Work of:-

Abhinav,Aseem Mittal,Ashok Kumar

and Naval Chaudhary

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 VAPORIZATION

Vaporization of an element or compound is a

phase transition from the liquid phase to gas
phase. There are two types of vaporization :
evaporation and boiling.

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 Evaporation:-Evaporation is a phase transition
from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs at
temperatures below the boiling temperature at a
given pressure. .
 Boiling:-Boiling is a phase transition from the
liquid phase to gas phase that occurs at or above
the temperature the boiling temperature.
 Note: 1-evaporation usually occurs on the
surface.
2- Note boiling occurs below the surface.

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 …

DRYING

EVAPORATIO V/S
N
DISTILLATION

CRYSTALLIZATION

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 …
CLASSIFICATION OF
TUBULAR VAPORIZING
EQUIPMENT

VAPORIZING
BOILERS
EXCHANGERS

EVAPORATOR

(Fuel energy Latent heat (Latent heat or sensible heat

of vaporization)
Latent heat of vaporization)

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 Difference between….

1. Evaporator and
Reboiler ,

2. Evaporator and
Vaporizer,

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 Types of evaporator…
2. Power plant evaporator
3. Chemical evaporator.

 COMPERISION BETWEEN POWER PLANT & CHEMICAL

EVAPORATOR
 B.F.W.
 BLOWDOWN
 B.P.R.

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 CHEMICAL EVAPORATOR

. SINGLE EFFECT MULTIPLE EFFECT

NATURAL CIRCULATION FORCED CIRCULATION

HORIZONTAL TUBE INSIDE VERTICAL HEATING ELEMENT

CALANDRIA VERTICAL TUBE VERTICAL EXTERNAL ELEMENT

HORIZONTAL EXTERNAL ELEMENT

BASKET VARTICAL TUBE

LONG TUBE VERTICAL

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 CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EVAPORATOR

 Important terms…………..
 Concentration
 Foaming
 Temperature sensitivity
 Scaling and salting
 Materials of construction (M.O.C.)

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 In this type, evaporator the vapor from the
boiling liquid is condensed and discarded.
 Single effects units can be operated in

3. Batch mode
4. Semi batch mode
5. Continuous batch mode
6. Continuous mode

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 Are used when
1.Through put is low.
2. Cheap supply of steam is available.
3. Vapors are contaminated.

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 It uses steam inefficiently.
 To evaporate 1 kg of water we need 1-1.3 kg
of steam.

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Series of evaporators between the steam
supply and condenser is called multiple
effect evaporator.
 The vapors from one effect serve as the
heating medium for the next.
 Temp of vapors decreases and pressure also
decreases.

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 Four types of feeding systems-
 Forward feed
 Backward feed
 Mixed feed
 Parallel feed

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 Liquid feed flows in same direction as
vapors.
 Pump is required for feeding and at the last
effect.

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FORWARD FEED

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 Liquid feed flows in reverse direction of
vapors .
 Pump is required at each effect.

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BACKWARD FEED
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 The dilute liquid enters an intermediate
effect.
 Eliminates some of the pumps as needed in
backward feed.

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MIXED FEED

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 Fresh feed is provided to each effect and
mother liqour is withdrawn from each effect
 There is no transfer of liquid.

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PARALLEL FEED

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HORIZONTAL
TUBE
EVAPORATOR

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STRUCTURE

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 They consist of round or square shell and a
horizontal tube bundle , which is square.

 The consist steam in the tubes and feed

outside.

 0.75 in to 1.2 in outer dia.

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 The require small head room.

 Provide good space economy.

 Small heat transfer coefficient.

 Can not be used for high mineral and salt

content.

 Can not be used for forth liquid.

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 Suited for the process where the final
product is liquid, not solid; such as sugar
syrup and edible drinks.

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 Vertical type of evaporator.
 Tube sheets extending across the body and
central downtake.
 Tubes are rolled Between two tube sheets,
not more than 6’ high.
 Feed is introduced in the tubes.
 Flow area the downtake is one half area of
tubes and tubes having O.D. 3 in.
 Circulation is due to difference in sp.gravity
between bulk liquid and heated liquid.

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CALANDRIA TYPE
EVAPORATOR
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CATCHALL

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 Low head space required.
 High heat transfer coefficient.
 Lesser scaling problem .
 Relatively inexpensive.
 Not used for temp sensitive solution.
 Unsuitable for crystalline products.
 Used for concentration of sugarcane juice.

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 Removable tube bundle .
 Supported by internal brackets.
 Downtake occurs between the bundle and
the shell.

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BASKET TYPE
EVAPORATOR

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 No problem of differential expansion .
 Easy to clean.

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 LONG
TUBE
EVAPORATOR
S 46
FEED

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STRUCTURE & DETAILS….>>>

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 Are also known by RISING FILM
EVAPORATORS.
 Long Tubular Heating element.
 Vapor Deflector present to Reduce
Entrainment.
 Tube OD 5/4 to 2 in.
 Tube length 12-32 ft.

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 Reduced floor space  High Head Room
requirements requirement
 Relatively high heat  Hydrostatic head at
transfer coff. bottom may increase
 Ability to handle product temperature
foamy liquids & cause temp.
sensitivity problems

Advantages Disadvantages
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 FALLING
FILM
EVAPORATOR
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STRUCTURE….>>>

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 Feed fed from the top.
 Feed distributors present.
 Particularly used in application where the
temp. driving force b/w the heating medium
& liquid is small (less than 15 F)
 Vapor/Liquid separator at the bottom.

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 Relatively low cost.  High head room
 Large heating surface requirements.
in one body.  Generally not suited
 Low product hold-up. for scaling and salting
 Small floor materials
requirements.  Recirculation
 Good heat transfer generally required.
coff. at reasonable
temp. differrences

Advantages Disadvantages
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FORCED
CIRCULATION
EVAPORATO
RS 58
STRUCTURE & DETAILS….>>>

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 Difference b/w Natural & Forced Circulation
type evaporators.
 Tube OD less than 2 in.
 Used for conc. of sol. with poor flow, scale &
thermal characteristics.
 Circulating Pump present at the bottom to
mix the feed & concentrate.

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 High heat transfer  Possibly high cost.
coff.  A longer hold-up of
 Reduced fouling & the product within
scaling. the heating zone.

Advantages Disadvantages

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Horizontal
Type
Forced
Circulation
Evaporators
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There is always liquid level above the top
of a bundle of horizontal tubes. The boiling pt.
is being set up by the pressure at the
liquid/vapor interface. This exerts the
hydrostatic pressure upon the contact. The
added pressure upon the liquid raises the
boiling pt. at the heat transfer surface. This
reduces the useful temp diff effective upon
the heat transfer surface

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8.George G. B. , unit operations , pg no.474-482.
9.www.evaporator.com
10.www.wikipedia.org

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