Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang

66
CHUONG 5
MACH TUYN TINH CO NGUN CHU KY KHNG DIU HOA
Trong thc t ngoai kch thch iu hoa ta thng gp cac kch thch chu ky
khng iu hoa nh cac ngun chnh lu, ngun xung chu ky, cac ngun tn hiu iu
bin dung trong VT cung nh trong KT, nn cn dn ra phng phap tnh mach
nay ch xac lp, lam ro tnh la chon cua phan ng mach i vi tn s, t o a
n khai nim v ph la mt cach biu din tn hiu .
Phn tich kich thich chu ky khng diu hoa thanh tng cac ham diu hoa co
cac tn s khac nhau
Theo toan hoc : Bt ky mt ham chu ky nao thoa man iu ki n Diricle u co th
biu din di dang chui v han cua cac ham lng giac (iu hoa, chui Fourier)
(t) = (t + T) = A
o
+ . (5-1)

+
1
k km
) t . k cos( C
trong o : A
o
thanh phn hng ( = 0, = 0, T = )
k : s th t cua cac iu hoa, C
km
,
k
: Bin va goc pha u cua
iu hoa th k.
Nh vy mt ham chu ky khng hnh sin chnh la tng cua cac ng hnh sin co
tn s bi f
k
= k.f
1
va goc pha u
k
.Vi f
1
=1/ T la tn s c ban (tn s cua song
bc nht).
V mi iu hoa u co bin va pha ban u cua no nn chui noi trn (5-1) co
th di dang tng cac ng sin va cos, mi ng u co pha ban u bng 0.
(t) = A
0
+

=1 k
km
cos k.t + B

=1 k
km
sin k.t (5-2)
vi C
km
=
2
km
2
km
B A +
k
= arctg
km
km
A
B

Thanh phn hng A
0
la tr s trung bnh cua ham trong mt chu ky tn s c ban :
A
0
=
T
1

T
0
(t) .dt (5-3) A
km
=
T
2

T
0
(t) cos kt.dt (5-4)
B
km
=
T
2

T
0
(t) sin kt.dt (5-5)
Trong cac cng thc trn, k co gia tr nguyn dng chay t 1 n . Khi chui hi
tu, nhng thanh phn iu hoa cao phai nho dn. Do o mt cach gn ung ch ly mt
vai s han u thng cung u thoa man chnh xac yu cu. Nu goi mi ng
hnh sin ng vi mi iu hoa th k la mt song th tp hp cac song tao nn ham chu
ky khng iu hoa.
Song ng vi k =1, tn s f
1
vi
1
=2f
1
goi la song c ban.
Song ng vi k = 2 , f
2
= 2f
1
vi
2
= 2
1
goi la song bi 2.
Song ng vi k = 3 , f
3
= 3f
1
vi
3
= 3
1
goi la song bi 3.
T song bi 2 tr ln goi la song bc cao.
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Trong thc t thng gp cac tn hiu chu ky i xng vi truc thi gian nh hnh
(h.5-1) tc la nhng tn hiu co ln tai thi im t bng ln tai thi im t +
nhng trai du :
f(t ) = -f(t +) (5-6)
Luc nay chui Fourier khng co nhng thanh
phn iu hoa chn, tc se trit tiu cac
im 2k. V nu tn tai nhng thanh phn
iu hoa chn 2k ta se co :
h.5-1
0
e(t)
t
t
e(t+)
T/2
2
T
e

2k
(t + ) = A
2km
cos[2k(t + ) +
2k
] =
A
2km
cos[2kt +
2k
] =
2k
(t)
iu nay trai vi (5-6)
V vy i vi tn hiu chu ky i xng qua truc thi gian ta phn tch Fourier ra
cac song c ban + song bc 3 + song bc 5 + ...(noi chung la song bc le). Trong o
ngoai song c ban ri n song bi 3 co bin ang k. Tht vy qua phn tch cac
iu hoa thy nu bin cua iu hoa c ban cua ap la 100% th bin cua iu hoa
bc 3ch co 15%, con bin cua iu hoa bc 5 ch con co 10%. Con cac iu hoa
khac v bin qua nho nn khng chu y n.
Thng thng cac chui cua nhng ham chu ky c cho cac cm nang toan ho c.
Cung co th phn tch t (5-3), (5-4) , (5-5).
Trj hiu dung va cng sut dong chu ky
Tr hiu dung : Ta a bit o kha nng sinh cng cua dong chu ky ta dung tr
hiu dung I la gia tr trung bnh bnh phng cua ham chu ky : I =

T
0
2
dt i
T
1
(5-7).
Gia s lng chu ky khng iu hoa i c phn tich thanh tng cac iu hoa co
tn s khac nhau i
0
,

i
1
, i
2
, i
k
: i = i

0
k
(5-8) ta c I
2
=

T
0
2
0
k
) i (
T
1
dt (5-9)
Tach bnh phng cua tng cac s hang i
k
thanh 2 tng, tng th nht gm nhng
s han i
k
2
va tng th hai gm nhng s hang dang i
k
i
l
vi i
k
i
l
. Ta a tch phn v
dang :
I
2
=

+
T
0
l k , 0 l , k
T
0
l k
2
k
0
dt i i
T
2
dt i
T
1
, s hang th hai bng 0, con s hang th nht :
I
2
=

T
0
2
k
0
dt i
T
1
.
Trong o i
k
la nhng ham iu hoa ng vi tn s khac nhau, nn :

=
0
2
k
2
I I
2
k
2
2
2
1
2
0
I ... I I I I + + + + = (5-10)
2
k
2
2
2
1
2
0
U ... U U U U + + + + = (5-11)
Tng t co :
2
k
2
2
2
1
2
0
E ... E E E E + + + + = (5-12)
Cng sut dong chu ky : Cng sut tac dung : P = I
2
R thay I
2
= I
k
2
ta co :
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P = (I
2
0
+ I
2
1
+I
2
2
+...+ I
2
k
) R = P
0
+ P
1
+ P
2
+ ...+ P
K
=

(5-13)

0
K
P
Va v : P
k
= U
k
.I
k
cos
k
nn P = cos
k
0
K
I U

k
(5-14)
Tnh la chon i vi tn s cua cac thng s tng tr, tng dn :
Ta bit X
L
= L, X
c
= 1/.C, X
L1
= L th X
Lk
= kL = kX
L1
(5-15)
X
c1
= 1/C th X
Ck
= 1/k C = X
C1
/ k (5-16)
Nn tng tr vi song bc k :

=

+ =
< = + =
R
C k / 1 L k
arctg
)
C k
1
L k ( R z
z ) k / x kx ( j R Z
k
2 2
k
k k 1 C 1 L K
(5-17)
Phuong phap xet mach tuyn tinh co ngun chu ky khng diu hoa
V kch thch chu ky khng iu hoa theo Fourier c phn tch thanh tng cac
kch thch thanh phn chu ky iu hoa khac nhau, nn co th coi kch thch tac ng
vao mach gm cac kch thch thanh phn co tn s khac nhau. Theo nguyn tc xp
chng ta co th tnh ap ng ng vi tng kch thch thanh phn, xong xp chng cac
ap ng thanh phn ta se c ap ng chung, ng vi kch thch chu ky khng iu
hoa. Vic tnh ap ng thanh phn ng vi khch thch thanh phn (kch thch ng vi
mt tn s xac nh ) la chu ky iu hoa nn dung phng phap phc tnh rt thun li,
ch cn lu y luc tnh vi kch thch tn s nao th tng tr phai c tnh theo tn s
o.
Sau khi tnh c cac ap ng thanh phn di dang phc ta chuyn sang dang
tc thi xp chng c cac ap ng chung (lu y khng xp chng nhng anh
phc cua nhng iu hoa tn s khac nhau).
.i (t) = i
k
(t), u(t) = u
k
(t), e(t) = e
k
(t) (5-18)
Con gia tr hiu dung th ta co theo (5-10), (5-14). I =
2
k
I , U =
2
k
U , P = P
k
T phn tch trn rut ra cac bc giai mach chu ky khng iu hoa:
Phn tch kch thch chu ky khng iu hoa thanh tng nhng kch thch chu ky
iu hoa co tn s khac nhau (thng thng bc nay khng phai lam ma c cho
trc)
Tnh tng tr phc cac nhanh theo cac tn s.
Dung phng phap phc tnh cac ap ng thanh phn ng vi tng tn s.
Xp chng cac ap ng thanh phn c cac ap
ng chung.
u(t)
i(t)
R
L
C
V du : Giai mach in nh hnh (h.5-2). Bit u(t)
=100+141sin 100t, R=10, X
L1
= 20, X
C1
= 1/C=
10. Xac nh i, I , P trong mach ?
Giai:
h.5-2
y la bai toan mach chu ky khng iu hoa. Kch
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Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
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69
thch gm thanh phn 1 chiu U
0
=100V thanh phn iu hoa tn s la u
1
(t) =
141sin100t (a c phn tch Fourier).
Ta tnh vi tng kch thch thanh phn .
Khi ch co U
0
=100V tac dung : I
0
=U
0
/R =100/10 =10 A cng sut tiu thu : P
0
= I
2
0

R =10
2
.10 =1000 W.
Khi ch co = 141 < 0
1
.
U
0
tac dung :
Tng tr nhanh L- C la : Z
1LC
= j (L- 1/ C) = j(20 - 10) = j10.
Dong qua nhanh L - C la :
LC 1
.
1
LC 1
.
Z
U
I = = 141/j10 = 14,1 < - /2.
Dong qua tr R la :
R
U
I
.
1
R 1
.
= = 141/10 = 14,1 < 0.
Dong trong nhanh chung : = - j14,1 + 14,1 = R 1
.
LC 1
. .
1
I I I + =
0
45 1 , 14 . 2
i
1
(t) = 1 , 14 . 2 sin (100t - 45
0
)
P
1
= I
2
1R
R = (14,1/ 2 )
2
.R= 14,1
2
.10/2 = 980 W
P
1
= U
1
.I
1
. cos =(
2
141
). 14,1. cos45
0
= 980 W
Tng hp kt qua :
Gia tr tc thi cua dong in trong mach :
i(t) = i
o
+ i
1
(t) = 10 + 2 .14,1 sin (100t - 45
0
)
Gia tr hiu dung dong in trong mach : I =
2
1
2
0
I I + =
2 2
1 , 14 10 + 17 A
Cng sut tac dung trong mach : P = P
0
+ P
1
= 1000 + 980 =1980 W .
Ph tn cua ham chu ky khng diu hoa
Ph bin va ph pha :
Ta bit co th khai trin mt ham thi gian chu ky khng iu hoa thanh chui Fourier
dang : (t) =

cos (kt +

0
km
F
k
).
trong o bin va goc pha cua cac thanh phn iu hoa phu thuc tn s theo nhng
qui lut hoan toan tuy thuc ring dang (t) : F
km
= F
km
() ,
k
=
km
() (5-19)
goi F
km
() : ph bin

km
() : ph pha cua ham chu ky - goi chung la ph tn s. Vi cp ph tn bin,
pha xac nh tng ng co ham thi gian xac nh .
V vy ta co quan h dong i gia mt cp ph tn vi mt ham thi gian .
(t) [ F
km
(),
km
() ] (5-20)
i vi cac ham chu ky (t) th F
km
() va
km
() khng trit tiu cac im ri rac
k (k nguyn dng 0,1, 2, 3...) trn truc tn s .
V du : Tm ph tn cua ham thi gian hnh (h.5-3) : e(t) =

< <
< <
2 t 0
t 0 1
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Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
70
t
3 0
h.5-3
e
2 -5 -
1
h.5-5 h.5-4
90
0

k

E
km
-3 -
-90
0
-5
5

0
3 5 -3
3

Vy ph cua ham chu ky la nhng ham ri rac va gian oan cua tn s nn goi la
ph gian oan hay ph vach.
T o cung thy khi ham khng chu ky, tc la ham co = T th luc o cac vach
ph se xt lai nhau, ph se lin tuc theo tn s. Vy mt ham khng chu ky se co cac
ph tn lin tuc, con goi la ph c.
Dang phc cua ph :
mi tn s k ph tn xac nh mt cp s mun - argumen (F
km
,
km
) v vy
co th biu din bng s phc . Cac s phc phn b ri rac
theo tn s lam thanh mt ph tn phc. Cn xac nh quan h gia ham thi gian f(t)
va ph tn . T :
km
j
km km
.
e F F

= ) ( F
km
.

) ( F
km
.

) ( j
km km
.
0 0 m 0
.
0
j
m 0
.
t jk
km
.
t jk j
km
1
t jk j
km
1
t jk j
km
1
0 k km 0
k
0 k
k k
e ) ( F ) ( F
0 , f 2 F f e F
2
1
, e F
2
1
e e F
2
1
e e F
2
1
e e F
2
1
f ) t k cos( F f ) t ( f

=
= = = = =
+ + = + + =


(5-21)
Vy dang phc cua ph hay ph phc la mt ham co gia tr phc ri rac cua tn
s . Tr tuyt i cua ham o la ph bin con argumen la ph pha. Ph phc la
mt cach biu din rt gon tn hiu thi gian bng mt ham gia tr phc cua tn s rt
tin dung trong tnh toan phn tch qua trnh.
Tnh ph phc theo tn hiu a cho :
T cng thc (5-21) ta tm c ham thi gian theo ph phc a cho. Ngc lai
ta tm c ph phc theo ham thi gian a cho.
tm ph phc cn tm s phc ng vi cac tn s k. Mun vy
nhn hai v cua (5-21) vi
) ( F
km
.

km
.
F

1
e
-jk

t
va ly tch phn theo t trong mt chu ky ta c :

l k , l
2
0
t ) k l ( j
lm
2
0
km
2
0
t jk
) t ( d e F
2
1
) t ( d F
2
1
) t ( d e ) t ( f
1

Theo Euler cac s hang dang vi lk la tng cua hai ham iu hoa nn
tch phn cua chung trong mt chu ky bng 0 va tch phn
t ) k l ( j
lm
.
e F

km
.
2
0
km
.
F ) t ( d . F
2
1
=

nn
ta c cng thc :
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
71

=
2
0
t jk
km
.
) t ( d e ). t ( f
1
F (5-22)
Nu k la mt s a cho th cng thc (5-22) cho la mt s phc ng vi tn
s k. Nu coi k la thng s chay th (5-22) cho mt ham s phc cua k hay cua va
o chnh la ph phc cn tm cua ham thi gian f(t).
km
.
F
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