Primary Sources 1880 Tubman. Digital image. Harriet Tubman Timeline. The Circle Association, n.d. Web. 27 Jan.

2013. This is a picture taken of Harriet Tubman when she was about sixty years old. This is one of the few pictures of Harriet Tubman where she stands tall and proud. It is used to show what a strong woman Harriet Tubman was, and that's why its place is at the top of the Harriet Tubman page. Allen, Richard. "Excerpts of a Letter from Richard Allen." Freedom's Journal [New York City] 2 Nov. 1827: n. pag. Web. <http://www.hennessyhistory.com/uploads/2/6/2/0/2620134/rich_allen.pdf>. This letter intrigued us for a number of reasons. First off, it is a counter argument against blacks moving back to Africa, which Allen originally supported. He argues that blacks cannot go back to Africa because they are not educated themselves. He believes that they will never fit in because of this and that they have separated from the mother country too long. His second main argument is that America was colonized by civilized people but the slave-owners themselves are not civilized. His final dispute is that slaves made plantation owners incredibly wealthy and that they have lost their connectedness to Africa. The land that they toiled on has now become their own. Allen, Richard. "To Those Who Keep Slaves, and Approve the Practice." Address. Philadelphia. 1794. Ushistory.org. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.ushistory.org/documents/richardallen.htm>. This is an address from a longer document titled A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People, during the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia, in the Year 1793: And a Refutation of some Censures, Thrown upon Them in Some Late Publications. Richard Allen tackles the issues of how whites treat black people as a whole as lesser people. He believes that if whites give blacks a chance that they will see how civilized and similar they are to each other. Allen says that blacks will forgive their owners when they see the error of their ways. Lastly, he pleads that if they love God, than they should free their slaves. Allen, Richard, and Absalom Jones. The Life, Experience, and Gospel Labours of the Rt. Rev. Richard Allen: To Which Is Annexed the Rise and Progress of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Containing a Narrative of the Yellow

Fever in the Year of Our Lord, 1793 : With an Address to the People of Colour in the United States. Philadelphia: Martin & Boden, Printers, 1833. Documenting the American South. 2000. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/allen/allen.html>. For this section of notes, we are focusing only the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 because the entire book is quite lengthy. This section of the book was particularly useful because it documented Richard Allens experiences throughout the epidemic. It showed how blacks were constantly relied upon to do unsanitary and even harmful work that white people refused to do. The blacks were not even paid for doing so. Allen says that they were not seeking payment for doing so, even if they died trying. This is a great example of Allens steadfastness and faith, which has served him throughout his lifetime. Birch, William Russell. Goal, in Walnut Street Philadelphia. N.d. Engraving. Philadelphia, PA. This engraving by William Russell Birch depicted the moving of a blacksmith shop that Richard Allen had bought. This smithy would eventually become the foundation of Mother Bethel Church. It is being hauled by a team of horses and they are going by the Walnut Street Jail, the white building in the background. Mother Bethel is located a couple of blocks south of where the Walnut Street Jail once stood. Brown, Henry. Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown. Memphis, Tennessee: General Books LLC, 2012. Print. This is a relatively short autobiography of Brown that documents his story. It was particularly helpful in explaining exact details of the actual journey and Browns early life in general. This writing is definitely biased towards Brown, but only because the book was written from Browns perspective. Some of the information may be over-exaggerated. Fitler, Jacob. Sheriff's Sale. Philadelphia: John Binns, 1815. Print. What was mainly important about this document was that it was a nice exemplification of the research we had been doing about Mother Bethel. The document explains what happened between Richard Allen and the white Methodists at St. Georges Methodist Episcopal Church. The fine text in the middle of the paper explained where Mother Bethel Church was located, albeit unnecessarily. Official Report of Harriet Tubman's Services in the War. Digital image. Harriet Tubman. PWTS MultiMedia, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. This is a report sent from a newspaper stating the Harriet Tubman's efforts in the Civil War. It talked about her work as a nurse and a spy,

and the impact she had in the war. Although it also talked of her work as a conductor and her early life, it helped us mostly because of its information of her work in the war. It showed how recognized she was, and still is, for all her work. Preamble of the Free African Society. Digital image. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://hsp.org/historyonline/exhibits/richard-allen-apostle-of-freedom/the-free-african-society>. This document is the opening article for the founding document of the Free African Society. It states how Richard Allen and Absalom Jones left St. Georges because of the way blacks were being treated at St. Georges. Reward Poster for Freed Woman and Underground Railroad Conductor Harriet Tubman (a.k.a. General Moses). Digital image. General Moses: Stories from the Life of Harriet Tubman- Her Escape on the Underground Railroad. Eastern West Virginia Community & Technical College, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. This poster is a reward poster for Harriet Tubman. It helped show us the risks Harriet Tubman took to help the slaves escape from the south. The reward amount had started at around a hundred dollars, and quickly escalated to forty thousand after the news of her escapades spread among slave masters. Still, William, and James P. Boyd. "William Still: His Life and Work to This Time." Introduction. The Underground Railroad Records: Narrating the Hardships, Hairbreadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom; Together with Some Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road Philadelphia: W. Still, 1883. Xxx+. Print. This is William Stills book of records from the Underground Railroad. It contains the stories of over eight hundred fugitive slaves that he helped escape to freedom in the north. The goal of the book is to increase awareness about the horrors of slavery and also to help fugitive slaves find their lost family members from the detailed descriptions. In this edition, there is a biographical introduction written by James P. Boyd that has very useful information about the response to Stills book after it was published. Three Hundred Dollars Reward. 1849. Photograph. Flickr. Yahoo!, 07 Apr. 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/outstinguished/450260177/>. This is the reward poster put out by Brodess for her three slaves who had escaped. One of the three slaves was Harriet Tubman, who successfully crossed the border. The other two were eventually

caught. This reward poster showed me the dangers of Harriet Tubmans escape from the South and the dangers posed to her on her repeated journeys on the Underground Railroad to and from the South. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. 1898. Photograph. U.S. House of Representatives, National Archives and Records Administration, Philadelphia. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. U.S. Capitol. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.visitthecapitol.gov/Exhibitions/civilwar/html/slide_22bc.html>. This was letter from a general that supported claim the Tubman made for extra financial benefits. Her work in the Civil War made many people, including this general, to begin to support the cause in their own unique ways. "Virginia Memory: Song about Henry Box Brown." Virginia Memory: Song about Henry Box Brown. The Library of Virginia, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/d oc/boxbrown>. This website page contains an old original song document. On the document is a drawing of Browns box, on which the side is inscribed, right side up with care. This was written so Brown would not be put upside down during his trip. The lyrics of the song he sung while stepping out of the box are also on the document. The song caught on quickly because he sung it before every speech he made. "When Special Delivery Meant Deliverance for a Fugitive Slave."When Special Delivery Meant Deliverance for a Fugitive Slave. New York Times, n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. <http://documents.nytimes.com/when-special-delivery-meant-deliverance-for-a fugitive-slave>. This source is a letter from James Miller (J.M.) McKim to a friend, telling the friend about Henry Box Browns story. J.M. McKim watched as Brown stepped out of the box. The letter explains the exact details of Browns escape. Secondary Sources (5-10) "1800s-1850s: Resisting Slavery." NBCNews.com. NBC, n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. <http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24714507/ns/us_news-gut_check/t/s-s-resistingslavery/#.UJxeqeOe8oY>. A page that lists multiple slave revolts in the 19th century.

This website writes about nearly every major slave revolt and rebellion. It also explains the year, 1804, when the Underground Railroad was created in Pennsylvania. Absalom Jones. Digital image. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://hsp.org/history-online/exhibits/richard-allen-apostle-of-freedom/the-free-africansociety>. This image depicts Absalom Jones, who co-founded the Free African Society with Richard Allen. The inscription says Driven out by the acts of White Methodists he and others formed St. Thomas Episcopal Church and was its first minister. "Ad for The Underground Railroad by William Still in 1872 Pages of The New National Era." Frederick Douglass in Washington D.C.: The Lion of Anacostia. N.p., 13 May 2012. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. <http://thelionofanacostia.wordpress.com/2012/05/13/ad-forthe-underground-railroad-by-william-still-in-1872-pages-of-the-new-national-era/>. We found an advertisement for Stills book on this website. We found it interesting that this advertisement was almost the same as the title page of Stills book "Africans in America/Part 3/Richard Allen." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p97.html>. The Richard Allen part of Africans in America was the starting point of our research on him. Along with a Wikipedia article, we learned about his life and work. One of his masters encouraged him to go to church. Eventually, Allen began preaching as a Methodist. He bought his freedom from his master and eventually founded the Free African Society. Allen and his colleagues created the first free African American church, Mother Bethel on 6th and Lombard. "African Methodist Episcopal Church." African Methodist Episcopal Church. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. <http://www.ame-church.com/about-us/history.php>. We found this source to be helpful for a number of reasons. First, it talked about the separation between the blacks of St. George. They went their separate ways forming two different churches, St. Thomas and Mother Bethel. The second reason was the number of useful statistics within the page. We were looking for sources that showed the growth and spread of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. The article explained that by the 1850s, there were numerous churches throughout the Northeast, Midwest, California, and even some of the Southern Slave states!

"Allen Enslaved." Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Historical Society of Philadelphia, Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://hsp.org/history-online/exhibits/richard-allen-apostle-offreedom/allen-enslaved>. It was difficult finding articles about Allens early years because little is actually known about his childhood. We learned the name of his second owner which we could not find in my previous sources. It was also helpful to know the specific dates that were turning points in Allens life such as experiencing Methodist fervor and buying his freedom. Allen was a well known individual in the black Methodist community of Delaware. He was renowned for his dedication and devotedness to Methodism which served him greatly in later years. Armstrong, Louis. "Go Down, Moses." Louis and the Good Book. N.d. MP3. Louis Armstrong is an incredibly famous jazz artist. We felt that the song fit the overall mood that the page conveyed. Benjamin C. Howard. Digital image. The Free Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. <http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Benjamin+Chew+Howard>. This image depicts Richard Allen's first owner Benjamin Chew who sold Allen and the rest of his family to Stokely Sturgis. Birch, William Russell. Goal, In Walnut Street Philadelphia. Engraving. PBS.org. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h89b.html>. The engraving depicts the moving of Mother Bethel church with the Walnut street jail in the background. The building was originally a blacksmith shop which Allen purchased and then turned into Mother Bethel. Bishops of the AME Church. Digital image. Allen Chapel AME Church. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.allenchapelhartford.com/index.php?p=1_2_ABOUT-AFRICANMETHODISM>. We found that this image really gave a nice image of black unification. It shows many different black ministers with Richard Allen in the center representing how he held everything together. "Black History Spotlight: Harriet Tubman." Black Youth Project. BlackYouthProject.com, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. <http://www.blackyouthproject.com/2012/02/black-history-spotlightharriet-tubman/>. From this website we gleaned some information on how much of an

impact Harriet Tubman had been on the black community. It showed how she proved that physical hardships could never deter a determined person. It also showed us how much of an inspiration she was to both blacks and whites, and how she gave pride to the African American race through her work. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/harriet_tubman.html>. This website contains thousands of quotes from many different famous people. We took a Harriet Tubman quote from this website that we posted on the home page. Calarco, Tom. Personal interview. 23 November. 2012. On the 23rd of November, We conducted a personal interview with Mr. Tom Calarco. Mr. Calarco is an Underground Railroad expert and routinely talks at various colleges about the Underground Railroad. He has written a few books and knows an incredible amount about the anti-slavery movement. Calarco, Tom, and Cynthia Vogel. Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2011. Print. This book describes the contributions that many different places in the U.S. made to the Underground Railroad. We used the section about the abolitionism in Philadelphia to give a more specific background on the Underground Railroad before talking about William Still in my essay. The section gave a general overview of why Philadelphia was so important to the Underground Railroad and then it talked about specific organizations and abolitionists that were involved with the Underground Railroad. "Charity Still." William Still: An African-American Abolitionist. Temple University, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/content/charity-still>. On this website, we got a picture of Stills mother, Charity. We included this picture on the page about Stills early life. We could not find any pictures of Stills father or Still himself when he was younger, so we just included his mother. "Church History. Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church of Philadelphia. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. <http://www.motherbethel.org/content.php?cid=112>. This article gave amore in depth look at Richard Allens church years. It explained why he and his other followers left the church. There wasnt enough room and they were faced with opposition from both whites and blacks. This was very useful because otherwise it

felt as if there was a gaping hole. Secondly, this article states that Allen helped fugitive slaves from Jamaica integrate into the community. We were hoping to find some sort of information pertaining to Allens work on the Underground Railroad. The article also mentioned that Mother Bethel church continued to play an important role in the Underground Railroad. Cowan, Alison Leigh. "When Special Delivery Meant Deliverance for a Fugitive Slave." City Room. The New York Times, 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/when-special-delivery-meantdeliverance-for-a-fugitive-slave/>. A short New York Times article, this source gives a easy-to-understand overview of Browns story. The article information from ship manifest, courtesy of ancestry.com. The ship manifest states that in 1875, years after the Civil War came to an end, Henry Brown returned to America. Crater, Christine. Pennsylvania State University, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/BrownHenry_ Box.html>. An abstract of the Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown, this essay is excellently written and contains a deep explanation of how Browns story is relevant in the present time. The abstract is unbiased, however it does explain that Henry Brown ended up right side up. Crater considers Brown is a hero. This abstract has a large amount of information on Browns life in England as well. ""Executive Committee of Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society"" PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1544b.html>. We found a picture of the executive committee of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society in 1851 on this website. Still is not actually in this picture because he was only a clerk at the Anti-Slavery office. There are many other famous abolitionists in this picture including Robert Purvis and Lucretia Mott. Free African Society Historical Marker. Digital image. The Historical Marker Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://static-71-12618250.washdc.fios.verizon.net/PhotoFullSize.asp?PhotoID=20952> This historical marker in Philadelphia describes the impact the Free African Society had on the Philadelphia black community.

"Front Page of William Still's The Underground Railroad, Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1872." ExplorePAhistory.com. WITF Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. <http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=1-2-1E69>. From this website, we used a picture of the first two pages of Stills book. There is a picture of Still with his signature under it. The second page is the title page, which includes the complete title of the book. "Fugitive Slave Act - 1850." Fugitive Slave Act - 1850. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. <http://www.nationalcenter.org/FugitiveSlaveAct.html>. The exact words of the Fugitive Slave Act are written on this web page. A one paragraph summary precedes the written law. The summary is helpful in understanding what the Fugitive Slave Act actually decreed. Gara, Larry. "William Still and the Underground Railroad." Pennsylvania History 28.1 (January 1961): 33-44. This article was a great resource for this paper. The beginning of the article was a summary of William Stills life, which we did not need. However, the middle and end talked about Stills role at the Anti-Slavery Society and Stills book. Larry Gara discusses why Stills book was different from other records of the Underground Railroad. He also talks about how William Still was directly in charge of the sale of his book and describes the strict and specific system that he created for people to buy his book. Gates, Henry Louis., and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. "William Still." The African American National Biography. Vol. 7. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. 414-15. Print. The entry about William Still in this encyclopedia gave a general overview of William Stills life and his contributions to the abolitionist movement. The entry also talked about causes that Still supported later in his life that we did not need for our website. However, the information in this book about Stills early life was useful and we used it in our website. Great Experiment Film. "Richard Allen: Apostle of Freedom." YouTube. YouTube, 10 May 2012. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=9Zd-PuQZVFE>. This video talks about Allens childhood which little is known about. Overall, I think it puts a slightly different spin on the same information which can help the websites viewer understand the topic more. "Harriet Tubman." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012.

<http://www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430>.We pulled up a majority of the information of Harriet Tubmans early life from this article. It talked about her birth, her life as a slave, her hardships as a slave, the injuries she suffered, etc. It also talked about her family, how they were all slaves, their separation, and their unclear status after their master died. The article described her childhood in great detail and mentioned a certain injury, a weight thrown at her head, which affected her for her entire life. "Harriet Tubman." Harriet Tubman Biography Page. Civilwarhome.com, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. <http://www.civilwarhome.com/tubmanbio.htm>. This website showed us why Tubman is considered such a hero. It told us how she never lost a passenger, completed every journey once it was started, and never gave up hope. It also proved to us how determined she was by highlighting the fact that she kept going never caring about the bounties placed on her own head. "Harriet Tubman." Super Hero - Harriet Tubman. DIVERSITY EMPLOYERS, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. <http://www.blackcollegian.com/issues/35thAnn/tubman.shtml>. This article talked about all the things Tubman did to support and fund the trips across the Underground Railroad such as working as a domestic domestic sweeping floors, cleaning houses, cooking food, etc. She inspired many to follow her footsteps and selflessly help the slaves escape to a better life in the North. "Henry Box Brown, a Determined and Innovative Abolitionist!" The Black Box. N.p., n.d.Web. 06 Nov 2012. <http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/henry-boxbrown-determined-and-innovative-abolitionist>. This is an short biography created by the African American Registry. It has a couple incredible details about Browns life. "Henry "Box" Brown: A Slave Signed, Sealed and Delivered." Henry "Box" Brown: A Slave Signed, Sealed and Delivered. N.p., 10 Aug. 2009. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. <http://www.historynet.com/henry-box-brown-a-slave-signed-sealed-anddelivered.htm>. A fairly short account of Browns story, this history.net article describes the major points of Browns life. The article web page has a response section in which anyone can make a comment about the article. Henry Box Brown, B. 1816 and Charles Stearns Narrative of Henry Box Brown, Who

Escaped from Slavery, Enclosed in a Box 3 Feet Long and 2 Wide. Written from a Statement of Facts Made by Himself. With Remarks Upon the Remedy for Slavery. By Charles Stearns. 1850. Docsouth.unc.edu. University of North Carolina. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/boxbrown/menu.html>. This illustration of Brown was put in Browns narrative. The fact that the illustration is still in good shape is amazing. Henry Box Brown, B. 1816 Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown, Written by Himself. 1851. Photograph. Docsouth.unc.edu. By Lee and Glynn. University of North Carolina. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brownbox/cover.html>. This website contains the picture of the cover of Browns narrative. It resembles the fame Brown received after he published his story. Henry "Box" Brown Marker W-235. 2012. Photograph. Louisa County, Virginia. MarkerHistory.com. MarkerHistory.com. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.markerhistory.com/henry-box-brown-w-235/>. An informative website, markerhistory.com contains a very detailed explanation of Browns history marker. It includes when the marker was made and unveiled. "Henry 'Box' Brown - People of the Underground Railroad in America :: National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio." Henry 'Box' Brown - People of the Underground Railroad in America :: National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. United States Department of Education, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://freedomcenter.org/underground-railroad/history/people/Henry-Brown/>. This is a very short generalization of Browns story. A drawing of Browns arrival is shown in the article as well. "Henry Box Brown and the Underground Railroad." Henry Box Brown and the Underground Railroad. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www.undergroundrailroadconductor.com/Stories.htm>. An excellently detailed explanation of Browns story. This article is written by Tom Calarco, an underground railroad expert. Its an unbiased account of Browns story. "House Divided Exhibit Gallery: Henry "Box" Brown." House Divided Exhibit Gallery: Henry "Box" Brown. Dickinson College, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/exhibits/>. This website describes an interesting

exhibition of Henry Box Browns story that contains multiple pictures and interesting facts about his journey. Hunter, Sarah L. "Hidden City Philadelphia | Mother Bethel A.M.E." Hidden City Philadelphia. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://hiddencityphila.org/mother-bethel-a-m-e/>. This article provided an excellent overview of the importance of Mother Bethel church. It mentioned how it came to be and then talked about its significance during the 18th to the 21st century. One of the important facts that were mentioned was that the members of the church were active in their pursuit of the abolition of slavery. Another important detail was of the star map in the sanctuary of the church. The map was composed of all the different stops and safe houses on the Underground Railroad. "Inspiration: Harriet Tubman on Dreams." Inspiration: Harriet Tubman on Dreams. Dreamerent.com, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. <http://dreamerent.com/2011/02/inspirationharriet-tubman-on-dreams/>. This website mainly talked about the inspiration Harriet Tubman was on the black community. One important information we saw in there was a quote from her saying how it takes one man to start a dream, and the rest of the determinate and bravery to continue it is inside of you. James, Etta. "Swing Low (Sweet Chariot)." 25 All-Time Greatest Hits. N.d. MP3. Etta James Swing Low (Sweet Chariot) is one of the most famous songs of all time. Jefferson Starship. "Follow the Drinking Gourd." Jefferson's Tree of Liberty. 2008. MP3. This song is a remix on the older Follow the Drinking Gourd song from the Underground Railroad. The drinking gourd represented a star constellation that slaves should follow to reach freedom the North. "JTAMEC: Bishop Richard Allen." Jones Tabernacle African Methodist Episcopal Church. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www.jtamec.org/allen.htm>. Most of the article was information that we had already known. However, some sections of the article explained some of Richard Allens accomplishments in his later years. It talked about his alternate businesses outside of being a Methodist bishop and preacher. He sent some of his followers and brothers to help establish a church on the island of Haiti. Finally, the article mentioned his work in the education of the blacks of Philadelphia. This was probably the most important part of the article and one of the more important things about Richard Allen.

Kashatus, William C. "Introduction." Introduction. Just over the Line: Chester County and the Underground Railroad. West Chester, PA: Chester County Historical Society, 2002. 1-4. Print. The introduction to this book about the Underground Railroad in Chester County explained why Stills book was a better and more accurate account of the Underground Railroad. It also shows why previous sources about the Underground Railroad written by white abolitionists were probably not as accurate as Stills. The introduction mostly talks specifically about the Underground Railroad in Chester County, which is not really related to my topic. However, because William Stills book was so important, it is included in this section of the book anyway as an example of an accurate account of the Underground Railroad. Kennedy, R. N.d. Photograph. Philadelphia and the Country Side. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://press.visitphilly.com/media/1929>. This is a picture of the Johnson House located in Germantown. The Johnson house was a station in the Underground Railroad that helped house slaves on the way to freedom. Klots, Steve, and Nathan Irvin Huggins. Richard Allen. New York: Chelsea House, 1991. Print. The most important information for me was the section where Richard Allen began to realize how the similar the Free African Society was becoming to Quaker Meeting. His original job was to unite the Free African Society into an independent religious body because he realized how important it was for the Free African Society to serve as a substitute for St. Georges Church. He left the Church in 1789 after feeling overwhelmed that the meetings were no longer spirited like Methodist services. Lapsansky, Phil. "William Still." E-mail interview. 27 Nov. 2012. We interviewed Phil Lapsansky, a retired librarian from the Library Company of Philadelphia who is a local expert on William Still. We learned that according to Maryland law, Still could have been enslaved if his records were discovered before Emancipation because his parents were fugitive slaves. Talking to Mr. Lapsansky gave us a better idea of how amazing of a record keeper Still was. Mr. Lapsansky told us that there were very few differences between Stills actual records and his published book, which we thought was very impressive. It was very helpful to talk to an expert on William Still, because Mr. Lapsansky was able to tell us even more about the effects that Stills book had on the black community and on Stills life.

Lewis, Femi. "William Still." About.com African-American History. N.p., 2012. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/africanamericanwomen/a/WilliamStill.htm>. This article gave us a great background on William Still. It talked about all of the major events in Stills life. we found useful details about the time Still spent working at the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society in this article that we used in our website. There is a quote from William Still that is mentioned in this article that illustrates why Still believed it was important for African Americans to become successful authors. Lewis, John Johnson. "Harriet Tubman Quotes." About.com Women's History. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. <http://womenshistory.about.com/cs/quotes/a/qu_h_tubman.htm>. This site gave us various quotes the Harriet Tubman said during lifetime. At the same time it also gave us quotes that other said about her. We used a particular quote from William Still about the steel determination of Harriet Tubman while she traveled back and forth to free slaves. Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church. N.d. PBS. PBS. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h474b.html>. This is a drawing of Mother Bethel Church. Over the years, the church has been remodeled to look like the fantastic piece of architecture it is today. Nash, Gary B. Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community, 17201840. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1988. Print. We looked through the index for Richard Allen and Mother Bethel Church, but specifically for the Free African Society. The quote made clear the obvious struggles that African Americans faced coming to Philadelphia and how Mother Bethel provided them with care and support to start their own lives. The book also talked about the role that the Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society would play a role in helping to shape the Philadelphian African American Community by providing aid to the FAS and helping to change the Gradual Abolition Act. N.d. Photograph. Harriet Tubman Biography. Biography.com. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430>. This website contains a close-up picture of Harriet Tubman. There is also an attached article that clearly explains the background of Tubmans life. N.d. Photograph. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University. Africans In

America. PBS. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h98.html>. This picture is a portrait of Richard Allen. The portrait can be found on the homepage of the website. As usual, PBS provides a detailed explanation of who drew the portrait and how it has been passed down through the generations. N.d. Photograph. National Park Foundation. National Park Foundation. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nationalparks.org/exploreparks/national-underground-railroad-network-freedom#videophoto>. This is a picture of a white man and black man talking to each other. It represents how some whites worked in the Underground Railroad and helped African Americans escape. "New Evidence Tells Of Mans Escape From Slavery In A Box." Interview by Michel Martin. New Evidence Tells Of Mans Escape From Slavery In A Box. National Public Radio, 10 Mar. 2010. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124531047>. This NPR interview is with Jeremy Ruggles, author of the book, The Unboxing of Henry Brown. We used the first 30 seconds of the interview to help our website viewers understand how truly amazing Browns story was. "PAL: Wendell Phillips (1811-1884)." PAL: Wendell Phillips (1811-1884). N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. <http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/phillips.html> Wendell Phillips was fought for equality for blacks in the United States. He wrote multiple editorials for the Liberator anti-slavery movement newspaper run by William Lloyd Garrison. He was a leading speaker for the abolitionist movement. "Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society." Slavery & Abolition in the US. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. <http://deila.dickinson.edu/slaveryandabolition/title/0105.html> On this website we got a picture of the first page of the PA Anti-Slavery Societys annual report. It is a report of everything that happened at the PA Anti-Slavery Society meetings in 1851. "Peter Still Papers, 1850-1875." National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections. The Library of Congress, 2 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/coll/nucmc/2013CivilWar/15_PeterStill.html>. We got a picture of Peter Still from this website. We put this picture on the page about when Still finally met

his long-lost brother in his office. This event was very important because it inspired Still to keep detailed records of the Underground Railroad. "Philadelphia." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3narr1.html>. This article talked mainly about things that I had already known. I only used one section of it, which was about Richard Allen and the Free African Society. There was overlap between other sources, especially on the topic of what the Free African Society stood for. These including things such as caring for orphans, the sick, and widowed women as well obtaining marriage licenses and burying the dead. An off topic, but interesting factoid I found was that Benjamin Rush joined the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, which worked with the FAS. Portrait of Frederick Douglass. 1866. Photograph. Collection of the New York Historical Society, New York. PBS. PBS. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2962.html>. This portrait was taken from the New York Historical Society. Frederick Douglass was a great abolitionist leader. Richard Allen Memorial Plaque. Digital image. The Historical Marker Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.hmdb.org/PhotoFullSize.asp?PhotoID=21440>. This image is of Richard Allen's memorial plaque at Mother Bethel church and talks about his achievements in life for bettering the Philadelphia African American community and helping fugitive slaves escape to freedom. "Richard Allen Quotes." Think Exist. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://thinkexist.com/quotes/richard_allen/>. All of the quotes found on this website really helped to get Allens points across about how America is as much a white country as it is black. It really shows how Allen and thus blacks as a whole developed a sense of pride and accomplishment for their people. Ruggles, Jeffrey. The Unboxing of Henry Brown. Richmond, VA: Library of Virginia, 2003. Print. A long and incredibly detailed book on Browns story, this resource has an insurmountable amount of information on Henry Brown. The book contains hundreds of pages of details. It carefully describes the truths in Browns life. Whereas in Browns autobiography, certain points and details are overstated, this book contains clear facts. There is no over-exaggeration.

"Samuel Joseph May." Samuel Joseph May. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. <http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/samueljmay.html>. Samuel Joseph May was a Unitarian white minister. He was a strong advocate for civil rights in the United States. He worked for equality for blacks as well as women. Sawyer, Kem Knapp. The Underground Railroad in American History. Springfield, NJ: Enslow, 1997. Print. This book informed us about the details of the journey on the Underground Railroad. It told us about the tricks she used to successfully get the slaves across the border, and also about the disguises she used to hide herself in public. It also talked about the reward of forty thousand dollars placed on her head. Moreover, it described how slaves knew who Tubman was by the special song she always sang to get their attention. Seeger, Pete. "John Brown's Body." Songs of the Civil War. N.d. MP3. Pete Seeger created his own version of John Browns Body in his Songs of the Civil War album. We chose to put this song on our website because it represents the struggle African Americans went through to reach freedom. Seiburt, William. The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom. 1898. Photograph. The Macmillan Company. Library and Archives of Canada. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://data2.collectionscanada.gc.ca/e/e031/e000755347.jpg>. This picture is of an incredibly detailed map of routes slaves took to escape to freedom in the North. The intricacy and detail of the map is incredible. Spartacus Educational." Spartacus Educational. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASbox.htm>. This fairly long article carefully describes Henry Box Browns life. Interestingly, it does not contain much information about Browns life in England, even though Spartacus Educational is based in the United Kingdom. St. George's ME Church. Digital image. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. <http://hsp.org/history-online/exhibits/richard-allen-apostle-of-freedom/path-to-glorypath-to-god>. The image done in pen and ink depicts the front of St. Georges Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. It was used to give the websites viewers more context on what St. Georges looked like. Taylor, Marian W., and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Harriet Tubman: Antislavery Activist. Ed.

Nathan Irvin Huggins. Legacy ed. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print. Black Americans of Achievement. This book informed us about Harriet Tubman's contributions to the Civil War. It talked about her compassion for her fellow brethren, and how she joined the Union side as a nurse to mainly treat the contraband soldiers and hope for a Union victory and abolishment of slavery. Later on, to serve more for the war, she became a spy for the Union side gathering Intel and leading raids on the enemy. The Deedle Deedle Dees. "Henry Box Brown." Freedom in a Box. 2007. MP3. This song is a childrens song released in 2007 about Henry Box Brown. The song is strangely informative and hints at certain details of Browns story. The first 45 seconds of the song is located on the Impact of the Turning Point page for Henry Box Brown. "The Free African Society The Church Awakens: African Americans and the Struggle for Justice. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. <http://www.episcopalarchives.org/AfroAnglican_history/exhibit/legacy/free_african_society.php>. This website was similar to our other sources in that it talked about how Richard Allen and Absalom Jones helped to forge the Free African Society. Its main points were the rules and restrictions of the Free African Society, such as being morally good and paying a certain amount each month to get its benefits. Sobriety was a must in the FAS so drunks were expelled after several warnings. The source also talked about the importance of the Free African Society becoming quasi-religious and the split between the Methodist and Protestant Episcopal members of the church. "The Library of Virginia African American Trailblazer 2011 - Henry Box Brown."The Library of Virginia African American Trailblazer 2011. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/trailblazers/2011/brown.htm>. An incredibly short biography of Browns life, this article is from the Library of Virginia. There are a few helpful details in the article as well. "The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown at Philadelphia." The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown at Philadelphia. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. <http://www.vahistorical.org/boxbrown.htm>. This lithograph was created by Samuel Rowse in 1850. The lithograph shows the moment when Brown first stood up out of the box.

"The Underground Railroad." Africans In America. PBS, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html>. This website contains a short history of the Underground Railroad. It gives a broad overview of the Underground Railroad and how it was created. The writing on the web page is fairly short. Thinkexist. Thinkexist, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://thinkexist.com/quotes/richard_allen/>. This website contains a large amount of quotes. It contains at least a dozen quotes from Richard Allen, including one of which that is on the homepage of our website. "Underground Railroad: The William Still Story." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wned/underground-railroad>. On this website we found a trailer for a PBS special about William Still. The trailer talked about how important it was that Still kept such detailed records. It even showed Still opening up Henry Box Browns box. We also found a couple of good quotes on this website that we used on a couple of the William Still pages on our website. Wagner, Tricia Martineau. "Remember Me." It Happened on the Underground Railroad. Guilford, CT: TwoDot, 2007. 23-27. Print. This chapter of a book of stories from the Underground Railroad contained a thorough and detailed account of when William Still met his long lost brother Peter in his office. Despite the historical accuracy of Peters life story, there are parts of this story that are not necessarily true. For example, the author includes Williams thoughts as he is listening to Peters story, which we have no way of knowing. However, most of the facts in the chapter about Peters life and about what happened after William and Peter were reunited are true. Walls, Bryan. "Freedom Marker: Courage and Creativity." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 19 Oct.2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wned/underground-railroad/stories-of-freedom/he nry-box-brown/>. This medium length article is very detailed and contains a detailed explanation of Browns life after his escape. The article is unbiased and is very well written and extremely truthful, as is anything published by PBS. Webber, Charles T. Fugitives Arriving at Levi Coffins Indiana Farm, A Busy Station of the Underground Railroad. 1893. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio. Our Nineteenth-Century American

Museum. 26 Feb. 2009. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://amst312.umwblogs.org/2009/02/26/underground-railroad-painting/>. A famous painting of the Underground Railroad, Webbers The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom was painted in 1898. "William Still (1821-1902)." William Still (1821-1902). N.p., 4 June 2006. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/features/freedom/story.html?id=8da0c74f-9f324997-9151-2e671f2327dc>. This is another informative biography of William Still. We found more detailed information about how William Stills parents escaped from slavery. Learning more about William Stills family helped us to see why the abolition of slavery was so important to him. The fact that his family was directly affected by slavery probably inspired him to get a job at the Anti-Slavery Society where he could help slaves escape to freedom. "William Lloyd Garrison On the Death of John Brown." The History Place - Great Speeches Collection. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/garrison.htm>. We got a picture of William Lloyd Garrison from this website. We used this picture on the page where we have a quote from William Lloyd Garrison about Stills book. "William Still Historical Marker." ExplorePAhistory.com. WITF Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. <http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-3EB>. We got a picture of the historical marker in front of Stills house from this website. The marker gives a very brief overview of who Still was and why he was important. YouTube. Dir. Ben Cardin. Prof. Senator Ben Cardin. YouTube. YouTube, 02 Feb. 2012. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. This video is a speech by Senator Cardin talking about Harriet Tubman's legacy and a new park being opened in her honor. From it, we took a short clip where Cardin is talking about the legacy of Harriet Tubman and the societies and such she formed in her lifetime. YouTube. Dir. Biography Channel. Prof. David Eisenbach. YouTube. YouTube, 26 Jan. 2010. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. This is a short biography of Harriet Tubman's life from her birth to death. It talked about all her work and all the effects her work brought to the nation. From this video, we took two short clips. One was on her early life as a slave and her escape. The other was on some of the tactics she employed while working as a conductor on the

Underground Railroad. YouTube. Dir. Tootsiegirl14. YouTube. YouTube, 18 Apr. 2011. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. A part of this video was used to show the inspiration that Harriet Tubman was to many people. It talks about the impact she had on many people and the mementos that were built in her honor.