoG,fonfh vQdKU0Sufaom twGif;pmwpfck ygoGm;\/
ocifApdeftm; pHkaxmufrsm;u zrf;rdaomtcg EdkifiHul;vufrSwfwkudkom zrf;rdoGm;\/
vQdKU0Sufonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;udk pHkaxmufrsm; awGU&SdroGm;ay/
ocifApdeftm; pHkaxmufrsm;u zrf;qD;í &efukefodkUac:vmaomtcg rD;&xm;ay:&Sd
tdrfomxJwGif xdkpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk azsmufzsufypfvdkuf&avonf/
ocifApdefudk zrf;qD;oGm;onfrS av;&uf&SdoGm;NyD/ ocifatmifoef; (AdkvfrSL;pMum) udk
NrdwfNrdKUrS wpfqifh xdkif;EdkifiH AefaumufNrdKUodkU apvTwf&ef pDpOfMujyefonf/
ocifatmifoef; jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;&mwGif ykvdyfpHkaxmufrsm; vHk;0 r&dyfrday/
ocifatmifoef;onf wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;odkU 0ifa&mufNyD; e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; tpnf;t½Hk;odkU wpfcgwavrS vma&mufol jzpfonf/
ocifatmifoef;onf a>rtvrÜm,fjyolrsm;ESifh cifrifNyD; xdkolrsm;\ vkyfief;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;
aeol[k ykvdyfrsm;u od&Sdxm;av\/
þwGif ocifxGef;tkyfwdkUu ...
ocifatmifoef;onf EdkifiHa&;rvkyfawmhaMumif;? ocifvkyfvQif axmifusrnfpdk;í tvrÜm,f
orm;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;vsuf ysufpD;aeonfh vlwpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; ykvdyEf Sifh pHkaxmufrsm;xH
owif;vTifhcJhonf/
xdkUaMumifhyif ocifatmifoef; &efukefrS aysmufaejcif;twGuf ykvyd fESifh pHkaxmufrsm;u
oHo,rjzpfMuay/ ocifatmifoef; &efukefrS xGufcGmoGm;NyD;aemuf &uftwef Mumaomtcg
xdkif;EdkifiH AefaumufNrdKUodkU aumif;rGefpGma&muf&SdaMumif; ocifxGef;tkyfxH pma&;om;ydkUvdkuf\/
xdkpmü jrefrmvli,f 40 udk EdkifiHa&;tzGJUBuD;av;zGJUrS vQdKU0Sufa&G;cs,fapvTwf&ef oufqdkif&m
*syeft&m&Sdu ajymMum;aMumif; yg&Sdav\/
,if;odkUjzifh ocifxGef;tkyfwdkUonf ocifatmifoef;rSmMum;onfhtwdkif; ppfynm oifMum;&ef
vli,frsm;udk apvTwfa&;twGuf pDrHaqmif&GufaeMu&onf/ wpfzufrSvnf; ocifatmifoef;xHodkU
rSmMum;onfhtwdkif; vli,frsm;apvTwf&ef pDpOfrnftaMumif; pmjyefMum;&av\/
wpfaeUaomtcgwGif tzrf;cHxm;&aom ocifApdef\ ZeD; a':cifcifxHodkU rxifr&Sm;
olwpfa,mufu ocifatmifoef;xHrS pmwpfapmifygvmaMumif; vma&muf ajym\/
xdkpmudk aumhu&dwfNrdKUodkU vkdufí,l&rnf[k ajymaomaMumifh ocifopf (AdkvfrSL;apmaemif)?
ocifausmfpdefwdkU aumhu&dwfNrdKUodkU vdkufygoGm;avonf/
aumhu&dwfNrdKU&Sd tdrfwpftdrfESifh reD;ra0;jcH0if;wpfcktwGif;wGif ausmufwHk;jzifh zdxm;aom
pmwpfapmifudk ocifopf? ocifausmfpdefwdkU &&Sdonf/ xdkpmudk rD;uifí zwf&efrSmojzifh rSmonfhtwdkif
zwfMunfhaomfvnf; em;rvnfbJaeMuonf/
xdkUaMumifh ocifopfESifh ocifausmfpdef? ocifouf&Snf? ocifarmif? ocifpHodef;?

ocifvSarmif? ocifApdef\ ZeD;wdkUonf *syefaumifppf0ef½Hk;odkU pmudk oGm;ydkUMuonf/ *syefaumif
ppf0efudk pmudkzwfNyD;aemuf ocifxGef;tkyfESifh &Jabmfwpfpkonf *syefEdkifiH odkU oabFmjzifh vQdKU0SufNyD;
vmMu&efrSmMum;vdkufaompmjzpfaMumif;? *syefEdkifiHodkU vli,frsm;vma&mufNyD; ppfynmrsm;udk
tjrefqHk;oifMum;&ef rSmMum;jcif; jzpfaMumif; ajymjy\/
þwGifawmhrS ocifxGef;tkyfonf t*FvdyfpHkaxmufrsm;&efrS uif;a0;&ef oGm;a&mufykef;atmif;
ae&mrS tjrefqHk;jyefvmNyD; vdkorQudkaqmif&Guf&ef pDpOfawmhonf/
qkaiGig;usyf
ocifApdefBuD;rSL;aom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf *syefESifhqufoG,f&mwGif
tawmftwefc&D;a&mufaecsdefwGif q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; OD;pD;aom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;tzGJU0if
ocifrsm;uvnf; jynfwGif;ü EdkifiHa&;vIy&f Sm;rIrsm;udk rem;rae jyKvkyfaeonf/
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk r&raeBudK;yrf;aeaom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0ifocifrsm;onf jrefrmjynf
tNrdKUNrdKUte,fe,fodkU vSnfhvnfNyD; EdkifiHa&;w&m;rsm; a[majym aeonf/
1940 jynfhESpftwGif;odkU a&mufvmcJhonf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if ocifatmifqef; (AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;)onf xdkpOfu [oFmwc½dkifwGif EdkifiHa&;w&m;rsm;a[majymNyD; pnf;½Hk;&ef wm0efus
cJhonf/
ocifvSNrdKif(Adkvf&efatmif) rSm [Hom0wD 'dpBwdwfwGif EdkifiHa&;w&m;rsm; a[majympnf;½Hk;&ef
wm0efusa&mufcJhavonf/
ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifvSNrdKifwdkUonf rdrw d dkUwm0efus&ma'orsm;odkU oGm;a&mufNyD; w&m;
a[majymonf/ EdkifiHa&;w&m;a[majym&mwGif tpkd;&udk xdyg;rIrsm; ygonfqdkNyD; ocifvSNrdKiftm;
[Hom0wD&mZ0wf0efu qkawmfaiG ig;usyf xkwfqifhí zrf;qD;&ef trdefUxkwfvdkufonf/
1940 jynfhESpf? ZGefvqef;wGif [oFmwc½dkif ZvGefwGif wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; nDvmcHwpfck
usif;yjyKvkyfonf/ ocifatmifqef;ESifh usHKrai;ocifwifarmifwdkUonf ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wuf
a&mufMuonf/
xdkUaemuf &efukefodkUtjyefwGif a'gifhBuD;&Gmtpnf;t½Hk;wGif w&m;yGJav; wpfyGJ
avmufcsD;jr§ifhygOD; [k awmif;cHvmonf/
a'gifhBuD;&GmodkU oGm;a&mufNyD; a&S;OD;pGm usHKrai; ocifarmifu a[majymonf/ xdkUaemuf
ocifatmifqef;u pifay:odkUwufí a[majym&m q,frdepfrQyifrjynfhao;rD t&m&SdwpfOD;0ifvmNyD;
ocifatmifqef;tm; pmwpfapmifay;onf/
xdktcgwGif ocifatmifqef;u pmudkzwfMunfhNyD; 0rf;omaom trlt&mjzifh y&dwfowfudk
pmaxmifjyum....
tawmfyJAsdKU... uRefawmfarhaewJh udpöuav;udk tckrSyJ owd&awmhw,f? 'Dpmu
[oFw&mZ0wf0ef rpöwmaZAD;,m; (Mr. XA Vier)qDuvmwJh EdkUwpfpmyJ? olu w&m;yGJrSm
csif;awmife,ftaMumif; xnfhNyD;ra[mygeJUwJh? wpfu,fvdkU a[m&if umuG,fa&;Oya't& uRefawmfh

udk ta&;,l&ygvdrfhr,fwJh... udkif;.. cifAsm;wdkU csif;awmife,ftaMumif;odcsifMuovm; [k ar;vdkuf
onf/
y&dowfu wnDwñGwfwnf;yif ...
odcsifw,f... odcsifw,f.... [k 0dkif;atmfvdkufMuonf/ xdktcg ocifatmifqef;u csif;awmif
e,ftaMumif;udk aphiSpHkvifpGm a[majymvkufavonf/
w&m;yGJNyD;vQifNyD;csif; ocifatmifqef;ESifh usHKrai;ocifwifarmifwdkUtm; umuG,fa&;Oya'ESifh
zrf;qD;&ef [oFw &mZ0wf0ef aZAD;,m;u 0&rf;xkwfvdkufonf/
jrefrmykvdyf t&m&SdwpfOD;\ ulnDrIjzifh [oFwc½dkifrS vGwfajrmufoGm;NyD; &efukefNrdKUwGif
ykef;vQdK;aevdkufMuonf/
xdktawmtwGif; e,fcsJUt*Fvyd fbufawmfom; aZAD;,m;u...
ocifatmifqef;tm; zrf;qD;ay;EdkifvQif odkUr[kwf ocifatmifqef;taMumif;udk owif;ay;Edkif
vQif qkaiG ig;usyfay;rnf [k aMunmvdkufavonf/
xdktcsdefupNyD; ocifatmifqef;onf ajratmufodkUvQdK;aevdkufonf/ xkdodkU ykef;atmif;ae
xdkifpOfrSmyif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tjrJrjywf MuHpnfpdwful;vsuf &Sdavonf/
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf e,fcsJUtm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkufa&;ESifh ywfoufNyD;
ocifatmifqef;u...
"m;jywdkufwJhvlawGawmif vufeufudk&SmvdkU&ao;w,f? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifzdkU pepfwus
pnf;½Hk;xm;olawGrSm vufeufr&Sm;bl;? NyD;awmh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJtwGuf
jyifytiftm;udkcsnf;yJ tm;vdk;vdkUrjzpfbl;/ jynfwGif;tiftm;pkudkom tm;udk;&r,f? jynfolUvGwf
ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJrSm jynfwGif;tif;tm;pku trmcH tiftm;pk jzpfw,f [k ajym\/
ocifatmifqef;\0g'rSm jynfytultnDudkr,lrjzpfí,l&aomfvnf; jynfwGif; tiftm;pkudk
om tm;udk;tm;xm;&vdkonf/
xdkUaMumifhyif uGefjrLepfygwD? jynfolUta&;awmfyHkygwD? ArmxGuf&yf*dkPf;? wdkUArm
tpnf;t½Hk;rS acgif;aqmifyg0ifum ocifatmifqef;u trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;rI&&Sd&ef tm;BudK;refwuf
aqmif&GufcJhjcif; jzpfavonf/
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf cdkifrmaompnf;½Hk;a&;udk wnfaqmufNyD;aomtcg EdkifiHjcm;tul
tnD&a&; twGuf aqmif&Guf&rnfh tajctaeodkU qdkufvmonf/ ,if;odkU EdkifiHjcm;odkU xGufcGm&rnfh
wm0efudk ocifatmifqef;u ,lcJhonf/
jynfolUta&;awmfyHkygwDwGif jynfyqufo, G fa&; acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,lxm;aom
ocifatmifqef; EdkifiHjcm;odkU xGufcGmoGm;a&;wm0efudk &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;u ay;tyfvdkufMuonf/
EdkifiHjcm;tultnD&,la&;twGuf vuf0J0g' t,l&Sdaom uGefjrLepfygwDESifh wdkUArmtpnf;
t½Hk;rS acgif;aqmiftcsdKU onf ocifatmifqef;tm; w½kwfjynfodkU apvTwf&ef MuHpnfMuavonf/
t,f'Dwmwdwf*Grf
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;
udk tultnDay;cJhaom owif;pmrSm e,l;&efukeftD;Aeif;ydkU owif;pm jzpf\/
xdkowif;pm\ t,f'DwmrSm wdwf*Grfqdkoljzpfonf/ wdwf*Grfonf wdk;wufaom w½kwfvli,f
wpfOD; jzpfonf/ jrefrmvli,frsm;ESifhvnf; taygif;toif;qHhonf/ txl;ojzifh wdkUArm
tpnf;t½Hk;BuD;\ ocifvli,frsm;ESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;onf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;\ MoZmcHvufatmufcH
jzpfaom ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tvkyform;rsm;tpnf;t½Hk; (All Burma Trade union Congress)wGif
wdwf*Grfonf b@ma&;rSL;jzpfavonf/
vuf0Jpmayrsm; jzefUcsd
wdwf*Grfonf w½kwfjynfrS w½kwfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh tquftoG,f&SdolwpfOD;jzpfonf/
xdkpOfu w½kwfjynf &Sef[JNrdKUwGif w½kwfuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmiftcsdKUonf ajrvQdK;NyD;aeMu&if; vuf0J
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk wdwf*Grfu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkU wifoGif;NyD; jzefUa0cJhonf/
xdkuGefjrLepfvuf0Jpmayrsm;udk wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS ocifvli,frsm;jzpfaom ocifpdk;?
ocifatmifqef;? ocifausmfpdef (jynfolUpmay)wdkUxH wdwf*Grfu ydkUay;cJhonf[k qdk\/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;wGif;&Sd ocifvli,frsm;xJwGif t,ltqa&;&mESifh EdkifiHjcm; tquftoG,f
&Sm,la&;rSm þodkUjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf/
*syefrsm;onf zufqpf0g'udk usifhoHk;aeolrsm;jzpfonf/ zufqpf0g'onf t&if;&Sif0g'\
tqdk;&Gm;qHk;ESifh tazmufjyefqHk; jzpfonf/ *syefwdkUonf wdkusdKa&'D,dk rSaeí jrefrmEdkifiHtm; vGwfvyf
a&;ay;rnf[k toHvTifhaMunmaeaomfvnf; vHk;0 ,HkMunf&ef rvdk[k qdkonf/
xdkpOf w½kwfjynfwGif *syefwdkU vufawGUusifhoHk;aerIudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudkvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnfr[kwf? xdktwGufaMumifh zufqpf0g' usqHk;onfhwdkif wkdufzsuf&rnf/ *syefzuf
qpfwdkUtm; wdkufzsuf&ef r[mrdwfwdkUESifh aygif;oifhu yl;aygif; &rnf[k qdkoluqdk\/
ocifvli,ftcsdKUu NAdwdoQr[mrdwfudkvnf; r,HkMunf? *syefzufwpf0g' udkvnf; rBudKuf?
jzpfEdkifvQif w½kwf uGefjrLepfygwDESifh tquftoG,f,l&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/
ocifvli,frsm;wGif ocifwifarmif? ocifpdk;ponfh acgif;aqmifrsm;u *syefEdkifiHonf
zufqpf0g' usifhoHk;onfjzpfí tultnD,l&ef vHk;0rvdkay/ uGefjrLepf bufawmfom;rsm;xHrSom
tultnD,l&ef vdkonf[l qE´&SdMuonf/ usefacgif;aqmifwdkUu uGefjrLepfbufawmfom;xHrS tul
tnD&vQif ,lrnf/ odkUr[kwf tjcm;rnfonfhEdkifiH urqdk tultnD&vQif ,lrnf[k qE´&Sdolrsm;
jzpfavonf/
vQdKU0Suftpnf;ta0;
1940 jynfhESpf yxrESpf0uf\ wpfaeUaom nwpfnü &efukefwuúodkvfe,fajr wGif
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf EdkifiHjcm;odkUxGufcGmí tultnD&mS &ef jrefrmvli,frsm;
vQdKU0SufNyD; pnf;a0;yGJjyKonf/
xkdtpnf;ta0;odkU wufa&mufolrsm;rSm...
ocifatmifqef;
ocifvSaz
udkvSarmif
ocifausmfNidrf;
ocifAaqG
ocifA[def;
udkxGef;tHk
&Jabmf*dk&S,f
&JabmfrGef&SD
ocif cifatmif
ocifausmfpdef wdkU wufa&mufMuavonf/
xkdtpnf;ta0;rS ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifausmfpdefwdkUtm; w½kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwDXme
csKyfodkU oGm;a&mufa&; twGuf ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm) u pDpOfay;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ ocifvSaz
(Adkvfvusfm)rSm w½kwfujym;jzpfí w½kwfjynfoGm;a&;wGifpDpOfay;&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
ocifatmifqef; trdGKifodkU vQdKU0SufxGufcGmjcif;

NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf t½l;rD;0dkif;jzpfaeonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
ydkufpdyfwdkufí zrf;qD;aecsdefjzpfonf/ ocifatmifqef;onf EdkifiHwum EdkifiHa&; tajctaersm;udk
tpOfrjywf avhvmtuJcwfaeNyD; pHkaxmufykvdyfrsm; teHUcHír&atmif trsdK;rsdK;ykefvQdK;í aeavonf/
ocifvSaz u ocifatmifqef;wdkU w½kwfjynfodkU xGufcGmoGm;Edkifa&;twGuf trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk
MuHpnfpdwful;aeonf/
yifv,f0rSoGm;í EdkifiHjcm;yifv,ful;oabFmay:odkU wifaqmifay;&vQif aumif;Edk;Edk;
txifjzifh jrefrmhyifv,f0odkU oabFmjzifh xGufMunfhzl;onf/
aemufqHk;wGif w½kwftrsdK;om;rsm;ESifh pdwfcs,HkMunf&aom tquftoG,faumif;udk &Smum
w½kwfjynfoGm; EdkifiHjcm;oabFmjzifh cdk;xGuf&ef pdwful;&&SdNyD; vufawGU taumiftxnfay:atmif
pDpOfavawmhonf/
OD;ausmfcif\ tpOftvm
vQdKU0Sufonfhudpörsm;udk pDpOf&mü &efukefNrdKU w½kwfydkif;wGif taygif;toif;trsm;qHk;ESifh
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avhvma&;toif;\ twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfaMumif; ajymqdkrdwfqufNyD; BudKqdkjcif;jzpfonf/
ta&SUtm&S awmifydkif;a&;&mavhvma&;toif;
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atmifqef;tm; jrefrmEdkifiHodkUtjrefqHk;jyefí jrefrmvli,frsm;udk *syefEdkifiHodkUac:,l&ef wm0efay;
Muavonf/
½kyfzsufxm;aom ocifatmifqef;
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jrefrmEdkifiHodkU jyefvm&m &efukefNrdKUodkU 1941 ckESpf? rwfv 3 &ufaeU wGif a&muf&SdcJhonf/
ocifatmifqef; ESifhtwl rDemrDatmf*eftzGJUrS acgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfonfh *syeft&m&Sd rpöwm
rpfql½SLpl*sDvnf; yg&Sdvm\/
ocifatmifqef;onf rdrdjyefvmaMumif;udk t*FvdyfpHkaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;rodap&ef ½kyfzsufí
vma&mufcJhonf/
ocifatmifqef; wdkUtm; o,faqmifvmonfh &Sefwefr½l; trnf&Sd yifv,ful; oabFmBuD;rS
oabFmt&m&Sdtjzpf ocifatmifqef;u ½kyfzsufí *syeft&m&Sd rpöwmrpfql½SLpl*sDu oabFmtvkyf
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t*Fvdyftpdk;& tmPmydkifwdkUu ocifatmifqef; &efukefodkUjyefvmonfhtaMumif;udk BudKwifí
owif;&xm;Muonf/
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xdktajctaet&yf&yfudk BudKwifodjrifaeaom ocifatmifqef; rSm &efukefqdyfurf;txd
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aMumifwufwuf jzpfaepOf? rsufrSef? OD;xkwfESifh oGm;wkrsm;udk jzKwfvdkufrS... a[;...ocifatmifqef;
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aom ta&twGufxufyif ydkaeavonf/
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rnfjzpfonf/
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wdkufcdkuf&rnfh udpörsm;udkvnf; pDpOfcJh avonf/
jrefrmvli,frsm;u ...
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ESifcsír&aomtcg oabFmom;t&m&Sd jzpf[efwlaom jrefrm pfOD;udk ac:vmNyD; jrefrmu...
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csdefjzpfonf/
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2/ ocifoef;wifh (Adkvfjr'if)
3/ udka&T (AdkvfausmfaZm)
4/ udkxGef;a&T (Adkvfvif;,kef)
5/ udkpdk; (Adkvfjrifhatmif)
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aepOfrSmyif wwd,tokwfü ...
1/ udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s)
2/ ocifpHjr (Adkvfaxmufxdef)
3/ armifcifarmifOD; (Adkvfwm&m)
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ta&mufwufMu&rnfjzpfonf/ qdyfurf;wGif t*Fvdyftpkd;&\ pHkaxmufrsm;onf rsufjcnfrjywf
apmifhMunhfaeMurnf/ xdkpHkaxmufrsm;udk ausmfvGefí oabFmay:odkU a&muf&efrSm *syefoabFmom;
0wfpHkudk0wfNyD; vQdKU0SufpGm oGm;a&mufMu&ef jzpfavonf/
*syefoabFmom;rsm;u ocifxGef;tkyfwdkUtm; BudKqdkvufcH&mwGif ½kyf&nfudk rSwfrdap&ef

ocifxGef;tkyf\ "mwfyHkESpfyHkudk *syefaumifppf0eftm; BudKwifay;xm;&\/ ocifxGef;tkyfonf 1940
jynfh? arvtwGif; wpfnü &efukefqdyfurf;&Sd *syefoabFm ay:odkU qif;&ef tdrfrSxGufvmcJhonf/
ocifxGef;tkyfESifhtwl ocifausmfpdef (AdkvfrSL; rdk;ndK) vnf; ygvm\/ n 8 em&DcefUtcsdefwGif
qdyfurf;rSaeí a&v,fwGif&Sdaom oabFmodkU orÁefwpfpif;jzifh xGufcGmvmcJhonf/
rdk;&GmaeaomnOfhtcsdef jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh vdkufyg&rnfh oabFmudk a&G;cs,f&ef rrSwfrdjzpfae
aomaMumifh ocifxGef;tkyfwdkUonf qdyfurf;odkUjyefoGm;&jyefonf/ tajctaeudk *syefaumifppf0eftm;
oGm;a&muf owif;ydkU&m *syefaumifppf0efu aemufwpfywfoabFmwGifrS vdkufyg&ef pDpOfay;rnfh
taMumif; jyefMum;av/
ocifxGef;tkyfonf urm&Gwf &Srf;pk&Sd q&mra':Nidrf;Ek\ tdrfodkUajymif;í ykef;atmif;
ae&jyef\/ 1941 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvtwGif; aemufwpfBudrf oabFmqif;&ef tcGifhtvrf;MuHKvmjyefonf/
*syefoHtrwfxHrS oabFmqif;&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;udk ocifxGef;tkyfxH vmydkUonf/ oabFmtrnf
yHkpHESifhwuG oHk;pGJ&ef aiGaMu;rsm;vnf; yg&Sdavonf/
ocifxGef;tkyfonf ppfynmoif&ef a&G;cs,fxm;aom rdrd\vl,Hkawmf&Jabmfrsm;ESifh
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;í oabFmqif;rnfhudpöudk BudKwifpDpOfxm;onf/ ocifxGef;tkyfwdkUonf oabFmqif;&ef
armfawmfum;wpfpD;udk pDpOfxm;&m ykvdyfum;wpfp;D onf ocifxGef;tkyfwdkUum;udk ESpfBudrfwdwdvm
a&mufí ppfaq;Munfh½IoGm;onf/
ocifxGef;tkyf taejzifh rdrdwdkU\ vQdKU0SuftpDtpOfrsm;udk ykvdyfpHkaxmufrsm; od&SdoGm;Muí
vma&mufonfxifNyD; tdrfay:odkU ykvdyfrsm; wufa&mufvmvQif ckcHwdkufcdkuf&ef tpDtpOfrsm;
jyKvkyfxm;avonf/
tcsdeftwefMumonftxd ykvdyfrsm;ay:rvmay/ xdktcgrS &efukefqdyfurf;odkU um;jzifh
xGufvmawmhonf/
&efukefqdyfurf;wGif&Sdaeaom oabFmom;rsm;xHodkU ocifxGef;tkyfonf iSufaysmoD;
wpfzD;udkqGJí a&mufvmonf/ oabFmom;rsm;onf vQdKU0Suf txdrf;trSwfjzpfaom iSufaysmoD;
udkawGUonfESifh ocifxGef;tkyfudk 0dkif;n§yfí oabFmay:odkU wufvmMuonf/ þokdUjzifh ocifxGef;tkyf
rSm t*FvdyfpHkaxmufrsm;\ ab;&efrS uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh oabFmay:odkU a&mufvmMuavonf/
ocifxGef;tkyfESifhtwlvdkufygMurnfh tjcm;vli,f&Jabmfrsm;vnf; oabFmay:odkU wjznf;
jznf;a&mufvmMuonf/ xdkolwdkUrSm ocif½Iarmif (AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;)? ocifpHvIdif(AdkvfrSL;atmif)?
ocifxGef;cif (AdkvfrSL;jrifhaqG)? ocifxGef;vGuf (AdkvfrSL;Av)? ocifaiG(AdkvfrSL;apmatmif)? ocifopf
(AdkvfrSL;apmaemif)? ocifausmfpdef(AdkvfrSL;rdk;ndK)? ocifarmifarmif(AdkvfrSL;ÓP)? ocifvS (AdkvfrSL;
rif;a&mif)? ocifoef;ñGefU(AdkvfrSL;Zifa,mf) wdkU jzpfonf/
xdk&Jabmf (11) OD;wdkUudk 1941 ck? Zlvdkifv 8 &ufaeUwGif udk&D½dkrm½l; oabFmjzifh jrefrmjynfrS
ac:aqmifvmEdkifcJhonf/ uyÜwdef[D'gumonf jrefrmhrsdK;cspf&Jabmf 11 OD;tm; &Sdef[dkif;NrdKUwGif BudKqdk
vufcHonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh a&wyfrawmf av,mOfjzifh *syefjynf *sL½SL;uRef;&Sd tdkrl&m avqdyfodkU
ydkUvdkufonf/ xdkrSwpfzef a&wyfrawmf pcef;jzpfaom ,dkudkplu odkU 1941 ck? Zlvdkifv 24 &ufaeUwGif
ydkUaqmifvdkuf onf/ þodkUjzifh jrefrmhrsdK;cspf&Jabmf 11 OD;onf *syefjynfodkU acsmarmpGm
qdkufa&mufoGm; av\/
ocifatmifoef; (AdkvfpMum)
rDemrDatmf*eftzGJU\ rlvtpDtpOft& jrefrmEdkifiHrS rsdK;cspf&Jabmfrsm;udk a&vrf;c&D;jzifh
vQdKU0SufpGm *syefjynfodkU ac:aqmifcJh&m av;Budrw f dwd atmifjrifpGmac:,lEdkifcJhonf/ *syefjynfodkU
jrefrmrsdK;cspf&Jabmf 27 OD;wdwd a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/
rDemrDatmuf*eftzGJUonf a&vrf;rS onfaqmifonfh tpDtpOftjyif xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfrS
jrefrm&Jabmfrsm;tm; ac:,l&ef tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ jrefrmjynfudk tkyfcsKyfaeaom
NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf e,fjcm;jzwfoef;rIrsm;udk wif;usyfpGm *½kpdkufaeonf/ xdkUaMumifh ukefvrf;jzifh
xdkif;EdkifiHudkjzwfum *syefjynfudkoGm;a&muf&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonfh jrefrmhrsdK;cspf&Jabmfrsm;rSm tMuHr
atmifbJ jyefvnfqkwfcJhMu&av\/
ocifatmifoef;(AdkvfpMum) ESifh ocifoef;wif(AdkvfrSL;jr'if)wdkU ESpfOD;om uHaumif;axmuf
rNyD; vkyfief;yd&daocsmrIaMumifh xdkif;e,fjcm;a'oudk jzwfausmfcsOf;eif; 0ifa&mufoGm;EdkifcJhonf/
ocifatmifoef;(AdkvfpMum) ESifh udkoef;wif(AdkvfrSL;jr'if)wdkUonf *syefoGm;bufqdkifeDyGef q&m0efBuD;
rpöwm udkdudkbl\ tultnDay;rIjzifh EdkifiHul;vufrSwftwk jyKvkyfMuonf/
ocifatmifoef; (AdkvfpMum) onf jrefrmjynf yifv,furf;½dk;wef;rS avwpfpif;jzifh
yDeefNrdKUokdU wdwfwqdwfxGufcGm vmcJh&m atmifjrifcJhonf/ xdkrS wpfqifh AefaumufNrdKUodkU a&mufvm
aomtcg *syefoGm;bufqdkif&m q&m0efBuD; udkudkbl rSmMum;vdkufonfhtwdkif; *syefoH½Hk;&Sd a&wyfbuf
qdkif&m *syefoHt&m&SdxHodkU tusdK;taMumif; udkajymjyí qufoG,fatmifjrifonf/
xdkrS wpfqifh azmfrdkqmuRef;ESifh *syefjynfodkUa&muf&Sdatmif oGm;EdkifcJhavonf/
ocifoef;wif (AdkvfrSL;jr'if)
ocifoef;wifonf EdkifiHul;vufrSwftwkjzihf ol\ tpfukdawmfol wpfa,mufESifhtwl
xdkif;e,fjcm;a'oodkU atmifjrifpGm jzwfoef;&m? xdkif;e,fjcm;a'o&Sd (rJaqmufNrdKU) odkU acsmarmpGm
a&muf&SdcJhonf/
rJaqmufNrdKU\ A[dkvrf;rBuD;wGif awmifydkif;tzGJU (0g) rDemrDatmf*eftzGJU\ ½Hk;cGJ wpfck
zGifhvSpfxm;onf/ xdk½Hk;cGJonf jrefrmEdkifiHrS jrefrmrsdK;cspf&Jabmfrsm;udk xkwf,l&efESifh jrefrmjynftwGif;rS
ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&;owif;rsm;duk &,l&efjzpfonf/ xdk½Hk;cGJodkU (vufzwifeif [Dcsd½dkwum[m&SD) qdkoltm;
wm0efay;xm;avonf/
ocifoef;wifonf rJaqmufNrdKUodkUa&mufvQif olUwGif&Sdaomvdyfpmt& [Dcsd½dk wmum[m&SD\
aetdrftwGif;odkU pGwf0ifNyD; twif;0ifa&mufcJhonf/
wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; qufqHrIr&SdaomaMumifh awGa0NyD;Munfhae&mu [Dcsd½dkwmum[m&SDonf

owdjyef0ifvmum bmudpövJ? bmrsm;tultnDvdkovJ[k ar;jref;vdkufonf/ &efolrsm;Mum;rS
udk,fvGwf½kef;vm&&Smaom ocifoef;wifu wmum[m&SD\ tar;udk wdkuf½dkufrajzEdkif&SmbJ uRefawmf
ocifygwD0if&Jabmf wpfa,mufyg[kom tajzay;vdkufavonf/
ocifoef;wif\ tajzpum;udk auseyfpGmr&Sd? ,HkMunf&efvnf; r&SdonfudkawGUae&onf/
wmum[m&SDonf olaqmif&Gufaeaomvkyfief;rsm;udk NAdwdoQtpdk;&uod&SdoGm;í olvQdKapvTwf
&ef&Sdonf[k oHo,jzpfaeonf/ wduspGm pHkprf;avhvmjcif;rjyKbJ t&rf;aumufcsufrcsvdkí ocif
oef;wiftm; xdkaeUnwGif aetdrfüyif wnf;cdk tdyfapcGifhjyKvdkuf\/
aemufwpfaeUeHeufwGif ocifoef;wifonf rDemrDatmf*ef;tzGJUESifh qufoG,fxm;ol r[kwf?
taotcsmod&avatmif wmum[m&SDonf ocifoef;wifESifh twl xdkifaepOf pmvHk;0Sufjzpfaom
(tufpf) tu©&mpmvHk;udk ocifoef;wifa&SUwGif trSwfrxif a&;om;íjyvdkufonf/
xdktcgrS ocifoef;wifonf owdvpfí ayghavsmhaeaom qufoG,frItpDtpOfudk
jyefajymif;owd&oGm;um ocifoef;wifu rqdkif;rwG (aw)[laom tu©&mpmvHk;udk jyefí a&;om;
wifjyvdkufavonf/ þwGifawmhrS wmum[m&SDvnf; ,HkrSm;oHo,aysmufí ocifoef;wifudk
taMumif;pHkar;jref;NyD; xdkrSwpfqifh azmfrdkqmuRef; odkU ay;ydkUvdkufav\/
udkaqmif; (Adkvfxdef0if;)
*syefjynfodkU rsdK;cspf&Jabmf (29) OD;a&muf&SdNyD; jrefrmjynfrS &Jabmfrsm;udk wdwfwqdwf
xyfrHac:,l&ef rvG,fulawmhay/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&taejzifh txl;*½kpdkufNyD;apmifha&Smufaeí jrefrmrsdK;cspf
&Jabmfrsm;udk ac:,l&ef rvG,fulawmhay/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&taejzifh txl;*½kpdkufNyD; apmifha&Smufaeí
jrefrmrsdK;cspf&Jabmfrsm;udk ac:,l&ef tpDtpOfudk &yfqdkif;xm;vdkuf&av\/
udkaqmif;onf 1938 ckESpfwGif *syefjynf wdkusdKNrdKUodkU a&mfbmvkyfief; twwfynm oifMum;
&ef oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ xdktcsdefu urÇmBuD;rSm 'kwd,ppfrD;BuD;pwif&ef vIy&f Sm;pjyKaecsdefjzpfonf/
udkaqmif;udk a'gufwmodef;armifu ulnDojzifh *syefodkU ynmawmfoifcGifh&jcif;jzpf\/
udkaqmif;onf *syefjynfodkUa&mufaomtcg a&mfbmvkyfief;udkomru yHkESdyfynm? owif;pm
ynm&yfrsm;udkyg avhvmqn;fyl;cJhonf/ owif;pmynm&yfonf rdrd0goemxHkaom EdkifiHa&;udpö
rsm;wGif tultnD&Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfxm;oljzpfonf/
udkaqmif;onf *syefjynfwGifaepOf rsufpdudkzGifhxm;onf/ jrefrmjynf\ tajc taersm;udk
vnf; tjrJpHkprf;aeolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf rdrdrnfodkU yg0ifxrf;aqmifEdkif
rnfudk apmifhqdkif;arQmfvifhaeayonf/
aemifaomtcg udkaqmif;onf AdkvfrSL;BuD; qlZlu;D ? ocifatmifqef;wdkUESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;NyD;
e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwGif rdrdtm; &JabmfwpfOD;tjzpf pm&if;oGif;&ef yefMum;cJhav\/
þodkUjzifh *sefEdkifiH wdkusdKNrdKUodkU ppfynmoifMum;rnfh jrefrmhrsdK;cspf&JabmfwdkUonf
enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh qufoG,fa&muf&Sdvm&m &JabmfoHk;usdyfjynfhoGm;avNyD/
pmwrf;wifoGif;
*syeftmPmydkifrsm;onf aemufxyfa&mufvmaom ppfynmoif&Jabmfrsm; tzGJUrS acgif;aqmif
jzpfonfh ocifxGef;tkyftm; csOf;uyfNyD; tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;Mujyefonf/
ocifxGef;tkyfu jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeudk vnf;aumif;? jrefrmjynf wdkufyGJpOfudk vnf;aumif;
a&;om;wifoGif;onf/ xdkUaemuf rdrdcH,lxm;aom EdkifiHa&;0g' oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
oabmw&m;rsm;udk jynfhpHkpGm a&;om;wifoGif;&ef *syeftmPmydkifwdkUu apcdkif;Mu\/
ocifxGef;tkyfonf *syeftmPmydkifrsm;\ apcdkif;csuftwdkif; jynfhpHkpGma&;om; wifoGif;&
onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;tzGJUrsm;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? xdktzGJUrsm;\ pnfvHk;nDñGwfa&;rsm;
udkvnf;aumif;? tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;a&;om;cJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkU vufeufrsm;udk
wdwfwqdwfwifydkU&mwGif toHk;jyK&rnfh ,mOf? vrf;c&D;rS pcef;toD;oD;? vQdKU0SufqufoG,f&rnfh
trSwftom;tajctaersm; tp&Sdojzifh tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&av\/
xdkUtjyif jrefrmEkdifiHrS e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&tm; awmfvSefx<utiftm;pkrsm;? *syefjynf
a&muf&Jabmfrsm;ESifh rnfodkUtquftoG,fjyEdkifrnfqdkonfh tcsufrsm;? *syefwdkU awmif;qdkonfhtwdkif;
jrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ppfa&;qdkif&m oabmw&m; tcsuftvuftjynfhtpHkudk a&;om;ay;&
av\/
ocifxGef;tkyfonf þpmwrf;udk a&;om;jyKpk&mwGif tvG,fwul a&;om;Edkif&ef rjzpfEdkif/
xdkUaMumifh wdkusdKNrdKUteD; zl*sDpm0g NrdKUuav;wGif oGm;a&mufNyD; em;em;aeae pDpOfa&;om;cJhav\/
xdktcsuftvufrsm;udk wifoGif;cJh&\/
*syefppftmPmydkifrsm;onf rlvyxruvnf; ocifatmifqef;xHrSvnf; þtaMumif;t&m
rsm; yg0ifaom jrefrmjynfwdkufyGJpDrHudef;udk &&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfav\/
ocifxGef;tkyfonf rdrdwdkU *syefEdkifiHodkU vma&mufjcif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; &nf&G,fcsufudk
EIwfrSvnf; tcgrvyf xkwfazmfajymqdkcJh\/ rdrdwdkUonf tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;udk ausmfvGefNyD; þodkU
a&mufvmcJh&jcif;rSm vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHopftjzpf yg0ifvdkíjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtpdk;&
wyfrsm;udk armif;ESifwdkufxkwf&mwGif rdwfaqG*syefwdkUonf xda&mufaomtultnDrsm;ay;Edkifrnf[k
,HkMunfonf ponfjzifh ajymMum;cJhavonf/
wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;ESpfzGJUrS &Jabmfrsm; awGUqHkavNyD

*syefjynfa&muf ppfynmoif jrefrmrsdK;cspf&Jabmfrsm;xHwGif ocifApdef OD;pD;aom wdkUArm
tpnft½Hk;rS yg0ifMuonfhvli,frsm;rSm ...
1/ ocifxGef;tkyf
2/ ocif½Iarmif (Adkvfae0if;)
3/ ocifatmifoef; (AdkvfpMum)
4/ ocifaiG (Adkvfapmatmif)
5/ ocifopf (Adkvfapmaemif)
6/ ocifwifat; (Adkvfbkef;jrifh)
7/ ocifausmfpdef (Adkvfrdk;ndK)
8/ ocifoef;wif (Adkvfoef;wif) (azmfrdkqmuRef;? wdkif[kwfulNrdKUwGif uG,fvGef)
9/ ocifxGef;cif (AdkvfjrifhaqG)
wdkU 9 OD; jzpfMuonf/
ocifudk,fwdkifrIdif;OD;pD;aom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS yg0ifaom ocifvli,frsm; rSm...
1/ ocifatmifoef; (AdkvfawZ)
2/ ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)
3/ ocifxGef;&Sdef (Adkvf&efEdkif)
4/ ocifvSNrdKif (Adkvf&efatmif)
5/ ocifvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s)
6/ ocifat;armif (Adkvfrdk;)
7/ ocifatmifodef; (Adkvf&JxG#f)
8/ ocifA*srf; (Adkvfva&mif)
9/ ocifapmvGif (Adkvfrif;acgif)
10/ ocifxGef;vGif (AdkvfAv)
11/ ocifarmifarmif (AdkvfÓP)
12/ ocifoef;wif (Adkvfjr'if)
13/ ocifvS (Adkvfrif;a&mif)
14/ ocifpdk; (Adkvfjrifhatmif)
15/ ocifxGef;a&T (Adkvfvif;,kef)
16/ ocifpHvIdif (AdkvfrSL;atmif)
17/ ocif cifarmifOD; (Adkvfwm&m)
18/ ocifpHjr (Adkvfawmufxdef)
19/ udka&T (AkdvfausmfaZm)
20/ udkaqmif; (Adkvfxdef0if;)
21/ ocifoef;ñGefU (AdkvfZifa,mf)
wdkU 21 OD;jzpfMuavonf/
jrefrmrsdK;cspf&Jabmfrsm;tm; vrf;c&D;wGif ykef;uG,fí tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;udk jzwfausmfum
yifyef;pGmvmcJhMuolrsm; jzpfonfqdkum *syefjynfodkU a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; tem;,l pcef;rsm;odkU
ydkUay;onf/ &Jabmfrsm;rSm tokwfvdkuf tokwfvdkuf a&mufvlolrsm;jzpf&m tem;,lNyD;onfh &Jabmfrsm;
tm; *syefEdkif tkyfcsKyfrI vufatmufwGif &Sdonfh w½kwfjynf [dkifeefuRef;odkU ydkUay;onf/ jrefrmrsdK;cspf
ocifvli,f &Jabmfrsm;onf [dkifeefuRef;wGif *syefppfynmrsm; pepfwus oifMum;apav\/
&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
1941 ckESpf? {NyDvqef;rSpí w½kwfjynf uefwkefe,fESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif yifv,fwGif&Sdonfh
[dkifeefuRef;ay:&Sd *dk&Sdawmifajcawmwef;wGif jrefrmrsdK;cspfvli,f &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkUonf ppfynm&yf
rsm;udk tjyif;txef avhusifhcJhMuavonf/
xdkUaemufxdkif;EdkifiH AefaumufNrdKUwGif 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeUrSpí (bD? tdkif? at)
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk pwifpkaqmif;zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeUwGif
wyfom; 20om&&Sdonf/ 'DZifbmv 28 &ufaeUwGif wyfom; 50 &&Sdonf/ AefaumufNrdKUrS rxGufcGmrD
wyfom; 150 txd wpfpwpfp wdk;wuf&&SdvmcJhonf/
1941 ck? 'DZifbmv 27 &uf paeaeUwGif AdkvfawZ trnfcH Adkvfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;
&Jabmfrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sdaom ppfom;opfrsm;onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l&mwGif razmufrjyef
toufpGefUí aqmif&Gufygrnf[k opömqdkum jrefrmtrsdK;om;wyfrawmfBuD;tm; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
wyfrawmf [k uifyGef;wyfvdkufMuonf/ &JabmfoHk;usdyfonfvnf; Armha&S;xHk;pOfvmt& vufarmif;
aoG;udk azmufaomufum aoG;aomuf&Jabmfrsm;tjzpf cH,lvdkufMuav\/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf 1941 ckESp?f 'DZifbmv 31 &ufaeUESifh 1942 ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv 11 &ufaeUwdkUwGif pufaMumif; av;aMumif; cGJum jrefrmjynfbufodkU OD;wnfí &[dkif;?
rJuef? rJaqmufvrf;rS wpfqifh zmyGefodkU vnf;aumif;? trSwf 55 *syefwyfESifh twlwGJum
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1941 ckESpf? arvqef;wGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; jynfolvlxk\ e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;ESifh vGwfvyfrI
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wyfrawmfrSm 23000 txd wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhay\/
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trnfajymif;um jyefvnf zGJUpnf;jyefavonf/
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csnfapmifwpfxnfom jzpf\/ vpmrSm 7 usyfESifh qifh 50 om jzpf\/
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wdwdMumcJhavonf/
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okawoDjrifhxGef;

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Computer typing . . . wunna30

Myanamrcupid Community Forum

1/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;csKyf (1915-1947)

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jrefrmawmifolv,form;rsm;onf t*Fvdyftpdk;&aumufcHaom rw&m;tcGefaiGrsm;udk ay;

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*sD? pD? bD? at acgif;aqmifrsm;xuf ydkrdkjywfom;onf? &J0Hhonf? owÅd&Sdonf[k jynfolvlxku

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