Your Noble, Mobile, Global guide from Ancient to Chernobyl!

First few questions about the difference between a primary and secondary source. Primary source- firsthand/eyewitness account. Know different social scientists: archaeologist, sociologist, economist GROUP 1 1) Ethnocentrism- evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture. 2) Cultural diffusion- Cultural diffusion is the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. 3) Early river valley civilizations- constant flooding left rich soil, ideal for farming 4) One way in which the civilizations of the Sumerians, the Phoenicians, and the Maya were similar is that each developed writing 5) Ancient Athenians are credited with establishing governments that had democratic elements 6) The Ancient Romans most significant contribution to Europe has been in the area of law 7) An immediate result of the fall of the Roman Empire was disorder/weak central government 8) Byzantine Empire- Eastern Roman empire after fall of Rome. Emperor Justinian established Justinians code, built Hagia Sophia. Byzantine empire introduced Eastern Orthodox Church to Russia 9) Judaism, Islam, and Christianity share a belief in monotheism/ethical conduct 10) Golden age of Islam- 800-1300 major discoveries in mathematics and science 11) The Middle Ages in Western Europe was characterized by manorialism, feudalism, church 12) Feudalism in Western Europe was similar to feudalism in Japan in that power was based on class relationships 13) In Japan between 1603 and 1868, the most notable action taken by the Tokugawa Shogunate was the virtual isolation of country from outside world 14) Results of Crusades- trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was weakened 15) The Mongols played a significant role in Russian history by isolating Russia from Western Europe during the early Renaissance GROUP 2 16) Bantu migration- language, cultural diffusion 17) Magna Carta (1215) / English bill of rights (1689) - power of king limited 18) Mansa Musa- converted Mali to Islam, journeyed to Mecca in 1300 Mali- Salt/Gold 19) Middle passage- transatlantic slave trade from Africa to the Americas 20) Renaissance- humanism, Mediterranean trade, art (DaVinci, Michelangelo)

21) Niccolo Machiavelli- better to be feared than loved, ends justify the means 22) Martin Luther Protestant reformation/95 theses (reforms within the Roman Catholic Church) /translated bible to vernacular 23) What helped bring about reformation- kings and princes in Northern Europe resented the power of the Catholic Church 24) Effect of Reformation- decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church 25) In Latin America, the Maya and the Aztec civilizations were similar in that they developed complex mathematical and calendar systems 26) In Latin America during the early period of Spanish colonialism, the deaths of large numbers of the native people led to importation of slaves from Africa 27) One reason the Spanish conquistadors were able to conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires rapid is that they had superior weapons, and disease 28) Spains colonial policy of mercantilism affected the development of Latin American nations by promoting the production of raw materials and cash crops 29) The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), concerning Latin America, and the Berlin Conference (1884-1885), concerning Africa, were similar in that each agreement divided each area into European-controlled segments GROUP 3 30) Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by introducing Western Ideas and Customs 31) Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on experimentation and observation 32) During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they examined natural laws in the universe 33) The writings of the Enlightenment philosophers in Europe encouraged later political revolution with their support of the natural rights of man 34) John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau would be most likely to support a society in which people choose their ruler 35) One important result of the French Revolution was that power shifted to the bourgeoisie 36) Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo, leaders of Latin American independence movements, were inspired by successful revolutions in the U.S. and France 37) French revolution- reign of terror, declaration of rights of man 38) In a number of European countries in the 1800s, which situation occurred as a result of the influence of the French Revolution? Rise of nationalist movements 39) The best examples of the success of nationalism in Europe is the unifications of Germany and Italy 40) According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the struggles between classes in society 41) A major result of the Industrial Revolution was the concentration of workers in urban areas GROUP 4

42) Before Commodore Matthew Perrys expedition to Japan in 1853, Japan was most influenced by Chinas religion, art, and writing. The development of trade between 43) Japan and the West was a result of Perrys visit. Opened Japan, end of Japanese isolationism. Imperialism 44) A primary purpose for building the Suez Canal was to increase trade between the Middle East, Europe and Asia 45) After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were competing for raw materials and markets 46) The Sepoy Mutiny in India, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were similar in that they resisted foreign influence in these countries 47) Meiji restoration- modernization/industrializtion of Japan 48) During the 19th century, Europeans were able to divide China in Spheres of Influence mainly because the Europeans had technologically superior military forces 49) In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies. IMPERIALISM 50) British control over South Africa, French control over Indochina, and Spanish control over Mexico are examples of imperialism GROUP 5 51) Major causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, all sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. 52) Why was the Balkan region referred to as the Powder Keg of Europe prior to World War I? Nationalism was increasing in Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires 53) The major impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany was that the treaty led to an increase in Germanys desire to regain its power and prestige 54) Stalins Five-Year Plans and his decision to form collectives are examples of strategies to modernize the economy of the Soviet Union through forced communism 55) Between the Meiji Restoration and World War II, Japan tried to solve the problem of its scarcity of natural resources by establishing a policy of imperialism 56) Fascism in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s is best described as a form of totalitarianism that glorified the state above the individual 57) During the Cold War Era (1945-1990), the United States and the Soviet Union were reluctant to become involved in direct military conflict mainly because of mutually assured destruction 58) In the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenins New Economic Policy (NEP) and Mikhail Gorbachevs policy of Perestroika both sought to increase production through individual enterprise 59) The Great Leap Forward in China and the five-year plans in the Soviet Union were attempts to increase industrial productivity GROUP 6 60) One way in which Kwame Nkurmah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all played a major role in independence movements in Africa 61) In which way has the end of apartheid had a positive economic effect on South Africa? many foreign companies have resumed trading and investing in South Africa

62) Which statement best characterizes the period of apartheid in South Africa? many racist ideas of the ruling minority were adopted into laws 63) The main course of the Arab-Israeli conflicts from 1948 to 1973 was the clash between Arab nationalism and Jewish nationalism 64) In Iran, the Revolution of 1979 and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism resulted in a return to many traditional customs 65) Who were David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, and Menachem Begin? leaders of the modern state of Israel 66) The Soviet Union Splits into 15 Republics Yugoslavia Experiences Internal Conflict Germany Reunifies Which conclusion do these three headlines suggest? the forces of nationalism can either divide of unite a nation 67) Under the leadership of Fidel Castro, Cuba has become an example of a communist government struggling to maintain power despite economic problems 68) A major environmental problem affecting Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia has been Deforestation. 69) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased in recent years. Environmentalists suggest this change is a direct result of the overcutting of forests and the increased use of fossil fuels. 70) The Tiananmen Square massacre in China was a reaction to student demands for greater individual rights and freedom of expression

Chernobyl- a town near Kiev in Ukraine where an accident at a nuclear power station in April 1986 resulted in serious radioactive contamination in Ukraine, Belarus, and other parts of Europe.