, ,

,
: + =
:

0
.

(
)


(
).

,
, () ()
(),
.

.
.

, ,
,
: = .
:

1
.

(
)


( )

:

 :
... ,
,
.

.

,
2, .

,
3, .

1,
.

1, 1,
1.

.
(
) :
1. .
2.
3. .
,
.

0, , 2, 3, 4 ... .
o .
o .
o .

()
.
o 1 .
1 ,
.
.
() (, ).

(, ) = 1.

 2520, 2940, 3780 .

f
.

: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...
2
2
: + =
.
:

+ = +
()
+(+)=(+)+ ()
+0=0+=
( 0 )

: - = , >
, .

-= =+ -=
-0=

: . =
.
:

=
()
( ) = ( ) ()
1=1 = ( 1 )

: = , 0
, .

: = = : =
: 1 = : =1 0 : =0

( + ) = +

:
(-) = -

: = ... ( )
: = + , 0

<

, ,

.
.
1 ,
.

(, ) = 1
: :

10, 100, 1000, ... 1, 2, 3,...

2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
5, 0 5
3 9, 3 9

4 25, 4 25.


.
1.

1.
, , 0

.
:

" " .



,
:


.




.

(
)

,
.


.


.

,
, .
1
.



.


.
,
,
.

10.

10,100,1000 10000, 10:
101, 102, 103 104

:

.

.
5,

.
5,


1.

957,3842

957,384

957,3842

957,38

957,3842

957,4

957,3842

957

957,3842

960

957,3842

1000

( m)
:
1 (dm)
1 (cm)
1 (mm)

a1dm =

1cm =
1mm =

1 (Km)

m = 0,1m

m = 0,01m
m = 0,001m
1Km = 1000m

,
, .
1 = 1.852 m


o
( m2)

.

1 dm2 =

m2 = 0,01 m2

1 cm2 =

m2 =0,0001 m2

:
1 (dm2)
1 (cm2)
1 (mm2)

1 mm2 =

m2
=0,000001 m2

.
1 Km2 = 1.000.000 m2 = 106 m2
1 = 1000 m2

o
( m3)
.
:
1 (dm3)
1 (cm3)
1 (mm3)

dm3 (lt).
To cm3 (ml)

( s)


( g)

1 dm3 =

1 cm3 =

m3 =
0,001 m3

m3
=0,000001 m3
1 mm3 =
m3
=0,0000000001 m3

1 lt = 1 dm3 = 0,001 m3
1 ml = 0,001 lt = 1cm3 =
0,000001 m3
- 1 (min) = 60 s
- 1 (h) = 60 min = 3.600 s
- 1 = 24h = 1.440 min = 86.400 s
:
- 1 (g) 1 g = 0,001 Kg
- 1 (mg) 1 mg = 0,001 g =
0,000001 Kg
:
- 1 (t) 1 t = 1000 Kg

,
().
,

 ,
.

x 7 = 5 12

, ,
, .
,
.

x = x 0 2 = 0
.

x + 2 = x + 6 0 = 5
.

...., -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,.....

, ,
( )

O :

||:

> , ||= < , || = -

= +

(: , 0 , )
= ... ( )

: = -
() =

() =

0 = 1 1 =

, , ,
.

.

.

,
,
("").

, ,
, .

, .. (),
.. xx,
yy.

.
.

, .. , ,
,

.


, .. x, y ..
xx,
x x,
.
' x
y, .
1 2.

x y .
"" (1)
(2) .


.

) , .. "

".

.
, .. ,

, .

.

,
.
,
.

,
,

,
, .
, .
,

 . .

, ,
.
, , , ,
.

, .
, , :
: , .
, (). ,
, : .
,

, .
.
, .

.
,
.
,
.
, .

.
.
, : 1.
: 1 = 60 ( ) 1 = 60 ( ).

 "" .

.
.
90.

90
90
180

180 .

180 360

0

360

.

, .

1 2
, 1
1 2.

( )
,
( ).

,
.

,

.

180.
.

90.
.

.

,
.


.

1, 2 ,
"//" 1//2.

 ' , .. .

.
()
.

.

H .
1 2 "" ( )
"".
" " ( )
,
"".
16
.
() ()
() ()
() - () - .

:
1.
2.

1.