- 04.

02

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. . Pauli

(n, l, ml, ms).
5. . - ,
pH
.

1.
. 7: 1s2 2s2 2p3 3 e

8O:

1s2 2s2 2p4 2 e

11a:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1 e

e 7.
. Na+ NO2 .
e NO2 : 5 + (26) + 1 = 18
..
.. ..

[: Na : ] + [ :O=NO:]
..

..

..

2.
. .
2
2
6
2
6
10
2
4
34Se: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
(n=4, l=1 ml=0) 4p.
. .

(
)
1

 - 04.02

(
).
,
,
.
. .
H2SO4 ,
:
() H2SO4 + H2O
0,1

HSO4 + H3O+

0,1
0,1

() HSO4 + H2O
0,1
0,1- x

SO42 + H3O+

0,1
x
0,1+x

x < 0,1 , [H3O+] : 0,1 + x < 0,2.

. .
,
:
+ H2O
+ + H
NaOH
Na+ + OH
B3.
1. Na2CO3, ,
, CO2.
2. Fehling Tollens
, (),
Cu2O, , Ag , .
3. 2- , KMnO4,
, .
4. ,
2/NaOH,
, CHI3.

 - 04.02

CH3COOCHCH3 + NaOH CH3COONa + CH3CHCH3

|
|
CH3

(A)

(B)

()

5CH3CHCH3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 5CH3CCH3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

|
||
H
O

()

()

CH3CCH3 + 3Cl2 + 4NaOH CHCl3 + CH3COONa + 3NaCl + 8H2O

||

()

(E)

(B)

2.
x mol CH3CH2OH CH3CH=O (A)
y mol CH3CH2OH CH3COOH (B)
To Fehling - Cu2O. :
Mr (Cu2O) = (263,5) + 16 = 143
n (Cu2O) =
= 0,2 mol
NaOH :
n (NaOH) =
= 0,2 mol
:
3CH3CH2OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 3CH3CH=O + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O

x mol

x/3 mol

x mol

3CH3CH2OH + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 3CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 11H2O

y mol

2y/3 mol

y mol

 - 04.02

CH3CH=O + 2CuSO4 + 5NaOH Cu2O + CH3COONa + 2Na2SO4 + 3H2O

1 mol
1 mol
x=;
0,2 mol
x= 0,2 mol
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
1 mol
1 mol
y=;
0,2 mol
y = 0,2 mol
, K2Cr2O7 0,1 M :
mol:

1.
mol:
NaOH mol:
. Y1 & Y2,
NaOH, :
(mol)

+ NaOH
0,002
0,001
0,001
0,001

Na

0,001

+0,001

0,001

V3 = 0,01 + 0,02 = 0,03 L

3.
4

+ H2O

 - 04.02

To :
NaA
A+
1/30 M
; = 1/30 M

Na+

To Na+ .
To :
(M)

+ H2O

1/30
/
x

1/30 x

1/30

+ H3+

+x
1/30+ x

+x
x

pH = 4, [H3+] = 10-4 .
: 1/30 - 1/10000 ~ 1/30, 1/30 + 1/10000 ~ 1/30, :

___________________________________________________________________________

2.
mol:
NaOH mol:
. Y1 & Y2,
NaOH, :

 - 04.02

(mol)

+ NaOH
0,0018
0,0022
0,0018

Na

+ H2O

0,0018

+0,0018

0,0004

0,0018

V3 = 0,018 + 0,022 = 0,04 L

4.

, NaOH, :
NaOH
OH+ Na+
0,01M
; = 0,01M
To :
NaA

A+ Na+
0,045M
; = 0,045 M
To Na+ .
To :
(M)

+ H2O

0,045
/
y

0,045 y

H
0,01

+y

+y

0,01 + y

Kb:
,
:

, : 0,045 y ~ 0,045 0,01 + y ~ 0,01.

 - 04.02

: [OH] = 0,01 + 4,51010 ~ 0,01 M

pOH =2 & pH=12
___________________________________________________________________________

3.
C H
2.
) 1 NaOH
mol H:
mol NaOH 20 mL = 0,02 L
Y2:
: pH = 4

[H3O+] = 104 M , .

V = 0,02 + 0,06 = 0,08 L.

:
(mol)
HB

0,6C
/
0,002

0,6C 0,002

NaOH NaB + H2O

0,002

0,002

0,002

0,002

HB NaB, :

 - 04.02

To :
NaB

B+ Na+
c(NaB) M
; = c(NaB) M
To B :
(M)
B
+

c(HB)
/

c(HB)

H2O

+ H3O+
c(NaB)
+
+
c(NaB) +

pH = 4 , , = 10-4 .
: c(NaB) + ~ c(NaB) (=1/40=2510-3 )
: c(HB) - ~ c(HB)
Ka:
, (1)

2 NaOH
mol H:
mol NaOH 50 mL = 0,05 L
Y2:
: pH = 5

[H3O+] = 105 M , .

V = 0,05 + 0,06 = 0,11 L.

:
(mol)
HB

0,6C
/
0,005

0,6C 0,005

NaOH NaB + H2O

0,005

0,005

0,005

0,005

HB NaB, :
8

 - 04.02

To :
NaB

B+ Na+
c(NaB)M
; = c(NaB) M
To B :
(M)
B
+

c(HB)
/
z

c(HB) z

H2O

pH = 5, , z = 10-5 .
: c(NaB) + z ~ c(NaB)
: c(HB) - z ~ c(HB)
Ka:
, (2)

(1) & (2):

+ H3O+
c(NaB)
+z
+z
c(NaB) + z
z

 - 04.02

( , ).
,
(1):

___________________________________________________________________________

) : n (HB) = n (NaOH).
mol H:
mol NaOH V mL Y2:
:
V = 0,06 + 0,06 = 0,12 L.
:
(mol)
HB
+ NaOH NaB +

0,006
0,006

/
0,006
0,006
0,006

0,006

H2O

NaB, :

To :
NaB

B0,05
; = 0,05 M

Na+

10

 - 04.02

To - :
(M)
+

0,05
/

0,05

B + O-

H2O

Kb:

, 0,05 - ~ 0,05

, pOH = 5,5 & pH = 8,5.

11