CHNG 3: TCH PHN HM PHC

1. TCH PHN NG CA HM BIN PHC 1. nh ngha: Cho ng cong C nh hng, trn tng khc v trn C cho mt hm phc f(z). Tch phn ca f(z) dc theo C c nh ngha v k hiu l:
lim f ( t k )(z k z k 1 ) = f (z)dz
n k =1 C n

(1)

Trong a = zo , z1,..,zn = b l nhng im k tip nhau trn C; a v b l hai mt, tk l mt im tu ca C nm trn cung [ zk, zk-1]. Gii hn (1) thc hin sao cho max lk 0 vi lk l di cung [ zk, zk-1]. 2. Cch tnh: t f(z) = u(x,y) + jv(x,y), zk = xk + jyk xk = xk - xk-1, yk = yk - yk-1 tk = k +jk; u(k , k) = uk; v(k , k) = vk ta c:

f ( t k )(z k z k 1 ) = (u k x k v k y k ) + j (u k x k + v k y k )
k =1 k =1 k =1

(2)

Nu ng cong C trn tng khc v f(z) lin tc tng khc, gii ni th khi n v phi ca (2) tin ti cc tch phn ng ca hm bin thc. Do tn ti: (3) f (z) = (udx vdy) + j (udy + vdx )
C C C

Nu ng cong L c phng trnh tham s l x = x(t), y = y(t) v t th ta c th vit di dng hm bin thc: z = x(t) + jy(t) = z(t) t vi z(a) = ; z(b) = . Khi ta c cng thc tin dng:
C

f (z)dz = f [ z( t ) ].z( t ) dt

(4)

V d 1: Tnh I = Rezdz , L l on thng ni 2 im 0 v 1 + j theo chiu t 0 n L y y 1+j.

j C

1 x -a O O Phng trnh tham s ca L c th ly l: x ( t ) = t Vy z(t) = (1 + j)t, t thc t [0, 1] y ( t ) = t im O ng vi t = 0 v im B ng vi t = 1. Theo (4):

51

I = Re(1 + j) t.z( t )dt = (1 + j) tdt = (1 + j) tdt =

0 0 0

1+ j 2

dz , L l na cung trn nm trong na mt phng trn, ni im -a L z v a, chiu ly tch phn t -a n a. Phng trnh tham s ca ng cong L l: x = acos t y = asin t Vy z(t) = a(cost + jsint) = aejt, z(t) = jaejt. im -a ng vi t = , im a ng vi t = 0. Theo (4): 0 dz 0 jae jt dt I= = = j dt = j jt L z ae V d 3: Tnh I = (1 + j 2 z )dz , C l cung parabol y = x2, ni gc O v im B c

V d 2:Tnh I =

to (1,1). Hm f(z ) = 1 + j 2z = 1 + j 2( x jy) . Tch phn thc v phn o ta c u(x, y)=1-2x v(x, y) = 1 + 2y. Dng (3) ta c: I = (1 2 x )dx (1 + 2 y)dy + j (1 + 2 y)dx + (1 2 x )dy
C C

Chuyn mi tch phn ng loi 2 thnh tch phn xc nh ta c:

C

(1 2x )dx (1 + 2 y)dy = (1 2x )dx (1 + 2x (1 + 2 y)dx + (1 2x )dy = (1 + 2x

0 0 1 2

)2 xdx = (4x 3 4x + 1)dx = 2

0 1

)dx + (1 2x )2xdx = (2x 2 + 2x + 1)dx =

0

4 3

Thay vo trn ta c: 4j I = 2 + 3 V d 4: Tnh I = z 2 dz , AB l on thng ni im A l to v ca s phc 2 v

AB

im B l to v ca s phc j. f(z) = z2 = (x + jy)2 = (x2 - y2 + 2jxy) nn u = x2 - y2 v v = 2xy. Theo (3) ta c: I = ( x 2 y 2 )dx 2 xydy + j ( x 2 y 2 )dy + 2 xydx
AB AB

V AB c phng trnh x = 2 - 2y, dx = -2dy (chn y lm tham s) nn:

AB

(x

y )dx 2xydy = (4 + 4 y 2 8y y 2 )(2dy) 2(2 2 y)ydy =

2 0 1

8 3 1 3

AB

2 2 2 2 ( x y )dy + 2xydx = (4 + 4 y 8y y )dy + 2 y(2 2 y)(2 ydy) = 0

Thay vo ta c:
52

8+ j 3 2 V d 5: Tnh I k = (z ) dz k = 1, 2 I=
C

vi C1 l on thng ni 0 v 1 + j v C2 l ng gp khc ni 0, 1, 1 + j p dng (4) vi C1 ta c z = (1 + j)t, t i t 0 n 1 nn: 1 2 2 I1 = (z ) dz = (1 j) 2 t 2 (1 + j)dt = (1 j) 3 C1 o Tng t: 1 1 2 2 2 I1 = (z ) dz = t dt + (1 jt ) 2dt = (2 + j) 3 o o C2

3. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn: T cng thc (3) ta suy ra rng tch phn ca hm bin phc dc theo mt ng cong c tt c cc tnh cht thng thng ca mt tch phn ng loi 2. Ta nu li cc tnh cht : - Tch phn khng ph thuc tn gi bin s tch phn f (z)dz = f ( )d
AB

AB

[f (z) + g(z)]dz = f (z)dz + g(z)dz

AB AB

AB

- Nu a l hng s phc th: af (z)dz =a f (z)dz

AB AB

AB

f (z)dz = f (z)dz
BA

- Nu A, B v C l 3 im cng nm trn mt ng cong th: f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz

AC z AB BC

zo

dz = z z o

4. Cc cng thc c lng tch phn: Nu M l gi tr ln nht ca | f(z) | trn ng cong L (ngha l | f(z) | M z L) th ta c:

f (z)dz
L n

f (z)dz dz Ml
L

(5)

Chng minh: V mun ca mt tng nh hoc bng tng cc mun nn:

f ( k )z k
k =1

f ( k ) z k
k =1

Nhng theo gi thit | f(k) | M nn:

53

 f ( k )z k M z k = M z k
k =1 n k =1 k =1

Vy:

f ( k )z k M z k
k =1 k =1

Ch l

k =1

z k bng chiu di ng gp khc c cc nh ti zo, z1, z2 ,..,zn. Khi

max | zk | 0 th trong (6) ta c:

k =1

z k dn ti di l ca ng cong L. Chuyn qua gii hn

f (z)dz
L

Ml

(5)

2. NH L CAUCHY CHO MIN N LIN 1. nh l: Nu f(z) gii tch trong min n lin D v C l mt ng cong kn nm trong D th: (6) f (z)dz = 0
L

Chng minh: Gi thit ch i hi f(z) gii tch trong D , nhng vi gi thit ny, cch chng minh s kh hn. n gin cch chng minh, ta gi thit thm f(z) lin tc trong D . Vy u(x, y) v v(x, y) lin tc v c o hm ring lin tc trong D . Theo (3) th: f (z)dz = udx vdy + j vdx + udy
L L L

Trong gii tch, nu bit P(x, y), Q(x, y) lin tc v c o hm ring lin tc trong Q P D th iu kin cn v Pdx + Qdy = 0 C D l = x y C p dng kt qu cho, ta thy udx vdy = 0 . Tht vy, y P = u v Q = -v. Do
L

gi thit f(z) gii tch nn cc iu kin C - R c tho mn, vy u P ( v) Q = = = y y x x Tng t ta chng minh c vdx + udy = 0 . Do f ( z)dz = 0 L L y
V d 1: Nu L l ng cong kn bt k gii hn mt min n lin G, th e z dz = 0 v f(z) = ez gii tch
L

j 0 -j
54

trong c mt phng.

V d 2: Tnh I =

sin z dz , L l ng trn | z - 1| = 1. 2 + z 1 L

sin z c hai im bt thng l nghim ca phng trnh z2 + 1 = 0 l j. 2 z +1 Vy f(z) gii tch trong min | z - 1 | 1 . p dng nh l Cauchy ta c I = 0. dz V d 3: Tnh I = , L l ng trn tm zo, bn knh R, tch phn ly theo L z z0 chiu dng. Phng trnh tham s ca L l: x = x o + a cos t y = y o + a sin t Vy z(t) = x(t) + jy(t) = zo + aejt; z(t) = jaejt. Theo (4) ta c: 2 jae tj I = tj dt = 2j 0 ae 1 c im bt thng ti z = zo v gi thit ca nh l S d I 0 v hm f (z) = z z0 Cauchy khng c tho mn. Qua v d ny ta thy nu f(z) c im bt thng trong G th nh l Cauchy khng cn ng na.

Hm f ( z ) =

V d 4: Tnh I = ze z dz
o

Ta c th vit: I = ze dz = ze
z o j+1 1

z j o

e z dz = je j (e j 1) = 1 + ( j 1)(cos1 + j sin 1)
o

= (1 cos1 sin 1) + j(cos1 sin 1)

V d 5: Tnh I = (z 1)100 zdz

t t = z - 1 ta c:

t102 t101 j102 j101 1 j I = t100 ( t + 1)dt = ( t101 + t100 )dt = + = + = + 102 101 102 102 o o 0 102 101
j j

3. NH L CAUCHY CHO MIN A LIN 1. nh l: Gi s min G l a lin m bin L gm ng cong bn ngoi Lo, v cc ng cong bn trong L1, L2,.., Ln.(hnh a) Nu f(z) l mt hm gii tch trong G th: (7) f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + L + f (z)dz
Lo L1 L2 Ln

55

L1 L2 Lo L1

A B Lo

Cc tch phn u ly theo hng dng, ngha l ngc chiu kim ng h. Chng minh: Ta s chng minh f (z)dz = f (z)dz
Lo L1

nu bin bn trong ch c mt ng cong kn L1(hnh b). Cch chng minh tng t nu bin bn trong c nhiu ng. Gi s AB l lt ct ni im A trn ng Lo v im B trn ng L1. Do lt ct AB, min G tr thnh n lin, do c th p dng nh l Cauchy nu phn trn. Ta c: f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz = 0
Lo AB L1 BA

K hiu

L1

f (z)dz ch tch phn theo hng thun chiu kim ng h.

Theo tnh cht ca tch phn ta c: f (z)dz = f (z)dz

L1 L1 AB

f (z)dz = f (z)dz
BA

Thay vo trn ta c: f (z)dz f (z)dz = 0

Lo L1

y l iu cn chng minh. Ghi ch: Cng thc (7) c th vit thnh: f (z)dz f (z)dz f (z)dz L f (z)dz = 0
Lo L1 L2 Ln

hay:

Lo

f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + L + f (z)dz = 0

L1 L2 Ln

hay gn hn: f (z)dz = 0

Lo + L1+L+ Ln

Gi L l bin c hng dng ca min G th ng thc trn c vit l: f (z)dz = 0

L

y l cng thc (1) suy rng cho min a lin.

56

H qu: Gi s f(z) gii tch trong min D c bin C v lin tc trong D th vi mi ro D th: f (z) = 2jf (z o ) C z zo V d :Tnh I =

dz vi n nguyn dng, zo cho trc. L l ng cong kn n ( ) z z L o

khng qua zo
zo

zo

Gi G l min gii hn bi ng cong L. 1 l hm gii tch trong G nn theo nh l Gi s zo G. Khi f (z) = (z z o )n Cauchy th I = 0 Gi s zo G. Loi khi G mt min l hnh trn tm zo , bn knh a. Nh vy f(z) s gii tch trong min nh lin cn li. Theo (8) th: dz dz I= = n n L (z z o ) (z z o ) l ng trn | z - zo | = a. Nu n = 1 th I = 2j Nu n 1, ch l khi z th: z = zo + aejt, dz = jaejtdt 0 t 2 Vy: 2 2 dz jae jt dt j 2 j(1n ) t 1 I= = = e dt = e j(1n ) t = 0 v ej(1-n)2 = eo = 1 n n jnt n 1 n 1 0 a 0 (1 n )a 0 a e L (z z o ) Ta tm tt kt qu dng sau ny: 2 j khi n = 1, L bao z o dz (z z )n = 0 z L o
2. Tch phn khng ph thuc ng i: nh l: Gi s f(z) l mt hm gii tch trn min n lin G v zo l mt im c nh thuc G. Khi tch phn ca hm f(z) dc theo mt ng cong kn nm

trn trong G, i t im zo n im z phn

zo

f (z)dz

khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch

57

Nu cn trn z thay i th tch phn l mt hm gii tch ca z trong G v c o hm c xc nh bi cng thc: z d f (z)dz = f (z) (10) dz zo Chng minh: Ly hai ng cong bt l L1 v L2 nm trong G v i t zo n z. Do f(z) gii tch nn p dng nh l Cauchy cho ng cong kn MomMnMo: f (z)dz + f (z)dz = 0
M o mM MnM o

L2 Mo(zo) n M(z) m L1

hay:

M o mM

f (z)dz f (z)dz = 0
M onM L2

tc l: f (z )dz = f (z )dz
L1

V L1 v L2 l bt k nn ta c th kt lun rng tch phn i t zo n z khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn m ch ph thuc cn trn z. By gi ta cn phi chng minh rng nu t F(z) = f (z)dz th F(z) = f(z). V
zo z

tch phn khng ph thuc ng i nn ng vi mi z tch phn c mt gi tr hon ton xc nh. Vy F(z) l mt hm n tr. Ta c: F = F(z + z) F(z) =
z + z zo

f ( ) d f ( ) d = + f ( ) d = f ( ) d
zo z z

zo

z + z

V f() gii tch, nn n lin tc ti z. Do c th vit f() = f(z) + () vi () l hm gii tch, dn ti 0 khi 0. Vy:

F =

z + z z

[f (z) + ()]d = f (z)d + ()d = f (z) d + ()d

z z z z

z + z

z + z

z + z

z + z

= f (z)z +

z + z z

()d

()d F hay (11) = f (z) + z z z Cho z0 th z + z z. S hng th hai bn v phi dn ti 0. Tht vy, do tch
z + z

z + z

phn khng ph thuc ng i nn trong tch phn

()d
z

ta chn ng i t z

ti z + z l on thng ni hai im . Chiu di on thng ny l | z |. Sau p dng cng thc c lng tch phn ta c:
z + z z

()d

max ( ) . z
58

z + z

Vy:

( ) d
z

max ( )
z + z

Cho z0 th max | () | 0. Do

()d
z

0 . T (11) ta suy ra F(z) = f(z).

4. TCH PHN BT NH Ta gi F(z) l nguyn hm f(z) nu F(z) = f(z). Hin nhin, nu F(z) l nguyn hm ca f(z) th F(z) + C , trong C l mt hng s phc cng l nguyn hm ca f(z). Ngc li nu (z) v F(z) u l nguyn hm ca f(z) th chng phi khc nhau mt hng s phc C: (z) - F(z) = C Tht vy, t g(z) = (z) - F(z) = u(x, y) + jv(x, y). Ta phi chng minh rng u v v l nhng hng s. Ta c: g(z) = (z) - F(z) = 0 (12) Nhng theo cng thc tnh o hm: u u v v g(z) = +j = j =0 x x y y Nh vy: u v u v = = 0; = =0 x y y x Ngha l u(x, y) v v(x, y) l cc hng s. Ta suy ra rng nu F(z) l nguyn hm ca f(z) th h hm s F(z) + C vi C l mt hng s phc tu , cha tt c cc nguyn hm ca f(z). Ta gi h hm s ny l tch phn bt nh ca hm f(z) v k hiu l f (z)dz .

Tm li: f (z)dz = F(z) + C : F(z) = f (z) Theo bng o hm ta c th suy ra bng nguyn hm, ging nh trong tch phn thc: z z e dz = e + C
z n +1 z dz = n + 1 + C sin zdz = cos z + C
n

zdz = ln z + C
59

5. CNG THC NEWTON - LEIBNITZ nh l: Gi s f(z) l mt hm gii tch trong min n lin G v c nguyn hm F(z). Khi :
z2 z1

f ()d = F(z 2 ) F(z1 )

z zo

(13) cng l mt nguyn hm f(z). Vy:

Chng minh: Ta bit l

f ( )d

zo z

f ()d = F(z) + C f ( )d = F(z) F(z o )

1 f ()d = F(z1 ) F(z o ) = F(z) z z

Thay z = zo vo 2 v ta c: 0 = F(zo) + C. Do C = - F(zo). Nh vy:

zo
z1 zo

Khi z = z1:
o

Cng thc ny c gi l cng thc Newton - Leibnitz. Khi tnh tch phn ca mt hm gii tch ta dng trc tip cng thc ny m khng a v tnh tch phn ng loi 2.
V d 1: Tnh I = z 2 dz
2 j

z3 j+8 = I = z dz = 3 2 3 2 dz Vi d 2: Tnh I = , L l cung trn i t im z = -a n im z = a( a> 0) L z

j 2

dz a dz I = = = ln z = ln a ln(a ) = ln a [ln a + j arg(a )] = j a z L z a

V d 3: Tnh I = ze z dz
0 j

I = ze dz = ze
z 0

z j 0

e z dz = ze z e z = 0.381 0.301 j
0 0 0

6. CNG THC TCH PHN CAUCHY 1. Tch phn Cauchy: nh l: Gi s G l mt min n lin hoc a lin gii hn bi bin L v z l mt im bn trong G. Nu f(z) gii tch trong G th ta c cng thc:
60

1 f ( ) d (14) 2 j L z Tch phn bn v phi c gi l tch phn Cauchy ca hm f(z). Cng thc (14) c gi l cng thc tch phn Cauchy. ngha: Cng thc ny cho php ta tnh c gi tr ca hm gii tch bn trong min G khi bit gi tr ca n trn bin. Ni khc i, gi tr ca hm gii tch trong min, hon ton c xc nh bi gi tr ca n trn bin. Chng minh: Ly zo bt k trong min G, ta s chng minh zo rng: 1 f ( )d f (z o ) = (15) 2 j L z o L f (z) . Loi khi min G mt hnh trn t (z) = z zo bn knh r bt k nh c tm ti zo th (z) s gii tch trong min a lin cn li. p dng nh l Cauchy cho min a lin ta c: f ( ) d f ( ) d z = z L o o f (z) = l ng trn | - zo | = r V cng thc trn ng vi mi r kh b nn ( ng trn nm trong min G) ta c th vit: f ( )d f ( ) d z = lim r 0 zo L o Ta c: f ( ) f ( z o ) f ( ) f ( z o ) + f ( z o ) 1 f ( ) d d d + f ( z o ) d = z = z z z o o o o = f ( ) f ( z o ) d + 2 jf (z o ) zo (16)

Do tnh lin tc ca hm f() nn > 0 ta c th chn r kh b | f() - f(zo) | < . Khi ta c | - zo | = r v: f ( ) f ( z o ) < r zo p dng cng thc c lng tch phn ta c: f ( ) f ( z o ) 2r = 2 z r o V b tu nn:
61

f ( ) f ( z o ) d = 0 r 0 z o T (16) suy ra: f ( ) lim d = 2f (z o ) r 0 z o l iu cn chng minh. Nh cng thc tch phn Cauchy ta c th tnh mt s tch phn ly dc theo mt ng cong kn. e z dz V d 1: Tnh I = trong cc trng hp sau: L z ( z 3) - L l ng trn tm ti 2, bn knh 1.5(ng L1) L2 - L l ng trn tm O, bn knh 0.25(ng L2) - L l ng trn tm 0.5, bn knh 5(ng L3) L1 e z dz ta dng (15) - tnh tch phn I = L1 z ( z 3) lim

ez , zo = 3; hm f(z) gii tch z 3 trong hnh trn z 2 . Vy gi thit 2 ca nh l c tho mn. Ta c: e z dz ez I= = 2 jf (3) =2 j 3 L1 z ( z 3)
Chn f (z) =

L3

ez e z dz - tnh I = ta t f (z) = , zo = 0; hm f(z) gii tch trong hnh trn z3 L2 z ( z 3) 1 z . Vy gi thit ca nh l c tho mn. Ta c: 4 e z dz e0 2 j I= = 2 jf (0) = 2 j = 03 3 L1 z ( z 3) ez gii tch trong min a lin m bin ngoi l z(z 3) Lo v hai bin trong l L1 v L2. p dng nh l Cauchy cho min a lin ta c: 1 ez e z dz e z dz e z dz z(z 3) = z(z 3) + z(z 3) = 2 j 3 + 3 L L1 L2 dz V d 2: Tnh I = 2 trong 2 trng hp: L z +1 - L l ng trn | z - 2 | = 3/2(ng L1) - L l ng trn | z - j | = 1 (ng L1) - Hm di du tch phn f (z) =
62

V hm f (z ) =

L2 3 trn z 2 nn theo nh l Cauchy ta 2 c: dz I= 2 =0 L1 z + 1 dz dz I= 2 . = L1 L2 z + 1 L 2 ( z + j)( z j) 1 Ta t f (z) = , zo = j. Hm f(z) gii tch trong hnh trn | z - j | 1. p dng (15) z+ j ta c: 1 dz 1 = f ( j) = 2 2 j L 2 z + 1 2j Nh vy: dz z2 + 1 = L2 2. Tch phn loi Cauchy: nh ngha: Gi s L l mt ng cong trn v f(t) l mt hm lin tc trn L. Xt hm: 1 f ( t )dt , z bt k L (17) ( z) = 2 j L t z Nu z L th hm s di du tch phn l mt hm lin tc. Vy tch phn tn ti v cho ta mt hm s ca z xc nh khp ni, tr cc im thuc L. nh l: Hm (z) xc nh bi tch phn loi Cauchy mt hm gii tch ti mi im z L. o hm cp n ca n c tnh theo cng thc: n1 f ()d , z bt k L ( n ) (z) = 2j L t z

1 gii tch trong hnh z +1

2

7. O HM CP CAO CA MT HM GII TCH 1. o hm cp cao ca mt hm gii tch: nh l: Nu f(z) gii tch trong min gii ni D v lin tc trong D vi bin C th ti mi z D hm f(z) c o hm mi cp v: n! f ( t )dt (20) f ( n ) (z) = ; n = 1,2,... 2 j C ( t z) n +1 Trong chiu i trn bin C l chiu dng. Chng minh: Theo nh ngha o hm v cng thc tch phn Cauchy ta c:

63

f (z) = lim

f (z + h ) f (z) 1 1 1 1 lim f ( t ) = dt h 0 h 2 j h0 h C t z h t z 1 1 f ( t )dt 1 f ( t )dt lim = = 2 j h0 h C ( t z h )( t z) 2 j C ( t z) 2

1 z c nh tzh

Vic qua gii hn di du tch phn thc hin c v hm g( t ) = thuc D v t chy trn C hi t u trn C n

1 khi h 0. tz Ta chng minh cng thc trn vi n = 1. Vi n > 1 ta chng minh bng cch quy np. Nh vy ta suy ra nu f(z) gii tch trong min n lin gii hn bi ng cong C v lin tc trong D , zo D th : f (z)dz 2 j ( n ) (z z ) n1 = n! f (z o ) n = 0, 1, 2,... C o vi quy c 0! = 1, f (o)(zo) = f(zo). cos zdz V d: Tnh I = , L l ng trn | z - j | = 1 3 L ( z j) Ta vit cng thc (20) di dng khc: n! f (z)dz f ( n ) (z o ) = 2 j L (z z o ) n +1 Trong cng thc ny f(z) = cosz, zo = j, n = 2. Ta c: cos zdz 2 jf ( j) I= = = jf ( j) 3 2! L ( z j) Do f(z) - -sinz, f(z) = -cosz nn f(j) = -cosj = -ch1. Vy: I = -jch1 2. Bt ng thc Cauchy v nh l Liouville: a. Bt ng thc Cauchy: Gi s G l mt min c bin L v f(z) l hm gii tch trong G . Gi M l gi tr ln nht ca | f(z) | trong min G , R l khong ch t im zo G ti bin, l l di ca L th t (20) suy ra: n! f ( t )dt n!Ml f ( n ) (z o ) n +1 2 L ( t z o ) 2R n +1 Nu G l hnh trn | z - zo | < R th l = 2pR v cng thc trn tr thnh: n!M (21) f ( n ) ( z o ) n1 R Bt ng thc trn gi l bt ng thc Cauchy. b. nh l Liouville: Nu hm f(z) gii tch trong ton mt phng v b chn th n l mt hng s.

64

Chng minh: Gi thit | f(z) | < M z C. T (21) suy ra f (z)

V v tri khng ph thuc R nn | f(z) | = 0 z C. Tm li f(z) = 0 trong ton mt phng, p dng cng thc Newton - Leibnitz, chn zo c nh ta c:

M vi R ln. R

f (z) f (z o ) = f (z)dz = 0
zo

Vy f(z) = f(zo) z.
8. CNG THC SCHWARTZ - CHRISTOPHELL a. nh l: Gi P l mt a gic trong mt phng w c n nh l w1, w2, w3,.., wn vi wk k wn v y w1

w2 wk w3 O1 u a1 O a2 an x

Gi k l gc trong ca a gic ti nh wk v 0 < k < 2 :

k = (n 2)
k =1

Hm w = f(z) bin na mt phng trn Imz > 0 ln min trong ca a gic P sao cho nh ca cc im a1, a2,..an - < a1 < a2 < < an < trn trc thc Ox l cc nh w1, w2,.., wn ca a gic P, c xc nh bi cng thc Schwartz - Christophell:

f (z) = C ( a1 ) .( a 2 ) L ( a n ) d + C1
1 1

1 1

(10)

zo

Trong zo, C v C1 l cc hng s phc. b. Dng khc ca cng thc Schwartz - Christophell: Nu mt nh ca a gic tng ng vi im , chng hn nh w1 tng ng vi a1 = , th (10) c thay bi:

f (z) = C ( a 2 ) .( a 3 ) L ( a n ) d + C1
1 1 1

(11)

zo

Nh vy trong (11) vng mt tha s ( a 2 ) Tri li nu mt trong cc nh ca a gic l im , chng hn wk = th trong (10)
1

65

ta phi t k = -k trong k l gc gia hai cnh cng i qua wk ti giao im hu hn ca chng. c. S dng cng thc Schwartz - Christophell: Khi ta phi bin mt a gic P cho trc trong mt phng w ln na mt phng Imz > 0 th ta s dng cng thc (10). Ch l ta cha bit ak l nh ca cc nh a gic v cc hng s zo, C1 v C2. Theo nh l Rieman, ta c th chn tu nh ca 3 nh a gic, ngha l chn tu 3 s a1, a2 v a3. Cc s an cn li v nhng hng s tch phn zo, C1, C2 s c xc nh tu theo iu kin bi ton, V d 1: Bin min G gch cho ln na mt phng Imz > 0 v A1 A1 A3

A2

O1

A2 u

a2

a3 1 O

a1

a2 x

Min G c th coi l mt tam gic c nh A1 = , A2 = v A3 c to v w = jh. Cc gc nh tam gic l 1 = 0, 2 = -, 3 = + . Ta s bin cc im A1, A2 v A3 ln lt thnh cc im a1, a2 v a3. Ta c:

w = C z 1 (z + 1) dz + C1
zo

V w(-1) = jh nn ta c th ly zo = -1 v C1 = jh. Vy: z (z + 1) w = C dz + jh z 1 xc nh hng s tch phn C, ta s lm nh sau: cho im z chy trn na cung trn bn knh r kh b z = rej sao cho bin thin t n 0. Gi w l s gia tng ng ca w khi z chy trn cung trn . Ta c: (z + 1) w = C dz z Khai trin (1 + z) theo lu tha ca z ta c: ( 1) 1 w = C + + z + L dz 2! z t z = rej ri tch phn theo t n 0 ta c: w = - Cj +O(r) trong O(r) 0 khi r 0 Mt khc trong mt phng w im w tng ng chuyn t tia A1A3 sang tia A1A2 nn ta c: w = - jh +O(r)
66

h Tm li php bin hnh phi tm l hm ngc ca hm: h z (z + 1) (13) w= dz + jh 1 z Trng hp = 1 ta c: h z (z + 1) h h z w= dz + jh = (z + ln z) 1 + jh = (z + 1 + ln z) (14) 1 z y l php bin hnh , bin na mt phng Imw > 0 c mt lt ct dc theo A1A3 thnh na mt phng trn Imz > 0. V d 2: Tm php bin hnh bo gic bin hnh ch nht c cc nh A1(w1 = k), A2(w2= h+ jk) , A3(w = -h + jk), A4(w4 = -h) ln na mt phng trn Imz > 0 T suy ra -jh = - Cj hay C =

v A3 B A2 a4 1/k a3

a1 1

a2 1/k x

A4

O1

A1 u

1 O

Gi w = f1(z) l php bin hnh bin gc phn t th nht (Rez > 0, Imz > 0) thnh hnh ch nht O1A1A2B sao cho o1 ng vi O. A1 ng vi im z = 1 B ng vi im z = . Trong php bin hnh ny A2 s ng vi im z = 1/k vi k l mt hng s dng nh hn 1 m ta phi xc nh. Qua php bin hnh, on BO1 ng vi na trc Oy dng. Theo nguyn l i xng, hm w = f(z) l hm phi tm bin na mt phng trn Imz > 0 ln hnh ch nht A1A2A3A4 l thc trin ca hm f1(z) qua trc o. Cng theo nguyn l i xng, cc im i xng qua BO1 ng vi cc im i xng qua Oy. Vy A4 ng im z = -1; A3 ng vi im z = -1/k. p dng cng thc Schwartz - Christophell vi 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = v zo = 0 ta c: 2

w = f (z) = C ( + 1)
0

1 1 2

( 1)

1 1 2

1 k

1 1 2

1 + k

1 1 2

d + C1

V f(0) = 0 nn C1 = 0, vy: z z d d = C w = C 2 ( 1 )(1 k 2 2 ) 0 0 2 1 2 ( 1) 2 k Ta cn phi xc nh hng s C v k. V A1(w1 = h) ng vi = 1 nn:

67

h = C
0

(1 )(1 k )
2 2 2

V A2(w2 = h +jk) ng vi z = 1/k nn : 1 1 1 k k d d C h + jk = C + j = (1 2 )(1 k 2 2 ) ( 1 2 )(1 k 2 2 ) 0 0 0

= h + j
0 1 k

2 2 2 (1 )(1 k ) (15) d

(1 )(1 k )
2 2 2

Suy ra:
k=
0 1 k

(1 )(1 k )
2 2 2

(16)

Cc ng thc (15) v (16) s cho php ta xc nh C v k.

68