Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.2 Conversions.......................................................................................................................... .4
Axes of an Airplane.........................................................................................................13
V
Section 3: Mathematics 45
3.1 Measurement Systems 47
The International System of Units (SI) 47
The Metric System 48
U.S. - Metric Conversion 48
Length 48
Weight 48
Volume 49
3.2 Mathematical Constants 50
3.3 Mathematical Symbols 51
3.4 Squares, Square Roots, Cubes, Cube Roots of Numbers 52
3.5 Diameter, Circumference and Area of a Circle 55
3.6 Geometric Formulas 58
Triangle 58
Square 58
Rectangle 58
Parallelogram 58
Trapezoid 58
Regular Pentagon 59
Regular Hexagon 59
Regular Octagon 59
Circle 59
Ellipse 59
Sphere 60
Cube 60
Rectangular Solid 60
Cone 60
Cylinder 60
3.7 Trigonometric Functions 61
3.8 Powers of Ten 65
3.9 Number Systems 68
Binary Equivalent of Decimal 68
Octal Equivalent of Decimal 68
Binary Equivalent of Octal 68
Hexadecimal Number System 68
Binary Coded Decimal Equivalent of Decimal 69
The Gray Code 69
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) ... 69
Special Control Functions Used in ASCII: 71
vi
Section 4: Aircraft Drawings 73
4.1 Types of Aircraft Drawings 75
Sketches 75
Detail Drawings 75
Assembly Drawings 75
Installation Drawings 75
Sectional Drawings 75
Cutaway Drawing 75
Exploded-View Drawing 75
Schematic Diagram 76
Block Diagram 76
Repair Drawings 76
Wiring Diagrams 76
Pictorial Diagrams 76
Orthographic Projections 76
4.2 Meaning of Lines 77
4.3 Material Symbols 78
4.4 Location Identification 79
Fuselage Stations 79
Water Lines 79
Butt Lines 79
Wing and Horizontal Stabilizer Stations 79
viii
How to Read the Vernier Scale 137
Micrometer Caliper 138
Dial Indicator 140
Feeler Gages 140
Small-Hole Gages 140
Telescoping Gages 140
7.2 Holding Tools 141
Vises 141
Bench Vise 141
Drill Press Vise 141
Pliers 141
Combination/Slip Joint Pliers 141
Water Pump Pliers 142
Vise-Grip® Pliers 142
Needle-Nose Pliers 142
7.3 Safety Wiring Tools 143
Diagonal Cutting Pliers 143
Duckbill Pliers 143
Safety Wire Twisting Tool 143
7.4 Bending and Forming Tools 144
Tools for Making Straight Bends and Curves 144
Cornice Brake 144
Box Brake 144
Press Brake 144
Slip Roll Former 145
Forming Compound Curves in Sheet Metal 145
English Wheel 145
7.5 Cutting Tools 145
Shears 145
Throatless Shears 145
Squaring Shears 146
Scroll Shears 146
Hand Shears 146
Tin Snips 146
Compound Shears 147
Saws 147
Band Saw 147
Hacksaw 148
W o o d Saws 148
Crosscut Saw 148
Ripsaw 148
Compass, or Keyhole Saw 148
Backsaw 149
ix
Chisels 149
Flat Chisel 149
Cape Chisel 149
Diamond Point Chisel 149
Round Nose Chisel 149
Files 150
7.6 Hole Cutting Tools 151
Twist Drills 151
Twist Drill Sizes 151
Drill Gage 154
Twist Drill Sharpening 154
Drill Point Gage 155
Large Hole Cutters 156
Hole Saws 156
Fly Cutter 156
Countersink 156
Reamers 157
Drills for Wood and Composite Materials 157
Auger Bits 157
Forstner Bits 158
Flat Wood-Boring Bits 158
Brad-Point Drills 158
Spade Drill 158
7.7 Threads and Threading Tools 159
Unified and American Standard Thread Form 159
Thread-Cutting Tools 159
Body and Tap Drill Sizes 160
Taps 160
Screw Pitch Gage 161
7.8 Torque and Torque Wrenches 162
Click-Type Torque Wrench 162
Deflecting-Beam Torque Wrench 162
Torque Conversions 164
Recommended Torque Values 164
7.9 Pounding Tools 166
Carpenter's Claw Hammer 166
Ball Peen Hammer 166
Metalworking Hammers 166
Straight Peen and Cross Peen Hammers 166
Body, or Planishing Hammer 166
Mallets and Soft-Face Hammers 167
Sledge Hammers 167
7.10 Punches.................................................................................................................................167
Prick Punch.................................................................................................................. 167
Center Punch .............................................................................................................. 167
Drift, or Starting Punch................................................................................................ 167
Pin Punch ................................................................................................................... 168
Transfer Punch.............................................................................................................168
Automatic Center Punch ..............................................................................................168
S e c t i o n 8 : A i r c r a f t H a r d w a r e ...................................................................................... ..1 7 5
8.1 Standards.............................................................................................................................177
xi
Screws 181
Aircraft Screw Heads 182
Set Screws 183
Self-Tapping Sheet-Metal Screws 183
Nuts 184
Nonlocking Nuts 184
Self-Locking Nuts 185
Low-temperature locking nuts 185
High-temperature locking nuts 186
Wing Nuts 186
Anchor Nuts 186
Channel Nuts 187
Pressed-Steel Nuts 187
Instrument Nuts 188
Rivnuts 188
Threaded Fastener Safetying 189
Locking Washers 189
Cotter Pins 189
Safety Wire and Safety Wire Twisting 190
xii
S e c t i o n 1 2 : N o n d e s t r u c t i v e I n s p e c t i o n .................................................2 4 5
12.1 Visual Inspection............................................................................................................... ..247
NDI...............................................................................................................................247
Visual Inspection ..........................................................................................................247
Surface Visual Inspection ...................................................................................... ..247
Internal Visual Inspection ........................................................................................247
S e c t i o n 1 3 : A i r c r a f t C o n t r o l S y s t e m s ....................................................2 5 7
13.1 Types of Control Systems....................................................................................................259
Torque Tubes.............................................................................................................. 259
Push-Pull Rods.......................................................................................................... ..259
S e c t i o n 1 4 : A i r c r a f t F l u i d L i n e s ................................................................2 6 7
xiv
14.3 Installation of Flexible Hose 273
14.4 Fluid Line Identification 274
Index 347
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