Aircraft systems and Instruments

AE 1252
By
Prof . N.Muthusamy
Department of Aeronautical Engg
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SRUFACES

4. ELEVATOR
5. AILERON
6. RUDDER

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS.

1. TABS
2. FLAPS
3. SPOILERS
4. SPEED BRAKES
 PURPOSE
1.TO ENABLE THE PILOT TO EXERCISE CONTROL OVER
THE AIRCRAFT DURING ALLL PORTIONS OF FLIGHT.

2.IT ALLOWS TO MANOEUVRES IN PITCH,ROLL AND YAW.

METHODS:

1. PUSH-PULL CONTROL ROD SYSTEM

2. CABLE AND PULLY SYSTEM
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS:

1. CABLES
2. PULLEYS
3. TURNBUCKLES
4. PUSH PULL RODS
5. BELL CRANKS
6. QUANDRANTS.
7. TORQUE TUBES
8. CABLE GURARDS
 FLY BY WIRE (FBW)

IT IS ONE IN WHICH WIRE CARRYING ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

FROM THE FLIGHT CONTROLS BY REPLACING
MECHANICAL LINKAGES.
ADVANTAGES OF FBW:
1. WEIGHT SAVING
2. REDUCED MAINTENANCE TIMES
3. LESS SPACE
4. IMPROVED HANDLING
AUTOPILOT SYSTEM ACTIVE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY:

AUTOPILOT IS A SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC CONTROLS

WHICH HOLDS THE ARICRAFT
ON ANY SELECTED MAGNETIC HEADING AND
RETURNS THE
ARICRAFT TO THAT HEADING WHEN IT IS
DISPLACED FROM IT.

PURPOSE:
TO REDUCE THE WROK STRAIN AND FATIQUE OF
CONTROLLING THE AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT BY THE PILOT.
COMPONENTS:
1. GYROS (TO SENSE WHAT
AIRPLANE IS DOING)
2. SERVOS (TO MOVE CONTROL
SURFACES)
3. AMPLIFIER (TO INCREASE THE
STRENGTH OF
GYRO SIGNALS TO OPERATE
SERVOS)

THREE CHANNELS.
1. RUDDER CHANNELS
2. AILERON CHANNES.
3. ELEVATOR CHANNELS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1. H F
2. VHF
3. UHF

NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

1. VOR (VHR OMNIRANGE)

2. DME (DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT)
3. ADF (AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDING)
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

1. RUNWAY LOCALISER
2. GLIDESLOPE SIGNAL
3. MARKER BEACONS

MIRCROWAVE LANDING SYSTEMS (MLS):

MLS OPERATES IN THE FREQUANCY BAND OF

5031MHZ-5190.7MHZ.
IT HAS WIDE FIEL D
VIEW OF 40 DEGRESS IN AZIMUTH AND UPTO
20 DEGREES ELEVATION.
THE COVERAGE IS UPTO 20NM FOR
NORMAL APPROACH.
NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON (NDB)

NDB IS GROUND BASED .IT IS NON-DIRECTIONAL

BECAUSE NO PARTICULAR DIRECTION IS FAVOURED.
THE NDB RADIATES IDENTICAL
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
FREQ RANGE 200-415KHZ.
AIRCRAFT SYSTEM
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM HAS TWO MAJOR PARTS:
1. POWER SECTION WHICH PROVIDES
FLUID FLOW AND REGULATES

2. ACTUATING SECTION WHICH OPERATES FLAPS, LANDING GEAR ETC

MAIN COMPONENTS:
1. RESERVOIR
2. HAND PUMP
3. ENGINE DRIVEN PUMP (EDP)
4. CHECK VALVE
5. ACCUMULATOR
6. BRAKE
7. PRESSURE GUAGE
8. FLAP
9. LANDING GEAR CYLINDER
10. RELIEF VALVE
11. FILTER
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
AIRCRAFT PNEUMATIC SYSTEM USED PRIMARILY AS EMERGENCY
SOURCES OF PRESSURE.
The AIR WHICH IS CLEAR AND DRY ARE STORED IN HIGH PRESSURE BOTTLE.

LANDING GEAR
THE LANDING GEARO AN AIRPLANE PERFORMS VERY
IMPORTANT FUCTIONS.IT SUPPORTS
FOR LANDING AND TAKE OFF.IT ALSO DAMPENS VIBRATIONS WHILE LANDING.
CLASSIFICATION:

1.UNABSORBING LANDING GEAR

2. SHOCK ABSORBING LANDING GEAR

SHOCK ABSORBING LANDING GEAR:

SHOCK ABSORBING LANDING GEAR DISSIPATES THE

IMPACT OF ENERGY OF LANDING.
THIS IS ACHIEVED BY FORCING THE FLUID THROUGH A RESTRICTED
PASSAGE.
TWO TYPES OF SHOCK ABSORBING LANDING GEAR:

SPRING –OLEO STRUTS:

IT CONSISTS OF PISTON TYPE STRUCTURE

AND A HEAVY COILED SPRING.

AIR OLEO STRUT:

DURING COMPRESSION OF THE STRUT

AT LANDING AN ORIFICE PROVIDES A RESTRICTION OF AIR FLOW.
RETRACTABLE GEAR:

IT WAS DEVELOPED TO ELIMINATE THE DRAG.

THE RETRACTION IS NORMALLLY
ACCOMPLISHED WITH HYDRAULIC
POWER.EMERGENCY SYSTEM IS
PROVIDED TO ENSURE THAT THE LANDING
SYSTEM FAILURE.
THE LANDING GEAR OF AN AIRPLANE IS OF PRIMARY
IMPORTANCE IN THE OPERATION OF AN AIRCRAFT.
SHIMMY DAMPERS:

1.IT IS A HYDRAULIC SNUBBING UNIT THAT

REDUCES THE TENDENCY OF THE NOSE TO
OSCILLATE FROM SIDE TO SIDE.

2.SHIMMY DAMPERS ARE USUALLY CONSTRUCTED

IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL DISIGNS

a) PISTON TYPE

b) VANE TPYES
LUBRICATION SYSTEM:

1.IT CARRIES HEAT FROM THE ENGINE

2.IT PROVIDES CUSHOING BETWEEN MOVING PARTS
3.IT REDUCES FRICTION BETWEEN MOVING PARTS
4.IT ACTS AS A HEAT EXCHANGER BY HEATING FUEL
5.DUE TO FLOWABILITY IT CARRIES PARTICLS
6.IT PROVIDES FILTERING AND MAGNETICS DETECTOR
7.IT ACTS AS SEAL BETWEEN AND PISTON AND CYLINDER
8.OIL BREATHER PROVIDES TO REMOVE VAPOUR
9.WARNING LIGHT ENSURES SAFE OPERTATION
TYPES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM:

1.PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE SYSTEM

2.FULL FLOW SYSTEM

3.TOTAL LOSS SYSTEM

JET ENGINE IGNITION AND STARTING:
1.MUST BE ABLE TO ROTATE COMPRESSOR AND TURBINE
AT A SPEED AT WHICH ADEQUATE AIR PASSESS INTO
THE COMBUSTION TO MIX WITH FUEL

2.IGNITION OF FUEL AIR MIXTURE IN THE COMBUTION TO OCCUR

IGNITION SYSTEM COMPONENTS:

1.EXCITER BOX

2.IGNITION LEAD

3.LEAD
STARTING SYSTEM FOR GAS TURBINE:

1.AIR TURBINE STARTERS(PNEUMATIC)

a) LOW PRESSURE
b) HIGH PRESSURE

2.ELECTRIC STARTERS

3.FUEL AIR COMBUSTION STARTERS

AUXILIARY SYSTEMS:

1.IT IS REQUIRED FOR SAFE OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT

2.IT IS PROVIDED FOR EMERGENGY

SYSTEMS NOT ESSENTIAL FOR ACTUAL OPERATION ARE

CALLED AUXILIARY SYSTEMS.
1.ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION
2.FIRE WARNING AND FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
3.WATER AND WASTE SYSTEM
4.WARNING SYSTEMS
5.AUXILIARY POWER UNITS(APU)
TYPES OF FIRE AND OVERHEAT SYSTEMS

1.THERMAL SWITCHES

2.THEROMCOUPLES

3.TUBULAR DETECTORS
SMOKE AND FLAME DETECTORS TYPES:

1.LIGHT DETECTION

2.LIGHT REFRACTION DETECTOR

3.IONIZATION TYPE SMOKE DETECTOR

4.SOLID STATE TYPE

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM:

1.CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM

2.HIGH RATE OF DISCHARGE SYSTEM

ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM:
AIRCRAFT OPERATES AT ALL WEATHER CONDITIONS WHERE
IS LIKELY TO BE FORMED .
AN ANTI-ICING SYSTEM PREVENTS THE FORMATION
OF ICE ON THE AIRPLANE AND THE DEICING SYSTEM REMOVES
THE ICE THAT HAS ALREADY FORMED .

PARTS THAT ICE LIKELY TO BE FORMED:

1.WINDSHILED
2.WING LEADING EDGE
3.PROPELLERS
4.ENGING AIR INLETS
5.TAIL AIRFOIL LEADING EDGE
6.PITOT TUBES
7.WATER DRAINS
PNEUMATIC –MECH DEICING SYSTEM:
INFLATABLE RUBBER BOOTS FORMED AT THE LEADING EDGE OF
WING,STRUTS AND STABLISHERS.
ANTI-ICING :

1.THERMAL ANTI-ICING SYSTEM

2.PROBE ANTI-ICING

WIND SHIELD ICE CONTROL

1.HEATING WINDSHIELD
a) BY HEATING ELEMENT
b) BLOWING HOT AIR BETWEEN SHEILDS
2.BY SPRAYING FLUID ON THE WINDSHIELD SURFACE
RAIN REMOVAL SYSTEMS:

TO HAVE CLEAR VIEW OF THE AIRPORT WHEN TAXING AND

ALLOW THE PILOT TO SEE APPROACH PATHS WHEN
TAKING OFF OR LANDING.

1.REPELLANT SYSTEM

2.PNEUMATIC RAIN REMOVAL SYSTEM

CABIN COOLING SYSTEMS:
AIRCRAT COOLING SYSTEMS ALSO CALLED AIRCONDTIONING
SYSTEM ARE USED TO REDUCE THE TEMPERATURE INSIDE
FOR COMFORT OF CREW AND PASSENGER.

TWO METHODS USED TO REDUCE THE TEMPERATURE :

1.VAPOUR CYCLE MACHING

2.AIRCYCLE MACHINE
CABIN PRESSURISATION SYSTEM:

TO MAINTAIN A COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR

OCCUPANTS AT HIGH ALTITUDE.
TO MAKE IT COMFORTABLE ,THE CABIN MUST NORMALLY
BE PRESSURIED TO MAINTAIN THE CABIN AIR PRESSURE
AT THE LEVEL REACHED AT NOT HIGHER THAN 8000FT.THIS
ENABLES CREW AND PASSENGER TO FUNCTION WITHOUT THE
USE OF SUPPLLEMENTARY OXYGEN AND WITH ADJUSTMENT
OF THE CABIN AIR TEMP,ALLOWS THAM TO BE IN A
SHIRSLEEVE ENVIRONMENT.
OXYGEN SYSTEMS:

TYPE OF OXYGEN SYSTEMS

CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY

1.STORED GAS

2.CHEMICAL OR SOLID STATE

3.LIQUID OXYGEN
INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE
FUNCION .

THREE PRINCIPLE CATEGORIES:

1.POWER PLANT INSTRUMENTS

2.FLIGHT AND NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS

3.SYSTEMS INTRUMENTS.
PURPOSE OF INTRUMENTS:

1.SAFETY OF AIRCRAFT ,CREW AND PASSENGER DEPENDS ON THE

PROPER INSTALLATION AND CORRECT OPERATION OF
INSTRUMENTS

2.POWER PLANT INSTRUMENTS FOREWARN THE PILOT ABOUT

ENGINE FAILURE.

3.FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS INDICATE ANY IRRUGULARITY OF FLIGHT

ATTITUDE OR DIRECTION .
POWER PLANT INSTRUMENTS:]

1.OIL PRESSURE INDICATOR

2.OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

3.ENGINE PRESSURE RATIO GAUGE

4.FUEL QUANTITY INDICATOR

5.TACHO METER

6.EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE(EGT)

7.MANIFOLD PRESSURE GAUGE(PISTON ENGINE)

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS:

1.ALTIMETER

2.AIRSPEED INDICATOR

3.ANGLE OF ATTACK INDICATOR

4.MACH METER

5.VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR(RATE OF CLIMB INDICATOR)

6.HEADING INDICATOR

7.HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR

8.TURN AND BANK INDICATOR(TBI)

9.ACCELEROMETER
10.MAGNETIC COMPASS