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tw
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Rafaella Franci
Jeffrey Oaks Barnabas
Hughes

Judith Sigler Fell

Franco Montagna
Franci
Paolo Pagli
Giulo Barozzi

Bucknell
Greg Adams
Laurence Sigler
Serena Ferando
8 Franci

Christine Homes

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Ted Weinstein

Walker
& Company George Gibson

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Fibonacci

1,
1,
2 = 1 + 1,
3 = 2 + 1,
5 = 3 + 2,
...

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Liber abbaci 1202

abacus

Book of the Abacus

ArabicHindu numeral
2002

Liber quadratorum,
The Book of Squares , 1225

Laurence Sigler
1987

number
theory
Diophantos
Pierre Fermat

02006

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Keith Devlin

Leonardo of Pisa
Leonardo Pisano
Guillaume Libri
1838
filius Bonnaci

0

number word0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
numeralnumber

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1
IIIIIIIV

0
Gerbrt Pope Sylvester
II

23

1170

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1088

fondaco

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algebra

4 5

 XV

Sigler, L. E. tr. (2002). Fibonaccis Liber Abaci: A Translation into

Modern English of Leonardo Pisanos Book of Calculation. New York / Berlin /
Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
2008

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VII

28
7

VIII XI

IV XII
259

rhetorical algebra
elchataym XIII
Double False Position
al-khataayn
XIV

10
XV

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1284
43
1250

0 9

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1600

8
1202

1339

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10:

2003
2003 801
Rafaella Franci
Livero de labbecho

8910
c.107v

9
1228

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11

multiple
discoveries
6

MCCLXXVIII
1

7
5 5
7
V.S.

14

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12:

23

V.S.

V.S.
historical context

V.S.
6
7
8
social history of mathematics

A must-read for anyone interested in the history of math,

including undergraduates, mathematicians, and amateur
historians. -Library Journal

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13

The author...is adept at explaining esoteric concepts at the

heart of old arithmetic problems, allowing readers to peer
into the mind of a medieval Italian businessman. -The
Wall Street Journal

A wonderful and vivid tale about the father of modern

mathematics -Shelf Awareness

Devlin illuminates one of the most remarkable and

underappreciated episodes in cultural history... A surprising
visit to a forgotten well-spring of modern thought.
-Booklist

Three cheers for Leonardo Pisano... A wonderful book for

history-of-science buffs. -Kirkus Reviews

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11

27

37

47

63

93

111

129

9
155

173

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156:

12

20 popular culture

Sigler 2002, p. 404.

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157

13

21

34

55

89

144

233

377

1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 3 = 5, 3 + 5 = 8

Chandahshastra 450200
Pingala

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158:

stress
Virahanka
meter
Hemachandra 1150

1870
Edoard Lucas
Guillaume Libri
1838

3
columbine 5
8
cineraria 13 21
1321 34
55 89

21345589 144
345589144 233 8
13
phyllotaxis

p
q

p/q divergence of plant

1/2

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159

1/3
2/5
3/8
5/13

Golden
Ratio

3.14159 1.61803

350

extreme and mean ratio

Luca Pacioli
Divine Proportion
1835 Golden
RatioMartin Ohm

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160:

9-1

optimized
structure
19

2/1 = 2; 3/2 = 1.5; 5/3 = 1.666; 8/5 = 1.6; 13/8 = 1.625; 21/13 =
1.615; 34/21 = 1.619; 55/34 = 1.618

1963
Fibonacci Association
Fibonacci Quarterly

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161

1241 Commune of Pisa

1241
1867 6 17

Lung arno Mediceo 30

Archivio di Stato
1865

Palazzo ToscanelliLanfranchi

Alessandro della Gherardesca

18211822
Lord Byron
Paradise of Exiles

19

1865

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162:

1241

Master Leonardo Bigolli

200 denari

blockhead

19

Giovanni Paganucci

Piazza dei
Miracoli

9-2

Barnabas Hughes

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163

A Leonard Fibanacci Insigne Mathematico

Pisano del Seicolo XII
12

1170
13

G. Paganucci
Firenze 1863

book form

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164:

Baron Bettinno Ricasoli

Marquis Cosimo Ridolfi
1859
Savoy

1859 9 23

1863
6
17
1926

Pisano

Rodolfo Bernardini Leonardo Fibonacci nella

iconografia e nei marmi
Pisa Economica 1971 (n.1), pp. 36-39
Pisa Economica Pisa Camera di Commercio, Industria,
Artigianato

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165

Dalloblio alla Gloria per volonta fascista

per for

Logge di Bianchi Ponte di

Mezzo
19 Felice
Cavalotti
Piazza XX Settembre
1870 1861

1966

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166:

Lung arno Leonardo Fibonacci

Giardino Scotto 

Frank Johnson 1990

1202 1228
1228

15
1 3 4 14
6 3
1  3
BNCF
 13 14

Michael Scott

Domenico Scotto Livornese 1798

6
BNCF
Biblioteca Laurenziana Gadd Bibiloteca Riccardiana Biblioteca
Ambrosiana Bibiloteca Nationale Centrale
Bibilotheque Mazarine
Bibiotheque Nationale de France
Hughes 004
7
Conventi Sopresssi C.1.2616

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167

Baldassarre Boncompagni 19

10
 13
Biblioteca Comunale
di Siena  13
1275

5
Piazza del Campo

8
reference markVatican Palatino #1343
9

L.IV.20

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168:

20.5
30 5

LION. PISANI
DE ABACO

LIV.20

15 224 sheet
1 224

stylized

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169

Arithmetica Leonardi Bigholli de Pisa

Exptir cbet arithmetica Leonardo bigholli de pisa

20
30
4
213 426

15

Leonardi Pisani Algorism A[ritm]etica

A C Leonardus pisanus Algorisma & Geometrie est

Abbacie orenty

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170:

badly faded

paragraph
section

800

cognitive and intellectual

physical and visceral

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171

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173

A
Abacco, Piero dell (Piero della
Francesca)

n
abacus3, 12, 16, 21, 22, 33, 36,
37, 41, 65, 106, 108
bookkeeper type
Chinese vs. European vs.
n
Gerbert d'Aurillac abacus

increasing complexity of business

and

resistance to replacement of

training in107
use of, before Hindu-Arabic system

abbacus, as term33
abbacus books. See libri dabbaco

abbacus schools. See schools of

arithmetic
Ab Kmil Shuj ibn Aslam ibn
Muhammad ibn Shuj

55n
addition15, 20, 33, 36, 60, 61,
62, 103, 104, 119, 135
in Hindu-Arabic system

Leonardo on
in Roman numerals
Adelard of Bath23,
46
Aghostino, Domenico d
121
Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn ad-Daya (Ametus
ius Josephi)
algebra3, 4, 5, 8, 16, 20, 23,
24, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,
54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65,
67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79,
80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93,
100, 102, 109, 113, 120, 122,
123, 130, 131, 141
as academic discipline, introduction
of
algebraic thinking, Leonardos
introduction of

basic principles of, in al-Khwrizm

nn

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174 :

early oral development and

transmission of

early works on
etymology of term20
in Libro di minor guisa

methods, in 12th century

modern, development of

as practical tool
rhetorical
as Leonardos method

use of, in libri dabbaco

symbolic3, 53, 64, 76,

77, 93, 100
factors impeding use of

introduction of40, 41,

53, 61, 62, 74, 102, 118,
128, 129
Algebra (Ab Kmil)

Algebra (al-Khwrizm). See al- Kitab

al- mukhtasar hisab al- jabr wa
l-muqabala

Algebra wa al- muqabala (Khayym)

algorithm, etymology of term

Algoritmi de numero Indorum (alKhwrizm)

al- jabr (restoration; completion), as

term
al- Kitab al- mukhtasar hisab al- jabr
wal-muqabala, (Algebra; alKhwrizm)

algebraic method in77,

88, 102
inuence of3, 9, 26, 27, 36,
50, 81, 85, 105, 116, 121, 129,
134, 144
practical focus of
as source for Leonardo of Pisa

structure and content of

translations of12, 13, 22, 23,
24, 28, 39, 42, 47, 48, 51, 52,
53, 54, 55, 56, 63, 64, 80, 84,
85, 87, 93, 100, 101, 110, 116,
117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 126,
141
Allard, Andr42n
Almagest (Ptolemy)

al- muqabala (balancing), as term

al- Urjuza l- jabr wa- l muqbala (Ibn

al- Ysamin)
n
Ametus filius Josephi (Ahmad ibn
Yusuf ibn ad-Daya)

angles, units of, Babylonian number

system and

apotomes, Leonardo on

Arab mathematics3, 51,

53, 54, 60, 70, 75, 77, 90

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175

Latin translations of manuscripts

influx of, into Europe 12th13th centuries

as sources for Liber abbaci

negative numbers in18, 51,

52, 101
Arabs3, 14, 22, 30, 39, 42,
52, 54, 78, 102, 115
Pisan trade with, 12th century

practical view of mathematics

trade routes101
Archivio di Stato (State Archives) of
Pisa, tablet honoring Leonardo at

Arithmetic (al-Khwrizm). See

Algoritmi de numero Indorum

Aritmetica di Treviso (1478)

1478
Arrighi, Gino98, 100
Ars magna (Cardano)

arta dela mercandanta

109
Arte del Cambio (Guild of Money
Changers)107
ryabhatiya72
Ashraf, al- (sultan of Damascus)

B
Babylonian number systems

banking106
etymology of term
modern system, development of

in 12th-century Pisa

Ban Ms,48, 56
Bar Hiyya, Abraham85
base 10, choice ofn
Benedetto of Florence (Benedetto da
Firenze)

Bhskara72
Biblioteca Comunale di Siena,
manuscript of Liber abbaci at

Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di

Firenze, manuscript of Liber
abbaci at

Bigollo, as Leonardo nickname

binomials, Leonardo on

Birds, Problem of the

board of directors, etymology of term

Bonaccinghus (brother of Leonardo of

Pisa)

Boncompagni, Baldassarre
143n
bookkeepers36, 37, 106
abacuses of
modern bookkeeping system,
development of

resistance to Hindu-Arabic system

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176 :

importance of

training of
bookmaking, history of

business community. See also banking;

bookkeepers

Book on geometry (Ban Ms)

Liber abbacis focus on

Book on ratio and proportion (Ahmad

ibn Yusuf)

as market for mathematics texts

Borghi, Piero
botteghe dabbaco. See schools of
arithmetic

math systems prior to Hindu-Arabic

system

quick adoption of Hindu-Arabic

system

Brahmagupta18
Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Brahmagupta)

and Roman numerals, impracticality

of
and spread of Hindu-Arabic system

Bugia3, 6, 13, 21, 33, 37, 38,

39, 41, 43, 54, 108, 110
history of2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13,
20, 26, 28, 33, 36, 41, 42, 46,
47, 48, 57, 86, 87, 95, 98, 102,
110, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118,
119, 124, 140, 146
Leonardo in
Leonardos travel to

as trade center
business3, 6, 9, 15, 26, 29, 33,
38, 39, 41, 51, 55, 62, 63, 72, 73,
81, 86, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
110, 112, 115, 127, 130
education in
Leonardos training in

modern system of, Hindu-Arabic

numbers and

and proportions problems,

tariff s (libri di mercantia) for

transition to Hindu-Arabic system

Byron, Lord138

C
Calandri, Filippo6
Cardano, Girolamo113
Chandahshastra (Pingala)

charts, portolan, development of

Chiarini, Giorgio di Lorenzo

101
China12, 38, 72, 75
abacus ofn
mathematics in
Codex Vigilanus20,
22

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177

Columbia algorism
119
commercial revolution,
m a t h e m a t i c s a n d

computers3, 5, 91
invention of
spread to general public

contracts, study of, in schools of

arithmetic

copying of books by hand, and

multiplication of errors

Corpus iuris civilis of Justinian

Cossali, Pietro112
Cristofano di Gherardo di Dino
103, 129

structure and content of

Dictionary of Scientific Biography
54
digit, as term
Direct Method (regula recta)
71, 78
divergence, of plants
136
Divine Proportion137
division15, 60, 61, 62, 101,
103, 104, 119, 130
in Hindu-Arabic system

Leonardo on
in Roman numerals
Dixit algorizmi. See Algoritmi de
numero Indorum (al-Khwrizm)

Double False Position rule

63, 71, 72, 75, 76

D
De algorismo (John of Halifax)

De arte venandi cum avibus (Frederick

II)

decimals16, 17, 61, 70, 71,

90, 130, 136
history of concept
Leonardo on
De practica geometrie (Leonardo of
Pisa)

Libro di minor guisa and

mention of Liber abbaci in

sources forn

E
educational system, Italian

Ein italianishes Rechenbuch aud dem

14. Jahrhundert
119
el cataym (elchataym), as term

Elements (Euclid)
n
Epistola ad Magistrum Th eodorum
(Leonardo of Pisa)

Etymologies (Isidore of Seville)

Euclid28, 40, 43, 54, 55,

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178 :

64, 84, 86, 87, 114, 122, 137n

121, 122, 123, 124, 129, 140,

141, 142, 143, 145, 146
Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di
Firenze manuscript of Liber
abbaci

F
Fermat, Pierre de85
Fibonacci. See Leonardo of Pisa

Fibonacci Association
138
Fibonacci numbers 4,
134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 142
history of
and Leonardos fame

in Liber abbaci
13, 91, 100, 106, 116, 122,
123, 127, 131, 134
in nature
Fibonacci Quarterly
138
figura mercantesco108
nance
meltdown of 2008, causes of2008

as center of new mathematics

history of
mathematics schools in
Flos (Leonardo of Pisa)

fondaco36, 37, 39, 42, 109

Fondaco dei Tedeschi (Venice)

fractions, Leonardo on

Francesca, Piero della (Piero dell

Abacco)100n
Franci, Rafaella13, 124, 127,
128, 129, 130, 138
Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor)

death of95
dedication of Liber quadratorum to

modern system of, Leonardo of Pisa

and

Leonardos audience with

nger calculations
increasing complexity of business
and
instruction in6, 36, 40, 54,
56, 98, 99, 103, 139
Leonardo on
use of, before Hindu-Arabic system

love of learning
math exhibition sponsored by
n
political struggles of
traveling entourage of

Fisher, Irving4
Florence3, 6, 8, 26, 28, 30,
31, 32, 65, 76, 77, 95, 101, 102,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116,

G
Galilei, Galileo4, 5, 96, 112,
146
Ganita Sara Sangraha (Mahavira)

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179

Gates, Bill5
Genoa, and Battle of Meloria

Guilichmus (Guilielmo; father of

Leonardo)

as Arab- speaker
in Bugia6, 13, 33, 39,
43, 54, 108
and education of Leonardo
36

Geography (Ptolemy)

geometry, Leonardo on See also De

practica geometrie

Gerbert dAurillac
20, 21n
Germany, spread of Hindu-Arabic
system to

Gherado of Cremona
47
Gherardesca, Alessandro della
138
Gherardi, Paolo120
Goetzmann, William N.4
Golden Ratio ()136, 137,
138
Golden Rule (Rule of Th ree)

in Leonardos Liber abbaci

in texts based on Leonardos work

grammar schools, in Italian educational

system

Grattan-Guinness, Ivor
121
Greek texts, translation from Arabic to
Latin

Guglielmo de Lunis
47
Guild of Money Changers (Arte del
Cambio)

H
Hassr, al-n
Hatto, bishop of Vich

Hemachandra135
Hindu- Arabic numerals
60, 106, 126
Eastern vs. Western form of
vs.
in Europe, before Leonardo of Pisa

remarkable features of

symbols for
choice of
intimate link to number itself

separation of from number

itself
as universal language

Hindu- Arabic system

2, 16, 18, 20, 39, 110
advantages of, Leonardo on
n
and business, increased complexity
of

development of3, 4, 5, 8,
14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 26, 27,

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180 :

30, 31, 32, 36, 40, 53, 56, 85,

86, 87, 89, 102, 106, 108, 109,
115, 116, 122, 130, 134, 146
education in. See schools of
arithmetic in Europe, before
Leonardo of Pisa

incommensurable magnitudes

instructional manuscripts on arithmetic.

See libri dabbaco

insurance, origin of concept

and fraud concerns

introduction of, by Leonardo of Pisa

key concepts in
Leonardo of Pisas learning of

origins of2, 8, 28, 60, 108,

113, 119, 121
as positional system17
power of, Europeans failure to
recognize

resistance to introduction of

Iohannes Hispalensis
54
Isidore of Seville
20
Italy3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 20, 22,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 38,
39, 42, 46, 47, 54, 55, 56, 62, 64,
81, 84, 86, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
112, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 124,
127, 135, 137, 140, 141, 143, 146
monetary system 70,
101
in 12th century, as trade center

spread of 54, 55, 56, 98,

100, 112, 114, 146
hisab al-khataayn
75
Hispanus, Dominicus84,
86
Hohenstaufen empire, decline of

Hoyrup, Jens113
Hughes, Barnabas42, 84n

I
Ibn al-Munim43
Ibn al-Ysaminn
ibn Aqn n43
In artem analyticam isagoge (Vite)

J
Jobs, Steve5
Johannes de Sacrobosco (John of
Halifax)
Johannes of Palermo, and math
exhibition for Frederick II

John of Halifax (Johannes de

Sacrobosco)
Justinian (emperor of Rome)

K
Karaj, al-46n
Khandakhadyaka (Brahmagupta)

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181

Khayym, Omar56, 88
Khwrizm, Abu Abdallh Muhammad
ibn Ms al
22, 23, 24, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 64, 75, 77,
115, 118
on centrality of numbers in
mathematics

Kitb al- missha wal handasa (Ab

Kmil)
n
Kitb l-jabr wal muqbala (Ab
Kmil)
n
Kitb ljhabr wal muqbala (Ab
Kmil)55
Kitb srat al-Ard (al-Khwrizm)

on Double False Position method

limited biographical information on

mathematical skill of
124, 128
name, confusion over correct form of
n
as source for Liber abbaci

works by7, 30, 49, 50,

54, 75, 81, 84, 85, 87, 98,
101, 112, 113, 115, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125,
126, 128, 129, 139
Khwrizm, Ab Jafar Muhammad ibn
Ms al-Jafar

Kitb aal-k ilm al- hisb (alKaraj)

n
Kitb al- Bayn wa at- tudhkr (alHassr)
n
Kitab al- fusul l-hisab al-hindi (alUqlidisi)

Kitb al-abr wa-l-muqbala

L
Last Theorem of Fermat
85
leather industry, in 12th-century Pisa
12
Lebombo bone14
Lehrer, Tom16n
Leonardo da Vinci6, 103
Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci)

as Arabic speakern
Bigollo as nickname of

in Bugia (See also Bugia)

and business, complexity of

calculations in

business training
childhood
and commercial revolution
110
as distinguished mathematician
n
education20, 36, 37, 42, 81,
99, 119, 141
fame9, 84, 86, 134
Fibonacci numbers and

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182 :

Liber abbaci and

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13,
22, 26, 33, 37, 39, 40, 46,
47, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61,
62, 64, 68, 76, 77, 80, 81,
84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 98, 99,
100, 101, 105, 106, 110,
112, 113, 115, 116, 117,
120, 121, 122, 123, 124,
126, 127, 128, 129, 130,
131, 134, 142, 143
memorial tablet, at Archivio di
Stato of Pisa

in modern Pisa
other mathematical works and

reasons for lack of

recovery of53
statue, in Piazza dei Miracoli,
Pisa
as well-deserved
family13, 26, 87
greatness of81
and Hindu-Arabic number system
introduction of to Europe

learning of, in North Africa

inuence on early mathematicians

later life
lectures on mathematics
life in Pisa
limited information on
and math exhibition for Frederick II
n
name, versions of

as propagator of others work

works by85, 122, 129

Liber abbaci (Leonardo of Pisa)

as bridge between Arabic and

European worlds

contents, overview of
editions of4, 8, 13, 15, 19,
22, 23, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48,
50, 53, 54, 81, 87, 124, 129,
143n
ending of65, 81, 110, 118
and fame of Leonardo
86
urry of texts inspired by

as forgotten text
importance of22, 24, 72,
81, 134
inuence of
and introduction of Hindu-Arabic
system

merchants as audience for

128
organization and presentation of
ideas in
practical focus of
problems in 2, 4, 9, 13, 16,
17, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56,
57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 98, 99, 100,
101, 105, 112, 115, 117, 118,
120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
127, 128, 134, 135, 146
enormous number of

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monetary conversion problems

multiple purchaser problems

Problem of the Birds

65
proportions problems
71, 72
purse problems67,
68
rabbit problem 4,
126, 135
solution methods
weight conversion problems

prologue of12, 37, 39, 41,

48, 49, 60, 84, 87
rediscovery of
rigor of mathematics in
n
solution methods used in

as source of modern European

mathematics

55, 56, 57, 95, 99, 112, 113,

115, 118, 119, 120, 125, 128,
131
Ab Kmil as
47, 49, 55
al-Khwrizm as
Hughes onn
lack of information on

Latin translations of Arab

manuscripts

Maghreb mathematical school as

46,
56
other sources55, 56
surviving manuscripts

at Biblioteca Comunale di Siena

143
at Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale
di Firenze

feeling of holding

early authors on
missing linking text
113
contemporary mentions of

discovery of copy of
inferred existence of
other works identified as
originating in

passages copied from, limited

number of

search for evidence of

sources for7, 30, 46, 47, 48,

terminology used in

title of23, 47, 49, 51, 53, 57,

61, 65, 69, 119, 121
Liber alchoarismi de pratica arismetice
(tr. Iohannes Hispalensis)

Liber embadorum (Plato of Tivoli)

Liber mahamalet (Iohannes)

Liber maumeti filii moysi alchoarismi

de algebra et almuchabala (alKhwrizm)

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184 :

Liber quadratorum (Leonardo of Pisa)

use in schools
libri di mercantia (tariffs)

Liber ysagogorum alchorismi (Adelard

of Bath)
Libri, Guillaume13, 135
libri dabbaco (trattati dabbaco;
abbacus books)

contents of6, 33, 40, 84, 85,

98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 112,
113, 115, 116, 117, 122, 124,
128, 129, 138, 143, 146
earliest examples of
geometry sections, sources for

Libro che tratta di mercanzie et usanze

paesi (Chiarini)
Libro de ragioni (Gherardi)

Libro di merchaanti detto di minor guisa

(Leonardo of Pisa). See Libro di
minor guisa Libro di minor guisa
(Leonardo of Pisa)

contemporary mentions of

discovery of copy of
inferred existence of
as lost text
other works identified as originat
ing in

historians rediscovery of

Leonardos Liber abbaci as source of

early authors on

missing linking text

contemporary mentions of

Libro di nuovi conti (Ugurgeri)

Livero de labbecho (anon.)

discovery of copy of
inferred existence of
other works identified as
originating in

contents of
as copy of Leonardos Libro di
minor guisa

Livero del abbecho

passages copied from, limited

number of

Lotto of Florence (maestro dabbaco)

search for evidence of

as precursors of modern
textbooks

and printing press introduction

proliferation of26

Lucas, Edouard, 145

M
Machiavelli, Niccol103
maestri dabbaco
Maghreb38, 43, 46, 47, 56

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185

mathematical school46,
56
inuence on Leonardo

Meloria, Battle of
Miura, Nobuo47
mixed numbers, Leonardo on

mathematical advances by

mathematicians in2, 3,
6, 7, 8, 16, 18, 22, 40, 41,
43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 60, 63, 65, 67, 68,
70, 75, 77, 84, 88, 90, 93,
101, 112, 113, 114, 115,
121, 134, 135, 137, 140
as region
Mahavira68
mathematicians, and fame of
mathematical discovery

mathematics. See also Hindu-Arabic

system

modern failure to appreciate

importance of

systems prior to Hindu-Arabic

system

mathematics textbooks. See libri d

abbaco

Medici Bank, and Hindu-Arabic system

Medici family
Mediterranean Sea3, 13, 14,
20, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 39, 81,
101, 109
pirates and privateers on

trade routes
travel on26, 32, 38

money changing problems, Leonardo

on

multiplication15, 20, 36, 60,

61, 62, 71, 98, 101, 103, 119, 130
of fractions, Leonardo on

in Hindu-Arabic system

Leonardo on128
in Roman numerals

N
nature, Fibonacci numbers in

navigational advances, and increased

complexity of business

negative numbers
in Arab mathematics
introduction to Europe
number systems. See also Hindu-Arabic
system; Roman numerals

Babylonian
counting systems prior to

development of
importance in modern life

numerals, Hindu-Arabic

Eastern vs. Western form of

vs.

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in Europe, before Leonardo of Pisa

remarkable features of

symbols for3, 4, 9, 15, 16,

17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 52, 53,
56, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68,
69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 80, 88,
89, 93, 99, 100, 106
choice of
intimate link to number itself

separation of from number itself

as universal language

O
Ohm, Martin137
On Divisions (Euclid)

On the Calculation with Hindu

Numerals. See Algoritmi de
numero Indorum (al-Khwrizm)

operations12, 40, 56, 61, 73,

84, 101, 126, 127, 130
in Hindu-Arabic system

in Roman numerals
Origine, transporto in Italia, primi
progressi in essa dell-algebra
(Cossali)

P
Pacioli, Luca
Paganucci, Giovanni
Palazzo Toscanelli
138
Physicus, Theodorus85, 86
Piazza dei Miracoli, Pisa

architecture of9, 26, 27, 28,

30, 31, 109, 137, 138, 141
statue of Leonardo in
141, 142
Pingala135
pirates and privateers, on Mediterranean
Sea
Pisa3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 22,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 48, 50,
54, 70, 76, 77, 84, 86, 87, 94, 95,
96, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 112,
118, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125,
129, 130, 131, 134, 138, 139,
140, 141, 143, 146
abbacus manuscripts written in

architecture
business and nance in

decline into provincial town

defeat at Battle of Meloria

industry95
intellectual climate
intellectual legacy of
leaning tower of26, 139
Leonardos inuence in

modern, honoring of Leonardo in

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187

origin and history of

stipend for Leonardo

Roman numerals108
basic notation in
diffculty of calculating with

as trade center
Pisano, Bonanno
Pitagora aritmetice introductor
(Calandri)
place value, Leonardo on

hybrid transitional forms of

and increasing complexity of

calculations

operations in
resistance to replacement of

plants, divergence of
Plato of Tivoli55
Praticha darismetricha (anon.)

roots, Leonardo on

Praticha darismetricha (Benedetto of

Florence)

present-value analysis, Leonardo of

Pisas work in

Rosen, Frederic48, 49, 51

Rule of False Position72, 73,
74, 75
Rule of Three (Golden Rule)

in Leonardos Liber abbaci

printing press, invention of, and

mathematics textbooks

in texts based on Leonardos work

Problem of the Birds

Ptolemy28, 53, 54, 87, 90
Pythagorean arcs41n
Pythagorean theorem

Q
Qurashi, al-

R
rabbit problem
Rhind Papyrus
Ricasoli, Bettino140, 141
Ridol, Cosimo140, 141
Robert of Chester
Roger (king of Sicily)

S
Salimbene, Fra95
schools of arithmetic (scuole dabbaco;
botteghe dabbaco; abbacus
schools)102
administration of4, 36, 62,
110
curriculum of36, 99, 103,
105, 121
in Italian educational system

number of52, 53, 78, 98, 99,

104, 105, 109, 112, 117, 125,
130, 131
Scott, Michael

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188 :

Scritti di Leonardo Pisano

(Boncompagni)
n
scuole dabbaco. See schools of
arithmetic
shipbuilding industry, in 12th-century
Pisa
Sicily, mingling of Christian and
Muslim cultures in

Siena3, 28, 104, 119, 122,

129, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146
Biblioteca Comunale di Siena
manuscript of Liber abbaci

libri dabbaco and46,

98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
105, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117,
118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124,
128, 129, 130, 131
Sigler, Laurence7, 39, 60, 61,
64, 84, 121, 143n
statue of Leonardo, in Piazza dei
Miracoli, Pisa

subtraction15, 20, 60, 61, 62,

101, 119
in Hindu-Arabic system

in Roman numerals
Summa de arithmetica, geometria,
proportioni et proportionalit
(Pacioli)

surveying and land measurement,

Leonardos work on

Swetz, Franz110n
Sylvester II (pope)

T
Tables of Pisa,22
tally marks14
tariffs (libri di mercantia)

thia nu rule
time, units of, Babylonian number
system and

time value of money, Leonardo of Pisa

s work in

Toledo, as center of translation from

Arabic

Toomer, G. J.54
Tractato dellarismetica (anon.)

traders. See business community trading

conglomerates, formation of

trattati dabbaco. See libri dabbaco

Trattato dabacho (Benedetto da

Firenze)

Tree Rule
Treviso Arithmetic (anon.)
n
Tunis, Italian trade with

U
Ugurgeri, Ugo129
Ulivi, Elisabetta124
unknown quantity (x), Leonardos use
ofx
Uqlidisi, Abul-Hasan Ahmad ibn

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189

Ibrahim al-71

V
Van Egmond, Warren98,
99, 112, 114, 117, 120
Venice6, 7, 8, 26, 27, 30, 38,
81, 96, 100, 104, 105, 106, 108,
109, 110
as center of new mathematics

mathematics schools in
as trade center95, 109
Vite, Francois63
Vigila (monk)20, 22
Villani, Giovanni104
Visconti, as surname
Vogel, Kurt119, 120

W
Wiles, Andrew85
William of Malmesbury

Y
Ying pu tsu method75
Yusof, Alibibn (king of Morocco and
Tlemcen)

Z
zero16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 62, 81,
127
development of concept
17
Leonardo on
Zervas, Diana Finiello102

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THE MAN OF NUMBERS: FIBONACCI'S ARITHMETIC REVOLUTION by KEITH

DEVLIN
Copyright: 2011
This edition arranged with TED WEINSTEIN LITERARY MANAGEMENT
through Big Apple Agency, Inc., Labuan, Malaysia
TRADITIONAL Chinese edition copyright:
2013 Wu-Nan Book Inc.
All rights reserved.

The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution

Keith Devlin

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Keith Devlin.
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The man of numbers: Fibonacci's

arithmetic revolution
ISBN 978-957-11-7033-6
1.Fibonacci, Leonardo,
1170-1240 2. 3.
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