COMPUTER AIDED PART PROGRAMMING - APT

Methods of NC Part Programming

1. 2. 3. 4. Manual part programming Manual data input Computer-Aided part programming Part programming using CAD/CAM

Manual Part Programming

Variety of CNC machine tools and equal variety of controllers part program for a little complex parts
Extensive calculations Error prone

multi-axis machining impossible to program

Computer Aided Part Programming

Use of part programming language: use an English-like programming language More than 100 part programming languages developed in the last 50 years describe
geometry of the part tool motions machining parameters, and all other auxiliary operations

CAD/CAM Based Part Programming: surface and solid models using CAD software models contain the geometric data

APT-Automatically Programmed Tool

A compiler for simplifying NC Programming Developed by MIT in 1955, refined in early 1960s Most widely used part programming language Other languages developed as variants
APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) AUTOSPOT (Automatic System for Positioning Tools) COMPACT II ADAPT (Adaptation of APT) EXAPT (Extended Subset of APT) FAPT (Fanuc APT)
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Why?
Use of symbolic language Programming independent of machine tool Reduced programming time Reduced possibility of human error Capability of simple changeover of machining sequence from machine to machine Only postprocessor required to include new machine tool
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Role of part programmer

Define the geometry of the workpiece in terms of basic geometric elements such as point, lines, circles, planes, etc. Specify the tool motion and/or operations to guide the too along the geometric elements defined earlier in order to machine it

Role of computer
Input translation
Covert the part program into computer usable format for further processing

Arithmetic calculations
complex arithmetic and trigonometric calculations to generate the part surface data

Cutter offset computation

Generate the CL data after considering the tool geometry

Postprocessing
Prepare the part program specific for a machine tool on the basis of CL data, and machining instructions such as speed, feed, machine tool constraints, etc.
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Engineering Drawing Develop process plan for the part Write a part program using APT language Process part program generate CL data Generation of CL Data Correct the part program

Diagnostics

Post process the CL Data for a specific machine tool

Part program

Flow Diagram
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Right hand Cartesian coord. system

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APT language features

Major words - left of slash, special meaning Minor word right of slash Symbols - geometric elements, numerical values
L2=LINE/(POINT/100,40),PERPTO,L1

Subscripted Symbols Numbers Angles decimal degrees Arithmetic operators: + -Library functions

**
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APT Statement Types

Postprocessor (feed, speed, coolant, etc.) Auxiliary (tool, tolerance, part, etc.) Geometry statements Motion statements

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Postprocessor Statements
COOLNT/ : coolant to be turned on or off: COOLNT/ MIST COOLNT/ FLOOD COOLNT/ OFF UNITS UNITS/METRIC/INCH RAPID
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Postprocessor Statements
FEDRAT/ : feedrate for moving the tool along the part surface

FEDRAT/ 75,MMPM
SPINDL/ : spindle rotation in revolutions per minute

SPINDL/ 850,RPM SPINDL/ON

LOADTL/ : load a specific tool from an ATC tool changer

LOADTL/ 11
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Auxiliary Statements
MACHIN: specify machine tool and call the postprocessor

MACHIN/ MILL, 3
PARTNO: part program number, inserted at the start of the program.

PARTNO EXAMPLE6
PRINT: Display of tool geometry on screen (ON/OFF)

PRINT/ON
CLPRNT: indicates that a cutter location printout is desired.

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Auxiliary Statements
CUTTER: cutter diameter for offset CUTTER/ 46 TOLERANCE : Nonlinear motion accomplished with straight-line segments INTOL/ 0.015 OUTTOL/ 0.01 FINI: specifies the end of the program
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Specified path

Specifie d path

OUTTOL INTOL

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Geometry statements
General format <Symbol>=Geometry/Definition & Modifiers Modifiers INTOF LARGE XSMALL PARLEL SMALL YLARGE PERPTO LEFT YSMALL TANTO RIGHT ZLARGE XLARGE ZSMALL

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Point Line Plane Circle Pattern (of parts) Cylinder

POINT LINE PLANE CIRCLE PATERN CYLNDR

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Geometry statements: POINT

Cartesian coordinates
PTA = POINT / 40,10,0

Center of a circle
PTG=POINT/CENTER,C4

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Geometry statements: POINT

Polar coordinate PTI=POINT/XYPLAN,RTHETA,45,-30 Intersection of two lines PTB=POINT/INTOF,LIN1, LIN2

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Geometry statements: POINT

Intersection of a line and a circle PTC=POINT/XSMALL,INTOF,LIN1,C1 Intersection of two circles PTE=POINT/XSMALL,INTOF,C2,C3

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Point (POINT)
PT C

LIN 3 PT D

C 1

PTC PTC PTD PTD

= = = =

POINT/ POINT/ POINT/ POINT/

YLARGE, XLARGE, YSMALL, XSMALL,

INTOF, INTOF, INTOF, INTOF,

LIN3, LIN3, LIN3, LIN3,

C1 C1 C1 C1
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Geometry statements: LINE

Two points One of the coordinated axes Passing through a point and parallel to a line Passing through a point and perpendicular to a line Passing through a point and at angle with a line or axis Passing through a point and tangent to a circle
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Line (LINE)
y

P2

P1

LIN1

LIN1 = LINE/ P1, P2

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Line (LINE)
L1A

PT51

C11

L1A = LINE/ PT51, LEFT, TANTO, C11

LEFT or RIGHT modifiers indicates whether the line is to the left or right tangent point
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Geometry statements: LINE

LIN1 LIN2 LIN3 LIN4

= = = =

LINE/P1,LEFT,TANTO,C1 LINE/P1,RIGHT,TANTO,C1 LINE/P2,RIGHT,TANTO,C1 LINE/P2,LEFT,TANTO,C1

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Geometry statements: LINE

LIN2 = LINE/P1,PARLEL,LIN1 LIN3 = LINE/P2,PERPTO,LIN1

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Line (LINE)

L6
Right Left

C4

C3
Right Left

L8

L9 L7

L8=LINE/RIGHT,TANTO,C3,LEFT,TANTO,C4
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Geometry statements: CIRCLE

y

C1 40.3 PT3 (70,60,5)

C1 = CIRCLE/ 70, 60, 5, 40.3 C1 = CIRCLE/ CENTER, PT3, RADIUS, 4.3

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Geometry statements: CIRCLE

Y LN4 PT5 Y

PT6 C3

PT8 C7

C3 = CIRCLE/ CENTER, PT6, TANTO, LN4 C7 = CIRCLE/ CENTER, PT8, PT5

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Geometry statements: PLANE

PLAN1 = PLANE/P1,P2,P3 PLAN2 = PLANE/P4,PARLEL,PLAN1 PLAN2 = PLANE/PARLEL,PLAN1,ZLARGE,4.5

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Motion Statements - PTP

Rapid from current position to a specified location
FROM/ <point location>: starting point for the tool, with the end of the tool at that point. GOTO/ <point location>: rapid, straight- line move to the point specified in absolute mode. GODLTA/ <coordinate increments>: move incremental distance from the current position.
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Motion Statements - Continuous

Z Y

X
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Continuous Path Motion Commands

GOLFT/ GORGT/ : Move left along the drive surface : Move right along the drive surface

GOFWD/ : Move forward from a tangent position GOBACK/ : Move backward from a tangent position GOUP/ : Move up along the drive surface GODOWN/ : Move down along the drive surface

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Exercise

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PARTNO EXAMPLE5 $$POSTPROCESSOR STATEMENTS CLPRNT MACHIN/MILL,3 INTOL/0 OUTTOL/0.01 PRINT/ON $$ GEOMETRY STATEMENTS SP=POINT/0,0,10 P0=POINT/-70,-140 ZSURF/-10 $$ ALL GEOMTERY DEFINITIONS HAVE Z=-10

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$$ CIRCLE DEFINITIONS C1=CIRCLE/0,0,30 C2=CIRCLE/-100,80,25 C3=CIRCLE/-100,-80,25 C4=CIRCLE/100,0,30 $$ LINE DEFINITIONS L1=LINE/RIGHT,TANTO,C1,LEFT,TANTO,C2 L2=LINE/LEFT,TANTO,C1,RIGHT,TANTO,C3 L3=LINE/LEFT,TANTO,C2,LEFT,TANTO,C4 L4=LINE/RIGHT,TANTO,C3,RIGHT,TANTO,C4

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$$ TOOL PATH DEFINITION CUTTER/20 LOADTL/1 SPINDL/1200,RPM,CLW COOLNT/ ON $$ MOTION STATEMENTS FROM/SP RAPID TLLFT GOTO/P0 GODLTA/-20 AUTOPS GO/TO,L4 FEDRAT/50
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$$ CONTINUOUS PATH MOTION STATEMENTS GOLFT/L4,TANTO,C3 GOFWD/C3,TANTO,L2 GOFWD/L2,TANTO,C1 GOFWD/C1,TANTO,L1 GOFWD/L1,TANTO,C2 GOFWD/C2,TANTO,L3 GOFWD/L3,TANTO,C4 GOFWD/C4,TANTO,L4 GOFWD/L4,TANTO,C3

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GODLTA/20 GOTO/P0 COOLNT/OFF SPINDL/OFF RAPID GOTO/SP END $$ End of this program FINI $$ End of APT processing

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CL File
$$ GEOMETRY STATEMENTS SP=POINT/0,0,10 *SP .0000 .0000 10.0000 P0=POINT/-70,-140 *P0 -70.0000 -140.0000 .0000 ZSURF/-10 $$ ALL GEOMTERY DEFINITIONS HAVE Z=-10 $$ CIRCLE DEFINITIONS C1=CIRCLE/0,0,30 *C1 .0000 .0000 30.0000 C2=CIRCLE/-100,80,25 *C2 -100.0000 80.0000 25.0000
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CL File
$$ LINE DEFINITIONS L1=LINE/RIGHT,TANTO,C1,LEFT,TANTO,C2 *L1 .2288 .9735 .0000 30.0000 L2=LINE/LEFT,TANTO,C1,RIGHT,TANTO,C3 *L2 -.2288 .9735 .0000 -30.0000 L3=LINE/LEFT,TANTO,C2,LEFT,TANTO,C4 *L3 .3497 .9368 .0000 64.9739

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CL File
$$ CONTINUOUS PATH MOTION STATEMENTS GOLFT/L4,TANTO,C3 *FEED -87.7591 -112.7897 -20.0000 GOFWD/C3,TANTO,L2 *CIR -100.0000 -80.0000 35.0000 CLW -108.0074 -45.9283 -20.0000 GOFWD/L2,TANTO,C1 *FEED 4.5756 -19.4695 -20.0000 GOFWD/C1,TANTO,L1 *CIR .0000 .0000 20.0000 CCLW 4.5756 19.4696 -20.0000
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Postprocessing - Part Prgram

N5 G20 N10 T01 M06 N15 S1200 M21 N20 M03 N25 M08 N30 G00 X-70.00 Y-140.00 Z.00 N35 G01 Z-20.00 F50. N40 X-81.09 Y-110.30 N45 X-87.76 Y-112.79 N50 G02 X-100.00 Y-115.00 I35. N55 X-135.00 Y-80.00 I35. N60 X-108.01 Y-45.93 I35.

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