Heat Transfer From Heating Coil PDF

Chapter 16: Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil
This tutorial includes: 16.1.Tutorial Features 16.2. Overview of the Problem to Solve 16.3. Before You Begin 16.4. Setting Up the Project 16.5. Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit 16.6. Exporting the Results to ANSYS 16.7. Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam
16.1. Tutorial Features

In this tutorial you will learn about: Creating and using a solid domain as a heating coil in CFX-Pre. Creating a domain interface. Modeling conjugate heat transfer in CFX-Pre. Using electricity to power a heat source. Creating and using a thin-walled fluid domain in CFX-Pre. Modeling varying physics between multiple fluid domains. Plotting temperature on a cylindrical locator in CFD-Post. Lighting in CFD-Post. Exporting thermal and mechanical data to be used with ANSYS Multi-field solver. Component CFX-Pre Feature User Mode Analysis Type Fluid Type Domain Type Turbulence Model Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Modeling Details General mode Steady State General Fluid Multiple Domain k-Epsilon Shear Stress Transport Thermal Energy Conjugate Heat Transfer (via Electrical Resistance Heating)
Release 14.5 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
291
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Component Feature Details Conduction Through a Thin Wall Boundary Conditions Inlet (Subsonic) Outlet (Subsonic) Opening Wall: No-Slip Wall: Adiabatic CEL (CFX Expression Language) Timestep CFD-Post Plots Physical Time Scale Contour Cylindrical Locator Isosurface Temperature Profile Chart Other Changing the Color Range Expression Details View Lighting Adjustment Variable Details View Exporting Results to ANSYS
16.2. Overview of the Problem to Solve

The first portion of this tutorial demonstrates the capability of ANSYS CFX to model conjugate heat transfer. A simple heat exchanger is used to model the transfer of thermal energy from an electricallyheated solid copper coil to the water flowing around it. The latter section demonstrates the capability of ANSYS CFX to model heat transfer through a thin surface. The initial simulation will be altered so that the heating coil becomes a thin-walled copper tube with dry steam flowing through it. The first model contains a fluid domain for the water and a solid domain for the coil. The fluid domain is an annular region that envelops the coil, and has water at an initial temperature of 300 K flowing through it at 0.4 m/s. The copper coil has a 4.4 V difference in electric potential from one end to the other end and is given an initial temperature of 550 K. Assume that the copper has a uniform electrical conductivity of 59.6E+06 S/m and that there is a 1 mm thick calcium carbonate deposit (calcite) on the heating coil. The other material parameters for the calcium carbonate deposit are: Molar Mass = 100.087[kg kmol^-1] Density = 2.71[g cm^-3] Specific Heat Capacity = 0.9[J g^-1 K^-1]
292
Setting Up the Project Thermal Conductivity = 3.85[W m^-1 K^-1] The second model will maintain the original annular fluid domain, and turn the solid domain into a second fluid domain. Settings will be adjusted so that these two fluid domains can have separate physics. The domain interface will be 2 mm of copper. The pipe will contain dry steam at an initial temperature of 600 K and an initial velocity of 0.25 m/s. The steam outlet will have a relative pressure of 0 psi. All material properties for the dry steam will be set using the IAPWS Library option and using all default table values.
This tutorial also includes an optional step that demonstrates the use of the CFX to ANSYS Data Transfer tool to export thermal and mechanical stress data for use with ANSYS Multi-field solver. A results file is provided in case you want to skip the model creation and solution steps within ANSYS CFX.
16.3. Before You Begin

If this is the first tutorial you are working with, it is important to review the following topics before beginning: Setting the Working Directory and Starting ANSYS CFX in Stand-alone Mode (p. 3) Running ANSYS CFX Tutorials Using ANSYS Workbench (p. 4) Changing the Display Colors (p. 7) Playing a Tutorial Session File (p. 6)
16.4. Setting Up the Project

1. Prepare the working directory using the following files in the examples directory: HeatingCoil.cfx HeatingCoilMesh.gtm For details, see Preparing the Working Directory (p. 3).
293
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil 2. Set the working directory and start CFX-Pre. For details, see Setting the Working Directory and Starting ANSYS CFX in Stand-alone Mode (p. 3).
16.5. Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit

In this first part of the tutorial, you will create the simulation with a solid copper coil and a 1 mm thick calcium carbonate deposit.
16.5.1. Defining the Case Using CFX-Pre

If you want to set up the simulation automatically using a tutorial session file, run HeatingCoil.pre. For details, see Playing a Tutorial Session File (p. 6). Then proceed to Obtaining the Solution using CFX-Solver Manager (p. 302). If you want to set up the simulation manually, proceed to the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. In CFX-Pre, select File > New Case. Select General and click OK. Select File > Save Case As. Under File name, type HeatingCoil. If you are notified the file already exists, click Overwrite. This file is provided in the tutorial directory and may exist in your working directory if you have copied it there. Click Save.
16.5.1.1. Importing the Mesh

1. 2. 3. Expand the Case Options section in the Outline tree view. Edit General. Turn off Automatic Default Domain and Automatic Default Interfaces. Default domain and interface generation should be turned off because you will manually create the fluid and solid domains and interface later in this tutorial. 4. 5. Click OK to apply this change. Right-click Mesh and select Import Mesh > CFX Mesh. The Import Mesh dialog box appears. 6. Configure the following setting(s): Setting File name 7. Click Open. Value HeatingCoilMesh.gtm
294
Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit 8. Right-click a blank area in the viewer and select Predefined Camera > Isometric View (Z up) from the shortcut menu.
16.5.1.2. Editing the Material Properties

1. 2. Expand Materials in the tree view, right-click Copper and select Edit. Configure the following setting(s) of Copper: Tab Material Properties Setting Electromagnetic Properties Value Expand the Electromagnetic Properties frame
[1]
Electromagnetic Properties > Electrical Conductivity Electromagnetic Properties > Electrical Conductivity > Electrical Conductivity
(Selected) 59.6E+06 [S m^-1]
Footnote
1. Expand a section by clicking Roll Down .
3.
Click OK to apply these settings to Copper.
16.5.1.3. Defining the Calcium Carbonate Deposit Material

Create a new material definition that will be used to model the calcium carbonate deposit on the heating coil: 1. 2. Click Material and name the new material Calcium Carbonate.
Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Setting Material Group Thermodynamic State Thermodynamic State > Thermodynamic State Material Properties Thermodynamic Properties > Equation of State > Molar Mass Thermodynamic Properties > Equation of State > Density Value User Solid 100.087 [kg kmol^-1] 2.71 [g cm^-3]
[2] [1]
(Selected)
295
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Thermodynamic Properties > Specific Heat Capacity Thermodynamic Properties > Specific Heat Capacity > Specific Heat Capacity Transport Properties > Thermal Conductivity Transport Properties > Thermal Conductivity > Thermal Conductivity Value (Selected) 0.9 [J g^-1 K^1]
[2]
(Selected)
[3]
3.85 [W m^-1 K^-1]
Footnotes
1. The material properties for Calcium Carbonate defined in this table came directly from the Overview of the Problem to Solve (p. 292) section at the beginning of this tutorial. 2. Make sure that you change the units to those indicated. 3. You may need to first expand the Transport Properties frame by clicking Roll Down .
3.
Click OK to apply these settings.
16.5.1.4. Creating the Domains

This simulation requires both a fluid domain and a solid domain. First, you will create a fluid domain for the annular region of the heat exchanger.
16.5.1.4.1. Creating a Fluid Domain

The fluid domain will include the region of fluid flow but exclude the solid copper heater coil. 1. Ensure that Flow Analysis 1 > Default Domain does not appear in the Outline tree view. If it does, right-click Default Domain and select Delete. Click Domain and set the name to WaterZone.
2. 3.
Configure the following setting(s) of WaterZone: Tab Basic Settings Setting Location and Type > Location Fluid and Particle Definitions Fluid and Particle Definitions > Fluid 1 > Material Value Annulus
[1]
Fluid 1 Water
296
Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit Tab Setting Domain Models > Pressure > Reference Pressure Fluid Models Initialization Heat Transfer > Option Domain Initialization Value 1 [atm] Thermal Energy (Selected)
Footnote
1. This region name may be different depending on how the mesh was created. You should pick the region that forms the exterior surface of the volume surrounding the coil.
4.
Click OK to apply these settings to WaterZone.
16.5.1.4.2. Creating a Solid Domain

Since you know that the copper heating element will be much hotter than the fluid, you can initialize the temperature to a reasonable value. The initialization option that is set when creating a domain applies only to that domain. Create the solid domain as follows: 1. 2. Create a new domain named SolidZone. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Setting Location and Type > Location Location and Type > Domain Type Solid Definitions Solid Definitions> Solid 1 > Solid 1 > Material Solid Models Heat Transfer > Option Electromagnetic Model Electromagnetic Model > Electric Field Model > Option Initialization Domain Initialization > Initial Conditions > Temperature > Option Value Coil
[1]
Solid Domain Solid 1 Copper Thermal Energy (Selected) Electric Potential Automatic with Value
297
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Domain Initialization > Initial Conditions > Temperature > Temperature Value 550 [K]
Footnote
1. This region name may be different depending on how the mesh was created. You should pick the region that forms the coil.
3.
16.5.1.5. Creating the Boundaries

You will now set the boundary conditions using the values given in the problem description.
16.5.1.5.1. Heating Coil Boundaries

In order to pass electricity through the heating coil, you are going to specify a voltage of 0 [V] at one end of the coil and 4.4 [V] at the other end: 1. 2. 3. Click Boundary and select in SolidZone from the drop-down menu that appears.
Name this new boundary Ground and click OK. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Boundary Details Setting Boundary Type Location Electric Field > Option Electric Field > Voltage Value Wall Coil End 1[1] Voltage 0 [V]
Footnote
1. You will need to click Multi-select from extended list to see a list of all regions.
4. 5.
Click OK to apply these settings. Create a similar boundary named Hot at the other end of the coil, Coil End 2, and apply a voltage of 4.4[V].
16.5.1.5.2. Inlet Boundary

You will now create an inlet boundary for the cooling fluid (Water).
298
Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit 1. 2. Create a new boundary in the WaterZone domain named inflow. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Boundary Details Setting Boundary Type Location Mass and Momentum > Option Mass and Momentum > Normal Speed Heat Transfer > Option Heat Transfer > Static Temperature 3. Click OK to apply these settings. Value Inlet inflow Normal Speed 0.4 [m s^-1] Static Temperature 300 [K]
16.5.1.5.3. Opening Boundary

An opening boundary is appropriate for the exit in this case because, at some stage during the solution, the coiled heating element will cause some recirculation at the exit. At an opening boundary you need to set the temperature of fluid that enters through the boundary. In this case it is useful to base this temperature on the fluid temperature at the outlet, since you expect the fluid to be flowing mostly out through this opening. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Insert a new expression by clicking Expression .
Name this new expression OutletTemperature and press the Enter key to continue. In the Definition entry box, type the formula areaAve(T)@outflow Click Apply. Close the Expressions view by clicking Close at the top of the tree view.
Create a new boundary in the WaterZone domain named outflow. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Boundary Details Setting Boundary Type Location Mass and Momentum > Option Mass and Momentum > Relative Pressure Heat Transfer > Option Value Opening outflow Opening Pres. and Dirn 0 [Pa] Static Temperature
299
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Heat Transfer > Static Temperature Value OutletTemperature
[1]
Footnote
1. In order to enter an expression, you need to click Enter Expression .
8.
A default no slip, adiabatic wall boundary named WaterZone Default will be applied automatically to the remaining unspecified external boundaries of the WaterZone domain. Two more boundary conditions are generated automatically when a domain interface is created to connect the fluid and solid domains. The domain interface is discussed in the next section.
16.5.1.6. Creating the Domain Interface

If you have Automatic Default Interfaces turned on, then an interface called Default Fluid Solid Interface is created automatically and listed in the tree view. In this case, delete the default interface and proceed with creating a new one. 1. 2. 3. Click Domain Interface from the row of icons located along the top of the screen.
Set the name to Domain Interface and click OK to accept it. Configure the following setting(s) of Domain Interface: Tab Basic Settings Setting Interface Type Interface Side 1 > Domain (Filter) Interface Side 1 > Region List Interface Side 2 > Domain (Filter) Interface Side 2 > Region List Additional Interface Models Heat Transfer Heat Transfer > Interface Model > Option Heat Transfer > Interface Model > Material Value Fluid Solid WaterZone coil surface SolidZone F22.33, F30.33, F31.33, F32.33, F34.33, F35.33 (Selected) Thin Material Calcium Carbonate
300
Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit Tab Setting Heat Transfer > Interface Model > Thickness Value 1 [mm]
[1]
Footnote
1. Make sure that you change the units to those indicated.
4.
16.5.1.7. Setting Solver Control

1. 2. Click Solver Control .
Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Setting Convergence Control > Fluid Timescale Control > Timescale Control Convergence Control >Fluid Timescale Control > Physical Timescale Value Physical Timescale
2 [s]
For the Convergence Criteria, an RMS value of at least 1e-05 is usually required for adequate convergence, but the default value is sufficient for demonstration purposes. 3. Click OK to apply these settings.
16.5.1.8. Writing the CFX-Solver Input (.def) File

1. 2. Click Define Run .
Configure the following setting(s): Setting File name Value HeatingCoil.def
3.
Click Save. CFX-Solver Manager automatically starts and, on the Define Run dialog box, the Solver Input File is set.
4.
If using stand-alone mode, quit CFX-Pre, saving the simulation (.cfx) file at your discretion.
301
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil
16.5.2. Obtaining the Solution using CFX-Solver Manager

1. 2. Ensure that the Define Run dialog box is displayed. Click Start Run. CFX-Solver runs and attempts to obtain a solution. At the end of the run, a dialog box is displayed stating that the simulation has ended. While the calculations proceed, you can see residual output for various equations in both the text area and the plot area. Use the tabs to switch between different plots (for example, Heat Transfer, Turbulence (KE), and so on) in the plot area. You can view residual plots for the fluid and solid domains separately by editing the workspace properties (under Workspace > Workspace Properties). 3. 4. 5. Select Post-Process Results. If using stand-alone mode, select Shut down CFX-Solver Manager. Click OK.
16.5.3. Viewing the Results Using CFD-Post

The following topics will be discussed: Heating Coil Temperature Range (p. 302) Creating a Cylindrical Locator (p. 303) Specular Lighting (p. 305) Moving the Light Source (p. 306)
16.5.3.1. Heating Coil Temperature Range

To grasp the effect of the calcium carbonate deposit, it is beneficial to compare the temperature range on either side of the deposit. 1. 2. 3. When CFD-Post opens, if you see the Domain Selector dialog box, ensure that both domains are selected, then click OK. Create a new contour named Contour 1. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Geometry Setting Location Variable Range Value Domain Interface Side 1 Local
[1]
Temperature
302
Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit Tab Setting Boundary Data > Hybrid Value (Selected)
Footnote
1. This is the deposit side that is in contact with the water.
4. 5.
Click Apply. Take note of the temperature range displayed below the Range drop-down box. The temperature on the outer surface of the deposit should range from around 380 [K] to 740 [K]. Change the contour location to Domain Interface Side 2 (The deposit side that is in contact with the coil) and click Apply. Notice how the temperature ranges from around 420 [K] to 815 [K] on the inner surface of the deposit.
16.5.3.2. Creating a Cylindrical Locator

Next, you will create a cylindrical locator close to the outside wall of the annular domain. This can be done by using an expression to specify radius and locating a particular radius with an isosurface.
16.5.3.2.1. Expression
1. 2. 3. Create a new expression by clicking Expression .
Set the name of this new expression to expradius and press the Enter key to continue. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Definition Value (x^2 + y^2)^0.5
4.
Click Apply.
16.5.3.2.2. Variable
1. 2. 3. Create a new variable by clicking Variable .
Set the name of this new variable to radius and press the Enter key to continue. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Expression Value expradius
4.
Click Apply.
Release 14.5 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. 303
16.5.3.2.3. Isosurface of the variable

1. 2. 3. Insert a new isosurface by clicking Location Accept the default name Isosurface 1 by clicking OK. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Geometry Color Setting Definition > Variable Definition > Value Mode Variable Range Min Max Render Show Faces Value radius 0.8 [m]
[1]
>Isosurface.
Variable Temperature User Specified 299 [K] 309 [K] (Selected)

[2]
Footnotes
1. The maximum radius is 1 m, so a cylinder locator at a radius of 0.8 m is suitable. 2. The full temperature range is much larger due to temperature extremes on a small fraction of the isosurface. By neglecting those extreme temperatures, more colors are used over the range of interest.
4. 5.
Click Apply. Turn off the visibility of Contour 1 so that you have an unobstructed view of Isosurface 1.
Note
The default range legend now displayed is that of the isosurface and not the contour. The default legend is set according to what is being edited in the details view.
16.5.3.2.4. Creating a Temperature Profile Chart

For a quantitative analysis of the temperature variation through the water and heating coil, it is beneficial to create a temperature profile chart. First, you will create a line that passes through two turns of the heating coil. You can then graphically analyze the temperature variance along that line by creating a temperature chart. 1. 2. Insert a line by clicking Location > Line.
Accept the default name Line 1 by clicking OK.

304
Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit 3. Configure the following setting(s) of Line 1 Tab Geometry Setting Definition > Point 1 Definition > Point 2 Line Type > Sample Line Type > Samples 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click Apply. Create a new chart by clicking Chart . Value -0.75, 0, 0 -0.75, 0, 2.25 (Selected) 200
Name this chart Temperature Profile and press the Enter key to continue. Click the Data Series tab. Set Data Source > Location to Line 1. Click the Y Axis tab.
10. Set Data Selection > Variable to Temperature. 11. Click Apply. You can see from the chart that the temperature spikes upward when entering the deposit region and is at its maximum at the center of the coil turns.
16.5.3.3. Specular Lighting

Specular lighting is on by default. Specular lighting allows glaring bright spots on the surface of an object, depending on the orientation of the surface and the position of the light. You can disable specular lighting as follows: 1. 2. Click the 3D Viewer tab at the bottom of the viewing pane. Edit Isosurface 1 in the Outline tree view. Tab Render 3. Click Apply. Setting Show Faces > Specular Value (Cleared)
305
16.5.3.4. Moving the Light Source

To move the light source, click within the 3D Viewer, then press and hold Shift while pressing the arrow keys left, right, up or down.
Tip
If using the stand-alone version, you can move the light source by positioning the mouse pointer in the viewer, holding down the Ctrl key, and dragging using the right mouse button.
16.6. Exporting the Results to ANSYS

This optional step involves generating an ANSYS .cdb data file from the results generated in CFXSolver. The .cdb file could then be used with the ANSYS Multi-field solver to measure the combined effects of thermal and mechanical stresses on the solid heating coil. There are two possible ways to export data to ANSYS: Use CFX-Solver Manager to export data. Use CFD-Post to export data. This involves: 1. 2. 3. Importing a surface mesh from ANSYS into CFD-Post, and associating the surface with the corresponding 2D region in the CFX-Solver results file. Exporting the data to a file containing SFE commands that represent surface element thermal or mechanical stress values. Loading the commands created in the previous step into ANSYS and visualizing the loads.
In this case, you will be using CFX-Solver Manager to export data. Since the heat transfer in the solid domain was calculated in ANSYS CFX, the 3D thermal data will be exported using element type 3D Thermal (70). The mechanical stresses are calculated on the liquid side of the liquid-solid interface. These values will be exported using element type 2D Stress (154).
16.6.1. Thermal Data

1. 2. Start CFX-Solver Manager. Select Tools > Export to ANSYS MultiField. The Export to ANSYS MultiField Solver dialog box appears. 3. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Results File Export File Domain Name > Domain Domain Name > Boundary
306
Value HeatingCoil_001.res HeatingCoil_001_ansysfsi_70.cdb SolidZone (Empty)
Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam Setting Value
[1]
Export Options > ANSYS Element Type
3D Thermal (70)
Footnote
1. Leave Boundary empty since the entire volume is exported for 3D data.
4.
Click Export. When the export is complete, click OK to acknowledge the message and continue with the next steps to export data for Mechanical Stresses (p. 307).
16.6.2. Mechanical Stresses

1. Configure the following setting(s) in the Export to ANSYS MultiField Solver dialog box: Setting Results File Export File Domain Name > Domain Domain Name > Boundary Export Options > ANSYS Element Type 2. Click Export. When the export is complete, click OK to acknowledge the message and continue. 3. 4. Click Close. Close CFX-Solver Manager. Value HeatingCoil_001.res HeatingCoil_001_ansysfsi_154.cdb WaterZone WaterZone Default 2D Stress (154)
You now have two exported files that can be used with ANSYS Multi-field solver. When you are finished, close CFX-Solver Manager and CFD-Post.
16.7. Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam

In this second part of the tutorial, you will modify the simulation from the first part of the tutorial to use a second fluid domain representing a thin-walled copper coil with dry steam running through, rather than the solid copper electric heating coil. Running the simulation a second time will demonstrate how to model multiple fluid domains with varying physics, as well as how to model heat transfer through a thin surface.
307
16.7.1. Defining the Case Using CFX-Pre

If you want to set up the steam coil simulation automatically using a tutorial session file, run SteamCoil.pre. For details, see Playing a Tutorial Session File (p. 6). Then proceed to Obtaining the Solution using CFX-Solver Manager (p. 314). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Start CFX-Pre if it is not already running. Select File > Open Case. From your working directory, select HeatingCoil.cfx and click Open. Select File > Save Case As. Set File name to SteamCoil.cfx. Click Save.
16.7.1.1. Allowing for Fluid Domains with Separate Physics and Enabling Beta Features
In this section, you will disable Constant Domain Physics for this case. This will enable you to create two fluid domains with separate physical settings. Since this capability is a Beta feature, you must first enable the use of Beta features. 1. 2. 3. 4. Edit Case Options > General in the Outline tree view. Select the Physics > Enable Beta Features check box. Clear the Physics > Constant Domain Physics check box. Click OK to apply this change.
Note
Make sure to make the changes via Case Options > General in the Outline tree instead of via the Edit menu (Edit > Options > CFX-Pre > General).
16.7.1.2. Editing Copper Properties

In this section, you will remove the electromagnetic properties of the copper (as defined in the first segment of this tutorial). 1. 2. Edit Materials > Copper in the Outline tree view. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Material Properties Setting Electromagnetic Properties Value Expand the Electromagnetic Properties frame
[1]
308
Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam Tab Setting Electromagnetic Properties > Electrical Conductivity Value (Cleared)
Footnote
1. Expand a section by clicking Roll Down .
3.
Click OK to apply this change.
16.7.1.3. Creating a New Material

In this section, you will create a new material called Dry Steam. This material will represent the dry steam that is going to flow through the hollow copper coil. 1. 2. 3. Right-click Materials in the Outline tree view and select Insert > Material or click Material Name this new material Dry Steam and click OK. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Material Properties Setting Material Group Option Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Minimum Temperature Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Minimum Temperature > Min. Temperature Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Temperature Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Temperature > Max. Temperature Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Minimum Absolute Pressure Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Minimum Value Dry Steam IAPWS Library (Selected) (Selected) .
273.15 [K]
(Selected)
1000.0 [K]
(Selected)
1000.0 [Pa]
309
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Absolute Pressure > Min. Absolute Pres. Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Absolute Pressure Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Absolute Pressure > Max. Absolute Pres. Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Points Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Points > Maximum Points Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Temp. Extrapolation Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Temp. Extrapolation > Activate Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Pressure Extrapolation Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Pressure Extrapolation > Activate 4. Click OK to apply these settings. (Selected) Value
1.0E6 [Pa]
(Selected)
100
(Selected)
(Selected)
(Selected)
(Selected)
16.7.1.4. Editing the SolidZone Domain

In this section, you will modify the SolidZone domain to make it representative of a thin-walled steam coil. 1. 2. 3. 4. Right-click SolidZone in the Outline tree view and select Rename. Set the new domain name to SteamZone and press the Enter key to apply this new name. Edit SteamZone in the Outline tree view. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Setting Location and Type > Domain Type Value Fluid Domain
310
Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam Tab Setting Fluid and Particle Definitions > Fluid 1 > Material Domain Models > Pressure > Reference Pressure Fluid Models Solver Control Heat Transfer > Option Domain Solver Control Domain Solver Control > Timescale Control > Timescale Control Domain Solver Control > Timescale Control > Physical Timescale Value Dry Steam 1 [atm] Thermal Energy (Selected) Physical Timescale 5.09 [s]
[1]
Footnote
1. The physical timescale is derived from the approximate copper pipe length (10.7 [m]) and the average rate at which the steam flows through the pipe (0.21 [m s^-1]).
5.
Click OK to apply these changes to the SteamZone domain.
Note
Note that you will see several physics errors appear in the window below the 3D viewer. These are normal because you have just defined a second fluid at the interface, and now need to modify the domain interface from type Fluid Solid to type Fluid Fluid.
16.7.1.5. Editing the WaterZone Domain

In this section, you will set a separate physical timescale for this domain since the physical timescales between the two fluid domains are quite different. The physical time scale of a fluid domain should be some fraction of a length scale divided by a velocity scale. For more details on this, see Physical Time Scale in the CFX-Solver Modeling Guide. 1. 2. Edit WaterZone in the Outline tree view. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Solver Control Setting Domain Solver Control Domain Solver Control > Timescale Control > Timescale Control Value (Selected) Physical Timescale
311
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Domain Solver Control > Timescale Control > Physical Timescale Value 0.56 [s]
[1]
Footnote
1. The physical timescale is derived from the annular pipe length (2.25 [m]) and the rate at which the water flows through the pipe (0.4 [m s^-1]).
3.
16.7.1.6. Editing the Domain Interface

In this section, you will modify the domain interface to represent a thin copper wall. 1. 2. Edit Domain Interface in the Outline tree view. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Setting Interface Type Interface Side 1 > Domain (Filter) Interface Side 1 > Region List Interface Side 2 > Domain (Filter) Interface Side 2 > Region List Value Fluid Fluid WaterZone coil surface SteamZone F22.33, F30.33, F31.33, F32.33, F34.33, F35.33 Additional Interface Models Mass and Momentum > Option Heat Transfer > Material Heat Transfer > Thickness No Slip Wall Copper 2 [mm]
[2] [1]
Footnote
1. Click Multi-select from extended list of the listed regions and hold down the Ctrl key while selecting each
2. This thickness is based on the Nominal Pipe Size for a pipe with a 100 mm diameter.
3.
Click OK to apply these changes to the domain interface.
312
Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam
16.7.1.7. Editing the Ground Boundary

In this section, you will edit the Ground boundary associated with the SteamZone domain. This boundary is currently set up as ground for the electrical heating coil model, and needs to be modified to represent the steam coil inlet. 1. 2. 3. 4. Right-click the Ground boundary in the Outline tree view and select Rename. Set the name of this boundary to SteamIn and press the Enter key to apply this change. Edit SteamIn in the Outline tree view. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Boundary Details Setting Boundary Type Mass and Momentum > Option Mass and Momentum > U Mass and Momentum > V Mass and Momentum > W Heat Transfer > Static Temperature Value Inlet Cart. Vel. Components 0.25 [m s^-1] 0 [m s^-1] 0 [m s^-1] 600 [K]
Note
The values in this table come directly from the overview of the problem at the beginning of this tutorial.
5.
Click OK to apply these changes.
16.7.1.8. Editing the Hot Boundary

In this section, you will edit the Hot boundary associated with the SteamZone domain. This boundary is currently set up with electric potential for the electrical heating coil model, and needs to be modified to represent the steam coil outlet. 1. 2. 3. 4. Right-click the Hot boundary in the Outline tree view and select Rename. Set the name of this boundary to SteamOut and press the Enter key to apply the change. Edit SteamOut in the Outline tree view. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Setting Boundary Type Value Outlet
313
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Boundary Details 5. Setting Mass and Momentum > Relative Pressure Value 0 [Pa]
Click OK to apply these changes.
16.7.1.9. Writing the CFX-Solver Input (.def) File

1. 2. Click Define Run .
Configure the following setting(s): Setting File name Value SteamCoil.def
3.
Click Save. This tutorial makes use of a Beta feature: domain-specific solver control. A dialog box asks if you want to write the case even though it uses a Beta feature.
4.
In the Beta Physics Model Warning dialog box, click Yes. CFX-Solver Manager automatically starts and, on the Define Run dialog box, the Solver Input File is set.
Note
If you have used the global options instead of the case options to enable the beta features, make sure to turn it off because it will cause instability in future sessions.
5.
If using stand-alone mode, quit CFX-Pre, saving the simulation (.cfx) file at your discretion.
16.7.2. Obtaining the Solution using CFX-Solver Manager

1. 2. Ensure that the Define Run dialog box is displayed. Click Start Run. CFX-Solver runs and attempts to obtain a solution. At the end of the run, a dialog box is displayed stating that the simulation has ended. While the calculations proceed, you can see residual output for various equations in both the text area and the plot area. Use the tabs to switch between different plots (for example, Heat Transfer, Turbulence (KE), and so on) in the plot area. You can view residual plots for the fluid and solid domains separately by editing the workspace properties (under Workspace > Workspace Properties). 3. Select Post-Process Results.
314
Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam 4. 5. If using stand-alone mode, select Shut down CFX-Solver Manager. Click OK.
16.7.3. Viewing the Results Using CFD-Post

The following topics will be discussed: Heating Coil Temperature Range (p. 315) Creating a Cylindrical Locator (p. 303)
16.7.3.1. Heating Coil Temperature Range

To examine how the heat transfer through the pipe changes along the length of the coil, it is useful to look at temperature contour along the outer surface of the coil. 1. 2. 3. When CFD-Post opens, if you see the Domain Selector dialog box, ensure that both domains are selected, then click OK. Create a new contour named Contour 1. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Geometry Setting Location Variable Range Boundary Data > Hybrid Value Domain Interface Side 1 Local (Selected)
[1]
Temperature
Footnote
1. This is the deposit side that is in contact with the water.
4. 5.
Click Apply. Take note of the temperature range displayed below the Range drop-down box. The temperature on the outer surface of the deposit should range from around 370 [K] to 540 [K]. Change the contour location to Domain Interface Side 2 (The coil inner coil surface that is in direct contact with the steam) and click Apply. Notice how the temperature ranges from around 370 [K] to 600 [K] on the inner surface of the coil.
16.7.3.2. Creating a Cylindrical Locator

Next, you will create a cylindrical locator close to the outside wall of the annular domain. This can be done by using an expression to specify radius and locating a particular radius with an isosurface.
315
16.7.3.2.1. Expression
1. 2. 3. Create a new expression by clicking Expression .
Set the name of this new expression to expradius and press Enter to continue. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Definition Value (x^2 + y^2)^0.5
4.
Click Apply.
16.7.3.2.2. Variable
1. 2. 3. Create a new variable by clicking Variable .
Set the name of this new variable to radius and press the Enter key to continue. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Expression Value expradius
4.
Click Apply.
16.7.3.2.3. Isosurface of the variable

1. 2. 3. Insert a new isosurface by clicking Location Accept the default name Isosurface 1 by clicking OK. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Geometry Color Setting Definition > Variable Definition > Value Mode Variable Range Value radius 0.8 [m]
[1]
>Isosurface.
Variable Temperature Local
Footnote
1. The maximum radius is 1 [m], so a cylinder locator at a radius of 0.8 [m] is suitable.
316
Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam 4. 5. Click Apply. Turn off the visibility of Contour 1 so that you have an unobstructed view of Isosurface 1.
You can see how the temperature along the steam coil gradually decreases along the length of the coil (as some of the heat in the steam is lost via heat transfer through the thin copper wall and to the cooler water on the other side). Now, you will adjust the temperature range along this isosurface to get a better understanding of the heat transfer from the steam coil to the surrounding water. Tab Color Adjust the settings of Isosurface 1 as follows: Setting Range Min Max Value User Specified 299 [K] 309 [K]
Note
The default range legend now displayed is that of the isosurface and not the contour. The default legend is set according to what is being edited in the details view. You can see how the cool water is heated as it passes directly past the steam coil (the cool water maintains a steady temperature until it reaches the first loop in the coil).
16.7.3.2.4. Creating a Temperature Profile Chart

For a quantitative analysis of the temperature variation through the water and steam coil, it is beneficial to create a temperature profile chart. First, you will create a line that passes through two turns of the heating coil. You can then graphically analyze the temperature variance along that line by creating a temperature chart. 1. 2. 3. Insert a line by clicking Location > Line.
Accept the default name Line 1 by clicking OK. Configure the following setting(s) of Line 1: Tab Geometry Setting Definition > Point 1 Definition > Point 2 Line Type > Sample Line Type > Samples Value -0.75, 0, 0 -0.75, 0, 2.25 (Selected) 200
4. 5.
Click Apply. Create a new chart by clicking Chart .

317
Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil 6. 7. 8. 9. Name this chart Temperature Profile and press the Enter key to continue. Click the Data Series tab. Set Data Source > Location to Line 1. Click the Y Axis tab.
10. Set Data Selection > Variable to Temperature. 11. Click Apply. You can see from the chart that the temperature spikes upward when entering the coil region and remains relatively steady across the cross-section of the coil.
318

Heat Transfer From Heating Coil PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Heat Transfer From Heating Coil PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 16: Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil

16.1. Tutorial Features

16.2. Overview of the Problem to Solve

16.3. Before You Begin

16.4. Setting Up the Project

16.5. Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit

16.5.1. Defining the Case Using CFX-Pre

16.5.1.1. Importing the Mesh

16.5.1.2. Editing the Material Properties

(Selected) 59.6E+06 [S m^-1]

Click OK to apply these settings to Copper.

16.5.1.3. Defining the Calcium Carbonate Deposit Material

3.85 [W m^-1 K^-1]

Click OK to apply these settings.

16.5.1.4. Creating the Domains

16.5.1.4.1. Creating a Fluid Domain

Click OK to apply these settings to WaterZone.

16.5.1.4.2. Creating a Solid Domain

Click OK to apply these settings.

16.5.1.5. Creating the Boundaries

16.5.1.5.1. Heating Coil Boundaries

16.5.1.5.2. Inlet Boundary

16.5.1.5.3. Opening Boundary

Click OK to apply these settings.

16.5.1.6. Creating the Domain Interface

Click OK to apply these settings.

16.5.1.7. Setting Solver Control

16.5.1.8. Writing the CFX-Solver Input (.def) File

Configure the following setting(s): Setting File name Value HeatingCoil.def

Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil

16.5.2. Obtaining the Solution using CFX-Solver Manager

16.5.3. Viewing the Results Using CFD-Post

16.5.3.1. Heating Coil Temperature Range

16.5.3.2. Creating a Cylindrical Locator

Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil

16.5.3.2.3. Isosurface of the variable

Variable Temperature User Specified 299 [K] 309 [K] (Selected)

16.5.3.2.4. Creating a Temperature Profile Chart

Accept the default name Line 1 by clicking OK.

16.5.3.3. Specular Lighting

Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil

16.5.3.4. Moving the Light Source

16.6. Exporting the Results to ANSYS

16.6.1. Thermal Data

Value HeatingCoil_001.res HeatingCoil_001_ansysfsi_70.cdb SolidZone (Empty)

Export Options > ANSYS Element Type

16.6.2. Mechanical Stresses

16.7. Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam

Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil

16.7.1. Defining the Case Using CFX-Pre

16.7.1.2. Editing Copper Properties

Click OK to apply this change.

16.7.1.3. Creating a New Material

16.7.1.4. Editing the SolidZone Domain

Click OK to apply these changes to the SteamZone domain.

16.7.1.5. Editing the WaterZone Domain

Click OK to apply these settings.

16.7.1.6. Editing the Domain Interface

Click OK to apply these changes to the domain interface.

Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam

16.7.1.7. Editing the Ground Boundary

Click OK to apply these changes.

16.7.1.8. Editing the Hot Boundary