Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ႚ
ႛ
78" $
"
!%
* -$ 66
3/ ""
!%
*
""
+,- . . . " . . . [ 5
" :22; 6/)
)
"7႒ "&/)" !% 6 ႛ 6 50) "
ႛ
႒)
Jr. Leonard
Dowine ႛ Robert G. Kaiser, Knoft, 2002 ႛ
6 'The News about the Nesw: American Journalism in peril'
"7 "0
6
/] ,
!" 7
5&ႚ '^
'
" 6 (`) "
ႚ
ႛ
" ႛ !" -- %
!"
!%
"0*]
ႚ
ႛ
*
6 (`)
%7
6 !"
/
/ $
, - ) & & !"
/,- * !"7
#%
6] !%
"
66 )
7 ႛ #
!%
#႓" ,
7- * ,
7- $
5
6#* ႛ "
" 7
ႛ
)
!"
#!"
*
") & !"
6* 6(ႚ ! f ႛ
!6
j !"
6#*
") !"
"4 %7
"& 7
!"
႓ !%
6* 7
") 7
k
5 7 ႖
"
* 7
)
႖
"
* #%
ႚ 6]
"
%
"] %)
/6,- * #
7 :221 6/)
"
] (recession)
"
%
"
$
6*
1mmg
"
႓"
)
7
!%
6
"0* :221 6/)
"$
*
") " ႚ ႟ "
h
) 6"0 6(ႚ&"
6* %
!"] ,)
%
- f#
-
5
" %
!"%ႛ o8 #
*
-7 ,
7
6&]
"4
!"- &#
] $
$
%
!"6#* 1mm` 6/)
/
)
7)
$
ႛ
$
+
႒
"05
!%
] 7!"
#
6 (Statement of Concern) $
7!" 6*
$
!"
+
) 6 "
$& 6&
#* $
,
$ "4)
&
!%
)
* " %ႚ ,
7
7!6 !" #
%
!% (infotainment)
-႓" ႒( $ ႟ႚ
#
)
ႛ & !%
)
*
"
$
%
!% "/"0* "
႟8
"/"0* ႗/" ႛ ႚ
q
!r "/"0*
ႛ
%ႚ
+
- ႛ %ႚ
ႚ
( 6
!%
"4
႒ #
%
!""0* "7 !"$6 "6
5 "0 o8 !" 7
"0ႛ
$
ႚ #
)
"0)*
#
#
!"(႓"
$
"4"0
* !"s %ႚ (Pew
Charitable Trusts)
"& 7
"&* !"sႚ "& &6႓" /& /)
&ႛ )
$
5
!"("*
$
- ႛ ႚ
"-" ] !"#*
$ !" !r
"$
%
$/#* 1mmm
$
ႚ ,
7
!
7!" *
!%
] !"( %
!"
" !%
*
,
7
! 6&-
"
%
7"] 76 $
ႛ !%#*
&6 6
ႛ ,
]$
)
! ,
-#,-*
"
%
6 7 ""&
" " !"
* 76
"0,-ႛ !"
*
6&
$
7 "& &"& " $$
%ႛ $ %
#
" +
%
!%
,
႒ j
ႛ !%*
& 6 6
ႛ , ]$
)
7 75
႟&
" $
,
-*
6&
$
+
5%
႒ "6#"0*
, !"
$
-+ ႛ
ႛ 5% 6
77 6#* ႓"
႒႒ ႓" "%
% 66ႚ 7႒
6&6
6#ႛ !"
*
6&
$
ႚ `2
6/]
+
66 ႟]"7
#
5
] 6#ႛ !"
*
+
-7 "ႚ &#
6] 6&#
,- ႛ
!%- 75
)*
1mm2 /)
/)
")
!
$
ႚ ,
7
6#
႒ -] "u&"
) &
! $ -
+
q
# $
ႚ6#* 7)
$
;g
"0
fs
"႓" 60 -+ ႛ
)
ႚ !"
"," !
ႚ#ႛ -] "u&
"
)
& $*
ႛ "
ႚ )ႚ
$,6 ! ႛ !%
,-* :221 6/)
#% 66&]
6
ႚ 6(ႚ ")
ih
ႚ6* ႚ
$&
%ႚ
+
1mm2 6/)
67
"႓"
ႚ* Wall street Journal, The New York Times, The
Washington Post ႛ )
%ႚ "႓" 7-6႗ 7! 6#*
ႚ w- ႛ -ႛ
67 "႓"
!" !ႛ " ႛ %႟]/ 6#*
#
6 /)
"0
+
7-7-!6
!6
!"
!r
#* Dallas Morning News
Portland Oregonian Raleigh News & Observer New Orleans Times Picayume +
ႛ
7-!6
7)
"0*
7" " ႚ
!6 ih
6
"
ႛ # "႓" %
!"
!%
* 6
g /)
$ # $
" 76#
"0* ႛ6)
vw f ႛ
$ (news sites) +
"
" ႛ #
"
" 7 #"0႓"* +
!"
႒ "0*
) ) 7"
#
60
- %႟]
#*
ႛ $ 6!6
#* %
!%6 +, "
f+ " %
#
+
" $64
" ႛ !%
*
ႚ
7 -
"
ႛ
"
!"
6
#
"0"* ႓"
"
"
+
- ႛ %ႚ
ႚ
႒ $
&##*
"
&##-+
- ႛ - ႛ "
) (Professionals) !%
႟]!#* "
)
&/] "
ႛ " "6#*
ႛ " "
)
&/]
#&%ႛ 6
ႛ
# #
!%
*
/7
* 0+
)
) "
%)
ႚ !! ""6 !%
u
*
"
$
&/] +
- ႛ %ႚ
႟6
"0"*
႟&6("+
w ႛ
" $&!%6 6)႓"
&/]
!% "6* /)
,- $
) 7!6
] !%$ 60
w "6 ႚ % &##
w "6
+
ႚ
#
5 7-
6 )
) #
!%#
#*
" !"
#႓" 7 " "
)* ႛ6)
"
*
vw
fs
vw 5,$ "
" $
+
$
ႛ /&& $
" "&) 5% $
#*
vw
#
6 !" 7
)
7
7
"0"* !"s%ႚ (Pew Charitable Trusts)
" %ႚ
"
&5 "%ႛ "& 7
"& "6"0* #
႒ 75- ႛ + f
6
+
#
!
) -7
/)
6( 6
#
w %
" #* $& 6&)
#
ႛ
#
!
)
(ႚ
"
%) ,
!ႛ $/"0*
"
$!* # (! !
$ 0+
႒
& -
"
!%
*
"
!
!6+
#
!] ႛ )j $
" $
") 6&
!%
*
:1
7ႛ 5
60
ႚ
ႛ "႓" +
(( )
#* ! /] !
!
6$]#
-+
7)
"s
)ႚ 7
&
3 " ႛ
/#
* 0$
j
"
" %"
ႛ )
ႛ 6
ႚ ႟႒ +
76#*
ႛ " ႚ)
!6
%ႛ $
& !%
)*
ႚ !" #
$$ %&ႚ႓%(
" )* %$"
+,- *
%)
6
),- * &7 ႟") "4
ႛ
$႓" ႛ
ႛ "
"
,-* f) "4
ႛ
ႛ ႟") "
!6 ),- *
/)
"0 122 3/
"4
" &5 $ !%
3/ +
&5 "
"
( )6"0,-*
6 !"
)
3/
+
78" $
"
!%
* -$
66
3/ ""
!%
* ""
+,- *
$
"
( +,- * ,
&"
/] 5 !6
!%
ႛ $/)
!%
* ႛ " !6
6
%!% !% /)
7႓"
%ႚ
* 6 !"5 7
!"(")
- &5 !%
"4
"0*
3/ 6 ႗/"7 ႛ &
ႛ ! ! "
ႛ "/*
ႛ "
!
ႛ $/,- * #7 6 "
"
%)
$
"႓" "" !%
*
6 # #
7 ႒
+
,
$
"
)
$
႟7* ႟ %႓"
)
"
$
!%
*
%- ႛ + #႟]
$ -
7& ႛ "
$
" !%
*
$
+
႟& 6&
/
!"("- !%
*
+
"0"
႖ #&( 7,- * ) 6
"0)) 7
%
!"* ႓"
7!6
,
6 ႟"!"
f
j 7- $
"0
!%
႒ "0)*
7
%ႛ -
႒
ႛ
"#*
f)
-"*
"
!%
! " ) ႖+
#႟]
$ -
!% $#
6"*
3/
"
ႛ
$
) j)
"0ႛ 50) "
ႛ
႒
/)
+
76#"0*
6)
"&/)"
$ ႔ ) jႛ ႖
/*
$
*
)* ႒( !%႓"
ႛ * 6 ႟
႟ %
ႛ * 7 %
6 6႗႓"
%
႒( " ႛ *
+
- ႛ " j"q (Personality) )*
% " -႓႓
%
ႚ j"q
"&%ႛ * " $
"0) ႟"!"
w
+
% " ႛ ႗5 !%
*
+
ႛ
& "0)႟& 7 " ) $ #
!
!%
%
!" -
5
"0 %
!"* #
!
5+
(! !%
*
$ ( 5
&
5 )"
6%ႛ
#
!
7
"&
#%ႛ
* 0$
"
76#
)
) "* !"!"
&
& %ႛ # 7
%ႛ )*
50) "
ႛ uh 0႟
%ႚ5 50,-% #
!
50႒" 7
/
ႚ
+
$!
" )
ႛ !"
* #
!
)+
!" !6
႟
႒ ) ႓"* 0#
))
76
ႛ - $"0* ႛ " 6 )
" ,-%+
-"$ (Buffalo News)
"&/)"
5 * ,
#
$
"
႓"(
$
!% +,-
" +,-
+,- 6
12 /)
1g /)
#
) !%
/
"0" ႛ - !"
*
66 7
+
#&#&6& /#
) "*
f# " -
#"
%
"
6# "0,-* ႚ j"
!" 50) "
ႛ
+
f 7 50) ႓(ႚ
$
"
*
"0,-*
ႛ
7
! !
ႛ !% !ႛ %s/ 6 )
"&/)"
"0
)j
) * "&/)"
% " 7-7-!6
!6
"/
$
5% 6" !%
* "႓" 6
6 %$ )6 ႛ 5% 6 7!6+
"&/)"
, "
!6 !%
"0*
$
"&/)"
- ! "
ႛ 87
#)
"* 60
!7
ႛ
!6
!6
%ႛ )* ႛ
, "
) ႛ !"
/
%
!""4)
#
( +,
60 -
ႛ * $႓%႓" %
ႛ *
&
7
6 7
6 ))
)
6!%
&6 & ႛ * 6 $
!
႒+
"
5,$ 7
)႓" 7
7)
5႓" )j႓"( #႓" !%
*
)
)
* 6 6 -
:1
7
$
"
7
, )* !"
6 -
+
,
( 6 , ( "* !%
-+
"႓"
"
6#)
"0"* ႛ
&
႒)
-ႛ ႔ ) %ႛ
"
ႚ - -ႛ "* "
6 )j႓"(# 6႒)
% " ()
!%$ "6#
႒7)
50
7
-
ႛ
50) "
ႛ ႛ "05*
႒ &
"
)) ႛ
႓႓
" %႟] #$ !%
* 0+
" "
$
,"0* &
+
6 /)
&$
7
% " "
* 6$
)
"
5,$ 7
ႛ " "
*
ႛ
- ႛ %ႚ
7
"
+
ႛ "႓" 77
)),-* -ႛ 7
႒ #
ႛ -$-
႒ )* :221 6/)
#%
ႚ
6
6&႓"6 )
႒ ,
,
- j
"0ႚ* m/11 6 $ 7-!%
- - ႛ ႚ "v
7)
#* !""
႒)
,
!%
$
႟& &5 7
#,-*
,
!" $
1; /)
ႛ : /)
#
-ႚ "& "&+
7- , - "05 )j႓"(
$
#,-*
5
" :22; 6/)
)
"7႒ "&/)" !% 6
ႛ 6 50) "
ႛ
႒)
Jr. Leonard Dowine ႛ Robert G. Kaiser,
Knoft, 2002 ႛ
6 'The News about the Nesw: American Journalism in peril'
"7 "0 6
/]
,
!" 7
5&ႚ '^
'
" " & ႚ
$& %ႚ
႔ /"0
" !"
-- %
!"
!%
"0*
& ႚ
$& %ႚ
႔ /"0
*
&
+
႒ $&!%
6
႓" $
!
!6 !%
"0* 6 )
"
"
%
"
ႚ " $႓" j6( j)
" $
6 6 !%
*
" ႛ &8 " )
#
$& - "
" !%
* 7
#
- ႛ " "
*
& 6 6 ႛ )s
3s
႒ႛ
/)
6,- * 7
/)
႖
႓" #
!
/)
6* f)
-"* 86 ႖
႓" "$&
#
!
j
" 6#*
uhႚ ,
7
/)
"0
$
6 ႗
(John Morton)
႖
%ႛ
%
!"] !%
")+
ႚ
"0 "
"
" !%
ႚ !"
*
%
" $7 7
/
) ႔ ႛ - !"
* ႛ " ႛ6
uh ") 6(ႚ+
)
႒
%ႚ
ႚ "0] ) !"(#*
j
႒
3႒ 6
ႛ +
j
႒
uh႒ 6" " ႒ 6+
" j] )
)
႓ !%
*
႒
ႛ + ႟"& " ႒ 6 !%
႓" $ -
ႛ 6 ) !"(#
"* " ႒
%- f# - "4
5 )
*
6
7 7
+
" ,
" $
q
j
#* -ႛ (
"
7 "ႚ (
"
7
႓" "" #ႛ $/"0*
$& %ႚ+
"
!"
7
/႓" 5
#* The Wall Street Journal ႛ
New York Times
+ ႛ
ႛ
% " 8
)* !"& "&ႚ/)
&ႛ * ႛ " Washington Post Los Angeles
Time’s, Dalles Morning News ႛ !6
$&
5
႓(ႚ "#
"
*
ႛ 8
" %
+, !"
ႛ "႒ %႟]#*
' ႛ $
"0 $-"0
' ႛ
!"
$#*
! %ႚ
ႚ
, - )
6&6 "/,
)* 0#
) &% ႛ
!"$] "%ႛ * "7$& " !"$]
7-6႗ 7!
($!"
%"
ႛ * "4
) (
( - -
7 7
"0*
,
#
$
50
႒ )
!%
#
) ႓႓&)
!%
* !6
" ႛ )j " )
"6
"0* 0#
!%
,5 !r("/)& "
-
7
)
!%
"0*
$& " ႚ ) &+
- $
6)
/#* 7
7
8)
5#)
"* 6$ 7"
႒ ႛ ႟"&k
႒
&+
" Web Sites ) #႓"*
-
ႛ 50) "
ႛ 5,$+
7)
-#
$&7 "0 ႓"* 50
7
$
5,$ "$ 5
႒ * " ႛ
j
႒
႒ ႛ ႟"&+
7
7)
-ႛ
$7 #"*
7
!%
/"0* (( ႛ !%
/
"0* "7 6
)"0* !
7"
5
)
"* ႓"($
)
7 +
- ႛ
"4
/)
"* 6 $ ႚ
$& " +
!
$&
"
" 7)
"0 *
"
"
$
$& "$
] ႛ !]+ ႛ
"0"" ႛ 50) "
ႛ
႒ႚ 75-
+ 6%- * 50) "
ႛ +
50
႟]"
"& ႒ %
7
႓"
)
hi
"
# (!
6
$"0*
6
0/)
,)
$ /) !r("/)&# %ႚ
+
" "႓" "
$$
/
"
!%ႛ 6
* !6 ( ")
"4 ႟6)
!%
*
f
#
- "
""6
6
,
""
" $
"
&/] 6"႓" "
"" ႛ !"
*
"
&/] " %ႛ "
(need to know) ")
* 6
" 6
(want to know)
" ႛ - !"
* f
)
" ႒( " " 7
) &"
" !%
*
႒ 6&ႚ 7
,
&" ) !%
"0*
႒ႚ
!%
!%s+
" ")
ႛ "
+-
&"$ "4)
&5 *
% "
ႛ f# "
6
(want to know)
6 #
, "
(need to
know) 6&#
"
(good journalism) ႔ ) /*
ႛ +
6ႚ
+
/,- "
ႛ $)
!%
"0*
,
!" -
5&
!
$
"
%ႚ
"
/) !
" "
/) "႓6
/&