CHNG 5: L THUYT THNG D

1. KHI NIM V THNG D

1. nh ngha thng d: Gi s f(z) l mt hm gii tch trong mt ln cn ca im
a tr chnh im a (ngha l a l im bt thng c lp ca f(z)). Nu C l ng
cong kn bt k bao ly im a v nm trong ln cn ni trn th theo nh l Cauchy,
tch phn f (z)dz l mt s khng ph thuc C. Ta gi thng d ca hm f(z) ti a l
C

kt qu php chia f (z)dz cho 2j. Thng d c k hiu l Res[f(z), a]. Tm li:
C

1
f (z)dz
2j C
1
2j
1
1
, a =
dz =
=1
V d: Res

z
a
2

j
z

a
2

C
Res[f(z), a] =

(1)

2. Cch tnh thng d: Cng thc chung tnh thng d l:

(2)
Res[f(z), a] = c-1
1
Trong c-1 l h s ca
trong khai trin Laurent ca hm f(z) ti ln cn im
za
a.
Chng minh: Theo cng thc tnh h s ca khai trin Laurent:
1
f ( ) d
cn =

2j C ( a ) n +1
Khi n = -1 ta c:
1
c 1 =
f ()d = Res[f(z), a]
2j C
a. Thng d ti cc im n: Nu a l cc im n ca hm f(z) th :
(3)
Res[f(z), a] = lim[(z a )f (z)]
za

z2
V d 1: V z = 2 l cc im n ca
nn
z2

z2
= lim z 2 = 4
Res[f(z), a] = lim (z 2)

z 2
z 2
z 2

1
. Tnh thng d ti a = 0
V d 2: Cho f (z) =
sin z
Ta bit :

z2 z4
z3 z5
sin z = z + L = z1 + L
3! 5!
3! 5!

88

Cn c vo khai trin ny ta thy im z = 0 l khng im n ca sinz. vy im z

1
. Theo (3) ta c:
= 0 l cc im n ca f (z) =
sin z
1
=1
Res[f(z), a] = lim z

z0
sin
z

f (z)
nh l: Gi s f (z) = 1
, trong f1(z) v f2(z) l nhng hm gii tch ti a. im
f 2 (z)
a l khng im n ca f2(z0 v khng phi l khng im ca f1(z). Khi :
f (a )
(4)
Res[f(z), a] = 1
f 2 (a )
Chng minh: Theo gi thit ta thy a l cc im n ca f(z). Theo (3) ta c:

f1 ( z )
f1 ( z )
= lim
Res[f(z), a] = lim (z a )

z a
f 2 (z) za f 2 (z)

(z a )
V f2(a) = 0 nn ta c th vit:
lim f1 (z)
f (a )
z a
= 1
Res[f(z), a] =
f (z) f 2 (a ) f 2 (a )
lim 2
za
(z a )
V d 3: Tnh thng d ca f(z) = cotgz
V a = 0 l n ca cotgz nn theo (4) ta c:
f (a ) cos 0
=
=1
Res[f(z), a] = 1
f 2 (a ) cos 0
z +1
V d 4: Tnh thng d ca hm f ( z) = 2
ti a = 2j.
z +4
V 2j l khng im n ca (z2 + 4) nn n l cc im n ca f(z). Theo (4) ta c:
f (a ) 2 j + 1 1 1
=
= j
Res[f(z), a] = 1
f 2 (a )
4j
2 4
ez
ti a = j
V d 5: Tnh thng d ca hm f (z) =
(z j)(z + j)
Ta thy f(z) c hai cc im n l j. p dng cng thc (4) ta c:
ez
ej
j
Res[f(z), j] = lim
= = (cos1 + j sin 1)
z j z + j
2j
2
z
j
e
e
j
Res[f(z), -j] = lim
=
= (cos1 j sin 1)
z j z j
2j 2
b. Thng d ti cc im cp m: Nu a l cc im cp m ca f(z) th:

89

1
d m1
Res[f(z),a] =
(5)
lim m1 (z a ) m f (z)
(m 1)! za dz
1
ti a = j
V d 1: Tnh thng d ca hm f (z) = 2
(z + 1) 3
V (z2 + 1)3 = (z + j)3(z - j)3 nn j l khng im cp 3 ca (z2 + 1)3. Vy j l cc im
cp 3 ca hm f(z). Theo (5) vi m = 3 ta c:
1
d2
1 1
d2 1
3
= lim
Res[f(z), a] = lim 2 (z j) 2
2! z j dz
(z + 1)3 2 z j dz 2 (z 2 + j)3
1
12
6
3j
= lim 2
=
=
5
5
2! z j (z + j)
(2 j)
16
z
e
V d 2: Tm thng d ca hm f (z) = 3
z
Ta thy z = 0 l khng im cp 3 ca z3 nn z = 0 l cc im cp 3 ca hm f(z).
Dng cng thc (5) ta c:
d 2e z 1
1
Res[f(z), a] = lim
=
2
2! z0 dz 2

2. NG DNG THNG D
1. nh l 1: Nu f(z) gii tch trong min G , gii hn bi ng cong kn L, ngoi
tr ti mt s hu hn cc m a1, a2, ..,as bn trong th:
s

f (z)dz = 2j Re s[f (z), a k ]

L

(8)

k =1

Chng minh: Loi i khi min G cc hnh trn 1, 2,...,s c tm ln lt l a1, a2,
..,as v c bn knh nh ta c mt min a lin . p dng nh l Cauchy cho
min a lin ny ta c:
1
1
1
f (z)dz =
f (z)dz + L +

f (z)dz
2j L
2j 1
2j s
Nhng v:
1
f (z)dz = [ Resf(z), ak], k = 1, 2,..., s
2j k
nn thay vo ta c:
f (z)dz = 2jRes[f(z), ak] + + 2jRes[f(z), ak]
L

2. nh l 2: Nu f(z) gii tch trong ton b mt phng ngoi tr ti mt s hu hn

cc m a1, a2, ..,as = th:
s

Re s[f (z), a k ] + Re s[f (z), a k ] = 0

k =1

Chng minh: Chn R ln ng trn | z | = R bao ly tt c cc im a1, a2,.., an,

Ta c:
90

Re s[f (z ), a k ] = 2j f (z )dz

k =1

Theo nh ngha thng d ti :

1
1
f ( z )dz =
Res[f(z), ] =
f ( z )dz

2 j C
2j C
Cng cc v ca hai ng thc ny ta c iu cn phi chng minh.
z 2dz
V d 1: Tnh 2
, L l ng trn tm | z | = 2
(
z
+
1
)(
z
+
3
)
L
z2
c 3 cc im l z = j, z = -j v z = -3.
Hm f (z ) = 2
(z + 1)( z + 3)
Trong hnh trn | z | < 2 c hai cc im l j, u l cc cc im n. Tnh thng d
ti cc cc im ta c:
z2
j2
j
1 + 3j
=
=
=
Res[f(z), j] = lim(z j)f (z ) = lim
z j
z j ( z + j) + ( z + 3)
2 j(z + 3) 2z + 6
20
z2
z2
j2
1 3j
f1 ( j) z + 3
Res[f(z), -j] =
=
=
=
=
2z
2z ( z + 3) z = j 2 j(3 j)
20
f 2 ( j)
z= j

Vy

1 + 3 j 1 3 j j
+
I = Res[f(z), j] + Res[f(z) , -j] = 2j
=
20 5
20
cos zdz
V d 2: Tnh I = 2
, L l ng trn | z | = 2
L z ( z 2)
cos z
c z = 0 l cc im cp 2 v im z = 2 l cc im cp 1.
Hm f ( z ) = 2
z ( z 2)
Trong hnh trn | z | < 1 ch c mt cc im z = 0 nn:
I = 2j.Res[f(z), 0]
Nhng v:

cos z
2 cos z
sin z ( z 2) cos z
1
cos z
= lim
= lim z 2
=
= lim
Res 2

( z 2)
4
z ( z 2 ) z 0 z ( z 2) z 0 z 2 z 0
j
nn I =
2
e z dz
V d 3: Tnh I = 2
vi C l ng trn | z | = 3
C z +1
Hm f(z) di du tch phn c hai im bt thng j v -j nm trong hnh trn bin
C. Theo v d mc trc ta c:

91

Res[f(z), j] =

ej
e j
v Res[f(z), -j] =
2j
2j

Nn: I = 2jsin1

z+3
dz vi C l ng trn | z - 0.5 | =1
2

+
(
z
1
)(
z
1
)
C
Trong min gii hn bi C, hm f(z) di du tch phn ch c mt im bt thng
l z = 1, cc im n. Do :
I = 2j.Res[f(z), 1] = lim(z 1)f ( z ) = 2j

V d 4: Tnh I =

z 1

3.Tch phn thc dng

R( x )dx trong R(x) l mt phn thc hu t

a. B 1: Gi s CR l mt na ng trn tm O, bn knh R, nm trong na

mt phng trn Imz > 0. Nu f(z) gii tch trong
y
na mt phng trn, tr ti mt s hu hn
im bt thng v tho mn:
lim zf (z ) = 0 0 arg z
CR
z

th:
lim f ( z )dz = 0

CR

Chng minh: Phng trnh CR c dng z = Rej vi l tham s bin thin t 0 n .

Chn R kh ln sao cho cc im bt thng ca f(z) u nm trong min | z | < R.
Vy hm f(z) lin tc trn CR v theo cch tnh tch phn ta c:

f (z )dz = f (Re

CR

) Re j d

Ta c lng tch phn ny. V lim zf ( z ) = 0 nn > 0 cho trc ta lun tm c

z

mt s N > 0 sao cho khi | z | > N th | z.f(z) | < . Vy nu z CR+ vi R > N th:
| f(Rej).Rej | = | z.f(z) | <
Do :

f (z )dz

CR

d =
0

V b tu nn ta suy ra lim f ( z )dz = 0

R

CR

b. nh l 1: Gi s R(z) l mt phn thc m a thc mu s c bc ln hn a

thc t s t nht l hai n v, R(z) c mt s hu hn cc im a1, a2,..., an nm
trong na mt phng trn v khng c cc im nm trn trc thc. Khi ta c:
+

R ( x )dx = 2jk=1 Re s[ R (z ), a k ]

(9)

Ta tha nhn m khng chng minh nh l ny.

92

dx
4
0 x +1
V hm di du tch phn l chn nn ta c:

dx
1 dx
= 4
Ta c: I = 4
2 x + 1
0 x +1
1
t R ( z ) = 4
. Phng trnh z4 + 1 = 0 c hai nghim trong na mt phng trn
z +1
l:
2
2
2
2
+ j , z2 =
j
z1 =
. R rng R(z) iu kin p dng (9). Ta c
2
2
2
2
2
z
1
j
2
1
z
I = j Re s[R (z ), a k ] = j 3 + 3 = j 14 + 24 = (z1 + z 2 ) =
4
4
k =1
4 z1 4 z 2
4 z1 4 z 2
V d 1:Tnh I =

x 1
dx
2
2
( x + 1)
z 1
z 1
tho mn cc gi thit ca nh l. Trong na
Hm R ( z ) = 2
=
( z + 1) 2 ( z j) 2 ( z + j) 2
mt phng trn, n c cc im cp 2 l z = j. Theo (9);
I = 2jRes[R(z), j]
d
d z 1
2 + j z

= 2j lim
=
= 2j lim [(z j) 2 R (z )] = 2j lim
2
3

z j dz
z j dz ( z + j)
z j ( z + j)
2

x 2dx
V d 3: Tnh I = 4
0 x +1
V hm di du tch phn l chn nn ta c:

dx
1 dx
= 4
Ta c: I = 4
2 x + 1
0 x +1
z2
t R ( z ) = 4
. Phng trnh z4 + 1 = 0 c hai nghim trong na mt phng trn
z +1
l:
2
2
2
2
+ j , z2 =
j
z1 =
. R rng R(z) iu kin p dng (9). Ta c
2
2
2
2
V d 2: Tnh I =

I = j Re s[R (z ), a k ]
k =1

Res[R(z), j] =
Tng t:

z2
z2
1
=
=
=
4
3
( z + 1) z = z1 4z z = z1 4z1

1
4

2
(1 + j)
2

1
1 j
=
2 2 (1 + j) 4 2

93

Res[R(z), j] =

1
1 j
=
2 2 (1 j) 4 2

2
1 j 1 j 2
Vy: I = j
+
=
=
4
4 2 4 2 4 2
c. nh l 2: Gi s R(z) l mt phn thc hu t m bc ca mu s ln hn
bc ca t s t nht 2 n v. Hm R(z) c cc cc im trong na mt phng trn l
a1, a2,.., as v c m cc im n trn trc thc l b1, b2,..,bm. Khi ta c:
+

k =1

i =1

R ( x )dx = 2j Re s[R (z ), a k ] + j Re s[R (z ), bi ]

+

4. Tch phn dng

(11)

R ( x ) cos xdx v R( x ) sin xdx ( > 0)

jx

Theo cng thc Euler th e

sinx=Im(ejx). Vy:
+

R ( x ) cos xdx = Re R ( x )e
R ( x ) sin xdx = Im R ( x )e

jx

jx

= cosx + jsinx nn cosx = Re(ejx) v

dx

dx

Do mun tnh cc tch phn cho, ch cn tnh

R ( x )e

jx

dx ri ly phn thc

hay phn o ca n l c. Khi tnh

R ( x )e

jx

dx ta dng b sau:

a. B Jordan: Gi CR l cung trn | z | = R Imz > a (a l s thc c nh cho

trc) ngha l CR l cung trn tm O, bn knh R v nm pha trn ng thng y=a.
Nu F(z) c dng ejzf(z) trong l mt s dng c nh cn f(z) gii tch trong
na mt phng Imz a , tr ti mt s hu hn im bt thng v tho mn
lim f ( z ) = 0 th:
z

lim F( z )dz = lim e jz f ( z )dz

CR

CR

Ta tha nhn khng chng minh b ny

b. nh l 1: Gi s R(z) l mt phn thc hu t tho mn cc iu kin sau:
* R(z) gii tch trong na mt phng trn, tr ti mt s hu hn cc cc im
a1, a2,.., as
* R(z) khng c cc im trn trc thc
* trong biu thc ca R(z), bc ca mu s ln hn bc ca t s t nht l 1
n v.
Th th:
+

k =1

jx
jx
R ( x )e dx = 2j Re s[ R (z )e , a k ]

(14)
94

Trong l mt s cho trc.

Ta cng khng chng minh nh l ny.
+
x cos x
dx
V d 1: I = 2
x 2 x + 10
+
xe jx
dx
Ta c: I = Re 2
x 2 x + 10
tnh I ta p dng (14). Mun vy ta phi tm cc cc im ca
z
. Gii phng trnh z2 - 2z + 10 = 0 ta c hai nghim l z = 1 3j.
R (z) = 2
z 2z + 10
l hai cc im n ca R(z). Cc im z = 1 + 3j nm trong na mt phng trn.
Dng cng thc (14) ta c:
+

(1 + 3 j)e 3+ j
ze jz
ze jz
xe jx
= 2j
,1 + 3 j = 2j
dx = 2j. Re s 2
2
6j
2 z 2 z =1 + 3 j
x 2 x + 10
z 2z + 10

= e 3 (cos1 3sin1) + j e 3 (3 cos1 + sin1)

3
3
T suy ra:

I = e 3 (cos1 3sin 1)
3
c. nh l 2: Gi s R(z) l mt phn thc hu t tho mn cc iu kin sau:
* R(z) gii tch trong na mt phng trn, tr ti mt s hu hn cc cc im
a1, a2,.., as
* R(z) c m cc im trn trc thc b1. b2,...,bn
* trong biu thc ca R(z), bc ca mu s ln hn bc ca t s t nht l 1
n v.
Th th vi l mt hng s dng cho trc :
+

k =1

k =1

jx
jx
jx
R ( x )e dx = 2j Re s[ R (z )e , a k ] + j Re s[ R (z )e , bk ]

(16)

sin x
dx
x
0

V d: Tnh I =

sin x
l hm chn nn ta c th vit c:
x
1 + sin x
I=
dx
2 x
Mt khc:
+
+ jz
sin x
e
x dx = Im z dz

+ jz
1
e
Vy: I = Im dz
2 z

95

1
c cc im duy nht ti z = 0 nn theo (6) ta c:
z
+ jz
e jz
e
dz
=

j
Re
s
e jz = j
z
z ,0 = j lim
z 0

Thay vo trn ta c: I =
2

V hm R ( z ) =

5. Tch phn dng

f (sin t, cos t )dt

0

dz
v theo nh ngha cc hm lng gic ta c:
jz
1
1
z
z+
z.
z , sin t =
cos t =
2
2j
Khi t chy t 0 n 2, im z v nn ng trn C: | z | = 1. Vy:
2
1 1
1 jdz
j
(17)
f (sin t, cos t )dt = f 2 z z , 2 z + z z

0
L
Trong L l ng trn | z | = 1
2
2 + cos t
dt
V d 1: Tnh I =
2
sin
t

0
Theo (17) ta c:
1
1
2 + z +
4z + z 2 + 1 jdz
z 2 + 4z + 1 dz
2
z jdz
= 2
I=
=
2
1 z
j
L
L 4z + jz j z
L z 4 jz 1 z
2 + z
z
2
Hm di du tch phn c 3 im cc l z = 0, z = 2 j j 3 . V

t z = ejt th lnz = jt, dt =

( 2 3 ) j = 2 3 < 1; ( 2 + 3 ) j = 2 + 3 > 1 nn bn trong L ch c 2 cc im l

a1 = 0 v a2 = 2 3 . ta tnh thng d:
z 2 + 4z + 1

z 2 + 4z + 1
,0 = lim 2
= 1
Res 2
z 0 z 4 jz 1
z
(
z
4
jz
1
)

z 2 + 4z + 1
z 2 + 4z + 1
Res 2
, ( 2 3 ) j =
z ( z 4 jz 1)
z ( 2z 4 j) ( 2
Theo nh l 1 mc trc ta c:

2 3 4 3
2 3
= 2j j
=
I = 2 j 1 + 1 + j
3
3
3

=1+ j
3) j

2 3
3

dt
0 2 + cos t

V d 2: Tnh I =

96

t z = ejt , v hm di du tch phn l chn nn ta c:

1
dt
1
dz
1 dt
1
dz
=
= 2
=
I=
1
j C z + 4z + 1 j C ( z a )( z b)
2 2 + cos t 2 j C

+
+
2
z

z
2

Trong C l ng trn | z | = 1, a = 2 + 3 v b = 2 3 l cc nghim ca

phng trnh z2 + 4z + 1 = 0.
V | a | < 1 v | b | > 1 nn ta c:
1

=
,a =
I = 2.Res
3
( z a )( z b) a b

97