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WATER
P R1
R2
F2 F1 w
Prestessing is used to minimize the
quantity of concrete and counteract
tensions.
Spillway
MWL
Max. level (inside dam)
NWL
Normal
water level
Buttress
Free board
Sluice way
Gallery
Heel
Toe
Buttress
MWL
Max. level
NWL
Normal
water level
Buttress
Buttress
A thin, erect, tabular
concrete supporting
member used in
construction of slab
and buttress dams.
Also a projecting
structure providing
lateral support to a
rock face or a
portion of a dam.
Heel
MWL
Max. level
NWL
Normal
water level
Heel
Heel
The upstream
contact of a dam
with its
foundation.
Toe
MWL
Max. level
NWL
Normal
water level
Toe
Toe
The downstream
contact of a dam
with its
foundation.
Crest
Crest
Upstream Down stream
MWL
Max. level
NWL
Normal
water level
Crest
The top of a
Dam Pavements
Spillway
MWL
Max. level (inside dam)
NWL
Normal
water level
Spillway
The structure on or
at the side of a dam
that contains and
guides the flow of
the excess water
supplied to a
reservoir. Spillways
inside the reservoir
are called glory
holes and consist of
a vertical shaft a
tunnel which exits
below the dam.
Spillway
Controlled Spillway
Water flow control by using gates
Uncontrolled Spillway
The elevation of spillway crest use to
control the water flow.
Spillway
Types
Auxiliary Spillways/Emergency Spillways
Primary Spillways
Siphon Spillways
MWL
Max. level
NWL
Normal
water level
Sluice way
Sluice way
An opening in the dam near the ground level,
which is used to clear the silt accumulation in
the reservoir side.
Gallery
Upstream Down stream
MWL
Max. level
NWL
Normal
water level
Gallery
Gallery
A long, narrow
passage inside of a
dam used for
inspection, grouting,
or spillway.
Free board
Upstream Down stream
MWL
Max. level
NWL
Normal
water level
Free board
Freeboar
d
That portion of a dam maximum water level in
a reservoir.
Penstock
A conduit,
commonly steel
pipe, leading from
the reservoir to a
power generating
plant downstream
from the
reservoir.
Usage of
Penstock
Turbine
Fish
Ladders
A structure built
at the side or up
the face of a
dam to enable
migration of fish
upstream and
downstream.
Materials Depend On
Construction Method
Size of Construction
Type of Project
Soil Condition
Nature
Durability
Types of Materials
Reinforcement
Aggregate
Admixtures
Water proofing
Pozzolan
Cement
Cement
Water Stops:
Provided in transfers joints for
stopping the flow of water into the
joints
eg:-
- Copper (20mm gauge)
- An alloy of Nickel & Copper
- Stainless Steel
PLANT & EQUIPMENT
EXCAVATORS
• Dragline
• Backhoe
• Bulldozers
•Scraper
• Dumpers
CRANES
CONCRETE EQUIPMENT
ADVANTAGES
• Height limitations.
• Construction difficulty.
Bartlett Dam
Verde River, AZ
Examples
Bartlett Dam
Verde River, AZ
Cost analysis
• Materials 25%
• Formwork 20%
• Plant Purchase
19%
• Plant Operation
19%
• Precooling concrete 3%
• Concrete Treatment 3%