KIN TRC MY TNH

Trng H Tn c Thng
Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin
GV. Trn Trung Tn

Thng tin mn hc

Kin trc my tnh.

M MH: 503013.
Tn ch: 2.
MH trc: Ton ri rc.
MH sau: H iu hnh.

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Yu cu
T hc
Hc nhm
Khuyn khch cu hi

Bi tp ln
Kim tra
Gia k
Cui k

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10%
20%
70%

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Ni dung
Cc kin thc c bn v my tnh
Cu trc
Hot ng

Kho st hot ng cc thnh phn

B vi x l.
Tp lnh.
B nh & Cache.

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Ti liu tham kho

Tm tt bi ging
Ti liu trong cc bui hc

Structured Computer Organization

Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall,1999
Bn dch: Gio Trnh cu trc my tnh Tng Vn
On NXB Gio dc, 2000

The Essentials of Computer Organization and

Architecture Jones and Bartlett Publisher,
2003 (e-book)

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Thng tin lin h

KS. Trn Trung Tn

Vn phng khoa CNTT
Site: it.tdt.edu.vn/~tttin
Email: tttin@it.tdt.edu.vn
Tiu th: [KTMT](tiu ).
Ni dung: lin quan mn hc.
Tr li ti lp / hoc email.

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Thc mc & Gii p?

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CHNG 1

Gii thiu

Chng 1: Gii thiu

1. My tnh v phn loi
2. Kin trc my tnh
3. S tin ho ca my tnh

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My tnh
My tnh (Computer) l thit b in t
thc hin cc cng vic sau:
Nhn thng tin vo,
X l thng tin theo dy cc lnh c nh
sn bn trong,
a thng tin ra.

Dy cc lnh nm trong b nh yu
cu my tnh thc hin cng vic c th
c gi l chng trnh (program)
My tnh hot ng theo chng trnh.
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M hnh my tnh c bn
CPU
Control
Processing

input

output
Memory

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M hnh phn lp ca my tnh

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Phn loi my tnh

Phn loi truyn thng:
My vi tnh (Microcomputer)
My tnh nh (Minicomputer)
My tnh ln (Mainframe Computer)
Siu my tnh (Supercomputer)

Phn loi my tnh hin i

My tnh bn (Desktop Computers)
My ch (Servers)
My tnh nhng (Embedded Computers)
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My tnh bn

L loi my tnh ph bin nht

Cc loi my tnh bn

My tnh c nhn (Personal Computer PC)

My tnh trm lm vic (Workstation Computer)

1981: IBM gii thiu my tnh IBM-PC s dng

b x l Intel 8088
1984: Apple a ra my tnh Macintosh s
dng b x l Motorola 68000
Gi thnh: 300USD n 10.000USD

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My ch (Server)

Thc cht l my phc v

Dng trong mng theo m hnh
Client/Server (Khch hng/Ngi phc
v)
Tc v hiu nng tnh ton cao
Dung lng b nh ln
tin cy cao
Gi thnh: hng chc nghn n hng
chc triu USD.

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My tnh nhng
(Embedded Computer)

c t trong thit b khc iu

khin thit b lm vic
c thit k chuyn dng
V d: . in thoi di ng . Biu khin
trong my git, iu ho nhit
Router -b nh tuyn trn mng

Gi thnh: Vi USD n hng trm nghn

USD.

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My tnh nhng
(Embedded Computer)

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Cu hi
Mt sinh vin s hu bao nhiu my tnh?

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Chng 1: Gii thiu

1. My tnh v phn loi
2. Kin trc my tnh
3. S tin ho ca my tnh

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Kin trc my tnh

Bao gm hai kha cnh:
Kin trc tp lnh (Intruction Set Architecture):
nghin cu my tnh theo cch nhn ca ngi lp
trnh.
T chc my tnh (Computer Organization): nghin
cu cu trc phn cng my tnh.

Kin trc tp lnh thay i chm, t chc my

tnh thay i rt nhanh.
V d: Cc my tnh PC dng cc b x l Intel 32-bit
t 80386 n Pentium 4:
Cng chung kin trc tp lnh (IA-32)
C t chc khc nhau
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Kin trc tp lnh

Tp lnh
Tp hp cc chui s nh phn m
ho cho cc thao tc m my tnh c
th thc hin.

Cc kiu d liu
Cc kiu d liu m my tnh c th
x l.

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S cu trc c bn
B x l trung tm

B nh chnh

Bus h thng

H thng vo ra

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Cu trc c bn ca my tnh
Ch : Cu trc >< Kin trc !!!
B x l trung tm (CPU):
iu khin hot ng ca my tnh v x l d liu.

B nh chnh (Main Memory):

Cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang c s
dng.

H thng vo ra (Input/Output System):

Trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi bn ngoi.

Lin kt h thng (System Interconnection):

Kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia cc
thnhphn vi nhau.
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Chng 1: Gii thiu

1. My tnh v phn loi
2. Kin trc my tnh
3. S tin ho ca my tnh

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S tin ho ca my tnh

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S tin ho ca my tnh

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Th h th nht: My tnh dng n

in t chn khng (1943-1955)
Th h th hai: My tnh dng
transistor (1956-1965)
Th h th ba: My tnh dng vi
mch SSI, MSI v LSI (1966-1980)
Th h th t: My tnh dng vi
mch VLSI, SLSI (1981-nay)
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ENIAC

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Nng 30 tn
Kch thc 140 m2
18000 n in t v 1500 rle
5000 php cng/giy
X l theo s thp phn
B nh ch lu tr d liu
Lp trnh bng cch thit lp v tr ca
cc chuyn mch v cc cp ni.

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My tnh Von Neumann

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Cn gi l my tnh IAS
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
c bt u t 1947, hon thnh 1952
Do John von Neumann thit k
c xy dng theo tng chng
trnh c lu tr (stored-program
concept) ca von Neumann/Turing (1945)

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c im chnh ca my tnh IAS

Bao gm cc thnh phn:

n v iu khin (CU)

n v s hc v logic (ALU)

thc hin cc php ton vi s nh phn.

B nh chnh

nhn lnh t b nh, gii m v thc hin lnh mt cch

tun t,
iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b vo-ra.

cha chng trnh v d liu.

c nh a ch theo tng ngn nh, khng ph thuc
vo ni dung ca n.

Cc thit b vo ra.

Tr thnh m hnh c bn ca my tnh.

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Cc my tnh thng mi

1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
1950s - UNIVAC II

Nhanh hn
B nh ln hn

IBM International Business Machine

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1952 IBM 701 . My tnh lu tr chng trnh u

tin ca IBM . S dng cho tnh ton khoa hc
1955 IBM 702 . Cc ng dng thng mi

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My tnh dng transistor

My tnh PDP-1 ca DEC
(Digital Equipment Corporation)
my tnh mini u tin

IBM 7000
Hng trm nghn php cng / giy
Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao ra i.

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My tnh dng vi mch SSI, MSI v

LSI
Vi mch (Integrated Circuit IC): nhiu
transistor v cc phn t khc c tch hp
trn mt chip bn dn.

SSI (Small Scale Integratinon)

MSI (Medium Scale Integration)
LSI (Large Scale Integration)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) (dng cho
my tnh h th t)

Siu my tnh xut hin: CRAY-1, VAX

B vi x l (microprocessor) ra i
B x l u tin Intel 4004 (1971).
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Lut Moore

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Lut Moore
Gordon Moore - ngi ng sng lp Intel.
S transistors trn chip s gp i sau 18
thng.
Gi thnh ca chip hu nh khng thay i.
Mt cao hn, do vy ng dn ngn hn.
Kch thc nh hn dn ti phc tp tng ln.
in nng tiu th t hn.
H thng c t cc chip lin kt vi nhau, do
tng tin cy.
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My tnh dng vi mch VLSI

Cc sn phm chnh ca cng ngh VLSI:
B vi x l (Microprocessor): CPU c ch
to trn mt chip.
Vi mch iu khin tng hp (chipset): mt
hoc mt vi vi mch thc hin c nhiu
chc nng iu khin v ni ghp.
B nh bn dn (Semiconductor Memory):
ROM,RAM
Cc b vi iu khin (Microcontroller): my
tnh chuyn dng c ch to trn mt chip.
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Cc h thng my tnh hin i

My tnh nhng
My tnh c nhn (PC)
My trm lm vic
My ch (Servers)
Mng my tnh
Internet - Mng my tnh ton cu

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Chng 1: Tng kt
1.1. My tnh v phn loi
1.2. Kin trc my tnh
1.3. S tin ho ca my tnh
Cu hi?

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