gz;izf;fhLfs;

gz;izf;fhLfs; vd;gJ vd;d> ntshz; epy';fspy; ku';fSld; ntshz; gaph;fis xnu neuj;jpnyh my;yJ xd;wd;gpd; xd;whfnth gaphpl;L tptrhapf;F ntz;oa kug; bghUs;fs;/ fhy; eilfSf;F ntz;oa jPtdk; nghd;wtw;iw mspj;J tptrhapapd; tUkhdj;ijg; bgUf;fp bfhs;s cjt[k; gz:izank gz;izf; fhLfshFk;. ,jDld; fhy;eilfisa[k; guhkhpf;fyhk;.

gz;izf; fhl;od; nehf;fk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntshz; epyj;jpy; bkhj;j tUkhdj;ij cah;j;JtJ kl;Lky;yhky;/ me;epyj;jpd; tsj;ij nkk;gLj;JtJk; gz;izf; fhl;od; nehf;fkhFk;.

khdhthhp epy';fspy; ku';fspd; g';F 1. 2. kz; mhpg;ig jLf;fpd;wJ. kf;fpa ,iyfs; \ykhft[k;/ ku';fspd; nthpy; ,Uf;Fk; nth;Kor;Rfs;

\ykhft[k; kz;tsj;ijf; Tl;Lfpd;wJ. 3. 4. 5. fhw;wpd; ntfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fsh;-cth; nghd;w gpur;ridf;Fhpa kz;tiffisj; jpUj;jp mikf;fpd;wJ. gaph; ,y;yhj fhy';fspy; ku';fs; ,Ug;gjhy; ePnuhl;lk; Fiwf;fg;gl;L kz;tsk; fhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 6. 7. jl;gbtg;g epiyia rPh;bra;J gaph;fspd; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. khdhthhp epy';fspy; tpwfpw;F Vw;w ku';fis tsh;g;gjd;\yk; rhzk; kw;Wk; ntshz; fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; vhpbghUshf gad;gLj;JtJ

jLf;fg;gl;L cukhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

8.

jPtdg; gaph;fs; rhFgo bra;a jdpepyk; xJf;f ntz;oa mtrpak; jtph;f;fg;gl;L mjpy; czt[ jhdpa';fisg; gaphpl;L cw;gj;jpiaf; Tl;l tHptFf;fpd;wJ.

9.

gUtr; rPh;nfLfspdhy; Vw;gLk; e#;lj;ij <L bra;fpd;wJ.

10. gzk; njitg;gLk; bghGJ ,k;ku';fis btl;o tpw;f Kotjhy; ,J xU t';fpiag; nghy; cjt[fpd;wJ. 11. ,aw;ifr; NHiy ghJfhf;ft[k;/ kiHtsk; bgUf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wJ. 12. ku';fs; gwitfspd; ,Ug;gplkhjhy; gz;izg; gaph;fspy; g{r;rpfspd; bjhy;iy kiwKfkhf Fiwf;fg;gLtjw;F tHptFf;fpd;wJ. khdhthhp epy';fspy; ku';fis v';nf tsh;g;gJ> 1. ntshz;ikf;F cjthj ruisf; fhLfs;/ fsh;-cth;

epy';fs;/ kzw;gh';fhd gFjpfs; kw;Wk; ePh; nj';Fk; ,l';fs; Mfpait kuk; eLtjw;F Vw;w ,l';fs;. 2. gz;iz Xu';fspy; vhpbghUs; ku';fs;/ jPtd ku';fs; kw;Wk; epHy; juhj mapiy nghd;w ku';fisa[k; tsh;f;fyhk;. FWfpa ,iyg; ghfk;

bfhz;Ls;s rt[f;F ku';fSf;F 1 kP ,ilbtspa[k;/ ijyk;/ njf;F Mfpatw;wpw;F 2 kPl;lh; ,ilbtspa[k; mfd;w ,iyg; ghfk; bfhz;Ls;s ntk;g[ kw;Wk; mapiy ku';fSf;F 8 kPl;lh; ,ilbtspa[k; tplntz;Lk;. 3. ntypia mikf;f fs;sp nghd;w gadw;w brofSf;F gjpyhf gad;jUk; ku';fis cgnahfpf;fyhk;. 4. gug;gst[ mjpfKs;s g[d;bra; gFjpfspy; ku';fis fyitg; gapuhfnth tsh;f;fyhk;. 5. ,it jtpu ntshz: epy';fspnyna ku';fis fyitg; gapuhfnth/ RHw;rpg; gapuhfnth tsh;f;fyhk;.

vt;tif ku';fis tsh;g;gJ> vt;tif ku';fis tsh;g;gJ vd;gJ tptrhapapd; njitiaa[k;/ mtuJ epyj;jpd; juj;ija[k; kw;Wk; kiH msita[k; bghWj;jJ.

njitf;nfw;g ku';fs; rpWkuk; bghpa kuk; : bgUkuk;/ fUnty;/ g[uR/ Ezh : ntk;g[/ thif njf;Fkuk;

J}z;fSf;fhf : rt[f;F/ ijyk;/ fy;\';fpy;

jPtdj;jpw;F ,iyj;jPtdk; : Makuk;/ rt[z;ly;/ ke;jhiu fha;j;jPtdk; : fUnty;/ bts;nty;/ J}';F\":rp kuk;/

thif/ Filnty; gRe;jhs; cuj;jpw;F jPf;Fr;rp : bfhd;iw/ thjehuhazd;/ rpj;jfj;jp/ fpsphprpoah : bgUkuk;/ KU';if bghk;ikfs; bra;a : g[uR/ br":re;jdk; Ks;,yt[/ bel;oyp';fk;/ fy;ahz

gH';fSf;fhf : g[sp/ ehty;/ bey;yp/ tpshk;gHk; fhfpjk; bra;a : rt[f;F/ ijyk;/ \';fpy; vz;iz kw;Wk; g[z;zhf;F : ntk;g[/ g[';fk;/ ,Yg;ig/ g[d;id/ irk+gh (brhh;f;f kuk;)

kz;qf;nfw;w ku';fs; 1 fhpry; kz; (Black Soil) : fUnty; rt[z;ly;/ ntk;g[/ g[sp/ g[';fk; ,ye;ij/ rPjh/ ,Yg;ig/ Makyk;/ ntypf;fUnty;/ Ezh

2. brk;kz; (Red Soil)

: thif/ ntk;g[/ Mr;rh/ g[uR/ Filnty;/ mapiy/ jzf;F/ khd;fhJnty;/ bts;nty;/ g[sp/ ijyk;/ rt[f;F/ ,ytk;/ guk;ig/ mug;g[/ g{r;r bfhl;il kuk;/ irk+gh

3. tz;ly; kz; : njf;F/ \';fpy;/ g[sp/ ntk;g[/ fUnty;/ (Alluvial Soil) thif/ rt[z;ly;/ ijyk;/ ,Yg;ig/ g[';fk;/ irk+gh

4. brk;g[iw kz; : ijyk;/ Ke;jphp/ khkuk; (Lateritic Soil)

5. fsh;epyk;

: rPikf;fUnty;/ Filnty;/ ntk;g[/ g[sp/

(Alkaline Soil) ntk;g[

6. cth; epyk; (Saline Soil)

: rt[f;F/ rPikf;fUnty;/ g[';fk;/ ,ytk;/ g[sp ntk;g[

7. mkpyepyk; (Acid Soil)

: ijy kuk;/ fj;jpnty;/ irk+gh

8. ePh;nj';Fk; ,lk; :fUnty;/ bgU\';fpy;/ ePh;kUJ/ ehty;/ (Waterlogged Soil) 9. Rz;zhk;g[ ,Yg;ig/ g[';fk;

: bts;nty;/ g[sp/ ntk;g[/ g[';fk;

got';fs; cs;s ruis epyk; (Calcarious Soil) 10. MHkhd : rt[f;F/ Filnty;/ ijyk;/ rPikf;fUnty; thif/ g[d;id

kzw;gh';F epyk; (Sandy Soil)

11. MHk; Fiw thd epyk; (Shallow Soil) 12. kz; mhpg;g[ gFjpfs; (Eroded Soils)

: Filnty;/ rPikf;fUnty;/ ntk;g[/ bts;nty;/ mug;g[/ td;dp/ guk;ig

: rt[z;ly;/ fpsphprpoah/ g[';fk;/ thif/ g[sp/ rPikf;fUnty;/ bgUkuk;

kiH mst[f;nfw;g ku';fs; 400-600 kpkP ntk;g[ bts;nty; Filnty; rt[z;ly; bfhLf;fhg;g[sp guk;ig bfhf;fp Ks;nty; ntypf;fUnty; 600-800 kpkP ntk;g[ thif bgUkuk; fUnty; ,Yg;ig g[';fk; g[sp g[uR Mr;rh Makuk; ehty; mug;g[ bgUey;yp tpshk;gHk; g{tuR irk+gh fy; \';fpy; ,ytk; njf;F rt[f;F g[sp fj;jpnty; g{r;rf; bfhl;il bgU\';fpy; irk+gh ,Yg;ig 800-1200 kpkP

ku';fis ve;j mst[f;F tsh;g;gJ> bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; \d;wpy; xU gFjpia ku tsh;g;g[f;fhf xJf;FtJ ,yhgfukhf mika[bkd fUjg;gLfpwJ. njitf;F trjpf;Fk; Kg;gJ

tpGf;fhL tiu ku';fis tsh;j;jy; mtrpak;.

ntshz: epyj;jpy; eLk; ku';fspd; tiffs; gz;izf;fhLfspy; eLk; ku';fspd; ,iyg; ghfj;jpd; mikg;igf; bfhz;L ehk; ku';fis \d;W tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

Tk;g[ totpy; tsUk; ku';fs; ,it FWfpa fhy ku';fs;. 7-10 Mz;Lfspy; mWtil bra;ayhk;. mjpf epHy; bfhLg;gjpy;iy. FWfpa ,ilbtspapy; el;L (4kP x 1kP) ntshz; fhLfs; mikf;fyhk;. (c-k;) rt[f;F/ ijyk; gH ku';fSld; CLgaph; bra;ayhk;.

FWfpa nky; ghfk; bfhz;l ku';fs; ,it eLj;ju taJ ku';fs;. 15-20 Mz;Lfspy; mWtil bra;ayhk;. fzprkhd epHy; bfhLf;Fk;. mjpfkhd ,ilbtspapy; el;L (5kP x 5kP) CLgaph; bra;ayhk;. (c-k;) mapiy/ njf;F/ rt[z;ly;

mfd;w nky;ghfk; bfhz;l ku';fs; ,it ePz;l taJ ku';fs;. 30-60 Mz:Lfspy; mWtil bra;ayhk;. mjpf mst[ epHy; bfhLf;Fk;. mjdhy; mjpf ,ilbtspapy; el;L (8kP x 8kP) ntshz; fhLfs; my;yJ nka;r;ry; fhLfs; mikf;fyhk;. (c-k;) ntk;g[/ thif/ g[';fk;/ fUnty;

epyk; gz;gLj;Jjy;/ ehw;W eLjy; kw;Wk; gpd;bra; neh;j;jp

epyj;ij gz;gLj;Jjy; Kjypy; ehk; njh;e;bjLj;j gFjpapy; tsUk; kw;w brobfhofis ntUld; gpL';fp mg;g[wg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; mtw;wpd; \yk; tpuakhFk; ePh; kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis ehk; nrkpf;f Koa[k;. nkYk; ,j;jifa g[jh;fspd; ePuhtpg; nghf;F ku';fisf; fhl;oYk; gd;kl';F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mifahy; ,tw;iw mHpg;gjhy; ehk; eLk; ku';fSf;F mjpf ePiu mspf;f Koa[k;.

rkbtspahf ,Ug;gpd; epyj;ij rhpt[f;F FWf;nf cGJtpLtJ my;yJ fiunghLtJ mtrpak;. kiHePiu nrkpf;f cjt[k;. ,t;thW Rj;jk; bra;j epyj;jpy; kuk; el FHpfis kw;w ,l';fspy; vLg;gijtpl bghpjhf (45 br.kP x 45 brkP x 45 brkP) vLf;f ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; mjpf mstpy; FHpapy; ePh; nj';fp mJ ehk; eLk; kuj;jpd; tshr;rpf;F cWJizahf ,Uf;Fk;.

gpur;ridf;Fhpa epy';fis kuk; eLtjw;fhf jahh; bra;jy; gpur;ridf;Fhpa epy';fs; m. M. ,. <. fsh;/ cth; kw;Wk; mkpy epy';fs; ePh; nj';Fk; gFjpfs; kzw;gh';fhd gFjpfs; kw;Wk; MHk; Fiwe;j ghiw gFjpfs;

m. fsh;/ cth; kw;Wk; mkpy epy';fs; ,j;jia gFjpfSf;F Vw;w kuf;fd;Wfis njh;t[ bra;J tPhpa kw;Wk; neh;j;jp bra;ag;gl;l fd;Wfis (1 tUl taJ) eLjy; ntz;Lk;. MHkhd FHpfs; vLj;J mjpy; $pg;rk; ( 2 fpnyh)/ kf;fpa bjhGcuk; (5 fpnyh)/ brk;kz; epug;gp

fd;Wfis elntz;Lk;. kiHf;fhy';fspy; gaWtif gaph;fis CLgapuhf gaph; bra;jy; rhyr;rpwe;jJ.

M. ePh;nj';Fk; gFjpfs; ,g;gFjpfSf;F Vw;w kuf;fd;Wfis njh;t[ bra;J tPhpa caukhd (3 mo) fd;Wfis cw;gj;jp bra;J ePh; Fiwa[k; fhy';fspy; FHpfs; vLj;J ehw;Wf;fis elntz;Lk;. ,g;gFjpfspy; ePh; tw;wpat[ld; cGJ/ Fiwe;j taJila gaph;fis gaph; bra;ayhk;.

,. kzw;gh';fhd gFjpfs; ,g;gFjpfSf;F Vw;w ku';fis njh;t[ bra;J fodg;gLj;Jjy; ntz;Lk;. kiHf;fhy';fspy; FHpfs; vLj;J kf;fpa bjhGcuk; ,l;L fd;Wfis

elntz;Lk;. gapWtif gaph;fis CLgapuhf gaph; bra;tJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.

<. MHk; Fiwe;j ghiw gFjpfs; ,g;gFjpfSf;F Vw;w kuf;fd;Wfis njh;t[ bra;J fodg;gLj;Jjy; ntz;Lk;. nfhil kiHapy; MHkhd FHpfs; vLj;J mjpy; kf;fpa bjhGcuk; kw;Wk; brk;kz; bfhz;L epug;gp fd;Wfs; elntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa gFjpfspy; gaph;fis CLgaph; bra;ayhk;.

kuk; eLk; fhyk; twl;rpg; gFjpfspy; kuk; eLtij gUt kiH bjhl';fpat[lnd

Muk;gpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;. Kjy; kiH bga;j \d;W my;yJ ehd;F ehl;fSf;Fs; kuf;fd;Wfis el;L Kof;f ntz;Lk;. mt;thW bra;ahtpl;lhy; epyj;jpy; cs;s ePh; Mtpahfp nghtjhy; ehk; eLk; ehw;Wf;fSf;F nghJkhd <uk; fpilf;fhky; fha;e;JtpLk;. nkYk; Kjy; kiHapnyna ehw;Wf;fis eLtjhy;/ gpwF fpilf;Fk; kiHapy; ehw;Wf;fs; ed;F tsUk; tha;g;g[ cs;sJ.

,aw;ifahf gl;Lg;nghFk; ehw;Wf;fis ehk; mt;tg;nghJ khw;wptpl ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynay; fhyjhkjk; bra;J eLk; ehw;Wf;fs; Kd;ng caph; gpoj;J tsUk; ehw;Wf;fhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L tsh;r;rp Fd;wptpLk;. ehw;Wfs; eLk;nghJ ehk; nkw;bfhs;s ntz;oa Kd;bdr;rhpf;iffs; 1. ehk; el vLf;Fk; ehw;Wfspd; cauk; Rkhh; xU mof;F FiwahkYk;/ moj;jz;L gUkdhft[k; ePz;l nth; mikg;g[ bfhz;Ls;sjhft[k; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. 2. fd;Wfs; tsh;f;fg;gl;l ghypj;jPd; igfis fsw;wptpl;L fd;Wfis

elntz;Lk;. 3. kuf;fd;Wfs; eLk; FHpapy; kf;fpa bjhGcuk; ,l;L eLjy; rhyr;rpwe;jJ. 4. ehw;Wfs; el;l gpd; ehw;iw Rw;wpa[s;s kz;iz ed;F kpjpf;f ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynay; ehw;Wf;fs; fha tha;g;g[z;L. 5. FHpfspd; MHk; ehw;wpd; nth; ePsj;ijtpl mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynay; nth;ghfk; kl';fp mjdhy; ehw;Wfspd; caph;gpog;g[ ghjpf;fg;gLk;. 6. fiuahd; mhpg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ehw;Wfs; eLk; Kd; FHpfspy; rpwpjst[ fiuahd; bfhy;yp kUe;J J}s; ,l;L elntz;Lk;. 7. ehw;Wfs; eLk; nghJ ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ,ilbtspia fhl;oYk; Fiwe;j ,ilbtspapy; (mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy;) el;L gpwF ehw;Wf;fs; tsh;e;jgpd; tsh;r;rpf; Fd;wpa ehw;Wfis ePf;fp tpLjy; ey;yJ. ,jdhy; mjpf brythdhYk; jukhd ku';fis bgwKoa[k;. ku';fSf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; ,ilbtsp ijyk; rt[f;F rt[z;ly; - 2 kP x 2 kP - 1 kP x 1 kP - 2 kP x 2 kP g[d;id g[sp - 5 kP x 5 kP - 8 kP x 8 kP

bgU\';fpy; - 6 kP x 6 kP fy;\';fpy; njf;F - 5 kP x 5 kP - 2 kP x 2 kP

ntyku';fs; - 3 kP x 3 kP mapiy ntk;g[ - 5 kP x 5 kP - 5 kP x 5 kP

thif g[';fk; ,Yg;ig

- 5 kP x 5 kP - 5 kP x 5 kP - 5 kP x 5 kP

guhkhpg;g[ kw;Wk; gpd;bra; neh;j;jpfs; ehw;Wfs; el;lgpd; rkbtspfspy; ehw;iw Rw;wp tl;ltotpy; FHpg;ghj;jpfs; mikj;jy; ntz;Lk;. ,g;ghj;jpfspd; tpl;lk; xU kPl;lUk; mjd; MHk; 15 br. kPl;lUk; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. kpjkhd rhpt[ gFjpfspy; rhptpd; FWf;nf ehw;Wfspd; fPnH gpiwr;re;jpud; totpy; fiufs; mikf;f ntz;Lk;.

,f;fiufspd; cauk; 15-20 br.kP ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.

el;l kuf;fd;WfSf;F Kjy; nfhilapy; ePh; Cw;Wjy; mtrpak;.

tUlj;jpw;F ,UKiw ghj;jpfisr; Rw;wp cs;s fisfis ePf;fptpl ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ,g;ghj;jpfspd; ePh;nrkpg;g[ mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ehk; eLk; ku';fs; ML khLfshy; nrjkilahkYk; tHpg;nghf;fh;fshy; ghjpf;fg;glhkYk; ,Uf;f elt[ tay;fSf;F fhtyhspfis epakpj;J ehw;Wfis ghJfhg;gJ mtrpak;.

nkYk; elt[ taiyr; Rw;wp uapy; fw;whiH eLtJ ey;yJ. ,jdhy; ML khLfs; cs;ns tuhky; jLf;fg;gLtJld; kz;zhpg;g[ kw;Wk; bts;sr; nrjKk; jLf;fg;gLfpwj

el;l ku';fSf;F kiHePh; nrkpf;f jl;Ltotpy; ghj;jpfs; mikj;njh my;yJ ntW totpy; ghj;jpfs; mikj;njh ePh; nrkpf;f ntz;Lk;.

ML khLfs; fof;fhky; ,Uf;f jf;f ghJfhg;g[ bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;. ku';fs; el;l epyj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; uapy; fw;whiH eLtJ ey;yJ.

ntshz: epyj;jpy; kuk; eLk;Kiwfs;

gz;izf;fhLfspd; tiffs;
1. 2. 3. ntshz; fhLfs; nka;r;ry; fhLfs; gHku';fSld; tdku';fs;

1. ntshz; fhLfs; ntshz; gaph;fSld; ku';fs; eLjy; 2. nka;r;ry; fhLfs; ku';fSld; jPtdg;gaph; rhFgo 3. gHku';fSld; tdku';fs;
fha;g;gjw;F mjpf fhyk; vLf;Fk; gHku';fshfpa kh/ rg;nghl;lh/ vYkpr;ir nghd;w gHku';fSld; tdku';fshfpa njf;F/ rt[f;F nghd;w ku';fis eLjy;.

gz;izf;fhLfspy; kuk; eLjy; kw;Wk; CLgaph; bra;a[k; Kiwfs; ku';fSld; tptrhag; gaph;fis CLgapuhf rhFgo bra;a[k; bghGJ mDrhpf;f ntz;oa rpy Fwpg;g[fs; 1. ku';fis thpirf;F thpir mjpf ,ilbtspapy; eLtjhy; ntshz; gaph;fSf;Fj; njitahd gpd;bra; neh;j;jpapid rpwe;j Kiwapy; bra;ayhk;.

cjhuzkhf/

rt[f;F/

ijyk;

4kP x 1kP. ,ilbtspapYk; kw;Wk; nty kuk;. ,ytk;/ thif ntk;g[ nghd;wtw;iw 8kP x 8kP ,ilbtspapYk; elyhk;. 2. ku';fis mt;tg;nghJ fthj;J bra;J tpLtjd; \yk;/ Nhpa xsp CLgapUf;F fpilf;f trjpahf ,Uf;Fk;. 3. ku';fspd; thpirapid fpHf;F nkw;fhf mikj;jy; ntz;Lk;. 4. kuf;fd;Wfis FHpfspy; MHkhf (30 brkP) eLjy; ntz;Lk;. 5. ntshz; gaph;fis ku thpirapypUe;J 1 kPl;lh; tpl;L gaph; bra;a ntz;Lk;.

ku';fSld; vd;d ntshz;ik gaph;fis CLgaph; bra;ayhk;> CLgaph;fs; ,lj;jpw;Fj; jf;fthW khWgLk;. khdhthhp epy';fspy; mapiy/ thif/ ntk;g[/ fUnty;/ bts;nty;/ Filnty; nghd;w ku';fSld; nrhsk;/ fk;g[/ jpid/ rhik/ tuF/ jl;ilg;gaW/ vs;/ ghrpg;gaW/ bfhs;S/ cSe;J nghd;wtw;iw gaph; bra;ayhk;. ,lj;jpw;F Vw;wthW khdhthhp epy';fspy; epYitapy; cs;s gaph; rhFgoa[ld; ku';fis el;L tsh;f;fyhk;.

ntshz; gapiua[k;/ kug;gapiua[k; fyitahfg; gapLk;nghJ ntshz; gaphpd; kfNy; ghjpf;fg;gLkh> Kjyhz;oy; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; Mz;oy; 20 Kjy; 30 tpGf;fhL kfNy; FiwfpwJ. \d;whk; Mz;L ghjpg;g[ 60-f;Fk; nkyhf ,Ug;gjhy; Kjy; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; kl;Lnk ntshz; gapiu CLgapuhf gaphplyhk;. ,jd;gpwF kiHf;fhy';fspy; jPtdg;gaph;fshfpa nrhsk;/

jl;ilg;gaW nghd;wtw;iw gaph; bra;ayhk;.

mjpf ,ilbtsp tpl;L ku';fis el;lhy; \d;W Kjy; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; tiu kfNy; Fiwahky; CLgaph; bra;ayhk;. gz;izf; fhl;oy; elg;gLk; ku';fspd; fpisfis mt;tg;nghJ mg;g[wg;gLj;JtjhYk;/ fyg;g[ ku';fis

eLtjhYk; mjpf epHy; goahky; ePz;l ehl;fs; CLgaph;

bra;ayhk;. nkYk;

mt;tg;nghJ ku';fis ePf;fp kWgoa[k; eLtjhy; bjhlhr;rpahf ehk; ntshz; gaph;fis rhFgo bra;ayhk;.

jukhd kuehw;Wf;fs; cw;gj;jpw;F tHpKiwfs; khdhthhp epy';fSf;nfw;w kuf;fd;Wfs; jahhpf;f

gpd;gw;w ntz;oa tHpKiwfs; 1. jukhd jha;kuj;jpypUe;J tpijfis nrfhpf;f ntz;Lk;.

2. rpwe;j bghWf;F tpijfis tpijg;gpw;Fg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. 3. mjpf fspkz; cs;s kz; kw;Wk; fsh;-cth; kz;iz ehw;Wfs; cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ. 4. kf;fpa bjhGt[cuk; kw;Wk; caph; cu';fis gad;gLj;jp ehw;Wf;fis tsh;f;f ntz;Lk;. 5. btl;l btspapy; ehw;Wfs; tsh;f;fg;gl ntz;Lk;. 6. ehw;Wfs; tsh;e;j gpwF Fiwe;j mst[ ePh; Cw;wp ehw;Wf;fis ehw;w';fhypy; fodg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. 7. xU tUlk; tiu fd;Wfis guhkhpj;J eLjy; rhyr; rpwe;jJ. Fiwe;jgl;rk; MWkhj taJila fd;Wfis elyhk;.

kuehw;w';fhypd; tiffs; ku ehw;Wfspd; njitiag; bghWj;J ku ehw;w';fhy;fis ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit m. M. jw;fhypf ehw;w';fhy; epue;ju ehw;w';fhy;

jw;fhypf ehw;w';fhy; ,j;jifa ehw;w';fhy; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F Fiwe;j ehw;Wf;fs; njitf;Fk;/ ghLthrpfs; epug;g[tjw;Fk; epWtg;gLfpwJ. ,';F epue;ju fl;ol';fs; kw;Wk; kw;w trjpfs; ,Uf;fhJ. cjhuzkhf r\f eyf;fhLfs; jpl;lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehw;w';fhy;fisr; brhy;yyhk;.

epue;ju ehw;w';fhy; mjpf mikf;fg;gLk; fl;ol';fs;/ fhyj;jpw;Fk; ehw;w';fhy; kw;Wk; epue;ju epue;jukhf ehw;w';fhy; trjpfs; ehw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;. ,Uf;Fk;. bgWtjw;Fk; ,';F epue;ju

jz;zPh;

nghd;w

kw;w

cjhuzkhf

tdj;Jiwapduhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s rpy ehw;w';fhy;fs; MFk;.

ku tpijfs; ku tpijfs; tpijg;g[f;F vLj;Jf; bfhs;nthkhdhy; mitfis ,U tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;. m. M. gpur;rid ,y;yhj tpijfs; gpur;ridf;Fhpa tpijfs;

gpur;rid ,y;yhj tpijfs; ,j;jifa tpijfis/ ve;jtpjkhd tpij neh;j;jpa[k; bra;ahky;

tpijg;gpw;F gad;gLj;jyhk;. c.k; : ijyk;/ rt[f;F

gpur;ridf;Fhpa tpijfs; ,k;khjphp tpijfis tpijf;Fk; Kd; tpij neh;j;jp kw;Wk; tpijf;Fk; fhyk; nghd;witfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl ntz;Lk;. ,k;khjphp tpijfis ehd;F tpjkhfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

1. fodkhd njhy; ciw cs;s tpijfs; c-k;. ntyku tpijfs;/ rt[z;ly; nghd;w kutpijfs;. ,j;jifa tpijfis bfhjpePh; Kykhfnth my;yJ mlh;fe;jf mkpyk; \ykhfnth tpij neh;j;jp bra;a ntz;Lk;.

2. fy;nghd;w ciw kw;Wk; ehW nghd;w ciw cs;s tpijfs; c-k;. njf;F/ fUkUJ/ ePh;kUJ nghd;w ku';fspd; tpijfs;. ,j;jifa tpijfis Cwitj;J cyh;j;Jjy; \ykhf tpij neh;j;jp bra;ayhk;. 3. vz;bza; cs;s tpijfs; c-k;. ntk;g[/ g[';fk;/ ,Yg;ig nghd;w ku';fspd; tpijfs;. ,j;jifa tpijfis nrfhpj;J clnd tpijg;gpw;F gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. 4. ,urhad khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tpijfs; c-k;. mapiy ku tpijfs;/ ,itfis fha;fs; Kjph;e;jt[ld; gwpj;J tpijg;gpw;F gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ehw;w';fhypy; ehw;WtpLk; Kiw

ehw;Wf;fs;

cw;gj;jp

bra;a[k;

Kiwiabahl;o

ku

ehw;w';fhiy

,Utifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. 1. 2. neuo tpijg;g[ ehw;w';fhy; khw;WKiw ehw;w';fhy;

neuo tpijg;g[ ehw;w';fhy; bghpa tpijfs; kw;Wk; mjpf Kisg;g[j; jpwd; cs;s tpijfis neuoahf ehw;w';fhypy; (ghypj;jPd; igfs;) tpijj;J/ gpd; m';fpUe;J elt[ taYf;F vLj;Jr; brhy;yyhk;. c-k;. rt[z;ly;/ fUnty; nghd;w tpijfs;

ku tpijfis tpijf;Fk; nghJ ftdpf;f ntz;oait 1. mjpfhiyapnyh my;yJ khiy neuj;jpnyh tpijfs; tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.

2. tpijg;gpw;F jahh; bra;ag;gl;l ehw;w';fhy; tpijg;gpw;F Kd; ePh; Cw;wp ed;whf <ukhf;f ntz;Lk;. 3. eLk; mstpw;F Vw;g jha; ehw;w';fhypy; ,Ue;J ehw;Wf;fis nth;fs; nrjkilahky; gphpj;bjLf;f ntz;Lk;. 4. gphpj;bjLj;j ehw;Wf;fspd; nth; fha;e;Jtplhky; ,Uf;f mitfis ePhpy; eida[k;go itf;f ntz;Lk;. 5. ehw;Wf;fis igfspy; eLk;nghJ nth; kl';fhky; elg;gl ntz;Lk;. 6. ,t;thW eLk; ehw;Wf;fSf;F jw;fhypf epHy; (15-20 ehl;fSf;F kl;Lk;) mikj;J fhiy/ khiy neu';fspy; ePh; Cw;w ntz;Lk;.

ehw;w';fhYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kz; fyit brk;kz;/ kzy;/ kf;fpa bjhGt[uk; 3:1:1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; fl;ofs; ,d;wp fye;J ehw;Wf;fs; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ. jha; ehw;w';fhy;

Vw;gLj;Jk;nghJ nkny bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kz; fyitia

ry;yil \yk;

rypj;Jg; gpwF gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. brk;kz;zpw;F gjpyhf fk;ngh!;l; bra;j bjd;id fHpt[ehh; cgnahfpf;fyhk;.

ghypj;jPd; igfspy; kz; epug;g[jy; bgUk;ghYk; ku ehw;Wf;fs; MW khj';fspypUe;J xd;gJ khj';fs; tiu ehw;w';fhypy; itf;fg;gl;L gpd;g[ taYf;F vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa ehw;Wf;fs; cw;gj;jpf;F 20 br.kP x 10 br.kP/ mst[s;s 200 fh$; jokhdKs;s ghypj;jPd; igfis gad;gLj;Jy; rhyr;rpwe;jJ. ,j;jifa igfspy; kz; fyitia (kz;/ kzy; kw;Wk; kf;fpa bjhGt[uk; 3:1:1 epug;gp tpijg;gpw;Fg;

gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. tpijf;Fk; Kd; ghypj;jPd; igfspy; cs;s kz; ed;whf eida[k;go ePh; Cw;w ntz;Lk;.

ehw;w';fhypy; gpd;bra;neh;j;jpfs; 1. ePh; gha;r;Rjy; ehw;w';fhypy; ehw;WfSf;F Kjy; ,uz;L khj';fspy; fhiyapYk;/ khiyapYk; ePh; Cw;w ntz;Lk;. gpwF NH;epiyf;F jf;fthW ehbshd;Wf;F xUKiw/ xUehs; tpl;L xUehs;/ thuj;jpw;F xUKiw vd;W ePh; Cw;wp ehw;w';fhypnyna ehw;Wfis fodg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

2. cuk; ,Ljy; ,aw;if cukhfpa kf;fpa bjhGt[uk;/ rhzpg;ghy;/ ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F Cwitj;j ePh;/ capUu';fshfpa iunrhgpak;/ gh!;nghghf;Ohpah kw;Wk; tp.V.vk;. nghd;w cu';fis gad;gLj;Jtjd; \yk; thspg;ghd kw;Wk; twl;rpia jh';fp tsuf;Toa ehw;Wf;fisg; bgwyhk;.

3. fis vLj;jy; ehw;Wfspd; brHpg;ghd tsh;r;rpf;F fis vLj;jy; xU Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ. tpij tpijj;j 15-20 ehl;fspy; xU Kiwa[k; gpwF njitg;god; xUKiwa[k; fis vLj;jy; ntz;Lk;. ehw;Wf;fis ,lkhw;wk; bra;a[k; nghJ fis vLj;jy; rhyr;rpwe;jJ.

4. ehw;w';fhypy; ehw;Wf;fis ,lk; khw;wy; ehw;Wf;fspd; Mzpnth; epyj;jpy; Cd;whky; ,Uf;f tpijfs; Kisj;j 2 khjj;jpw;F gpwF ehw;Wf;fis ,lkhw;wk; bra;antz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gpwF 15-20 ehl;fSf;F xUKiw ,lkhw;wk; bra;antz;Lk;.

5. neha; kw;Wk; g{r;rp jLg;g[ ehw;w';fhypy; Vw;gLk; nth; mGfy; kw;Wk; g{";rhiz neha;fSf;F hpnlhkpy;/ bgtp!:Od;/ ilj;njd; vk;. 45 nghd;w g{";rhz kUe;Jfisa[k;/ rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;/ Td;tz:Lfs;/ btl;Lg;g[Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nth;g;g[Gf;fSf;F ypz;nld; 10% J}s;/ ijnahlhd;/ nuhfhh; nghd;w g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfisa[k; gad;gLj;jp g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. ehw;Wfisg; gpL';Fk; kw;Wk; eLk; gUtk; ehw;Wfis jFe;j tajpy; jha; ehw;w';fhypy; ,Ue;J gphpj;J khw;W ehw;w';fhypy; eLjy; ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynay; mit nth; tsh;r;rp mjpfkhfp gphpg;gjw;F fodkhf ,Ug;gnjhL el;lgpd; caph;gpog;g[k; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. xU rpy ku ehw;Wf;fSf;fhd gphpf;Fk; gUtk; :

ijyk;/ rt[f;F/ mapiy 35-40 ehl;fs; fUnty;/ bts;nty; 15-20 ehl;fs; flnyhu rt[f;F ehw;Wf;fs;

ig

ehw;Wf;fSf;F 90 ehl;fs;

mJnghy; ku ehw;Wf;fs; eLk;nghJ mit jFe;j taJilajhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynay; mit elt[ taypy; gl;LtpLk;.

ijyk;/ rt[f;F/ rt[z;ly; ntk;g[/ g[';fk;/ thif nty ku';fs; nghd;wit 6 khjk;

\';fpy; njf;F g[sp

9-12 khjk; 12 khjk; 18 khjk;

tpij \yk; my;yhj ku ehw;Wfs; cw;gj;jp

bgUk;ghYk; ku tpijfs; may; kfue;j nrh;f;ifapdhy; cw;gj;jpahtjhy;/ ,itfspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; ehw;Wfs; vy;yhk; jha; kuj;jpd; Fz';fis xj;J ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ehw;Wfspd; Fz';fs; ntWgl;oUf;Fk;. ,ij nghf;fp tPhpa/ ,df;fyg;gw;w ku ehw;Wf;fis tPhpa jha; kuj;jpd; rpy ghf';fs; \yk; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLk; kuf;fd;Wfs; MFk;. ,jd; \ykhf tpij cw;gj;jpahfhj ku';fs; kw;Wk; tpijfspy; mjpf Kisg;g[j; jpwd; ,y;yhj ku';fis cw;gj;jp bra;ayhk;. ku ehw;Wf;fis tpij\yk; my;yhky; Fr;rp eLjy; xl;Lf; fl;Ljy;/ bkhl;L fl;Ljy; \ykhft[k; kw;Wk; jpR Kiw tshg;g[ \ykhft[k; tsh;f;fyhk;.

m.

Fr;rpfs; \yk; cw;gj;jp bra;jy; ,k;Kiwapy; ey;y jukhd jha;kuj;jpypUe;J xU brd;okPl;lh; gUkDk;/ 15-

30 br.kP ePsKk; cs;s Fr;rpfis

btl;l ntz;Lk;. ,jid tsh;r;rp

Cf;fpfshfpa I.V.V (IAA)/ IgpV (IBA)/ vd;VV (NAA) Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;w Cf;fpfis njh;t[ bra;J jFe;j tPhpaj;jpy; (500-1000 gpgpvk;) eLk;ghfj;ij Cw itj;J ghypj;jPd; igfspy; (10 br.kP x 20 br.kP) kzy; epug;gp mtw;wpy; elntz;Lk;. ,t;thW el;l igfis rPnjh#;zepiy epiy epWj;Jk; Tlhuj;jpy; (kp!;l; rhk;ghpy;) 80-90% <ug;gjk; cs;sthW itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. 30-45 ehl;fspy; cs;sthW itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. 30-45 ehl;fspy; nth;gpof;Fk;. \d;W khj';fs; fHpj;J ,e;j ehw;Wf;fis jw;fhypf epHypy; itj;J nkYk; ,uz;L khjk; fHpj;J elt[ bra;ayhk;. c.k;. rt[f;F/ ijyk;/ ntk;g[/ FkpH;/ ,ytk; nghd;w ku';fis ,k;Kiwapy; tsh;f;fyhk;. Fwpg;g[ : ,j;jifa Fr;rp fd;Wfs; ePh; ghrdg;gFjpapYk; kw;Wk; ey;y kiH bga;a[k; ,l';fspYk; ed;F tsUk;. Mdhy; twl;rpg; gFjpfSf;F ,J Vw;wjy;y.

M.

xl;L fl;Ljy; kw;Wk; bkhl;L fl;Ljy; ,k;Kiwapy; tpijfspypUe;J tsh;f;fg;gl;l kuf;fd;W- fspy; (6 khjk;)

tPhpa jha; kuj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l Fr;rpfs; my;yJ bkhl;Lfs; bfhz;L glj;jpy; fhz;gpj;jthW xl;L fl;Ljy; my;yJ bkhl;L fl;Ljy; bra;ayhk;. c.k;. njf;F/ ijyk;

,. jpRKiw tsh;g;g[ ,k;Kiwapy; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l tPhpa jha;kuj;jpd; Ez;zpa ghfk; tsh;r;rp Cf;fpfs; \yk; Rfhjhukhd miwfspy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L ehw;Wf;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW bra;tjhy; jha; kuj;jpw;F mjpfk; nrjk; Vw;gLtJ ,y;iy. Kjypy; mjpfk; brythdhYk; epiwa tPhpa kuf;fd;Wfis ,k;Kiwapy; tsh;f;fyhk;.

tpij \yk; my;yhj kuf;fd;Wfis elt[ taypy; ey;y Kiwapy; guhkhpg;gnjhL g{r;rp kw;Wk; g{";rhz neha;fspypUe;J fhj;jy; kpf mtrpakhFk;.

Mfnt/ khwptUk; ,e;j NH;epiyapy; ehk; ,aw;if rPw;wj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L/ kz;tsj;ijf; fhj;J/ gaph; tpisr;riy bgUf;fp/ xU epue;ju tUtha; khdhthhp epy';fspypUe;J fpilf;f/ kiH mst[/ kz;zpd; juk; mwpe;J/ njitf;F Vw;g ku';fis njh;e;bjLj;J/ tp":"hd Kiwapy; gz;izf; fhLfs; mikg;gnj xU rpwe;j tHpahFk;.

tpij vz;zpf;if ntk;g[ thif bgUkuk; my;yJ jPf;Fr;rp kuk; fUnty; bts;nty; Filnty; guk;ig ,Yg;ig g[';fk; g[sp 5000-6000 njit ,y;iy / tpijfis nrfhpj;j clnd tpijj;jy;

Kisg;gjw;F Kisg;g[r; xU fpnyh vLj;Jf; rjtPjk; tpijapypUe;J bfhs;Sk; fpilf;Fk; ehl;fs; ehw;Wfs; 7-16 7-15 10-20 7-20 7-20 7-20 7-20 10-20 7-20 7-20 70-80 75-80 60-70 80-90 80-90 80-90 80-90 60-70 60-70 70-75 3000-3500 5000-6000 3000-4000 2500-3000 15000-16000 15000-16000 2500-3000 100-150 150-250 500-600

10000-12000 bfhjp ePh; my;yJ mkpyk; 10000-12000 Fsph;ePhpy; 3 ehl;fs; Cwitj;J tpijj;jy; 7000-5000 bfhjpePh; my;yJ mkpyk; 30000-35000 bfhjpePh; my;yJ mkpyk; 30000-35000 bfhjpePh; my;yJ mkpyk; 5000-6000 300-500 500-700 1100-1750 bfhjpePh; my;yJ mkpyk; njit ,y;iy / tpijfis nrfhpj;j clnd tpijj;jy; " Fsph;ePhpy; 12 kzpneuk; Cwitj;J tpijj;jy;

,ytk; rt[f;F rt[z;ly; ehty; bfhLf;fhg;g[sp bgUbey;yp tpshk;gHk; bghuR Mr;rhd; Mah mug;g[ g{r;rf;fha; g{td;bfhl;il ijykuk;

20000-22000 njit ,y;iy / tpijfis

cldoahf tpijf;f ntz;Lk;

5-10 7-15 7-10 7-15 7-15 10-20 10-15 10-15 7-15 7-15 7-15 10-20 3-10

50-60 80 80 30-40 70 50-60 40 40-50 50-60 30-40 70-80 40-45 40-50

6000-7000 200000-250000 8000-10000 800-1000 2000-2500 1200-1500 1500-2000 10000-20000 1500-2000 3000-4000 8000-9000 500-600 400000-500000

700000-750000 15000-20000 2750-3000 6000-65000 2000-3000

njit ,y;iy bfhjpePh; my;yJ mkpyk; njit ,y;iy bfhjpePh; my;yJ mkpyk;

njit ,y;iy / tpijfis clnd tpijf;f ntz;Lk; 10000-12000 Fsph;ePhpy; 12 kzp neuk; Cwitj;jy; 110000-120000 njit ,y;iy 4500-5000 Fsph;e;j ePhpy; 24 kzpneuk; Cwitj;jy; 22000-25000 njit ,y;iy 14000-14500 1800-2200 2000000bfhjpePh; my;yJ mkpyk; bfhjpePh; my;yJ mkpyk; njit ,y;iy

(a{fypg;l;!;)

25000000