Tuyt chiu s 1 y l 1 chiu thc dng x l cc bi ton hn hp phc tp (hn hp c t 3 cht tr ln) v dng rt n gin lm cho cc php tnh

tr nn n gin, thun tin hn .Rt ph hp vi hnh thc thi trc nghim V d minh ha cho k thut 1 : Nung 8,4 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau phn ng thu c m(g) cht rn X gm: Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO. Ho tan m gam X vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c 2,24 lt NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr m l: A. 11,2 g. B. 10,2 g. C. 7,2g. D. 6,9 g.

Nhn xt: Vi cc bi ton hn hp phc tp c s cht trong hn hp ln hn 2 cht ta u c th dng k thut 1 bin i v mt hn hp mi gm 2 cht bt k trong s cc cht trong hn hp. Trong bi ton trn X c 4 cht nn c 6 cch gii. Ta c th bin X thnh X gm (Fe; Fe2O3) hoc (Fe; FeO) hoc (FeO; Fe3O4) hoc (Fe; Fe3O4) hoc (FeO; Fe2O3) hoc (Fe2O3; Fe3O4). Hng dn gii: Ti ch lm 3 trong 6 cch trn, cc bn c th trin khai cc cch cn li u cho kt qu ging nhau. Cch gii 1: Quy hn hp X thnh X gm (FeO, Fe2O3) mX = mX = mFeO + mFe2O3 Theo bi ra ta c: nFe ban u = 8,4/56 = 0,15 Tng mol Fe trong X cng bng 0,15. Mt khc: FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O. 0,1 mol 0,1 mol

Ta c nFe ban u = 0,15 mol 2Fe + O2 2FeO 0,1 0,1

4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 (0,15 - 0,1) = 0,05 0,025 Vy m = 0,1. 72 + 0,025.160 = 11,2g p n A. Cch gii 2: Quy hn hp X thnh X gm (Fe; Fe2O3) mX = mX = mFe + mFe2O3
Theo bi ra ta c: Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O.

0,1/3

0,1

m nFe ban u = 8,4/56 = 0,15 S mol Fe nm trong Fe2O3 l: 0,15 0,1/3 = 0,35/3 nFe2O3 = 0,35/3.2 mX = 0,1/3 . 56 + 0,35/6 . 160 = 11,2 p n A. Cch gii 3:

Quy hn hp X thnh X gm (Fe; FeO) -> mX = mX = mFe + mFeO Theo bi ra ta c: Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O a 3a

FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O b b

Gi a, b l s mol ca Fe v FeO 3a + b = 0,1 (1) v a + b = 0,15 (2) T (1) v (2) ta c: a = -0,025 v b = 0,175. mX = -0,025. 56 + 0,175.72 = 11,2g p n A Nhn xt: Cc bn hc sinh thn mn! S dng chiu thc s 1 gip ta gii cc bi ton v hn hp cht rt nhTi; Lm gim s n s (v lm gim s lng cht trong hn hp). Khi s dng chiu thc ny i khi cc bn s thy xut hin s mol ca cc cht l s m, khi Ti mong cc bn hy bnh tnh. l s b tr khi lng ca cc cht cho cc nguyn t c bo ton. Kt qu cui cng ca ton bi s ko thay i. y l chiu thc s 1 Ti hng dn dng c bn. Nu cc bn bit vn dng chiu thc ny c 2 dng <c bn + nng cao> th li gii cn ngn gn hn rt nhiu. Dng nng cao s gip cc bn gii c c hn hp cc cht hu c na. Ti s ging dy nng cao phn bi ging sau. Thn i cho tm bit. Bi tp v nh thuc Chiu Thc 1 Cu 1: Nung 8,4gam Fe trong khng kh , sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn X gm Fe,Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO. Ho tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c 2,24 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l A:11,2 gam C:7,2 gam B: 10,2 gam D:6,9 gam

Cu 2: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp X gm Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO bng HNO3 c nng thu c 4,48 lt kh NO2(ktc).C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l

A:35,7 gam C:15,8 gam

B: 46,4 gam D:77,7 gam

Cu 3: Ho tan hon ton 49,6gam hn hp X gm Fe,Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO bng H2SO4 c nng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO2(ktc). a) Phn trm khi lng ca oxi trong hoonx hp X l A:40,24 % C: 20,97 % b) Khi lng mui trong dung dch Y l A:160 gam C:120 gam B: 140 gam D: 100 gam B: 30,7 % D: 37,5 %

Cu 4: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hnn hp X gm Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO th cn 0,05 mol kh H2 .Mt khc ho tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng th thu c V ml kh SO2(ktc).gi tr ca V l A:224ml C:336ml B: 448ml D:112ml

Cu 5: Nung m gam bt Fe trong oxi khng kh , sau phn ng thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c 0,56 lt kh NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l A:2,52 gam C:2,62 gam B: 2,22 gam D:2,32 gam

Cu 6: Hn hp X gm Fe,Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO vi s mol moi cht l 0,1 mol . HO tan ht vo dung dch Y gm (HCl v H2SO4 long) d thu c dung dch Z .Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO3)2 1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot ra kh NO .Th tch dung dch Cu(NO3)2 cn dng v th tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no A:25ml v 1,12 lt C:50ml v 2,24 lt B: 500ml v 22,4 lt D: 50ml v 1,12 lt

Cu 7: Nung 8,96 gam Fe trong khng kh , sau phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn A gm Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO. A Ho tan va trong dung dch cha o,5 mol HNO3 thu c kh NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. S mol kh NO l A:0,01 mol B: 0,04 mol

C:0,03 mol

D:0,02 mol

Cu 8: Cho 41,76 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 trong s mol FeO = s mol Fe2O3 tc dng va vi V lt dung dch cha HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,5M (long). Gi tr ca V l: A. 0,6 lt C. 0,8 lt. B. 0,7 lt D. Mt kt qu khc.

Tuyt Chiu S 2 Nu nh tuyt chiu s 1 cc bn c tip cn vi mt phng php kh mnh v gii ton hn hp, th vi tuyt chiu s 2, cc bn s c tip cn mt ngh thut gii ton rt su sc, gip hc sinh nhm ra kt qu mt cch nhTi nht. c im ca cc bi ton c gii bng tuyt chiu s 2 l cho mt hn hp gm c nhiu cht (tng t cc bi tp thuc tuyt chiu s 1) nhng v mt bn cht ch gm 2 hoc 3 nguyn t. V vy, dng tuyt chiu s 2 quy i thng v cc nguyn t tng ng. V d 1: cho hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Khi ta i thnh 1 hn hp mi X' ch gm Fe v O. V d 2: cho hn hp X gm Cu2S, CuS, CuO. Khi ta i thnh 1 hn hp mi X' ch gm Cu, S, O. V d 3: cho hn hp X gm CuO, Cu, Cu2O. Khi ta i thnh 1 hn hp mi X' ch gm Cu v O. ................. V d minh ha 1: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 6 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 1,12 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l: A. 5,04. Hng dn gii: Tm tt: Fe + O2 X (Fe; FeO; Fe2O3; Fe3O4) + dd HNO3 Fe3+ + NO + H2O m gam 6 gam 1,12 lt B. 4,44. C. 5,24. D. 4,64.

S ha bng tuyt chiu s 2.

Ta c th quy i hn hp X thnh hn hp X' gm Fe v O vi s mol ln lt l x, y. Fe + O2 (Fe; O) + HNO3 Fe3+ + N2+ + . x y O2y

0,05 mol

Theo nguyn l bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng ta c: Khi lng Fe ban u lun bng s lng Fe nm trong X'. V vy m = 56x. Mt khc: 56x + 16y = 6 (I) Cc qu trnh nhng v nhn e: Fe - 3e Fe+3 x 3x x

O0 + 2e O-2 y 2y y

N+5 + 3e N+2 . 0,15 0,05

Theo LBT electron ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,15 (II). T (I), (II) x = 0,09; y = 0,06 m = 0,09 . 56 = 5,04 p n A. V d minh ha 2: Ho tan hon ton 60,8 gam cht rn X gm Cu, CuS, Cu2S v S bng HNO3 d, thot ra 40,32 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l: A. 163,1. Hng dn gii: S ha bng tuyt chiu s 2. Ta c th quy i hn hp X thnh hn hp X' gm Cu v S vi s mol ln lt l x, y. X (Cu ; 60,8 x mol S ) + HNO3 d dd Y (Cu2+ + SO42-) + NO + H2O y mol x y 1,8 mol B. 208,4. C. 221,9. D. 231,7.

dd Y (Cu2+ + SO42-) + Ba(OH)2 d (Cu(OH)2 + BaSO4) . x mol y mol x mol y mol

Tnh khi lng kt ta (Cu(OH)2 + BaSO4). tnh c khi lng kt ta, ta ch cn xc nh x v y. Tht vy, 64x + 32y = 60,8 (I) Cc qu trnh nhng v nhn e: Cu0 - 2e Cu+2 x 2x S - 6e S+6 y 6y N+5 + 3e N+2 . 5,4 1,8

Theo nh lut bo ton e: 2x + 6y = 5,4 (II) T (I), (II) ta c: x = 0,6 v y = 0,7 m = 0,6 . 98 + 0,7 . 233 = 221,9g p n C. V d minh ha 3: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 49,6 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 8,96 lt SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l: A. 19,2. B. 29,44. C. 42,24. D. 44,8.

Hng dn gii: S ha bng tuyt chiu s 2. Ta c th quy i hn hp X thnh hn hp X' gm Cu v O vi s mol ln lt l x, y. Cu + O2 X' ( Cu; . m(g) 49,6 x mol O ) + H2SO4 .n Cu2+ + y mol x mol S+4 + O20,4 y mol

Theo bi ra ta c: 64x + 16y = 49,6 (I) Cc qu trnh nhng v nhn e: Cu - 2e Cu+2 x 2x O0 + 2e O-2

y 2y S+6 + 2e S+4 . 0,8 0,4

Theo LBT e ta c: 2x = 2y + 0,8 (II) T (I), (II) ta c: x = 0,7 v y = 0,3 Theo nguyn l bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng, m(g) Cu ban u bin ht thnh Cu nm trong X'. m = 64 . x = 64 . 0,7 = 44,8 n n D. Bi tp v nh thuc tuyt chiu s 2 Cu 1: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l: A. 9,6. B. 14,72. C. 21,12. D. 22,4

Cu 2: Ho tan hon ton 30,4 gam cht rn X gm Cu, CuS, Cu2S v S bng HNO3 d, thot ra 20,16 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l: A. 81,55. B. 104,2. C. 110,95. D. 115,85.

Cu 3: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l: A. 18,6 gam. B. 18,96 gam. C. 19,32 gam. D. 20,4 gam.

Cu 4: Cho 9,12 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch Y; c cn Y thu c 7,62 gam FeCl2 v m gam FeCl3. Gi tr ca m l: A. 4,875. B. 9,75. C. 14,625. D. 19,5.

Cu 5: Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l: A. 49,09. B. 38,72. C. 35,5. D. 34,36. Cu 6: Oxi ha chm m gam Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 12 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 v Fe d. Ho tan hon ton X trong HNO3 thu c 2,24 lt NO (cht kh duy nht, o ktc). Gi tr m l:

A. 7,57. B. 7,75. C. 10,08. D. 10,8. Cu 7: Cho 13,92 gam hn hp X gm Cu v mt oxit st vo dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 2,688 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 42,72 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca oxit st l: A. FeO. B. Fe3O4. C. Fe2O3. D. Khng xc nh c. Cu 8: t chy 6,72 gam bt Fe trong khng kh thu c m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 v Fe d. ho tan X cn dng va ht 255ml dung dch cha HNO3 2M, thu c V lt kh NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Gi tr ca m, V ln lt l: A. 8,4 v 3,36. B. 8,4 v 5,712. C. 10,08 v 3,36. D. 10,08 v 5,712. Cu 9: Hn hp bt X gm Zn, ZnS v S. Ho tan hon ton 17,8 gam X trong HNO3 nng, d thu c V lt kh NO2 duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm t t Ba(OH)2 vo Y thy lng kt ta ti a thu c l 34,95 gam. Gi tr ca V l: A. 8,96. B. 20,16. C. 22,4. D. 29,12. Cu 10: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l: A. 2,52. B. 2,22. C. 2,62. D. 2,32. Cu 11: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe3O4 vo 200ml HNO3 un nng. Sau phn ng thu c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch D v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi cha tan. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 dng l: A. 2,7M. B. 3,2M. C. 3,5M. D. 2,9M. Cu 12: Ho tan hon ton 34,8 gam mt oxit st dng FexOy trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng. Sau phn ng thu c 1,68 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Oxit FexOy l: A. FeO. B. FeO hoc Fe3O4. C. Fe3O4. D. Khng xc nh c. Cu 13: Hn hp X gm Mg, MgS v S. Ho tan hon ton m gam X trong HNO3 c, nng thu c 2,912 lt kh N2 duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y c 46,55 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l: A. 4,8. B. 7,2. C. 9,6. D. 12. Cu 14: Ho tan hon ton 25,6 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeS, FeS2 v S bng dung dch HNO3 d, thot ra V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y thu c 126,25 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l: A. 17,92. B. 19,04. C. 24,64. D. 27,58.

Cu 15: Cho hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 vi s mol bng nhau. Ly a gam X cho phn ng vi CO nung nng, sau phn ng trong bnh cn li 16,8 gam hn hp rn Y. Ho tan hon ton Y trong H2SO4 c, nng thu c 3,36 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca a v s mol H2SO4 phn ng ln lt l: A. 19,2 v 0,87. B. 19,2 v 0,51. C. 18,56 v 0,87. D. 18,56 v 0,51. Cu 16: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 27,8 gm butan, metylxiclopropan, but-2-en, etylaxetilen v ivinyl. Khi t chy hon ton 0,15 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l: A. 34,5 gam. B. 36,66 gam. C. 37,2 gam. D. 39,9 gam. Cu 17: ho tan hon ton 2,32 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 (trong s mol FeO bng s mol Fe2O3), cn dng va V lt dung dch HCl 1M. Gi tr ca V l: A. 0,08. B. 0,16. C. 0,18. D. 0,23. Cu 18: Ho tan hon ton 14,52 gam hn hp X gm NaHCO3, KHCO3 v MgCO3 trong dung dch HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Khi lng mui KCl to thnh trong dung dch sau phn ng l: A. 8,94 gam. B. 16,17 gam. C. 7,92 gam. D. 12 gam. Cu 19: Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeCl2, FeCl3 trong H2SO4 c nng, thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm NH3 d vo Y thu c 32,1 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l: A. 16,8. B. 17,75. C. 25,675. D. 34,55. Tuyt Chiu S 3 Th by, 09 Thng 5 2009 16:16 Ti quang dung c im nhn dng : Vi tt c cc bi ton m trong c xy ra nhiu giai on oxi ha khc nhau (thng l 2 giai on) bi cc cht oxi ha khc nhau. Khi y, ta c th thay i vai tr oxi ha ca cht oxi ha ny cho cht oxi ha kia bi ton tr nn n gin hn. S ca chiu thc: Cht kh X + Cht oxi ha 1 Sn phm trung gian + Cht oxi ha 2 Sn phm cui. Ta i cht oxi ha 2 bng cht oxi ha 1. * C s ca tuyt chiu s 3 l: S mol electron cht oxi ha c nhn = s mol electron cht oxi ha mi nhn Do s thay i tc nhn oxi ha nn c s thay i sn phm sao cho ph hp.

V d minh ha 1: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 12 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 2,24 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l: A. 10,08. Hng dn gii: Tm tt: Fe + O2 X (Fe; FeO; Fe2O3; Fe3O4) + dd HNO3 Fe3+ + NO + H2O m gam 12 gam 2,24 lt B. 8,88. C. 10,48. D. 9,28.

S ha bng tuyt chiu s 3. Fe + O2 X + O2 Fe2O3. 2 a (mol)

m gam

Gi a l s mol Fe c trong m (g). Theo nguyn l bo ton nguyn t Fe ta c: S mol ca Fe nm trong Fe2O3 l 2a. y ta thay vai tr nhn e ca N+5 bng Oxi. Gi y l s mol nguyn t Oxi trong Fe2O3. M : N+5 + 3e N+2. 0,3 0,1

O + 2e O-2. y 2y y

Do s mol electron cht oxi ha c nhn = s mol electron cht oxi ha mi nhn nn 2y = 0,3 y = 0,15. Mt khc, khi lng Fe2O3 = mX + mO = 12 + 0,15 . 16 = 14,4. S mol Fe2O3 = 14,4/160 = 0,09. Vy s mol Fe nm trong Fe2O3 = 0,09 . 2 = 0,18 m = 0,18 . 56 = 10,08 (g) p n A. V d minh ha 2: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 74,4 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 13,44 lt SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l: A. 28,8. Hng dn gii: B. 44,16. C. 42,24. D. 67,2.

S ha bng tuyt chiu s 3. Cu + O2 X (Cu; CuO; Cu2O) + O2 CuO m(g) 74,4g a (mol)

Thay vai tr oxi ha ca H2SO4 bng Oxi. y ta thay vai tr nhn e ca S+6 bng Oxi. Gi y l s mol nguyn t Oxi trong CuO. M : S+6 + 2e S+4. 1,2 0,6

O + 2e O-2. y 2y y

Do s mol electron cht oxi ha c nhn = s mol electron cht oxi ha mi nhn nn 2y = 1,2 y = 0,6. Mt khc, khi lng CuO = mX + mO = 74,4 + 0,6 . 16 = 84. S mol CuO = 84/80 = 1,05. mCu = 1,05 . 64 = 67,2(g) p n D. Tuyt Chiu S 4 (Tuyt Chiu 3 Dng) Th by, 09 Thng 5 2009 17:19 Ti quang dung * C s ca tuyt chiu s 4 (Tuyt chiu 3 dng) l: S dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng. Nhn xt: Trong cc phng trnh phn ng ca kim loi, oxit kim loi... vi HNO3 hoc H2SO4 c nng ta lun c 2 h thc: - Nu l HNO3: S mol ca H2O = 1/2 s mol ca HNO3 phn ng. - Nu l H2SO4: S mol ca H2O = s mol ca H2SO4 phn ng. V d minh ha 1: Cho m gam bt st ra ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian ngi ta thu c 12 gam hn hp B gm Fe; FeO; Fe2O3; Fe3O4. Ho tan hn hp ny bng dung dch HNO3 ngi ta thu c dung dch A v 2,24 lt kh NO (ktc). Tnh m. Hng dn gii: S ha bng tuyt chiu s 4.

Fe + O2 Cht rn B + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O. m gam x mol 12 gam x mol 0,1mol

Gi x l s mol ca Fe c trong m gam. Theo nguyn l bo ton th s mol Fe c trong Fe(NO3)3 cng l x mol. Mt khc, s mol HNO3 phn ng = (3x + 0,1) s mol ca H2O = 1/2 s mol HNO3 = 1/2 (3x + 0,1) Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: 12 + 63(3x + 0,1) = 242 . x + 0,1 . 30 + 18. 1/2(3x + 0,1) x = 0,18 (mol). m = 10,08 (g). Tuyt chiu s 4 ny c tm p dng rt tng qut, c th x l ht c tt c cc bi ton thuc cc chiu 1, 2, 3. Trn y Ti ch trnh by mt kha cnh rt nh b ca tuyt chiu ny. Ti s phn tch k hn cho cc bn trn lp luyn thi ti cc trung tm. Cc bn ch theo di. Cc bi tp c th gii bng tuyt chiu ny: Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 4,431 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO3 long thu c dung dch A v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh u khng mu c khi lng 2,59 gam trong c mt kh b ho nu trong khng kh. 1. Tnh phn trm theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp. 2. Tnh s mol HNO3 phn ng. 3. Khi c cn dung dch A th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan. Bi 2: Cho m gam bt st ra ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian ngi ta thu c 12 gam hn hp B gm Fe; FeO; Fe2O3; Fe3O4. Ho tan hn hp ny bng dung dch HNO3 ngi ta thu c dung dch A v 2,24 lt kh NO (ktc). Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh m. Bi 3: Mt hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R ho tr n khng i c khi lng 14,44 gam. Chia hn hp A thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ho tan ht phn 1 trong dung dch HCl thu c 4,256 lt kh H2. Ho tan ht phn 2 trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 3,584 lt kh NO. 1. Xc nh kim loi R v thnh phn % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A. 2. Cho 7,22 gam A tc dng vi 200ml dung dch B cha Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch C v 16,24 gam cht rn D gm 3 kim loi. Cho D tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c 1,344 lt H2. Tnh nng mol/l ca Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 trong B; (cc th tch o ktc, phn ng xy ra hon ton).

Bi 4: Nung M gam bt st trong khng kh sau mt thi gian ngi ta thu c 104,8 gam hn hp rn A gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO3 d thu c dung dch B v 12,096 lt hn hp kh NO v N2O ( ktc) c t khi hi so vi H2 l 20,334. 1. Tnh gi tr ca M 2. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt ta C. Lc kt ta ri nung n khi lng khng i c cht rn D. Tnh khi lng ca D. Bi 5: Ho tan hon ton 24,3 gam nhm vo dung dch HNO3 long d thu c hn hp kh NO v N2O c t khi hi so vi H2 l 20,25 v dung dch B khng cha NH4NO3. Tnh th tch mi kh thot ra ktc) Bi 6: Cho 200 ml dung dch HNO3 tc dng vi 5 gam hn hp Zn v Al. Phn ng gii phng ra 0,896 lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v N2O. Hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H2 l 16,75. Sau khi kt thc phn ng bn lc, thu c 2,013 gam kim loi. Hi sau khi c cn dung dch A th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan? Tnh nng dung dch HNO3 trong dung dch ban u. Bi 7: Ho tan hon ton 2,43 gam kim loi A va vo Z ml dung dch HNO3 0,6M c dung dch B c cha A (NO3)3 ng thi to ra 672 ml hn hp kh N2O v N2 c t khi hi so vi O2 l 1,125. 1. Xc nh kim loi A v tnh gi tr ca Z 2. Cho vo dung dch B 300ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Sau khi phn ng song lc ly kt ta, ra sch, un nng n khi lng khng i c mt cht rn. Tnh khi lng ca mt cht rn . Cc V o ktc Bi 8: Cho a gam hn hp A gm 3 oxit FeO, CuO, Fe3O4 c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton vi lng va 250ml dung dch HNO3 khi un nng nh thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lt (ktc) hn hp kh C gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 l 20,143. Tnh a v nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 dng. Bi 9: Cho mt hn hp gm 2,8 gam Fe v 0,81 gam Al vo 200 ml dung dch C cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Khi cc phn ng kt thc c dung dch D v 8,12g cht rn E gm ba kim loi. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c 0,672 lt H2 (kc). Tnh nng mol ca Ag(NO3)2 trong dung dch C Bi 10: t chy x mol Fe bi oxi thu c 5,04g hn hp A gm cc oxt st. Ho tan hon ton A trong HNO3 thu c 0,035 mol hn hp Y gm NO v NO2.T khi hi ca Y i vi H2 l 19. Tnh x. Bi 11: Nung nng 16,8g bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c m gam hn hp X gm oxt st. Ho tan ht hn hp X bng H2SO4 c nng thu c 5,6 lt SO2 (kc). a) Vit tt c phn ng xy ra)

b) Tm m. c) Nu ho tan ht X bng HNO3 c nng th th tch NO2 (kc) thu c l bao nhiu? Bi 12: Nung nng m gam bt st ngoi khng kh. Sau mt thi gian thu c 10g hn hp (X) gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4.Ho tan ht (X) bng HNO3 thu c 2,8 lt (kc) hn hp Y gm NO v NO2. cho dY/H2 = 19. Tnh m ? Bi 13: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 nung nng mt thi gian, thu c 13,92 gam cht rn X gm Fe, Fe3O4, FeO v Fe2O3. Ho tan ht X bng HNO3 c nng thu c 5,824 lt NO2 (kc). Tnh m? Bi 14 Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp X nng 44,64g gm Fe3O4, FeO, Fe v Fe2O3 d. Ho tan ht X bng HNO3 long thu c 3,136 lt NO (kc). Tnh m ?

Tuyt chiu s 5(Bo ton Electron) Th t, 13 Thng 5 2009 18:05 Ti quang dung Bi 1: ho tan ht mt hn hp gm 0,02 mol kim loi A (ho tr II) v 0,03 mol kim loi B (ho tr III) cn m gam dung dch HNO3 21%. Sau phn ng thu c 0,896 lt (kc) hn hp NO v N2O. Vit cc phng trinh phn ng xy ra v tnh M. Hng dn gii Cc phn ng xy ra: 3A + 8 HNO3 = 3A(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 4A + 10HNO3 = 4A(NO3)2 + N2O + 4H2O B + 4HNO3 = B(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 8B +30HNO3 = 8B(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O Gi a, b l s mol NO v N2O thu c, ta c cc qu trnh cho nhn electron. Cho A 2e = A2+

0,02mol 0,04mol B 3e = B3+

0,03mol 0,09mol Nhn

NO3- + 3e + 4H+ = NO + 2H2O 3a 4a a

2NO3- + 8e + 10H+ = N2O + 5H2O 8b 10b b

3a + 8b = 0,04 + 0,09 = 0,13 (I) a + b = 0,896/22,4 = 0,04 (II) T (I), (II) : a = 0,038 v b = 0,02 S mol HNO3 = S mol H+ = 4a + 10b = 0,172 S mol dd HNO3 21% = (0,172 . 63 . 100) / 21 = 21,6(g) Bi 2: Hn hp A gm 3 kim loi X, Y c ho tr ln lt l 3; 2; 1 v t l mol ln lt l 1:2:3, trong s mol ca X l x. Ho tan hon ton A bng dung dch c cha y gam HNO3 (ly 25%). Sau phn ng thu c dung dch B khng cha NH4NO3 v V lt (kc) hn hp kh G gm NO v NO2. Lp biu thc tnh y theo x v V. Hng dn gii Gi a, b l s mol NO v NO2 sinh ra, ta c cc qu trnh cho, nhn electron: Cho X - 3e = X3+ x 3x

Y - 2e = Y2+ 2x 4x Z - e = Z+ 3x 3x Nhn NO3- + 3e + 4H+ = NO + 2H2O 3a 4a a

NO3- + e + 2H+ = NO2 + H2O b 2b b

 3a + b = 3x + 4x + 3x = 10x (I) a + b = V / 22,4 (II) T (I), (II) a = 1/2 (10x - V / 22,4) v b = 1/2 (3V / 22,4 - 10x) S mol HNO3 = S mol H+ = 4a + 2b = 10x + V / 22,4 y = 63 (10x + V / 22,4) + 25/100 . 63 (10x + V / 22,4) = 78,75 (10x + V / 22,4) Bi 3: Cho mt hn hp gm 2,8g Fe v 0,81g Al vo 200ml dung dch C cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Khi cc phn ng kt thc c dung dch D v 8,12 gam cht rn E gm ba kim loi. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c 0,672 lt H2 (kc). Tnh nng mol ca AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong dung dch C. Hng dn gii Do Al u tin phn ng trc Fe nn ba kim loi trong E phi l Fe, Cu, Ag. Ta c: nFe ban u = 2,8 / 56 = 0,05 mol nAl ban u = 0,81 / 27 = 0,03 mol Khi cho E tc dng vi HCl, ch xy ra phn ng: Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2 nFe cn d = S mol H2 = 0,672 / 22,4 = 0,3 Dung dch C (gm x mol AgNO3 v y mol Cu(NO3)2) tc dng va vi 0,03 mol Mg v (0,05 - 0,03) = 0,02 mol Fe Ta c cc qu trnh cho, nhn electron: Cho Al 3e = Al3+

0,03mol 0,09mol Fe - 2e = Fe2+

0,02mol 0,04mol Nhn AgNO3 + e = Ag + NO3x x x

Cu(NO3)2 + 2e = Cu + 2NO3-

2y

x + 2y = 0,04 + 0,09 = 0,013 (I) 108x + 64y + 0,03 . 56 = 8,12 (II) T (I), (II) : x = 0,03 v y = 0,05 CM AgNO3 = 0,03 / 0,2 = 0,15M. CM Cu(NO3)2 = 0,05 / 0,2 = 0,25M Bi 4: Ho tan 62,1 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HNO3 long c 16,8 lt (kc) hn hp X gm 2 kh khng mu, khng ho nu ngoi khng kh. Bit d x /H2 = 17,2.

a. Tm tn M. b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 2M dng, bit rng ly d 25% so vi lng cn thit. Hng dn gii a. Ta c: MX = 17,2 2 = 34,4 Hai kh khng mu, khng ho nu ngoi khng kh v tho iu kin M1 < 34,4 < M2 y ch c th l N2 v N2O. Gi x l s mol M dng v n l ha tr ca M. Gi a, b l s mol N2 v N2O c trong X, ta c cc qu trnh cho nhn e: Cho M - ne = Mn+ x nx

Nhn 2NO3- + 10e + 12H+ = N2 + 6H2O 10a 12a a

2NO3- + 8e + 10H+ = N2O + 5H2O 8b 10b x . M = 62,1 (I) n . x = 10a + 8b (II) a + b = 16,8/22,4 = 0,75 (III) (28a + 44b) / 0,75 = 34,4 (IV) b

T (I), (II), (III), (IV) : a = 0,45 b = 0,3 x . M = 62,1 n . x = 6,9 Rt ra M = 9n. Ch c n = 3, ng vi M = 27 l ph hp. Vy M l Al b. Ta c: S mol HNO3 = S mol H+ = 12a + 10b = 8,4 Th tch dd HNO3 = 8,4 / 2 + 25/100 . 8,4 / 2 = 5,25 lt Bi 5: Cho 12,45 gam hn hp X (Al v kim loi M ho tr II) tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 d c 1,12 lt hn hp N2O v N2, c t khi i vi H2 l 18,8 v dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c 0,448 lt NH3. Xc nh kim loi M v khi lng mi kim loi trong X. Cho nx = 0,25 mol v cc th tch o kc. Hng dn gii Gi a, b l s mol ca Al v M c trong X Gi c, d, e l s mol N2O, N2 v NH4NO3 c to ra, ta c cc qu trnh cho, nhn electron. Cho Al - 3e = Al3+ a 3a

M - 2e = M2+ b 2b Nhn 2NO3- + 8e + 10H+ = N2O + 5H2O 8c 10c c

2NO3- + 10e + 12H+ = N2 + 6H2O 10d 12d d

2NO3- + 8e + 10H+ = NH4NO3 + 3H2O

8e

Phn ng ca dung dch Y vi NaOH: NH4NO3 + NaOH = NH3 + H2O + NaNO3 e suy ra : 27a + b.M = 12,45 a + b = 0,25 3a + 2b = 8c + 10 d + 8e c + d = 1,12/ 22,4 = 0,05 (44c + 28d)/ (c + d) = 18,8 . 2 = 37,6 e = 0,448/22,4 = 0,02 a = 0,1 b = 0,15 c = 0,03 d = 0,2 e = 0,02 M = 65 M l Zn Bi 6: t chy x mol Fe bi oxi thu c 5,04g hn hp A gm cc oxit st. Ho tan hon ton A trong HNO3 thu c 0,035 mol hn hp Y gm NO v NO2. T khi hi ca Y i vi H2 l 19. Tnh x. Hng dn gii Cn c vo s phn ng: x mol Fe + O2 Cc oxi st + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + NO2 + H2O Ta c cc qu trnh cho nhn electron: Cho Fe - 3e = Fe3+ X 3x e

Nhn O2 (5,04 - 56x)/32 + 4e 4(5,04 - 56x)/32 = 2O2-

NO3- + 3e + 4H+ = NO + 2H2O 3a a

NO3- + e + 2H+ = NO2 + H2O b Suy ra: a + b = 0,035 (30a + 46b) / (a + b) = 19 . 2 = 38 4(5,04 - 56x)/32 + 3a + 3b = 3x a = 0,0175; b = 0,0175; x = 0,07 Bi 7: m gam phi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian c hn hp (B) nng 12g gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Ho tan ht B bng HNO3 thy gii phng 2,24 lt NO (kc) duy nht a. Vit phng trnh phn ng b. nh m. Hng dn gii a. Cc phn ng xy ra: 2Fe + O2 = 2FeO 3Fe + 2O2 = Fe3O4 4Fe + 3O2 = 2Fe2O3 Fe + 4HNO3 = Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 3FeO + 10HNO3 = 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 = Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2SO4 3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 = 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O b. Cn c vo s phn ng: b

a mol Fe + O2 Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O. Ta c cc qu trnh cho, nhn electron: Cho

Fe - 3e = Fe3+ a 3a Nhn O2 (12 - 56a)/32 + 4e = 2O2-

4(12 - 56a)/32

NO3- + 3e + 4H+ = NO + 2H2O 0,03 mol 0,1 mol

3a = 4(12 - 56a)/32 + 0,3 a = 0,18 m = 56a = 10,08g