Vi k l ta phi gii phng trnh vi phn tng ng l:

4
T2n 1 ( t ) + [(2n 1) ] 2 T2 n 1 ( t ) =
(2n 1)
4
vi iu kin: T2n-1(0) = 0; T2n 1 (0) =
(2n 1)
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny l:
T2 n 1 ( t ) = C1 cos(2n 1) t + C 2 sin( 2n 1) t +

4
(2n 1) 3 3

Khi t = 0 ta c:
4
(2n 1) 3 3
Mt khc ta c:
T2n 1 ( t ) = C1 (2n 1) sin(2n 1) t + C 2 (2n 1) cos(2n 1) t
Theo iu kin u:
C1 =

T2n 1 ( t ) = C1 (2n 1) sin( 2n 1) t + C 2 (2n 1) cos(2n 1) t =

4
(2n 1) 3 3

4
(2n 1) 2 2
Thay C1 v C2 vo biu thc ca T2n-1(t) ta c:
4
[(2n 1) sin(2n 1)t cos(2n 1)t + 1]
T2 n 1 ( t ) =
(2n 1) 3 3
v:

4
(2n 1) x
[
]

+
u ( x, t ) =
(
2
n
1
)

sin(
2
n
1
)

t
cos(
2
n
1
)

t
1
sin

(2n 1) 3 3 n =1
l

nn: C 2 =

V d 2: Gii phng trnh

2u 2u
=
+ x ( x 1)
t 2 x 2
vi cc iu kin:
u
=0
u ( x , t ) t =0 =
t t =0

0 x 1, 0 t

u ( x , t ) x =0 = u ( x , t ) x =1 = 0
Trong v d ny ta c f(x, t) = x(x - 1). Vy:
1
2l
k
C k = f ( x, t ) sin xdx = 2 x ( x 1) sin kxdx
l0
l
0
x =1

1 1
2
cos kx
= 2( x x )
+

(2x 1) cos kxdx

k x =0 k 0

160

khi k = 2n 1
4

k
nn: C k = 2 (1) 1 = (2n 1) 3 3
k
0
khi k = 2n

Ta tm nghim ca bi ton di dng (1) nn by gi phi tm Tk(t)

Vi k = 2n (chn), ta tm T2n(t) t phng trnh :
T2n ( t ) + (2n) 2 T2 n ( t ) = 0
vi iu kin: T2n(0) = 0; T2n (0) = 0
Nh vy T2n(t) 0
Vi k = 2n -1 (l) ta phi gii phng trnh vi phn tng ng l:
8
T2n 1 ( t ) + [(2n 1) ] 2 T2 n 1 ( t ) +
=0
(2n 1) 3 3
vi iu kin: T2n-1(0) = 0; T2n 1 (0) = 0
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny l:
8
T2 n 1 ( t ) = C1 cos( 2n 1) t + C 2 sin( 2n 1) t
(2n 1) 5 5
Khi t = 0 th t cc iu kin u ta rt ra:
8
C1 =
C2 = 0
(2n 1) 5 5
8
[cos(2n 1) t 1]
T2 n 1 ( t ) =
(2n 1) 5 5

8
u ( x, t ) =
[cos(2n 1) t 1]sin( 2n 1) x
(2n 1) 5 5 n =1

d. Bi ton hn hp: Sau khi gii 2 bi ton trn ta tr v gii phng trnh:
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f (x, t )
0 x l, 0 t T
(1)
t 2
x 2
vi cc iu kin :
u
u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x );
= u1 ( x )
t t =0
u ( x , t ) x =0 = 1 ( t );
u ( x , t ) x =l = 2 ( t )
Ta gii bi ton bng cch a vo hm ph:
x
( x , t ) = 1 ( t ) + [ 2 ( t ) 1 ( t )]
l
Khi ta tm nghim ca bi ton hn hp di dng:
u ( x, t ) = ~
u ( x , t ) + ( x , t )
~
Trong hm u ( x, t ) ta phi xc nh. Trc ht ta c nhn xt:
( x, t ) x =0 = 1 ( t ) ( x, t ) x =l = 2 ( t )

Vy kt hp vi iu kin cho ta c:
~
u ( x , t ) x =0 = ~
u ( x , t ) x =l = 0

(2)

(3)
161

Khi t = 0 ta s c:
x
~
[
]
[ 2 (0) 1 (0)] = ~u o (x )
=

u
(
x
,
t
)
u
(
x
,
t
)

(
x
,
t
)
u
(
x
)

(
0
)
o
1
t =0
t =0

l
(4)
~

u
u

= u1 ( x ) 1 (0) [2 (0) 1 (0)] = ~

u o ( x )
t t =0 t t =0 t t =0
l
o hm 2 ln (2) theo x v t ri thay vo (1) v rt gn ta c:
2~
2~
u
2 u
=
a
+ f1 ( x , t )
(5)
t 2
x 2
Trong :
x
f1 ( x , t ) = f ( x , t ) 1( t ) [2 ( t ) 1( t )]
l
Tm li, tm u(x, t) ta phi gii (5) vi cc iu kin (3) v (4). chnh l dng
u ( x, t ) v (x, t) ta tm c
bi ton 2 m ta bit cch gii. Sau kt hp ~
nghim.
3. BI TON CAUCHY CA PHNG TRNH TRUYN
SNG TRONG KHNG GIAN
Bi ton Cauchy ca phng trnh truyn sng trong khng gian l bi ton gii
phng trnh:
2
2u
2u 2u
2 u
= a 2 + 2 + 2
(1)
t 2
y
z
x
vi cc iu kin:
u ( x , y, z, t ) t =0 = u o ( x , y, z)

- < x < , - < y <, - < z < , t > 0 (2)

u
=
u
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
1
t
t =0
Ngi ta chng minh c rng nghim ca phng trnh c dng:

1
1
+
u ( x, y, z, t ) =
u
(

)
ds
u
(

)
ds
1
o

t 4 a 2 t S
4a 2 t S

Trong S l mt cu tm M(x,y,z) v bn knh at. Cng thc ny gi l cng thc

Kirhoff.
Trong trng hp mt phng, cng thc Kirhoff tr thnh cng thc Poisson:

u o (, )dd
1
1
u1 (, )dd
+
u ( x , y, t ) =

2 a D (at ) 2 ( x ) 2 ( y) 2 t 2 a D (at ) 2 ( x ) 2 ( y) 2
4. BI TON DAO NG CNG BC
1. Nguyn l Duhamel: gii cc bi ton c tc ng ca ngoi lc ngi ta
thng dng nguyn l Duhamel c pht biu nh sau:
Nu H(, x, t) vi mi gi tr ca tham bin l nghim ca phng trnh:
2H
= a 2 il
2
t
162

vi cc iu kin:
H ( , x , t ) t = 0 = 0

t H(, x , t ) = h ( x, )
t =0

Khi hm:
l

u ( x, t ) = H(, x, t )d
0

s l nghim ca phng trnh:

2u
= a 2 u + h ( x , t )
2
t
vi cc iu kin:
u ( x , t ) t = 0 = 0

u
=0
t
t =0
hiu r hn v nguyn l Duhamel ta s dng n gii cc bi ton v dao ng
cng bc sau:
2. Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh:
2
2u
2u 2u
2 u
= a 2 + 2 + 2 + f ( x, y, z, t )
(1)
t 2
y
z
x
vi cc iu kin:
u ( x , y, z, t ) t =0 = u o ( x , y, z)

- < x < , - < y <, - < z < , t > 0 (2)

u
=
u
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
1
t
t =0
Ta dng phng php chng nghim, ngha l tm nghim ca phng trnh (1) di
dng:
u ( x, y, z, t ) = u ( x , y, z, t ) + u ( x , y, z, t )
Trong u ( x , y, z, t ) l nghim ca bi ton:

vi:

2 u
= a 2u
2
t
u
u t =0 = u o ;
= u1
t t =0

Cn u ( x , y, z, t ) l nghim ca bi ton:
2 u
= a 2u + f
2
t

vi:

t =0

= 0;

u
t

=0
t =0

Theo cng thc Kirhoff ta c:

163

1
u
(

)
ds
u
(

)
ds
+
1
o

4a 2 t S
t 4a 2 t S

Mt khc theo nguyn l Duhamel ta c:

1
f (, , , )
ds
H ( , x , y, z , t ) =

4 a 2 S
t
T suy ra:
1 l
f (, , , )
ds d
u ( x , y, z , t ) =

4 a 2 0 S( t ) t

rt gn cng thc nghim trong tch phn trn ta i bin r = a(t - ). Do ta c:

r
r

f , , , t
f , , , t
l
1
1
a
a

dV
=
ds
dr

u ( x, y, z, t ) =

2
2
r
r
4a Vat
4a 0 S( r )

Trong Vat l hnh cu bao bi mt S v:

r = ( x ) 2 + ( y ) 2 + (z ) 2
Vy nghim ca bi ton 1 l:
r

f , , , t
1
u1 (, , )
u (, , )
a
u ( x, y, z, t ) =
ds + o
ds +
dV
2
4a S
t
t
r
t S
Vat
Cng thc ny c gi l cng thc Kirhoff tng qut.
u ( x, y, z, t ) =

3. Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh:

2
2u
2u
2 u

=
+
a
(1)
x 2 y 2 + f ( x, y, t )
t 2

vi cc iu kin:
u ( x , y, t ) t = 0 = u o ( x , y )

- < x < , - < y <, t > 0

(2)
u
u
(
x
,
y
)
=
1
t
t =0
Nghim ca bi ton rt ra nh cch gii tng t nh bi ton trc bng cch dng
nguyn l Duhamel:
1
u1 (, )
dd
u ( x, y, t ) =

4a 2 S a 2 t 2 ( x ) 2 ( y ) 2

l
u o (, )
f (, , )dd

+ 2 2
+

2
2
2
2
t Da a t ( x ) 2 ( y ) 2
a
(
t

)
(
x

)
(
y

0
D
a ( t )

Trong Dat v Da(t-) l min trn c cng tm (x, y) v bn knh l at v a(t-) .

Cng thc ny c gi l cng thc Poisson tng qut.
4. Bi ton 3: Gii phng trnh:
164

2
2u
2 u
+ f (x, t )
=a
(1)
x 2
t 2
vi cc iu kin:
u ( x , t ) t = 0 = u o ( x )

- < x < , t > 0

(2)
u
u
(
x
)
=
1
t
t =0
Da trn nguyn l Duhamel v cng thc DAlembert ta a n nghim bi ton:

1 l x + a ( t )
1
1 at
[
]
+
+
+

+
f
(

)
d

u
(
x
at
)
u
(
x
at
)
u
(

)
d

u ( x, t ) =
d
o
o
1

2a 0 x a ( t )
2
2a x at

y l cng thc DAlembert tng qut.

5. BI TON HN HP CA PHNG TRNH LOI HYPERBOLIC
Cho D l mt min phng vi bin l ng cong trn. Ta cn tm nghim ca
phng trnh:
2
2u
2u
2 u
= a 2 + 2
(1)
t 2
y
x
vi cc iu kin u :
u ( x , y, t ) t = 0 = u o ( x , y )

- < x < , - < y <, t > 0

(2)
u
u
(
x
,
y
)
=
1
t
t =0
v iu kin bin:
u ( x, y, t ) ( x ,y ) = 0
(3)

Bi ton ny ta gii bng phng php phn ly bin s v s tm nghim ca n di

dng:
u(x, y, t) = u*(x, y).T(t)
(4)
o hm 2 v ca (4) theo x, y v t hai ln ri thay vo (10) ta nhn c phng
trnh:
1 2 u 2 u 1 T

+ 2 = 2
u x 2
y a T
T suy ra:
2u 2u
(5)
+ 2 + u = 0
2
x
y
(6)
T( t ) + a 2 T ( t ) = 0
Trong l mt hng s.
tm nghim ca bi ton (1) vi cc iu kin (2), (3) ta thy rng T(t) 0 v i
vi cc im trn bin ta phi c:
u ( x, y) ( x ,y ) = 0
(7)
Nhng gi tr tn ti nghim u*(x, y) 0 c gi l cc gi tr ring v cc
165

nghim u*(x, y) tng ng c gi l cc hm ring ca bi ton. Tnh cht ca gi

tr ring v hm ring l:
* Mi gi tr ring u dng
* Tp cc gi tr ring l mt tp v hn m c
* Nu i j th cc hm ring tng ng vi chng tho mn h thc:
u i ( x, y)u j ( x, y)dxdy = 0
D

ngha l cc hm ring trc giao vi nhau

* Mt gi tr ring c th ng vi nhiu hm ring c lp tuyn tnh khc
nhau. Gi tr ring nh vy c gi l gi tr ring bi
* i vi cc hm ring nu cha l h trc chun th bng phng php trc
giao ho Schmidt c th xy dng h hm ring trc giao chun, ngha l i vi h
ta c:
i j
0
u
(
x
,
y
)
u
(
x
,
y
)
dx
dy
=

j
i
i= j
D
1
* Mi hm (x, y) kh vi, lin tc 2 ln v tho mn iu kin bin:
( x , y) ( x ,y ) = 0
u c th khai trin theo h thng cc hm trc giao chun thnh chui hi t tuyt
i v u trn min D, ngha l n c th biu din di dng:

( x , y) = a k u k ( x , y)
k =1

trong ak c tnh theo cng thc:

a k = ( x , y)u k ( x , y)dxdy
D

T nhng tnh cht nu ca hm ring v gi tr ring ta thy bi ton (5) & (6) c
cc gi tr ring dng nn (6) c nghim tng qut l:
Tk ( t ) = b k cos k at + c k sin k at
T suy ra:

k =1

k =1

u ( x , y, t ) = u k ( x , y)Tk ( t ) = u k ( x, y) b k cos k at + c k sin k at

Nu xt n cc iu kin ban u ta c:
b k = u o ( x , y) ~
u k ( x , y)dxdy
D

1
u1 ( x, y)u k ( x, y)dxdy
a k D
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
2
2u
2u
2 u
= a 2 + 2
t 2
y
x
0 x l
t0
trn min D =
0

vi cc iu kin u:
ck =

166

u ( x , y, t ) t =0 = xy(l x )(m y) = u o ( x , y)

u
= 0 = u1 ( x , y)
t
t =0
v cc iu kin bin:
u ( x, y, t ) ( x ,y ) = 0

trong l bin ca min D.

Ta tm nghim ca bi ton di dng (4):
u(x, y, t) = u*(x, y).T(t)
trong u*(x, y) li c tm di dng u*(x, y) = X(x).Y(y) bng phng php phn
li bin s.
Khi phng trnh (5) c vit thnh:
Y( y)
X( x )
+=
Y ( y)
X( x )
T ta suy ra:
X( x ) + X( x ) = 0
(8)

Y( y) + Y( y) = 0
T iu kin bin ca bi ton ta rt ra:
X(0) = X(l) = 0
(9)

+
=
Y
(
0
)
Y
(
l
)
0

Khi gii phng trnh (8) vi iu kin (9) c nghim khng tm thng ta cn c:
2n 2
k 22
k = 2 ; n = 2
m
l
T ta c:
2
n2
2 k
kn = 2 + 2
m
l
Nghim ring ng vi cc gi tr ring l h hm trc chun:
kx
ny
2
sin
sin
u kn =
l
m
lm
Khi nghim ca phng trnh (6) c dng:

k 2 n 2
k 2 n 2

Tk ( t ) = b kn cos at 2 + 2 + c kn sin at 2 + 2

l
m
l
m

Tm li nghim ca bi ton s l:

k 2 n 2
k 2 n 2
kx
ny

u ( x , y, t ) = b kn cos at 2 + 2 + c kn sin at 2 + 2 sin

sin

l
m
l
m
l
m
k =1 n =1

Trong bkn v ckn c tnh nh sau:

ckn = 0 k, n v u1 0

167

b kn =

4 lm
kx
ny
xy(l x )(m y) sin
sin
dxdy

lm 0 0
l
m

4 l
kx m
ny
=

x
(
l
x
)
sin
dx
y
(
m
y
)
sin
dy

lm 0
l
m
0

64m 2 l 2

= 6 (2k + 1) 3 (2n + 1) 3
0

k = 2k + 1, n = 2n + 1
k = 2k1

Nh vy:

(2n + 1) y
(2k + 1) x
64m 2l 2
cos at kn
sin
sin
u ( x, y, t ) =

6
3
3
m
l

k =1 n =1 ( 2k + 1) ( 2n + 1)

V d 2:Gii phng trnh:

2
2u
2u
2 u
= a 2 + 2
y
t 2
x

0 x l
trn min D =
t0

0
y
m

vi cc iu kin u:
y
x

=
=
sin
u
(
x
,
y
,
t
)
u
(
x
,
y
)
sin
o
t =0

l
l

u = u1 ( x , y) = a
t t =0
l
v cc iu kin bin:
u ( x, y, t ) ( x ,y ) = 0
trong l bin ca min D.
Tng t nh v d 1, sau khi dng phng php phn li bin s ta tm c
gi tr ring l:
2
n2
2 k
kn = 2 + 2
l
l
2
k x
n y
h hm trc chun tng ng l sin
v cc h s trong nghim tng
sin
l
l
l
qut c tnh nh sau:
0 k, n 1
4 ll
x
y
kx
ny
b kn = 2 sin sin sin
sin
dxdy =
k = n =1
l 00
l
l
l
m
1
ny
a
x
y
4 ll
dxdy
k 2 + n 2 c kn = 2 sin sin sin
m
l
l
l 00
l

168

k , n chan
0
4a l
ny
x l
y

dx sin sin
dy =
= 3 sin
16a
l 0
l
l
m
0
l 2 (2k + 1)(2n + 1) k , n le

Nghim ca bi ton l:

at 2
x
y
at 2
16
sin sin
+ 3
sin
u ( x , y, t ) = cos
l
l
l
l
2

at (2k + 1) 2 + (2n + 1) 2
sin

l
16

2k + 1 2 n + 1
+ 3
sin
x sin
y

k =1 n =1 (2k + 1)(2n + 1) (2k + 1) 2 + (2n + 1) 2

l
l

6. BI TON CAUCHY- PHNG TRNH TRUYN NHIT TRONG

THANH V HN V NA V HN
1. Bi ton ban u: Bi ton Cauchy ca phng trnh truyn nhit - phng trnh
loi parabolic l bi ton gii phng trnh:
2
2u
2 u
(1)
=a
x 2
t 2
vi cc iu kin u :
u ( x, t ) t =0 = u o ( x ) - < x < , - < y <, t 0
(2)
Dng phng php phn li bin s ta tm nghim di dng:
u(x, t) = X(x).T(t)
Ly o hm theo x v t ri a vo phng trnh (1) ta c:
T(t) + a2T(t) = 0
(3)
X(x) + X(x) = 0
(4)
vi l hmg s.
Phng trnh (3) cho nghim l:
2

T( t ) = Ce a t
vi C l mt hng s
Mt khc nhit ca thanh khng th t n khi t tin n . Do vy phi l s
dng. Kt hp vi nghim ca phng trnh (4) ta c:

u h ( x, t ) = e h a t [C1 (h ) cosh x + C 2 (h ) sinh x ]

u(x,t) l nghim ring ca (1) vi C1 v C2 l cc h s c th ph thuc h. H cc
nghim y l mt tp hp v hn khng m c. Do ta s tm nghim ca bi
ton di dng tch phn theo tham bin h.
2 2

u ( x , t ) = u h ( x , t ) = e h

2a 2t

[C1 (h ) cosh x + C2 (h ) sinh x ]dh

Khi t = 0 ta c:

u ( x , t ) t =0 = u o ( x ) =

[C1 (h ) cosh x + C2 (h ) sinh x ]dh

169