Ng c thc phm do cc cht ph gia i cng Cng vi s pht trin v dn s, kinh t x hi, cng nh v khoa hc v v cng ngh i hi cc mt hng

thc phm ngy cng di do v phong ph v s lng cng nh v cht lng. Cc sn phm thc phm phi c cu trc, trng thi v mu sc p, mi thm hp dn, d dng vn chuyn, ng thi phi gi c tnh cht dinh dng v cm quan lu di. p ng nhng yu cu trn trong qu trnh ch tc cc hng ha thc phm ngi ta c th b sung thm cc cht ph gia. Theo y ban Codex Thc Phm (Codex Alimentarius Commission) 1991 nh ngha phu gia nh sau: Cht ph gia thc phm l cht m bnh thng khng c tiu th hoc khng c s dng nh mt thnh phn c trng ca mt hng ha thc phm, c th c hay khng c mc ch dinh dng, c ch nh thm vo thc phm nhm mc ch cng ngh (k c mc ch cm quan), bt k giai on no ca qu trnh sn xut: chun b, ch bin, x l, hon thin, ng gi, vn chuyn hay ct gi cc sn phm thc phm y, hoc c th mong i n hoc cc sn phm ph ca n tr thnh mt thnh phm c trng, nu khng c nh hng c trng n thc phm . nh ngha ny khng bao gm cc cht nhim hoc cc cht c b sung vo nhm mc ch duy tr v ci bin tnh cht dinh dng. tuy nhin vic xc nh cc cht ph gia thc phm mi nc cng khc nhau. Chng hn, cc cht dinh dng mt s nc tha nhn l cht ph gia, hoc cht dit con trng sau khi thu hoch cng c coi l cht ph gia. mi quc gia, lut thc phm thng c t trn Codex thc phm. K thut s dng cc cht ph gia ngy cng c hon thin v ngy cng c a dng ha. Hin nay c n 2500 cht phu gia khc nhau c a vo thc phm. Tuy nhin rt nhiu cht khng c kim sot cht ch, gy nn nhng hu qu rt nghim trng. 4.2 c tnh ca cc cht bo qun 4.2.1 Axit sorbic v sorbat Axit sorbic l mt cht bo 6 nguyn t cacbon v 2 lin kt i. y l axit trans, trans-hexadien-2=4-oic. Cc Mui natri v kali ca n cng c th s dugj lm cht ph gia thc phm. Chng l cc cht d ha tan trong nc hn axit sorbic, nhng mui natri ht m v t n nh hn mui kali. Do , thng t c s dng.

Nghin cu h s v c tnh ca Axit sorbic v cc mui ca n, y ban Cht ph gia ca Trung tm o to v Nghin cu Quc gia v Dinh dng v Thc phm Php (CNERNA) (1983) a ra kt lun sau: - Axit sorbic b sung vo thc phm c con ngi hp th va di dng ban u va di dng sau chuyn ha bi cc vi sinh vt, ch yu l nm mc v vi khun. - Chuyn ha axit sorbic ng vt bc cao ch yu bng con ng oxy ha, nh b-oxy ha. Lng axit sorbic c a vo c th hng ngy dng nh thp hn nhiu so vi kh nng oxy ha ca c th. - c tnh cp ca axit sorbic v cc mui ca n thng thp v khng th hin kh nng gy ung th trong thi gian di in vivo. Khi hp th mt lng ln axit sorbic s gy ra s n c ca gan v thn. Trong mt s trng hp ng vt th nghieemsuwj n to c cn kem theo s bin i v mt m hc ca cc c quan ny. Trn c s cc s liu nhn c trong qu trnh thc hin lu di, y ban cht ph gia ca CNERNA a ra liu lng khng c tc hi l 750mg/kg th trng/ngy v liu lng cho php hp th hng ngy l 7,5 mg/kg th trng. - Sn phm chuyn ha ca axit sorbic trong thc phm c b sung l vn ng c quan tm. Axit sorbic khng phn ly c th phn ng vi axit c mt trong thc phm bng mt phn ng cng, c bit l phn ng vi axit nitrow (HNO2) vi cc sulfite. Trong trng hp ny, ngi tiu th khng th hp th axit sorbic, m cn c cc sn phm cng tnh ny na. V nt ny, nhiu nghn cu nhm vo kh nng gy c gen ca chng. Kt qu nghin cu so snh kh nng gy c gen ca axit sorbic v mui natri hoc kali cu n bi Hasegama v cng s (1984) cho thy: Axit sorbic v mui kali ca n ch gy ra nhng lch lc nhim sc th khi nng rt cao. Trong khi , mui natri ca axit sorbic biu hin mt tc ng r nt hn nhiu, cho d kh nng gy c gen ca n khong ni bt nh cc sn phm rt hot ng nh N-metyl-N-nitro-Nnitroguanidin. T cc kt qu ny cho php khng nh rng natri sorbat l cht c kh nng gy ung th. Do cn phi tin hnh nghin cu c tnh trng din in vivo i vi cht ny. Kh nng gy c gen ca natri sorbat c th do s phn hy nhanh ca c trong t bo hoc trong mi trng nui cy, cng c ngha l do chnh cc sn phm oxy ha trung gian ca axit sorbic hoc l do cc peroxyd c to thnh trong qu trnh oxy hoa ny. Vn t ra l kh nng gy c khng phi ch do lng cht ph gia , m cn do cc sn phm chuyn ha ca n. V vy, phi nghin cu

tc dng c ca cc sn phm phn ng gia axit sorbic vi nitrit hay vi sulfit c mt ng thi trong thc phm. Thc vy, ngay t nm 1974, Kada chng minh tc ng t bin gen ca axit etylnitrolic v ca 1,4-dinitro-2-metylpyrol, vn l 2 sn phm phn ng gia axit sorbic vi nitrit trong iu kin c bit. au ny Khoudokormoff v cng s (1978) chng minh c kh nng gy t bin gen ca cc cc sn phm phn ng gia axit sorbic vi nitrit trong iu kin thng v pH v nng axit sorbic vo khong 100 1000 ppm, cn nng nitrit gn vi nng m ngi ta c th gp trong cc sn phm thc phm c s l bng axit sorbic. Tm li - Do tnh khng bn v li ch cng ngh thp ca natri sorbat nn ngi ta khuyn khng nn s dng chng lm cht ph gia bo qun. - Khng s dng ng thi trong cng mt thc phm axit sorbic v sulfite hay nitrit lm cht ph gia. 4.2.2. Anhydrid sulfur v sulfit Anhydrid sulfur l cht u tin ca mt h cc tc nhn bo qun: natri sulfite, natri bisulfit, kali disulfit, canxi disulfit, canxi sufit. Tc dng chng vi sinh vt ca SO2 ch yu l do kh nng keemg hm mnh n cc enzyme c cha nhm SH v kh nng lien kt vi cc chc andehyt ca dduwwngf. Phm vi s dng ca anhydrid sulfur v cc sulfit rt ln: chng c php s dng bo qun cc qu kh, qu nguyn liu sn xut mt, bia, nc qu, nc qu c c, ru vang, trong thc t gi rau tu lu khng b hng do vi sinh vt, khng b sn mu ha hc hay sm mu enzyme, ngi ta thng nhng rau vo dung dch sulfit trc khi ro. a) nh gi vic s dng sulfit Sulfit i vo c th ngi t nhiu ngun: khng kh, d lng ca thuc tr su, hoc chng c a vo thc phm vi vai tr cht ph gia bo qun. Sulfit thng tn ti trong thc phm di ba dng: sulfit t do, sulfite lien keetsthuaanj nghch, sulfite lien kt bn vng. Vn t ra l ngi ta ch c th nh gi c tnh trn c s sulfite tu do v sulfite lien kt thun nghch. M, lng SO2 tiu th ti a hng ngy vo khong 188 mg ng lng/ u ngi ( tc 3 mg/kg th trng/ngy) trung bnh vo khong 10 mg/ngy/ngi (0.17 mg/kg th trng/ngy). Php, b phn dn chng s dng vang giu sulfit th con s ny c cao hn. b) c tnh ca sulfite Cc nghin c c tnh cp din v trng din ca sulfit cho thy cc sulfit c th phn hy vitamin B1 ca thc phm, do dn ti triu chng

thiu vitamin B1. Lng SO2 i vo c th t nc ung vi lng t 29-40 mg SO2/kg th trng/ ngy ti 190 mg SO2/kg th trng/ ngy khng c nh hng ng k ti tc sinh trng, s sinh sn, huyt hc, m hc. Cc th nghim ca Til v cng s thc hin vo nm 1972 cho thy khng c bt c nh hng c no ln vi liu lng 42-179 mg/kg th trng/ngy v chut vi liu lng 72 mg/kg th trng/ngy. Vo nm 1974, JECEFA n nh liu lng hp th sulfit hang ngy l 0.7 mg SO2/kg th trng/ngy. Nm 1976, y ban Ph trch Kim tra cc cht (General Recognized safe GRAS) ca chu m kt lun liu lng 30-100 mg SO2/kg th trng/ngy khng c nh hng ti sc khe. Con ng chuyn ha ch yu ca sulfit l oxy ha chng thnh sulfat. Phn ng ny c xc tc bi enzyme sulfit oxydase (hay sulfit deshydrogenase, E.C.1.8.2.1). Enzym ngun ty th ny thng c mt trong nhiu t chc loi c v, c bit l trong gan, trong tim v trong thn. Enzym ny kh hot ng trong gan ca nhiu loi nh chut, ch, b, kh, v ngi. Kt qu cho thy hot ca sulfit oxydase ngi ch bng 510% so vi chut. S c mt lu di ca sulfit trong c th c th gy nhiu phn ng vi cc hp phn ca cc m to thnh cc thiosulfat, cc S- Sulfonat, cc tiol v c bit l protein-S-sulfonat trong huyt tn, cung phi. Nhng nhn xt khc nhau trn cho thy vic hp th sulfit vi liu lng thng gp trong thc phm dng nh khng t ra cc vn ng c ln. Tuy nhin, mt s ngi thiu enzyme sulfit oxydase nn vic chuyn ha cc sulfit xy ra chm hn, do nguy c ng c ph gia ny l c th. c) Cc phn ng nhy cm vi sulfit mt s ngi mc chng hen xuyn khi hp ph thc n vo nc ung c cha sulfit c th b ng c. Cc triu chng thng c ni n nht sau khi hp th sulfit hay SO2 l cc cn co tht ph qun, cc phn ng ng rut, chng my ay, chng gim huyt p v cm gic nhoi nhi. Kh c th nh gi t l phn trm c th nhy cm vi sulfit trong s nhng ngi b hen xuyn. Cc s liu gn y M cho thy c 10 triu ngi b hen xuyn th c khong 50000 n 1 triu ngi nhy cm. Ngi ta nhn thy hot ca sulfit oxydase cc t bo si ca da bnh nhn hen xuyn nhy cm vi sulfit thp hn nguyn bo si ca da ngi bnh thng. 4.2.3 Nitrat (NO3-), Nitrit (NO2-) v Nitrosamin 4.2.3.1 Khi qut Ngy nay khi vn nitrat, nitrit v nitrosamin c nhiu ngi quan tm bi s sm ln cu chng trong mi trng soongscungx nh nhng tc hi

khn lng do chng gy ra i vi sc khe cng ng. Thc ra tc ng ny c nhn ra t rt sm, ngay t nm 1895, trng hp u tin gy c bi nitrit c ng trn cc n phm khoa hc. Vo thi ngi ta nhn thy mt s con b b cht sau khi n mt lng ln cc cy ng ti v khi phn tch thy chng c cha mt hm lng ln kali nitrat KNO3 nn i n kt lun ng c ca b l do kali. Mi n nm 1940, ion nitrat mi c xc nhn l tc nhn gy c thc s v chng c tm thy nhiu trong rm, r ti v sau b kh thnh nitrit trong d c ca b. Nm 1945, cn nguyn ca bnh methemoglobulin huyt tr s sinh l tr nh cng c sng t l do nitrit. n nm 1956, mt trong nhng nitrosanmin n gin nht l dimethylnitrosamin tng hp t nitrit v amin. Trong vi thp k tr li y, cc nghin cu v nitrat, nitrit v nitrosamin c tng ln rt nhiu v cho thy chng c lien quan ti nhiu kha cnh khoa hc nh cc tc nhn gy ung th, gy bnh mu xanh, gy d ng, C l l thi quen do cch ni, chng ta thng c xu hng ghp lin hai ch nitrit v nitrat i khi them c nitrosamin. S mp m ny cn phi c loi b bi l ion nitrat NO3- v ion nitrit NO2- ch c cc nguyn t ha hc ging nhau, thc cht trong mi trng sinh hc nhiu phn t c cu hnh ha hc rt gn nhau nhng li c nhng c tnh rt khc nhau. Nitrat trc tin l nhng hp cht rt bn vng v chng khng c. V kha cnh nhim, chng ch l nhng cht c lien quan. Nitrit ngc li, chng l nhng cht rt hot ng v rt c. Trong mt vi iu kin nht nh nitrat c th chuyeent thnh nitrit, tuy nhin trong qu trnh kh ny xy ra khng d dng, c bit l trong thc phm v trong c th ngi. Nitrosamin hoc nhng hp cht cha nitro cng lien quan n nhng vn v nitrit, nitrat v hin nay c bit n nh l mt trong nhng cht gy ung th. Thc t ion NO2- ch l mt thnh phn cn thit trong s to thnh nitrosamine cn thnh phn kia l amin. Hai thnh phn nitrit v amin c th c hp thu bi con ngi v chng cng c trong thc phm, nhng rt may l phn ng nitro ha hay tng hp nitrosamine cng rt kh xy ra trong c th.