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GMP

( )
( )
( )


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1

(
) ()

()
Papyrus()
De Materia Medica() Tpa()

()

()(
)()()()(
)
()

1880 Pharmakognosie Pharmacognosy

Pharmakognosie 1815 C.A. Seydler Analecta Pharmacognostica

(Pharmakon) Yls(gnosis)
19 T.W. Martius
Martius 1832 Grundriss der Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches() Pharmakognosie
Martius
1890
H.W. youngken Text-Book of Pharmacognosy
()

, ,
, digoxin, quinine, vincristine, atropine, codeine, morphine ,
3

(Taxol) paclitaxel, docetaxel


(
) ()
90%
? , ,
, (food), (food additive), (nutritional supplement)
(drug), , , ,
, , ,
, ,
GLP ( )

, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
19 William Osler, 1849-1919

pharmacology

1990 34% 1998 42% Journal of the American Medical Association , Nov.11,
1998, Journal of Clinical Oncology, July 2000. )
( 1972

)
( food ), ( food addictive ), ( nutritional
supplement )( drug )
E 1998
4

( 254 126 )
( Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 ) (
) 2000 8 FDA Draft Guidance for Industry- Botanical Drug Product
(OTC)(NDA) (
)
;
1999 8 17
7 6
2 1
1



1 ).

2).

3).

4).

( 2000 17.4

) (


)
1990 ( 784 509 )
32 A
1995 940
150 24% 9%
1141

() ()
()(
) 2). ()
( Huperzine A )3 ). ( Matrine )

() 1997 FDA/IND
( ) (
) (amygdalin, laetrile )( Mistletoe ,
Viscum album L. )( Biological response modifier)
5

6


( )

DNA

()

1994 GMP

( TLC)
( HPLC )


1). ?
?

4). ( ) ?

2). () ?

5). ?

3).

6).

( kampo medicne ) (Ayurvedic medicines )


( NIH ) 1992( Office
of Alternative Medicine, OAM ) 1998 (National Center for Complementary
and Alternative Medicine, NCCAM) : (1) (traditional Oriental medicine, acupuncture, Ayurveda, naturopathy,
homeopathy, Native American healing, Tibetan medicine, etc); (2) (meditation, certain uses of hypnosis, dance, art and
music therapy, spiritual healing, and prayer); (3) ( herbal medicines and dietary supplements, special diets, and
orthomolecular medicine); (4) (chiropractic, massage, the Feldenkrais method, other "body work" systems, and aspects of
osteopathic medicine such as craniosacral work); and (5) (reiki, therapeutic touch, qigong, magnets, and other methods of
affecting the "bioelectric field" of the body)

( botanical healing )

( hands-on therapies )( mind body techniques )


(The New York Botanical Garden, NYBG)
(National Cancer Institute)1,500AIDS
(Balic, 1990)1/17
7,00023,000AncistrocladusCalophyllum lanigerum
Homalanthus nutansAIDS(Stix, 1993)
Paul CoxUpoluHomalanthus nutans
NCIHIVprostratin(Cox, 1993)NCI
Camptotheca acuminata Dencecamptothecin
6

CPT-11, topotecanCragg & Boyd, 1996


(Ginkgo biloba)( St Johns
wort )( Saw Palmetto )
1978361997170
" " "
(GCP)" 20015
60022 20016
( Quintiles
)( Covance )

1. . 2.
.

3.

GMP
GMP ( cGMP cGMP
( adulted ) GMP )GMP : ()
( product liability )( ) standard operation procedure,
SOP
( ) ( quality assurance) ( ) safety and efficacy
( ) ( in process ) ( end product ) ( Validation ) [ 87.6.15
] ( Validation )

(1). :
( , s/n ratio) (2). :
( Bioavailability)( Bioequivalence ) ( Pharmacokinetic studies ) (3).
cGMP

1965
Dr. Willmar Schwabe Tebonin 1965 ( 16% )1980 (
24% ) 1990 EGB 761 ( 24%6% )
BGA
( 1994
(1). 50 , (2). ( gingo flavone glycoside quercetin, kaempferide isorhamnetin
HPLC ) >24% , (3).

( terpene lactones 2.8-3.4% ginkgolide 2.6-3.2 % bilobalide HPLC

) > 6% (4). ( ginkgloic acid HPLC ) < 5ppm.




7

6 ( 28 % )( ;
a) . Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale- Congitive
subscale ( ADAS-Cog )

b). Geriatric Evaluation by Relative's Rating Instrument ( GERRI )

C). Clinic Global Impression of Change ( CGIC )

) 10 %

9 1%( CGIC )

120-240 mg
2-3 2-3
2 aspirin
warfarin EGB 761 60
( 2000 )( )(
cGMP ) (. > 10 g )(
ginkgolide B bilobalide )

14

()


( adulted )( misbrand ) ( :
FDA ( adlterated ) ( Misbrand )) (a)
(b). , (c). (d). (e) (f)
(g). cGMP ( )
( diazepam acetaminophenaminopyrinechlorzoxazoneethoxybenzamide
phenylbutazonepiroxicamindomethacinmefenamic acid prednisone chlorpheniramine piperazine)
( )( : ? )
( 204- 220 ppm )

Sildenafil
Slim Smile
8

mazindol mazindol

(a ). , (b). , (c). , (d). , (e).


, (f). , (g). , (h). , (i). , (j).
, (k). , ( L). , (m ). , (n).
, ( 0). :. . ( p).
( q).


20001
3-7 1015
60 147
70 398 80 2217 90 1278 91 1122 92 904 80

""""""""""

F (
B1 )
( )

( )
S( thioacetic acid ,
)
()




1 5 2 25 11

......

xx
xx xx
xx
9


xx
xx Xx
xx
xx xx
xx
xx xx

AB

xx


,
(
> 0.5 ppm, > 5 ppm, > 20 ppm, > 20 ppm, > 150 ppm, > 100 ppm )

1990
1.

2.

3.

1).

(redclover)
10


2).

3). ( ) 4).

(Achillea)5).

6).

7).

strychnine
:

8). ouabain
9).

(Lantadenes )

10).

(
) 11).
12).

( anagyrine )


( 0.5-5g /kg ) cinnamaldehyde () Crocetin( ), ephedrine () , methylephedrine( )oxymatrine ( )
paeoniflorin ( )paeonol( ) pseudoephedrine( ) saponin (), schizandrin () sinomenine (
)( 50-500 mg /kg) camptothecine()cinnamaldehyde () ephedrine() genipin() gentianine
() gomisin A() matrine() methoxycamptothecine() monocrotaline() piperine()
protocatechuic aldehyde() pseudoephedrine() reserpine() rhynchophylline() rubescensine B(
) tetramethylpyrazine() toosendanin() ( 5-50 mg /kg)

aristolochic acid ()

deoxynupharidine( ) ethoxychelerythrine( ) peimine() peiminoside()


vinblastine() - dichroine() ( < 5 mg/kg ) aconitine
harringtonine ()hayatine

()cantharidin( )durisoline()

()magnoflorine()metetrandrine( ) oleandrin ()

rhomotoxin( )( abrin ) ( ricin )saponin()vincristine(


)
[ ] 500 ( Ricinus communis ) ( Ricin, 60-65 kD

) ( 1978
11

(Georgi Markov)
03 04Bill Frist )

X

12

( JAMA. 2005;294:2342-2351 )
( > 80C1 )

( Ricinus communis) 1-5 %


( agglutinin ) 8
:

12


1.

( Abrus precatorius L.)( Black alder , Alder Buckthorn , Rhamnus frangula ) ( Black cohosh,
Cimicifuga racemosa) ( Blessed thistle, Cnicus benedictus ) ( Buckthom bark, Rhamnus cathartica )
( Pokeweed, Scoke, Phytolacca americane )

2.

( Aconite , Monkshood, Blue Rocket, Aconitum napellus ) ( Blue Cohosh , Papoose Root, Squaw
Root, Caulophyllum thalictroides) ( Chickweed, Stellaria media ) ( ) (Hawthorn ,
Crataegus laevigata Crataegus oxyacantha Crataegus monogyna ) ( Khat, Catha, Catha
edulis ) ( Indian Tobacco, Lobelia, Asthma Weed, Lobelia inflata ) ( Poke , Pokeweed,
Scoke, Phytolacca americane ) ( Yohimbe , Pausinystalia yohimbe)

3.

( Borage ) (Chaparral , Larrea tridentata )( Coltsfoot, Coughwort, Horse-Hoof, Tussilago farfara )


( Comfrey , Knitbone, Symphytum officinale ) ( Germander ) ( Heliotrope , Turnsole,
Heliotropium europaem )Kombucha ( Liferoot , Golden Groundsel, Squaw Weed , Senecio vulgaris, S.
aureus) ( Indian Tobacco , Lobelia, Asthma Weed, Lobelia inflata )Pau darco ( Tabebuia impestiginosa)
( Pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium, Hedeoma pulegioides )Petasited bydridus, ( Rue , Garden Rue, German Rue,
Ruta graveolens ) ( Scullcap , Scutellaria lateriflora)( Senecio spp. )

4.

, Aconitum napellus spp., Amatoxins Arum maculatum L.,

Arum species, Caesalpinia gilliesii,

Cannabis sativa L.,

Colchicum autumnale L. , Conium maculatum L. , Coriaria myrtifolia L., Erythroxylum coca Lam, Gloriosa superba L.,
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hedera helix L., Ilex aquifolium L. , Jatropha curcas L. , Jatropha gossypiifolia, Jatropha hastata,
13

Jatropha macrorhiza, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Myristica fragrans Houtt., Nerium oleander L. , Nicotiana
tabacum L , Peganum harmala L., Ricinus communis L. , Ruta graveolens L., Scilla maritima L. Baker, Senecio Vulgaris L.,
Solanum nigrum L., Spartium junceum L. , Thevetia peruviana (Pers.), Viscum album L. , Wisteria sinensis (Sims),

Sweet

Wisteria floribunda (Willd) DC, ( Asafetida, Devils Dung, Ferula assafoetida, Ferula foetida )
( Bearberry, Uva-ursi , Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) ( ) ( Penny royal, Mentha pulegium,
Hedeoma pulegioides ) ( Poke, Pokeweed, Scoke, Phytolacca americane ) ( Sopbora flavescens )
( White Willow, Salix alba ) ( Yohimbe , Pausinystalia yohimbe)
5.

( Acorus calamus )(Podophyllum) ( Rue , Garden Rue, German Rue, Ruta graveolens )

( )
: , , Bankakri , Taoerqi, Radix Et , Rhizoma Sinopodophylli
: (Berberidaceae ) ( Podophyllum emodi Wall. ) ( P. peltatum L.)
:
: .
- , ,
: (podophyllin), (podophyllotoxin), (picropodophyllin) ,
.

: .
: , . , . 1.5~3g, .
: . .
: , . .
( , )
: ( , , ( ) , ( ) ) , Chuanwu, Radix Aconiti. Common Monkshood Mother
14

Root.
: (Aconitium carmichaeli Debx.)
: .
: .
: , (aconitine) (mesaconitine) (hypaconitine).
: , ; .
: , . . 1.5~3g,
, ; .
:
1.

0.2mg aconitine ( 6 )

2.

: , , , ; ,
; .

3.

: .

4.

: , ,
.

5.

: .
1.

2.

amiodarone .

3.

15g, 18g ; 120g 30g, .


.

: ( , ( ) , ( ), ( ) ) , Caowu, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii. Kusnezoff Monkshood Root.


: (Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.)
: .
: .
- , .
- : 1 mm.
.
- .
: , (aconitine) (mesaconitine) (hypaconitine).
: , ; .
: , . 1.5~3g,
, ; .
:
1.

: , , , ; ,
; .

2.

: .

3.

: (ventricular tachycardia )
15

(ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest) .


: .
1.

2.

. .

3.

amiodarone .

4.

15g, 18g ; 120g 30g, .


.

( )
: (, , , , , , , ( ) , () ) , Fuzi, Radix Aconiti
Lateralis Preparata, Prepared Common monks- hood Daughter Root.
: (Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.)
: .
: , .
:
- , 1.5~5cm, 1.5~ 3.5 cm. , , ,
, " ", , , , ,
5~7 .
- , .
: , , 4~5 cm, 1~ 3.5 cm. 3~5 mm. ,,
. . .
- , .
: : ( aconitine ) ( mesaconitine ) ( hypaconitine ).
( higenamine ) ( coryneine chloride )
(salsolinol).
: , , .
: , ,
. 3~15g, ;
.
:
1.

18

2.

: , , , ; ,
; .

3.

: .

4.

: , . ,
.

: .
1.

2.

. .

3.

amiodarone .

4.

15g, 18g ; 120g 30g, .


16

: ( , ) Baifuzi, Rhizoma Typhonii


: (Typhonium giganteum Engl.)
: .
: .
:
- , , , 1~4 , , .
: - .
: , ;
: , , , , , , , . 3~6g, . ,
, .
. 3~15g, ; .
:
1.

:, , , ; ,
; .

2.

: .

3.

: ,

. ,

.
: .
1.

2.

. .

3.

amiodarone .

4.

15g, 18g ; 120g 30g, .


.

( )
( ) Pishi
Arsenolite


As2O3
As2O3 As2O3
As2O3


0.03~0.075g

1 ~ 2


17

24 " "

, .
1.

30g 6~8

2.

3~5 120g
30g 400


Pishuang
Arsenic trioxide

As2O3 , Arsenous oxide




0.003~0.015g
12.5 mg/kg 0.005
0.015 g 0.1 g ()
19 (Mg)
0.075 g 500c.c.( Black foot disease )
0.4 0.6 ppm
( )
20

2000 9 FDA Trisenox 0.15 mg/kg, slow i.v. infusion /D, 24-83 D
( acute promyelocytic leukemia ) ( 1992
1995
) Memorial Sloan-Kettering
()
50%

Prednisolone (30mg/day) 86% 4 24


(2786%)
AST/ALTAlkaline phosphateBilirubin
QT

APL
(NB4 ) 0.1M NB4
0.1M NB4 1M NB4 APL
APL (NB4) (Apoptosis)
18

A 0.5M Promyelocytic cells


BT B T BCL-2
RNA PML-RAR
G1 G2M (check point)
(proliferative cells) G0


( )
: , ( , , , , , , ). Xionghuang , Realgar.
: , ( As2S2 ) .
: .
: - . , , . ,
. , , .
- , .
: : ( As2S2 , Arsenic disulphide ), 90% .:
(Arsenous oxide ) : .
: , .
: . , , . .
0.15~0.3g, ; , . , . .
:

,;

, .

1.
2. 1-2
3. T Wave QT Torsade de points

4.
5. ( > 95 % )

6.
7.
8. Mecs line
9.

(SH-)
( Arsenite )( Arsenate )
100 mg 200 mg
:
1.

19


2. ( 0.05% 1% )
X
( (12% 20% , ,
), 5~10 , , 50% 30mL )

3. 200g/l

Dimercaprol (BAL)-- 3 5 mg/kg 4 12


50g / 24hrs DMSA ( succimer )-- BAL
10 mg / kg 8 5 12 14 (
! ) D-Penicillamine-- 100 mg / kg /
day 5-7
4.
dimercaprol
( , , ), Cihuang
: , Orpiment
: ( As2S3)
: , .
: , , , . 0.5~1.5g;

:
:
( ) : Shuiyin,
Mercury


;



( )
: (

) Hongfen, Hydrargyri oxydum rubrum.



:

: montroydite, . .
, ; . . , , . .
: HgO
:
20

; 0.3-0.6g
0.06-0.09g ;


( , , )
: ( , , ) Zhusha, Cinnabaria
( , HgS )
:
:
: . .
- . . , . .
, . ; , .
- .
: : .
: ; .
,
. . . .
( < 0.01% ) 3-4 g/dl Hg 2+

, ; .
, , ,
.
( )
( Mahaffey, K.R., 2000. Recent advances in recognition of
low-level methylmercury poisoning. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 13, 699 707.

National Research Council, 2000. Committee on the toxicological

effects of methylmercury. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. )

: .
:
1.

, ,

2.

(BAL, Unithiol) , D-penicillamine


succiimer .

3.

. .

:
1.

5% .

2.

( )
: ( , , , ) Qingfen, Calomel, calomelas
:
21

: , , , ,
: - , , . , .
: , (Mercurous Chloride, Hg2Cl2 )
: ; .
: : , ; : ,
, , .
: ( < 0.01% ) Hg 2+
, , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
( acrodynia ),
. , , ,

: .
1.

, . . .

2.

(Unithiol) D-penicillamine
succiimer

3.

, .

4.

3~5% , .

5.

, , . 30g, 30g, 24g,


5g, 5g, 5g, 5g, 10g, 10g, 30g, 10g, 15g .


Baijiangdan
, Hygrargyrum chloratum compositum.




( HgCl2 + HgCl )
, ;
0.09~0.15g


: ( , ( )) Maqianzi, Nux Vomica ; SEMEN STRYCHNI


: Strychnos nux-vomica L. Strychnos pierriana A. W. Hill
:
22

:
: - , , , . 1~ 2.5 cm, 3~6mm. ,
, , , . , .
, , .
- , ( , ).
: . ( strychnine ) (brucine). (colubrine)
(vomicine) (icajine) (novacine).
: ; .
: , . .
0.3~0.6g, . .
: 30~100mg, 5mg. ,
, ,
. , ,
. . .
: .
1.

. (Amobarbital) 0.5g (Diazepam) 10mg


(Sodium thiopental) 0.5g. .

2.

3.

, , 2% 0.05% .

4.

, . 24

: , , ( ), (), ( ), (),
( ), ( ), , (), ( ), Banxia, Rhizoma
Pinelliae
: Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit
:
:
: - , , 0.8~1.9cm. , ,
; , ., , .
- , , .
: , ( homogentistic acid ) , 3,4-,
, ( trigonelline ) ( pinellin )
.
: ; .
:
; , 3~9g;
0.1~1.8g

.
1.

2.

30g 60g 15g 30~60mL,


23


3.

: ( , , , , ) Tiananxing, Rhizoma Pinelliae Pedatisectae.


: ( ) Pinellia pedatisecta Schott
:
: .
: - , , . 1~3cm, 1.2 ~1.8cm,
; . , . ,
; . , , .
- , .
: ( triterpene saponin ) .
: ; , . .
: , , .
; . 3~9g. , . .
: , .
, , , , .
. , , . 15g .
: .
1.

0.02% , .

2.

, .

3.

, .

4.

30g, 60g, 15g, . , ; .

( )
: ( , , , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),
, ( ), , , ( ),

Badou, Fructus Crotonis.

: Croton tiglium L.
: , .
: . .
: - ,, , 1.6~2.7cm, 1.5~2cm;
, , , , 6~8 ; , ,
, , . , 1~1.5cm
0.5~1cm, 4~6mm; ,
,
. ( )
: 53~57%, 18%. , ( crotonoside ), 1~ 3.8%
,
( phorbol)
: ; ,
0.1~0.3g,
24

: 1/4 1~3 20
, ;
, ,
,
.
1.

( ) 0.02% , .

2.

, ; 15mg, ( Atropine ) 0.6mg.

3.

60~90g , 100ml.

4.

, 3% .

5.

, 1.5g, . , 5% .

( )
( , , ( ), ( ), ( )). Banmao, Mylabris, Blister beetles.
Meloidae ( ) Mylabris phalerata Pallas ( ) Mylabris
cichori Linnaeus
.
. .
- , 1.5~2.5cm, 0.5~1cm. ,
, , . , ,,
. , ; ;
. .
- , 1~1.5cm; .
cantharidin 1~1.5%. , .
; .
, , . . 0.03~0.06g,
, . .
0.6g , 1.5g. 0.14mg , 10~75 mg .
, .
, .
, ,
.
. .

, . ,
.
: serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) , p38
JNK MAP kinase p53 caspase-3 norcantharidin
( invasion and metastasis) matrix metalloproteinase-2 -9
, caspase-3
.
1.

, 10% 10ml, .

2.

, . .


25

.
3.

. , , ; ; ,
.

4.

, , .

5.

, .

( , )
( , , , ) Qingniangzi
Lytta caraganae Pallas ( Spanish fly ) Lytta vesicatoria

.
- . 12~20mm. .
.
.
.
. .
(Cantharidin) .
.
.

0.1~0.3g ; .
0.6g , 1.5g.

0.14mg , 10mg .

, .
, .
,
, .
.
.
, .
.
1.

, , 10% 10ml , .

2.

, . .
.

3.

. , , ; ; ,
.

4.

, , .

5.

, .

( )
( , , , , ( ), (). Hongniangzi, Huechys
Huechys sanguinea De Geer Huechys philaemata Fabricius.
.
.
26

- 1.5~2.5 cm , 5~7mm .
. ,
. . .
. . .
- , .
.
; .
. . 0.15~ 0.3g , 0.7 g;
. .
.
.
, . .

.
.
1.

, , 10% 10 ml , .

2.

, . .
.

3.

. , , ; ; ,
.

4.

, ,

5.

, .

( )

Ganshui, Radix Kansui

Euphorbia kansui T.N. Liou ex T.P. Wang


.
.
- 2~8cm, 0.5~2.5cm,
, .
.
(diterpene) (ingenol) (
, kansuinine). (euphorbol) (kanzuiol) (triterpene) .
; .
. . 0.5~1.5g ,
. . .

.
.
1.

0.05% .

2.

3.

() 30g 120g 200mL .


27


( ( )), Langdu , Rhizoma Alocasiae
Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott
.
.
12cm, 2.5mm ,
; ( ) , .
.
(Alocasin). (cyanogenic glycosides)- (glucoside).
.
. . 6~15g , .
, ,
. ; , .
.
1.

. 5 % .

2.

, , 250g .

3.

; , (Chloramphenicol)
(Neomycin) .

( , , , ), Tenghuang
Garcinia morella Desv.



-(-Guttiferin) --Guttiferin; Morellic acid

Isomorellic acid


0.03~0.06g ,
4g
,
.
1.

2.

, , , ,

3.

10% 5%

( )
( (),() ,,
), Tianxianzi, Semen Hyoscyami
28

Hyoscyamus niger L.
.
.
, 1mm 0.05mm ,
. .
.
( hyoscyamine ) ( atropine ) ( scopolamine ) DL- ( atroscine ).
.
; .
. . 0.06~0.6g,
.
. 30~60
,
; .
.
.
1.

0.025~0.05% , .

2.

5% .

3.

0.1g ( phenobarbital ) 10% 15~20mL.

4.

( Pilocarpine ) 2~4mg , ; 0.5~1%


. ( physotigmine salicylate ), 2~4 mg, ( neostigmine ),
0.5~1mg.

5.

, ( Lobeline) .

( )
( , ) Qianjinzi
(Euphorbia lathyris L.)

:

- , 50~100cm , . ; .
5mm 4mm


48% (diterpene)
6, 20- ( 6,20-Epoxy-lathyrol ), 7- ( 7-Hydroxylathyrol )
( Lythyrol diacetate benzoate ) - (-Euphol ) - (-Euphorbol );
( Euphorbetin );

1~2g

,, , ,,
29


.
C

( )
(, , , , , , , , ),

Naoyanghua

Rhododendron molle G. Don




9~16cm, . , ,
. , , , . 5
; 1, , (8~12cm). . .
.
.
( Andromedotoxin ) , ( Ericolin ).

, , , . 0.3~0.6g, ;
. .

.
1.

0.05% 1% , .

2.

, 5% .

3.

, 5% ; .

4.

( 30g ).

( , , , , , ), Xueshang Yizhihao.
Aconitum brachypodum Diels


- 3~8cm , 0.5~2cm

( Anthrorine A.B ), ( Bullatine ), ( Neoline ), ( Aconitine ),

3-

3- ( Peuduline ) ( Sergorine ) ( Napeline )


0.06~0.12g




: .
30

1.

( Novocain amide )

2.

( , , ), Chansu, Toad Venom, Venenum Bufonis.


Bufo gargarizans Cantor Bufo melanostictus Schneider


2cm ; , . , ,
, . .
, .
bufotoxin ,
cinnobufagin, bufalin, ( arenobufagin)
5- (serotonine), (bufo-tenine) (bufotenidine)






.
1.

0.02%

2.

( Atropine ) 0.5~1mg, 2~3 , ,


.

3.

, 5%, 1~2g .

4.

, ( Isoproterenol0.2~0.4mg 100mL 5%
), .

5.

, .

( )
( , ,

Yangjinhua, Datura
suaveolens Humb. et Bonpl. ex Wild.
Datura metel L.


- , 9~15cm; , 2/5 ,
, 5 , 5 , , , , 10~15cm,
, 5 , 5, , 3/4; 1, , ; , ,
. , ; .
31

, 1-Hyoscine, 1-Scopolamine, Hyoscine,


( Hyoscyamine)





0.3~0.6g, 0.1~0.2g
( 0.5~1mg (0.01mg / Kg )),

30~60



.
1.

(1: 2000~1: 5000)

2.

( 5~10% ) ( 2000~3000mL ) , 20%


250mL 40~80mg

3.

4.

30g 60g 120g 60g 30g 15g


( )
Shandougen ( Guangdougen ), (), Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis
Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep.


10~50 cm ,
0.7~1.3 cm


( matrine ) ( oxymatrine )N-
( N-methylcytisine ) (anagyrine) ( sophoranone ) ( sophoranochromene )

3~6g ,
15 ~2

.
1.

Anisodamine 5~10 mg ; 50%


C.

2.

0.25% 20 g .

3.

, 5% C .
32

4.

( Meclofenoxine ), 250 mg.

5.

30 g , 20 g .

1.

Lanatoside convallamarin cerberin neriifolin


peruvosideodoroside convallatoxin calotropin Rhodexin cerberoside
adonidin Na+-K+-ATPase
( )

( digoxin-specific Fab fragment antibody, Digibind )

2.

(cyanogenic plants)
( amygdalin )3% 10-180
0.11 % Fe3+( ferric )
( cytochrome oxidase )(Fe2+ferrous)
ATP
( glycolysis) ATP

30 CNS
(anion
gap acidosis)
( cytochrome oxidase )
( sodium nitrite)
( methemoglobin ) C
(cyan-methemoglobin) ( : cyanide cyanide

rhodanase ( thiocyanate)
(sodium thiosulfate)( hydroxocobalamin )
( cyanocobalamin) hydroxocobalamin cyanocobaIamin
( amyl nitrite,sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate)cobalamine, dicobalt EDTA
3.

(
urushiols ginkgolginkgolic acid anacardic acidcardanolscardols )

4.

5.

(anticholinergic) (
)

physostigmine

6.

( )
33


7.

(solanine)
SLUDGE ( S: Sialorrhea L: lacrimation U: urination
D: diaphoresis G: gastric emptying )

atropine

8.

(mushroom)
5,000

( )
(Chlorophyllum molybdites)
Inocybe asterospora Gyromitra esculenta Amanita species
Amanita abrupta Amanita castanopsidis Amanita spissacea
Amanita vaginata 85

Cyclopeptides ( amanitins phallotoxinVirotoxin 95% )


Amatoxin
Amanita Galerina Amanita A. phalloides (death cap) A. verna ( death angel )
A. virosa ( destroying angel ) 95% 1869
Schmiedelberg PhallotoxinsAmatoxins Phallotoxin
7 Peptide PhalloidinPhalloidin
Amatoxin 8 Peptide 15 -Amanitin
-Amanitin Phalloidin 10~20 -Amanitin 0.1mg/kg1gm 2~3mg Amatoxin
1~3 ( 50gm ) 100mg Galerina ( G. autummalis G. Marginata )
Amatoxin 1gm 1mg AmatoxinAmatoxin
Amatoxin
RNA polymerase II
(
Galerina sulcipes )
Amanita 6~24 ( )
Phallotoxin
24 12 1 3~5
-Amanitin
4~6 10~40%
Gyromitrin ( monomethylhydrazine )
Amanita phalloides Amanita verna Phallin B
Gyromitra esculenta ( False morel ) Gyromitrin
Gyromitrin ( G. gigasG. infula )
Methylhydrazine Isoniazid ( Vit. B6 GABA
) 6 ~8 24 1~2
34

36~40
2.5 ~3 15~35%
B6
Orelline : Cortinarius species C. orellanus C. speciossimusC. gentilus
Orelline Orellanine 2,2-Bipyridine Paraquat, 4,4'-Bipyridine Diquat 2,2-Bipyridine
Cortinarius species 36
3~17 (Interstitial nephritis)

Muscarine Clitocyte cerrusata C. dealbataInocybe fasigata I. geophylla Boletus calopus


B. luridus 1868 Amanita muscaria
Inocybe Clitocybe Muscarine

15 ~1 2 ~6 5%
Atropine Muscarine
Coprine ( 1- aminocyclopropanone, antabuse-like) Coprinus atramentarius ( Inky Cap
)C. quadrificus C. variegatusClitocyte claviceps

Coprine Disulfiram ( )
Coprinus atramentarius 2

Ibotenic acid ( muscinol) glutamic acid


Amanita muscaria ( Fly agaric ) A. pantherina
Ibotenic acid Muscimol ( GABA ) Tricholomic acid
Muscuzone Muscimol Ibotenic acid 10-15
A. muscaria A pantherina
10~20%
Psilocybin and psilocin
Psilocybe P. cubensis P. cyanescens( magic mushroom )
LSD 30 ~60

4 ~12
Gastrointestinal toxins Agaricus hordensus Chlorophyllum molybdites(
)C. esculentum Clitocyte nebularis Omphalates illudens
1~6
( hypovolemic shock) Cortinarius

amatoxin D- penicillamine silibinin


atropine

35

9.

(Alocasia macrorrhiza (L) Schott & Endl. Alocasia odora (Roxb) C. Koch) ( 1986
)
Giant elephant's ear

()

120240C.C
xylocaine
BUNCrCa2+ Oxalates
: :
: Dicalcium phosphate : NaCl = 1 : 3 oxalate
( apomorphine )

10.

( Chekor manis Asin-asin


Sauropus androgynus Sauropus albicans
83

83 8 23 55 40

84 6 8

HLA typing

11.

: quercetin, isoquinoline aporphine

12.

: : aristolochic acid ( )(DNA adduct )


( Aristolochia fangchi ) 1992 Vanherweghem JL

( Stephania tetrandra
) ( aristolochic acid )( >
6g )( DNA adduct)
(


36

(Aristolochia debilis Siebold & Zucc., Aristolochia contorta Bunge )


()( )
( )()

Stephania tetrandra S. Moore Aristolochia fangchi Y.C. Wu ex L.D. Chow & S.M. Hwang

Clematis armandii Franch. Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. Aristolochia manschuriensis


Kom. Aristolochia debilis Siebold & Zucc.

L-tetrahydropalmatine

[ ]
Nozaka T, Watanabe F., Tadaki S, et al. Mutagenicity of isoquinoline alkaloids, especially of the aporphine type. Mutation Res. 240:
267-79, 1990
Mengs U. On the histopathogenesis of rat forestomach carcinoma caused by aristolic acid. Arch Toxicol 52: 209-220, 1983
Schmeiser HH, Bieler CA, Wiessler M, et al. Detection of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal tissue from patients with
Chinese herbs nephropathy. Cancer Res. 56: 2025-2028, 1996

()

glucocoticoid ; ;
37

gentamycin

()

()

: ;

:
38

()

39

; :

: ; :

: :

()

()

:
40

101

()

: ; :
41

: ;

:
42

()

II

:
43

( Bergapten )( Hyperin )

: , GPT

44

Comfrey

Pyrrolizidine ;

Symphytum

4-6

Coltsfoot

Tussilago farfara
Germander

Pyrrolizidine

4-8

Teucrium chamaedrys Diet aid

Borage

Pyrrolizidine

Borago officimalis

Chaparral

Larrea Tridentata

Sassafras

( Safrole oil )

Sassafras albidum

Blood thinner

Aconite

Aconitum species
Pennyroyal

Pulegone

Mentha pulegium Hedeoma

pulegioides

( abortifacient )

Liferoot ( Golden

Pyrrolizidine

Groundsel, Squaw Weed ,

Poke root

Phytolacca americana

( aantirheumatic )

Wormwood

thujone and isothujone

Senecio vulgaris, S. aureus )

Artemisia absinthium
Jin Bu Huan

L- tetrahydropalmatine

Ephedra, Ma huang

Ephedra species

Royal jelly

Apis melifera ( honeybee )

( Tonic )

( emphysema )

( anaphylaxis )

( atopy )
45

, , ,

, , aristolochic acid

,,
, , ,
,

( Gastrointestinal Decontamination, GID )

( < 4 )

1.
1.

2. 3.

( apomorphine ipecac syrup )( 5-10 ml/kg


)
***:
Karen Carpenter (
)
***:

2.

1).( , 1-4 g/kg, 4-6 )

2). Cholestyramine 3).

*** :

1.

30 2.

3.

3.

1). Na sulfate( Na2SO4) Mg sulfate ( MgSO4 ), Mg citrate 250mg/kg 2). 70 % Sobitol,


3ml/ kg
***:

1.

Nitrate
:
:

1% methylene blue 5-15 mg/kg, 4-6h

46


( )
( half -life )( bioavailability )
( naringebin, naringin, quercetin, kaempferol ) Naringin(~
10% ) cytochrome P450 CYP 3A
digoxin Terfenadine cyclosporine
felodipinenifedipine
( St. Johns wort )
(
)

""
baicalein wogonin glucuroides (
) baicalein wogonin CYP3A baicalein wogonin CYP1A
SGPT Creatinine

?
(
)
( )(
)( ) () ( )( )
() ()()

()(
)( ) () (
) ()() ()( )
()( ) (, )

DNA 94
AP-PCR RAPD

DNA 4 RAPD
47

7 RAPD
8 RAPD
8 RAPD PCR-RFLP
14 PCR-RFLP
12 PCR-RFLP 9 DNA
RAPD
RAPD
RAPD

RAPD

PCR-RFLP DNA RAPD

RAPD

12

saponin
anthoquinone
( );
Panax notoginseng Boussingaultia gracilis
var. pseudobaselloides Polygonum cuspidatum Rhoeo discolor Gynura segetum
()
Taraxacum
formosanum Ixeris chinensis Ixeris laevigata Dioscorea bulbifera
Angelica sinensis Angelica acutiloba Sphenomeris chusana ( )
Polygonum plebeium Euphorbia thymifolia Euphorbia
fischeriana Alocasia macrorrhiza Siegesbeckia pubescens
Anisomeles indica Vaccaria pyramidata Ficus pumila
Melastoma candidum
10

( );
;
;

48

(
LDL > 160 , :400-1000, HDL < 35 cholesterol > 240)
( 99
) ( eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA, C20:5n-3 ), docosahexaenoic acid
( DHA, C22:6n-3 ) ( Evening Primrose oil -linolenic acid )()Coenzyme Q-10

( 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
reductase HMG-CoA 1958~59 Max Planck Institute
2001 4 Science
Proteomics innovation Bioinformatics )( 1/ 109
) statin Triglyceride cerivastatin ( Baycol ), atorvastatins
( Lipitor, Bayer ), simvastatin ( Zocor, Merck ), HDL simvastatin ( Zocor ), atorvastatins ( Lipitor ) cytochrome P450
pravastatin ( Mevalotin ) rosuvastatin ( Crestor, Astra Zeneca ) 2003 8
statin 1973~1976 Beecham 8000
1980~1986 ( 1300-1400
)1986
( 160 )1987 Pravastatin
1992 Simvastatin
( efficacy ) 2004 8
Merck Schering Plough simvastatin ezetimibe( Zetia) Vytorin

cerivastatin ( Baycol, Lipobay )(
)( rhabdomyolysis )
31 ( gemfibrozil ) 2001 8 8

( M. purpureus ) ( 0.4% ) Cholestin( statin monacolin K
lactone hydroxy-acid ), Pharmanex

:
(

) ( ~40 ppm )
( )

49


10% Calcium gluconate 0.35% Ca-saccharate Calglon 1).
1).
()( Bisacodyl ( Dulolax diphenylmethane), Senna Cassia acutifolia ( Senakot , sennoside
A & B ) 2). emodin , rhein, sennoside A & B
anthraquinone
anthraquinone ( 0.03-0.3 g )
? (1). (2).
: (3). anthraquinone
2). ( 0.05-0.2 g )
( )

( TNF, IL-1, IL-6 )
3).
:

(constipation )

( ) 4.92 () (

) 1.5 ( Lactobacillus
acidophilus Bifidobacterium lactis

psyllium

( Metamucil), ( calcium polycarcophil and methylcellulose ), ( magnesium hydroxide &

magnesium citrate)

( polyps )( adenoma )

( )
FDA 1982 .

()

35 mg/kg ( 2 gm 20%
10 ml) 50 mg/kg 10 mg/kg
10-30 mg/kg
1 g

()
50

diazepam barbiturates ( pentobarbital phenobarbital)(rhabdomyolysis)


(calcium, potassium)( lactic acidosis)
diazepam barbiturates
diazepam pentobarbital 100 mg induction
phenobarbital 5-15 mg/kg
(hemodialysis)(hemoperfusion)
(resin)

3-4

1.

( Ganoderma lucidum )
( Ganoderma lucidum ( antler ) ( Ganoderma tsugae )[Coriolus versicolor
CM-101(PSK ), COV-1 (PSP)] ( G. applanatum )( Antrodia cinnamomea Chang
& Chou, sp.Nov )

2.

> > > > 271

3.

( (
) ) 0.06% 29.7%
80

4.

( )

( adjunctive )

5.

-glucanase 20C 7 1/5

6.


( 110 ) 1982 21
10 1982 15479 2000 56323
2002 15 18

51



1955-1980 ( National Cancer Institute
NCI ) ( 1971 500 )
1955 Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center ( 1960-69 Kenneth
Endicott ), P388 L1210 1958~1982
( Jonathan Hartwell

) 70 35

18 11 4 ( 6%
1000 ) 1 6
40 1989
( disease-oriented ) MCF-7 , NCI-H640 SF-268 60

1955~ 2001

FDA 58 50 NCI Alkylating agent


chlorambucil, busulfan (), phenylalanine mustard, cyclophosphamide, Cis-platinum ( ),
MOPP ( Methlorethamine, oncovin, procarbazine, prednisone ) 5-FU , cicplatin
( cis-diamminedichloroplatinum 1965 Barnett Rosenberg E.
coli ; 1976 Einhon Britol-Myer
1998 Taxol )Methotrexate ( aminopterin, 1948 )
actinomycin D ( Waksman, 1952), anthracyclines, adriamycin, daunorubicin ( ), bleomycin (
), mitomycin C ( S. Wakaki 1958 ), L-asparaginase () colchicine
thiocolchicine allocolchicine Catharanthus roseus vincristine ( oncovine Eli Lilly
70 FDA Hodgkin ), vinblastine ( velban Eli Lilly
) vindestinevinorelbine( )vinleurosine, vinrosidene camptothecin
( Jone Hopkins Smith Kline , Topotecan
topoisomerase I ) , ( Taxus brevifolia ) taxol
paclitaxel, docetaxel ( ) ( 1966
Research Triangle Institute Monroe Wall NCI ,
1967 Taxol 5 Albert Einstein Susan Horwitz
NCI Bristol-Myers
Squibb 1984 1986
13 1992 12 ( 5 )
Bristol-Myers Squibb ,
6 ) tamoxifen ( ICI pharmaceuticals Arthur Walpole , V Craig
Jordan , NCI 1993
anti-estrogen- raloxifene Eli Lilly
Evista

)( ) interferone ( ), Interleukin-12 ,

thymosin ( ), cyclosporin anti-VEGF IgG, OvaRex (), Hercepton (), Panorex (


) (
( 125 30 ) taxol 2.5 1 2 Taxus brevifolia Taxus bacata
2 7 NCI
, Bristol-Myers Squibb Rhone-Poulenc (
Robert Holton ) paclitaxel ( )
docetaxel )
52

( combinatorial chemistry )( high throughput


screening ) : Bruceantin
( NSC-165563 ), Anguidine ( NSC-141537 ); SU-5416m Thalidomide, Marimastat, Neovastat, IM862,
Vitaxin, Endostatinaspartate transcarbamylase N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate ( NSC-224131, PAPL )
maytansine ( NSC-153858 ); DNA : 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methane sulfon-m-anisidide ( NSC-156303 ),
Neocarzinostatin adriamycin : N-trifluoroacetyl-adriamycin 14-valerate 4-hydroxy4-androstene-3,17-dione ( NSC-282175 ) topoisomerase I inhibitor : captothecin ( Topotecan from Camptotheca
acuminata) : EKI-569 ( MAPK )
: PD 184352 Bcr-Abl ( tyrosine kinase ) : Imatinib mesylate ( Gleevec, Novartis
Nicholas Lyden STI-571 Oregon Health Science University, Portland Brian Druker UCLA Owen Witte
Ciba-Geigy ( Novartis Pharma AG )
chronic myeloid leukemia,
gastrointestinal stromal tumor ), SU6668, FTK787

1.

( )

2.

( )( )

3.

4.

( )

[ ]
Mall ME, et al. Camptothecin and taxol : discovery to clinic. Cancer Res. 55: 753-760, 1995
O'Leary J & Muggia FM. Camptothecins : a review of their development and schedules of administration. Eur J Cancer.
34:1500-1508, 1998
Woodburn JR. The epidermal growth factor receptor and its inhibition in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 82: 241-50, 1999
Sebolt-Leopold, et al. Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumor in vivo. Nature Med. 5: 810-816,
1999

(Dr. Alexander Sun) (Connecticut Institute for Aging &


Cancer) (SV, SelectedVegetables)
(FDA) 2006
FDA

1984

19
17
2030% 70%

1.

: (Con A), ,
, 40~100ug/ml , ,
53

T ,
, A T ,
;
1.

baicalein baicalin
cisplatin
immunocal

Con A

con A

37C5 % CO2 96 200g HepG2 80


400g liver cell line
10

2.

, , Con-A , ,,
Con A ,
canavanine, ,
ricin 1970

150-200 30-40%
60%

3.

, , ,
, ,"
",,
, , ,

54

:
:

? ( body-mass index ) 20% > 28


( ) ( obese )
( diabetes ) ( 5
) Leptin
( leptin )
leptin
Neuropepptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone, Galanin, Orexin, Peptide YY, 2 Cocaine- and
amphetamine-regulated transcript, cholecystokinin , Corticotropin-releasing hormone, -MSH, insulin, Glucagon-like peptide-1,
Bombesin, Urocortin, Serotonin cholecystokinin
( CCK )
(l) PPA (phenyl propanolamine)
( X )
05 (2)
(3) ( Serotonin agonist )
fenfluramine 1995
1997
70 ( phentermine)
( amphetamine ) fenfluramine,
( l )

(2)


( Biguanide ) Acetazolamide
Acarbose

( ) (l)

55

(3) (

10 )

Orlistat ( Xenical )

( : 1997 3-4 30
( ) 2000 / 3 30
80% { (220- ) x 0.8 50
136 } )

: :

( < 1% ) ( Merck )
4500 ( )
( ) Raway West Point
Terlings Park Riom Pomezia
Montreal Madrid

( 1986 ( Fortune ) IBM
)


21

(1991 )

(JHFA)


, , ,
, ,
, ,
( )

56

( ) (
)


( 1819 118167
) ( Melaleuca alternifolia )( Aloe vera )

()
( anaphylaxis )

( )

(
)

()

()


57

21

A
American Botanical Council Online

http://www.herbalgram.org/

American Indian Ethnobotany Database

http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb/

An Internet Guide for the Health Professional

http://NewWindPub.com/medguide/table.htm

Association of Natural Medicine Pharmacists

http://www.anmp.org/

B
BioMedNet Databases

http://www.biomednet.com/db

The Digital Biology Project

http://www.biota.org/

C
Community of Science Web Server

http://www.cos.com/

Council for Responsible Nutrition

http://www.crnusa.org/

D
Drug Information Database

http://pharminfo.com/drg_mnu.html

E
8 Herb Alchemy

http://herbalchemy.com/

F
Food and Drug Administration

http://www.fda.gov/default.htm

FDA Dietary Supplement Stratgy - Regulatory Plan

http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-strat.html

H
Heffter Research Institute

http://www.heffter.org/

Herb Research Foundation

http://www.herbs.org/

HerbMed

http://www.amfoundation.org/herbmed.htm

I
Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement (INA). History of the INA
methods validation program

http://www.nutraceuticalinstitute.com/whoweare/index.html

J
JAMA - The Journal of the American Medical Association

http://jama.ama-assn.org/

M
58

Medicinal Plant Databases

http://www.wam.umd.edu/~mct/Plants/medicinal.html

Medscape

http://www.medscape.com/

Medline via the National Library of Medicine

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/

N
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

http://nccam.nih.gov/

National Center for Health Statistics

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/pubd.htm

New England Journal of Medicine

http://www.nejm.org/content/index.asp

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements

http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/

O
Pharmaceutical Information Networks

http://www.pharminfo.com/

Phytopharmacognosy Discussion Group

http://www.phytochemistry.freeserve.co.uk/

Plant Reference Databases

http://probe.nalusda.gov:8300/related/index.html

R
RxList - The Internet Drug Index

http://www.rxlist.com/

S
St. Michael's Hospital Health Science Library

http://www.smh.toronto.on.ca/hslibrary/index.htm

V
Vascular Plant Image Gallery

http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/gallery.htm

W
WebMD - Health has a homepage

http://my.webmd.com/

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6(2): 127-148, 1995.

Yang H.Y, & Chen C.F.. Subacute toxicity of 15 commonly used Chinese drugs (II). Journal of Food & Drug Analysis( Taiwan ). 5 : 355-380,
1997.
Yang H.Y., & Chen C.F.. Subacute toxicity of 15 commonly used Chinese drugs (III). J. Chin. Med. 8: 33-54, 1997.
Yang H.Y., & Chen C.F.. Subacute toxicity of 15 commonly used Chinese drugs (IV). J. Chin. Med. 9 : 21-43, 1997
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Cassileth B, Chapman C. Alternative and Complementary Cancer Therapies. Cancer 1996; 77(6):1026-33.
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