Counterexamples in Topology lynn A. Steen 4. Arthur Seebach, Jr. Saint Olaf College\Conyight © 1970 by Hot, Rinehart and Winston, fe: Al righte served ‘brary of Congres Catalog Card Number: 77-1844 si: o3-o7eees AMS 1968 Subjet Cleans $20 ‘Printed inte United Sats of Amere 0123 22 12s4ee789 Preface ‘The creative proces of mathematics, both historically and individual, may be described as » counterpent between theorems and examples, AT ‘ough it would be hazardous to claim that the eration of ieneces example is less demanding than the developrnent of thar, we ave de, covered that focusing on examples ita paticulriy expeditions moans of Snvolving udergradunte mathematics students in aetual rere, Not oly tre examples more coocrete than theerems~and thus more seceable tet they cut aero individual Uhoorea and make it both appropriate and noc sary for the student to explore the entire iterate in Jouraals he well co text, Indeed, much ofthe content of this book wa int olin by aden, radunto rescarch tens working with the authors at Sait Ola Callegs luring the summers of 1967 and 188, In comping and editing material for ths bok, both the authors and ‘thir undergradunteusstanta realized «subntanilieeemest i tol calito direct result of chasing through details of each example, We ope ou readers will havea similar experience Bach ofthe 43 enasopen a this book provides innumerable eoneree illustrations of dentin, these ‘ems nd general methods of prot. Thetis no beter way, for fastener lear what the deiniion of metaccmpactaeu really means tha ory to Drove that Niemytahi’s tangent die topology is not metacsmpac, ‘The search for counterexamples i a ively and creative ativity as ‘ne ound in mathematies rscarch, Topolony particlasy is elre with unreported oF unsolved probleme (do you know an etanple of Housdor! topological space which ix wparuble sd locally compact, bot ‘ot e-compact?), and the process of inoifying old examples or creating ‘ew ones requires a wild ad uninhibited geomet nagintion. Par fom ‘roviding all relevant examples, this book proves a context ia which to‘uk now questions ad seck new answers. We hope that eich reer will slate (and nt just vicasionaly) inthe exitemeat of the bout Courage Fopdgy was ily dein, tex, ‘a espana andres wrk whe ech ‘nets of eral aol ala for tn tecion gat ‘os sil wan th i an operant ga ee oe "sed itn thi mane uploment {0 ana textbook a fain tabs ete ‘oer ag hovers, tw rater font cinta der wih thie nosey sould mt apppraly be tal we tone 4 tly cane: An rr wh eno deen sa ge cla tre nay al tnd the ict psi veh ‘xomsk pomp mil ase of deans pe She ther han Comrranpls x Toptay may rode ibe on A counterexample in ite most restietad sense, i an example which die rvs frou conjecture. We choca to nterposthe won mre Noa fart sige ll exampe of genrltpolgy, cil ene fy stodeaty standin contrast to the enum of the neal line, Soa wo neesary to distinguish defini nd for aus al eee ‘opty emul exanpi evn yee mee opie Ghar iat wl knows fo eters may be innnwn ts ene ‘ih regret the prob eau of ea dng See sharers, wo define al properties for all tpoloial space, and sot hoe (ten we give nly bri uno hin of proc histo bat Pe kite teadersaaainst inferring that we believe the moult wove Rather is most casey, we believe the result to be» nerthebe coe, syiah cual be doce, sing the bin, ina reasonable peril of tine Some ofthe nur diel step ace discus inthe Neuve ead of te eae ‘The esanples are ante very ouhly by thi appropiatenen take ‘ents ot forth the fis section, This ia very see nde whos uly clible cosequence is that the numerical order Is no cveeation| with the difealty of the example, To akan ingtractor in reammening sxanples for stady, ne submit the falling informal election bp sophistication Blomentary: 1-25, 27-28, 20-34, 88, 40-47, 49-60, £2-88, 0264, 75-14, 1, 80-89, 97,104, 106, 115-124, 139-185, 17, 130-140. Intermediate: 2%, 20, 85-97, 88,48, $1, 66-72, 75-80, 82-85, 0-1, ‘58-96, 98-103, 106-108, 113-114, 124, 126-127, 180, 18, 138, 141. Advanecd: 60-61, 92, 108, 116 112,125, 128-120, 18, 142, 4. ‘The discussion ofeach examples geared toits general level: whats proved ‘in detain an elementary example may'be aid without comment i more advanced example Invmany ways the most useful pact ofthis book fr reference may be the ‘ppendizes. We have gatherad therein tabular fom a compote petite bf the most signifleant counterexamples, so person who is vaeling for Musdorfnonregular spaces ean easly diver a few. Notes ae provide which in addition to serving asa guide tothe Bibliography, provide added dtl for many result asumed in the fit two setons A sllestion sf problems elated to the examples should rave most helpful i the bok i ‘wed as text. Many ofthe problems ak fr justification af entre fn the ‘asous tables where thas entresarenotexpiitlydseusd inthe example Many eay problems of the form "justify dhe assertion that» "have ok ‘boast ince Use can seal be invented by the instructor aconding Whis own taste, In most stares, the index inches only the intl (ordening we of ‘term. For obvious resons, no attempt has Been made to ince Se the index all oceurreces of property throughout the book. But the Genera Reference Chart (pp. 170-179) provides a complete erose tabulation of ‘examples with properties and should faiitate the quick oetion of exae Dies af any specific type. Tho chart wax prepared by an IBME 1190 using ‘rogram which enables the computer to derive, fom the theorems dr cused in Part 1, the properties for eash example which follow logally from tho diseussed ia Part Hl "Examples are numbered consocutively and refered to by thee numba imallebarts In those few cas where a isor but inelegen meiiction of ‘an example fs nec to produre the desired caneatention of properticn, ve use vdesinal to indicate e parewar point niin an exampla, 23.17 mesos the 17th point in Exazple 3,