Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang

Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in

137
CHUONG 10
MACH BA PHA O CH D XAC LP DIU HOA
Khai nim v mach din 3 pha :
truyn tai nng lng t ngun n tai cn phai co hai dy dn : mt dy
i va mt dy v . Trong thc t v ngun va tai thng rt xa nhau nn dy ni co
th rt dai.
Nu lin kt mt s mach hoan toan ging nhau, trong mi mach u co ngun
va phu tai va dong in bin thin cung tn s nhng ln lt lch pha nhau th tng
cac dong trn dy v bng khng. Nu nh vy co th bo ng dy v ma vn
am bao cung cp in. Va ro rang h thng na y rt kinh t. o la h thng nhiu pha -
Mach nhiu pha.
Vy tp hp cac mach in trong o co s tac dung cua S hnh sin cung tn
s va ln lt lch pha i vi nhau goi la h thng nhiu pha. Mi mt mach in o (
goi la mach mt pha ) tham gia h nhiu pha goi la mt pha cua h nhiu pha.
May phat in nhiu pha c ban c cu tao nh may phat in mt pha, trong
o Stato co mt s cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian mt goc nao o, khi may
phat lam vic (Roto quay) th trong mi cun dy cam ng nn S hnh sin lch pha
nhau mt goc phu thuc vao s i cc va goc trong khng gian gia truc cua cac cun
dy. H nhiu pha dung rt li khi bin dong xoay chiu thanh dong mt chiu qua b
chnh lu co th co s lng pha la 6, 12, 24, 48.
Trn thc t ta gp ph bin la h thng ba pha - mach ba pha. Mach ba pha la
mach in ma phn t tac ng la ngun in ba pha.
Ngun in ba pha thng la may phat in xoay chiu ng b 3 pha i xng.
No gm Roto la mt nam chm in c t hoa bng dong ly t ngun kch thch
bn ngoai. Roto c quay bi ng c s cp (ng c iezen, Tuabin hi, Tuabin
nc ... ) va stato co 3 cun dy : AX, BY, CZ ging ht nhau nhng t lch nhau
trong khng gian goc 120P
0
P . Roto quay th trong mi dy qun stato se phat sinh mt
S cam ng xoay chiu hnh sin. Cac S nay hoan toan ging nhau nhng lch pha
nhau goc 120P
0
P ng vi thi gian 1/3 chu ky ( T/3 ) ta co biu thc cac S cua may
phat in 3 pha i xng: eB
A(t) =
B 2 Esint
eB
B(t) =
B 2 Esin(t - 120P
0
P) ( 10-1 )
eB
C(t) =
B 2 Esin(t - 240P
0
P)
Biu din th thi gian va th vect nh hnh (h.10-1a,b)
T (10-1) va t cac th thy moi thi im tng cac S 3 pha u trit tiu.
eB
A
B + eB
B
B + eB
C
B = 0
0 E E E C B A = + +

(10-2)
0 E E E C B A = + +


Nu mi dy qun (mi pha) cua ngun u ni ra tai ta se c mach ba pha
khng lin h nhau. No nh 3 may mt pha ghep lai. Nh ta a phn tch trn mach
nay khng dung v khng kinh t.
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
138
Vy phai ni dy qun stato lai vi nhau sau o mi ni n tai th ta mi c
mach ba pha ( h thng ba pha ).
Co hai cach ni cun dy stato (ni ngun). Lu y 3 cun dy stato nm trong
khng gian gn nhau nn co vn h cam nn phai chu y n cc cung tnh khi ni
chung vi nhau. Ta quy c 3 u dy cua 3 cun dy cung tnh vi nhau la u u
thng ky hiu A, B, C, th cac u con lai cung cung tnh vi nhau goi la u cui ky
hiu X, Y, Z.
+ Cach ni hnh (Y) la em 3 cc cui X, Y, Z chum vi nhau lai tai mt im
O goi la im trung tnh (tt nhin co th ngc lai ly cac u A, B, C chum nhau
cung c).
+ Cach ni hnh () la ly u cui cua pha nay (v du X) ni vi u u cua
pha k tip (v du B) ri Y ni vao C va Z ni vao A thanh vong kn AX - BY - CZ -A.
S d ni ngun hnh ma khng tao s ngn mach v trong vong kn nay co
eB
A
B + eB
B
B + eB
C
B = 0.
Ba tai cua 3 pha cung co th ni Y hoc sau o ni vao dy dn cua ngun ra.
Cach ni dy cua tai va cua ngun khng phu thuc nhau va co th khac nhau,
cach ni dy cua tai sao cho am bao ap trn mt pha cua tai bng ap nh mc cua
mt pha la c.
Ta goi mi b phn (ngun, ng dy, tai) hp thanh h thng ba pha la mt
pha cua mach in ba pha. V du : mt pha cua ngun, mt pha cua tai...
Mang in 3 pha 3 dy thng dung cung cp in san xut, co tai phn ln
la ng c in 3 pha keo cac may cng cu.
Mang i n 3 pha 4 dy (mach nay vi ngun va tai u ni Y, co thm mt dy
trung tnh) thng dung cung cp cho nhu cu sinh hoat, thp sang. Li in nay
co ap 380/220V hoc 220/127V.
Trong mach 3 pha cn phn bit hai loai ai lng la cac lng dy va cac
lng pha.
Cac dong, ap trn cac pha cua tai hoc ngun goi la cac dong pha, ap pha IB
f
B , UB
f
B.
Cac lng dy thng dung hn cac lng pha v mach 3 pha coi la mt h thng
nht va cac lng dy c trng qua trnh nng lng cua toan h, khng cn bit kt
cu pha nh th nao.
e(t)
t
t
eB
A
eB
B
eB
C
TB
EB
A
EB
B
EB
C
120P
0
(h.10-1) (b) (a)
120P
0
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
139
Mach 3 pha co ngun i xng, tai i xng, tng tr cac pha cua ng dy
bng nhau goi la mach ba pha i xng. Ngc lai mach khng ap ng u 3 iu kin
trn goi la mach 3 pha khng i xng.
Dc dim cua mach ba pha di xung :
Mach ba pha thng lam vic trang thai i xng : tc la am bao ngun i
xng nh dang (10-1a,b) S bng nhau v modul nhng goc pha ln lt lch nhau
120P
0
P. Tng tr dy dn ba pha nh nhau va tai ba pha i xng tc la :
ZB
A
B = zB
A
B<B
A
B = ZB
B
B = zB
B
B<B
B
B = ZB
C
B = zB
C
B<B
C
B
zB
A
B = zB
B
B = zB
C
B va B
A
B = B
B
B = B
C
B (10-3)
Vi mach ba pha i xng th cac h thng dong, ap moi b phn cua mach
u i xng, tt ca cac im trung tnh cua ngun va tai u ng th.
US ni Y - YU : nh hnh (h.10-2)
Ngun 3 pha i xng co cac S trn cac pha A, B, C lin h nhau qua (10-1)
co th biu din di dang biu thc :
; e E E ; e E E ; e E E
c
C
b
B
a
A
j
m
j
m
j
m

= = =
= B
a
B - B
b
B = B
b
B - B
c
B = B
c
B - B
a
B =
3
2
(nu quan h n pha th =
n
2
)
Nu goc pha u bng 0 th : ; 120 E E ; 0 E E
0
m m
B A
< = < =


120 va ; 240 E 120 E E
0 0
m
0
m
C
= < = < =

vit biu thc n gian ta s dung toan t quay :

2
3
j
2
1
120 sin j 120 cos a 120 1 e
0 0 0
3
2
j
+ = + = = < =

La s phc co modul = 1, arcgumen bng 120P
0
P, nn mt s phc bt ky nhn
vi a se co modul khng i nhng se quay i mt goc 120P
0
P ( tc arcgumen thay i
120P
0
P)
Ta co th vit : ; E a E a E hay ; E a E ; E a E ; E a E
C B A A C C B B A
2

= = = = =
H thng ngun ba pha theo th t A, B, C nh xet trn y la h thng th t thun.
Vy ngun i xng thng gp la ngun i xng th t thun.
in ap gia hai im trung tnh cua ngun va tai (vn dung phng phap 2 nut)
120P
0
EB
A
EB
C
EB
B
AB
EB
B
EB
C
CB BB
AB
CB BB
OB
EB
A
IB
A
IB
B
IB
C
UB
A
UB
B
UB
C
ZB
(h.10-2)
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
120P
0
O'B
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
140

0
3
E E E
Y Y Y
Y E Y E Y E
Y
Y E
U
C B A
C B A
C
C
B
B
A
A
O ' O =
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
= =

V YB
A
B = YB
B
B = YB
C
B , hai im trung tnh ngun O va trung tai O ng th nhau, nn nu
ni cac im trung tnh bng mt dy dn goi la dy trung tnh th dong trong dy
trung tnh bng 0.
Xac nh in ap trn cac pha cua tai : Vit phng trnh lut Kirhof 2 cho vong
OAOA ta co :
U U U E U U U E U U U E C
.
O ' O
.
C
.
C
.
B
.
O ' O
.
B
.
B
.
A
.
O ' O
.
A
.
A
.
= + = = + = = + =
Vy h thng trn tai cung i xng nh hnh (h.10-3)
; 120 U U ; 120 U U ; 0 U U
0
f
C
.
0
f
B
.
f
A
.
< = < = < =
T th tp cua mach (h.10-3) thy h thng
in ap dy CA BC AB U , U , U

cung i xng. Rut ra c
quan h gia in ap dy va in ap pha, qua tam giac
vung OHA co :

f d A
0
A AB
U 3 U tc U 3 30 cos U 2 U = = =
v tr s hiu dung ap dy ln hn ap pha 3 ln. V
goc pha ta thy UB
AB
B vt trc UB
A
B goc 30P
0
P. Nn co quan
h chung gia ap dy va ap pha la :

0 0
0
30 j
C
.
CA
.
30 j
B
.
BC
.
0 30 j
A
.
AB
.
e U 3 U , e U 3 U
30 goc ng tng pha ap c vt tr dy ap , e U 3 U
= =
=
(10-4)
H thng dong in trong mach cung i xng : ; U Y I ; U Y I ; U Y I C
.
C
.
B
.
B
.
A
.
A
.
= = =
Trn hnh (h.10-3) ve h thng dong pha i xng vi tai cam. Trong mach ni
Y dong in pha bng dong in dy IB
f
B = IB
d
B.
US ni tam giac - tam giac (-)U : hnh (h.10-4)
H thng in ap trn tai cung i xng : CA CA BC BC AB AB E U , E U , E U

= = = ;
H thng dong in pha trn tai cung i xng nh hnh (h.10-5) :
IB
AB
B= YUB
BA
B; IB
BC
B = YUB
BC
B ; IB
CA
B = YUB
CA
B
A
B
UB
CA
B

C
UB
A
UB
C
IB
A
UB
B
IB
B
IB
C
(h.10-3)
UB
BC
B
UB
AB
B
A
C B
A
C B
EB
CA
B EB
AB
B
EB
BC
B
UB
CA
B UB
AB
B
UB
BC
B
IB
C IB
B
IB
A
UB
CA
B
UB
AB
B
UB
BC
B
IB
A
IB
B
IB
C
B
IB
BC
B IB
CA
B
(h.10-4)
(h.10-5)
IB
AB
B
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
141
Da vao lut Kirhof 1 tnh c dong in dy theo cac dong in pha
nut A co :
CA
.
AB
.
A
.
I I I =
nut B co :
AB
.
BC
.
B
.
I I I =
nut C co :
BC
.
CA
.
C
.
I I I =
T th vect thy quan h gia cac dong in :

0
0
0
30 j
CA
.
C
.
30 j
BC
.
B
.
30 j
AB
.
A
.
e I 3 I
e I 3 I
e I 3 I

=
=
=

Tr s dong dy ln hn dong pha 3 ln. Dong dy chm sau dong pha tng
ng goc 30P
0
P.
Do quan h n gian gia cac lng dy va lng pha nn co th o qua trnh
mach 3 pha i xng bng cac bin trang thai trn mt pha la u. Va ch cn bit dong
ap trn mt pha la u. Con cac pha kia c suy ra cung co tr s ging pha a bit
nhng lch v pha120P
0
P.
Vy 3 pha i xng ni th : UB
d
B = UB
f
B ; IB
d
B = 3 IB
f
B
Cng sut tc thi cua mach i xng bng : PB
A
B = uB
A
BiB
A
B; PB
B
B = uB
B
BiB
B
B; PB
B
B = uB
C
BiB
C
B;
uB
A
B = UB
m
Bsin(t + ) , iB
A
B = IB
m
Bsin(t + - )
uB
B
B = UB
m
Bsin(t + - 120P
0
P) , iB
B
B = IB
m
Bsin(t + - - 120P
0
P)
uB
C
B = UB
m
Bsin(t + - 240P
0
P) , iB
C
B = IB
m
Bsin(t + - - 240P
0
P)
P = PB
A
B + PB
B
B + PB
C
B= 3UIcos - UI[cos{2(t + ) -} + cos{2(t + - 120P
0
P) -}
+ cos{2(t + - 240P
0
P) -}]
V tng cua 3 ham cos cung bin va lch pha nhau 120P
0
P bng 0 nn :
P = PB
A
B + PB
B
B + PB
C
B = 3UIcos = const (10-6)
H ba pha thoa man iu kin trn goi la h ba pha cn bng.
Tinh mach ba pha di xung :
Do c im cua mach ba pha i xng nn ta khng cn phn tch mach in trn
ca ba pha ma tm cach a v bai toan cho mt pha gian tin hn.
UVi mach ni Y - YU :
Vi mach nay cac im trung tnh ngun va tai ng th nhau, nn nu ni chung
lai bng mt dy dn co tng tr bng khng th trang thai mach khng i. T y
thy co th tach mt pha ra th khng anh hng g n mach. Va ro rang co th tnh
toan cho mt pha ri suy ra dong, ap, cng sut hai pha con lai qua quan h i xng
trong h thng.
V du : Mt mach 3 pha i xng nh hnh (h.10-6) co S E = 125V; tai ZB
1
B =
20
Tai ZB
2
B = 25<36P
0
P50, ng dy co tng tr Z = 3,5<53P
0
P. Xac nh dong, ap trn cac
nhanh ?

Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
142
V mach i xng ta ni cac im trung tnh lai ri tach ra s pha A giai
nh hnh (h.10-7)
t 0 125 0 E EA
.
= = . T (h.10-7) tnh c dong in dy pha A :
A 26 56 , 8
' 50 36 25 20
' 50 36 25 . 20
53 5 , 3
0 125
Z Z
Z Z
Z
E
I
0
0
0
0
2 1
2 1
A
.
.
< =
< +
<
+ <
<
=
+
+
=
Sut ap trn tng tr ng dy : = = Z I U A
.
d
.
A
8,56<-26P
0
P.3,5<53P
0
P = 30<27P
0
P
(V)
in ap trn tai : = = =
A A
d A A U E U U
. .
2
.
1
.
125 - 30<27P
0
P = 100<-7P
0
P50 (V)
Dong in qua tai ZB
1
B : (A) 50 7 5
20
50 7 100
0
0
1
1
.
1
.
< =
<
= =
Z
U
I
A
A
Dong in qua tai ZB
2
B : (A) 44 4
50 36 25
50 7 100
Z
U
I
0
0
0
2
2 A
.
2 A
.
< =
<
<
= =
Suy ra dong trn cac dy pha B, C :
A 94 56 , 8 e . e 56 , 8 e I I
A 146 56 , 8 e . e 56 , 8 e I I
0 120 j 26 j 120 j
A
.
C
.
0 120 j 26 j 120 j
A
.
B
.
0 0 0
0 0 0
< = = =
< = = =

th tp va th vect nh hnh (h.10-8)
Vi mach ni - Y v ngun ni nn EB
f
B chnh bng ap dy cp cho tai - va v
tai ni Y nn ap trn mt pha cua tai = UB
d
B/ 3 . T y ta tnh oc dong pha. Sau khi
co ap, dong cho mt pha ta suy ra cac dong pha con lai.
UVi mach ni - U : Nh hnh (h.10-9)
giai mach nay ta cn bin i tai ni Y, sau o nhp tng tr ZB
d
B vao
tng tr tng pha c mach 3 pha ni - Y oo co UB
d
B = EB
f
B a bit cp cho tai ni Y
nn ap pha cua tai la UB
d
B/ 3 t y ta tnh dong pha sau o suy ra cac pha khac.
Z
ZB
1
ZB
2
IB
A
B IB
A2
B
IB
A1
B
EB
A
A
Z
Z
O
EB
A
B A
O EB
B
B B
EB
C
B C
ZB
2
ZB
2
ZB
2
ZB
1
B ZB
1
B ZB
1
B
O
(h.10-6)
(h.10-7)
Z
A'
B'
C'
A'
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
143
Vi mach ni Y - : v ngun ni Y nn UB
d
B = 3 EB
f
B , ap dy nay dung cung
cp cho tai ni cho nn nu khng co tng tr cac dy pha th th ap trn pha cua tai
chnh bng ap dy ngun nu k ca tng tr cac dy pha th ta phai bin i tai -Y ri
gp tng tr dy vi tng tr mt pha tai va luc nay ap trn mt pha cua tai chnh bng
ap pha ngun EB
f
B. t o giai bai toan tip tuc.
Tinh mach ba pha khng di xung :
Mach in khng thoa man mt trong nhng iu kin i xng se la mach in
ba pha khng i xng. Mach ba pha thng gp cung cp in cho thp sang, sinh
hoat, ng c in mt pha, bin ap han, lo h quang in... la nhng mach lam vic
thng khng i xng.
Trong muc nay ta xet mach ba pha khng i xng ma h cam gia cac pha
khng thay i theo trang thai dong, ap pha. Ta goi la khng i xng tai tnh.
Vi mach ba pha khng i xng tai tnh - no khng co t c im nao cua h
thng i xng nn no nh m t mach co nhiu ngun phc tap. Vy tnh toan no bng
cac phng phap cua mach a hoc nh phng phap dong nhanh, dong vong, th nh,
xp chng, may phat in ng tr... Ro rang phai tnh mach ba pha khng i xng
theo mt th thng nht ; khng th tach ra mt pha tnh nh mach ba pha i xng.
Ta dn ra cng thc tnh mach ba pha khng i xng cho cac trng hp hay gp.
UTnh mach ba pha bn dy : YUBU
o
UBU - YUBU
o
UBU nh hnh (h.10-10)
Luc nay ta co mach hai nut, nn ap dung phng phap in th nh c biu
thc ap gia trung tnh ngun O va trung tnh tai O' la :
N C B A
C
C
.
B
B
.
A
A
. .
O ' O
.
Y Y Y Y
Y E Y E Y E
Y
Y E
U
+ + +
+ +
= =

T o xac nh ap trn tng pha cua tai theo lut Kirhof 2 la :
, U E U , U E U , U E U
o ' o
.
C
.
C
.
o ' o
.
B
.
B
.
o ' o
.
A
.
A
.
= = =
th tp nh hnh (h.10-11)


EB
A
B A
UB
dA
B
UB
A2
B A
IB
A
IB
A1
B
IB
A2
B
EB
B
EB
C
CB CB
BB
BB
IB
C
IB
B
(h.10-8)
A
C B
A
C B
EB
CA
B EB
AB
B
EB
BC
B
ZB
t
ZB
t
ZB
t
ZB
d
ZB
d
ZB
d
(h.10-9)

Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang

Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
144
Sau khi co ap pha ta tnh c dong in pha :

o ' o
.
N N
.
C
.
C C
.
B
.
B B
.
A
.
A A
.
U Y I , U Y I , U Y I , U Y I = = = =
T th tp thy khi mach ba pha khng i xng im trung tnh ngun va
tai khng trung nhau, oan OO chnh la ap gia hai im trung tnh ( vi mach ba pha
i xng th O, O' trung nhau ).
T cng thc tnh
o ' o
.
U (10-7) thy nu tng tr dy trung tnh rt nho ZB
N
B 0
th tng dn cua no = =
N
N
Z
1
Y luc nay 0 U
o ' o
.
= mc du mach ba pha khng i
xng.
Th ap trn cac pha tai : ) 8 10 (
0 E U
0 E U
0 E U
C
.
C
.
B
.
B
.
A
.
A
.

=
=
=

Thng cac ngun cung cp in ba pha i xng con tai cac pha khng i
xng : nn ZB
N
B 0 th cac ap pha cua tai tng ng ap pha ngun i xng. Vy trng
hp nay mc du tai khng i xng nhng ap trn chung vn i xng bng tng ng
ngun S i xng. T y thy ro vai tro cua dy trung tnh, no giup gi cho ap trn
cac pha tai khng i xng gia tr tng ng ap pha ngun khng tuy thuc vao gia
tr cua tai. Nn nu mt pha co s c th cac pha khac khng b anh hng. V vy
mach ba pha bn dy dung ph bin cho sinh hoat .
UTnh mach ba pha ba dyU :
Trong thc t thng d bit in ap dy khng bit ap tng pha cua ngun, o
la mach ba pha ba dy. Ta cn dn ra cng thc tnh toan trong trng hp nay nh
hnh (h.10-12) :
Bit cac ap dy ngun
CA
.
BC
.
AB
.
U , U , U ,bit YB
A
B, YB
B
B, YB
C
B cn xac nh
C
.
B
.
A
.
U , U , U ,
C
.
B
.
A
.
I , I , I
EB
A
B A IB
A
B YB
A
B
EB
B
B B IB
B
B YB
B
B
EB
C
B C IB
C
B YB
C
B
IB
N
YB
N
EB
A
AB
BB CB
OB
OB
UB
oo
B
EB
C
EB
B
UB
B
UB
A
UB
C
(h.10-11) (h.10-10)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
O' O
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
145
H thng in ap dy
CA
.
BC
.
AB
.
U , U , U co th coi la do mt h thng ba ngun
hoc h thng hai ngun tao ra (chon cac ngun sao cho am bao in ap dy a cho la
c). Tc la ta a h thng ngun ni Y tao ra cac in ap dy a cho.
tnh in ap pha A trn tai ta thay h thng in ap dy khng i xng bng
2 S tng ng nh hnh (h.10-13). Ly
AC
.
C
.
AB
.
B
.
U E , U E = = th am bao hai ngun
tng ng nay cp ra h thng ap dy a cho nh hnh hnh (h.10-14). T s 2
nut hnh (h.10-13) ta xac nh c in ap :
9a) - (10
Y Y Y
Y U Y U
Y Y Y
Y E Y E
U U
C B A
C
AC
.
B
AB
.
C B A
C
C
.
B
B
.
O ' O
.
A
.
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
= =
- Tng t nh vy tnh ap pha B thay
BC
.
C
.
BA
.
A
.
U E , U E = =
9b) - (10
Y Y Y
Y U Y U
U
C B A
C
BC
.
A
BA
.
B
.
+ +
+
=
Tng t cho pha C thay
CB
.
B
.
CA
.
A
.
U E , U E = = ta co biu thc :
9c) - (10
Y Y Y
Y U Y U
U
C B A
B
CB
.
A
CA
.
C
.
+ +
+
=
Sau khi co cac ap pha ta xac nh cac dong qua tai :

C
.
C C
.
B
.
B B
.
A
.
A A
.
U Y I , U Y I , U Y I = = = B

th tp hnh (h.10-15)
Khi tai i xng YB
A
B = YB
B
B = YB
C
B = Y th co :
UB
A
B,YB
A
UB
B
B,YB
B
UB
C
B ,YB
C
UB
AB
B
UB
AC
B

UB
BC
B
OB
IB
A
IB
B
IB
C
UB
A
B,YB
A
UB
B
B,YB
B
UB
C
B ,YB
C
OB
EB
B
EB
C
OB
A

B

C
(h.10-12) (h.10-13)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A UB
A
B O
UB
CA
B UB
C
B UB
AB
B
UB
BC
B UB
B
(h.10-15)
A
B
C
UB
BA
B
UB
CA
B
UB
AB
B
UB
BC
B
UB
AC
B
UB
A
(h.10-16)
A UB
AB
B = EB
B
EB
C
B = UB
AC
C
B
(h.10-14)
UB
C
UB
B
O'

Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
146
2
U U
U ;
g
b
j 1
U
U ;
g 2
b
j 1
2
U U
g
b
j 2
U U
jb g 2
g U g U
U U
AC
*
AB
*
HA
*
c
HA
OA
*
c
AC
*
AB
*
c
AC
*
AB
*
c
AC
*
AB
*
A
*
OA
*
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
= =
;
3
U U
U ;
3
U U
U ;
3
U U
U
CB
.
CA
.
C
.
BC
.
BA
.
B
.
AC
.
AB
.
A
.
+
=
+
=
+
=
T o co th xac nh cac ap pha cua tai bng hnh hoc nh hnh (h.10-16).
im trung tnh O cua tai nm giao im 3 ng trung tuyn tam giac in ap dy.
Vy khi ve c tam giac nay th ta xac nh c in ap pha cua tai.
Lu y khi tai khng i xng th im trung tnh nm ch khac (h.10-15)
V du : mt mach in 3 pha gm ngun i xng, tai khng i xng ni hnh Y co
YB
a
B = jbB
c
B ; YB
b
B = YB
c
B = g Hay xac nh quy tch im trung tnh O cua tai khi bB
c
B bin thin
t O n .
Mach in nh hnh (h.10-17) :
Khi bB
C
B bin thin th in ap
OA
.
U biu din bng vect vi gc A, mut O - cung
bin thin u mut O se ve nn quy tch im trung tnh cua tai. Biu thc in ap pha
cua tai :
C B A
C AC
.
B AB
.
A
.
Y Y Y
Y U Y U
U
+ +
+
=
2
U U
U ;
g
b
j 1
U
U ;
g 2
b
j 1
2
U U
g
b
j 2
U U
jb g 2
g U g U
U U
AC
.
AB
.
HA
.
c
HA
OA
.
c
AC
.
AB
.
c
AC
.
AB
.
c
AC
.
AB
.
A
.
OA
.
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
= =

bng na tng hnh hoc hai vect
AB
U

va
AC
U

. No chnh la vect ni t nh A n
im H nm gia oan BC. Ta thy khi bB
C
B = 0 th
HA
.
OA
.
U U = . Khi bB
C
B = th 0 U
OA
.
= .
Vy khi bB
C
B thay i t 0 th
OA
U

chay t H n A (tc im trung tnh O

chay t H n A trn mt na ng tron ng knh UB
HA
B nh hnh (h.10-18).
Trn hnh ve ly v tr trung tnh O tng ng vi mt gia tr bB
C
B nao o ma o
UB
B
B > UB
C
B ; nu thay cac in dn g bng hai bong en si t nh nhau, th luc nay en
pha B co ap ln se sang hn en pha C.
YB
C
B YB
B
YB
A
AB
BB
CB
OB
(h.10-17)
UB
AC
B
UB
AB
B
UB
CA
B
UB
BC
B
H
CB
A (bB
C
B= )B
BB
bB
C
B = 0 UB
B
UB
A
UB
C
(h.10-18)
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
147
T o thy rng nu ch tao mt thit b gm mt pha la tu, con hai pha kia la
en si t nh nhau ni sao th co th qua o ch c th t cac pha A la pha co tu,
pha B la pha co en sang, pha C la pha co en ti. o la thit b ch th t pha.
Tinh va do cng sut mach ba pha :
UCng sut cua mach ba pha bng tng cng sut tng phaU :
jQ P I U I U I U S S S S C
^
C
.
B
^
B
.
A
^
A
.
C
~
B
~
A
~ ~
+ = + + = + + =
Trong o : P = PB
A
B + PB
B
B + PB
C
B = UB
A
BIB
A
BcosB
A
B + UB
B
BIB
B
BcosB
B
B + UB
C
BIB
C
BcosB
C
B
Q = QB
A
B + QB
B
B + QB
C
B = UB
A
BIB
A
BsinB
A
B + UB
B
BIB
B
BsinB
B
B + UB
C
BIB
C
BsinB
C
B
Mun o cng sut mach ba pha ta o cng sut cua tng pha ri cng lai.
Dung watmet o cng sut tng pha, th ni cun dy ap cua watmet vao ap pha cua
tai, cun dy dong cua watme ly dong cua tai. Phng phap ni watmet o nh vy
goi la phng phap mt watmet. Nh hnh (h.10-19)
Khi mach ba pha i xng khng co trung tnh ta dung im trung tnh gia nh
hnh (h.10-20) o cng sut mt pha.
Khi tai ni th dung phng phap mt watmet o cng sut tng pha nh hnh
(h.10-21)
UKhi mach ba pha i xngU : cng sut cac pha bng nhau nn ch cn tnh va o
cng sut trn mt pha ri nhn ba ln c cng sut toan mach.
jQ P I U 3 S 3 S S S S A
^
A
.
A
~
C
~
B
~
A
~ ~
+ = = = + + =
P = 3PB
A
B = 3UB
f
BIB
f
BcosB
f
B
Q = 3QB
A
B = 3UB
f
BIB
f
BsinB
f
B
w
w
w
Ba pha
i xng
khng
trung tnh
w
r rB
y
B r
A

B

C
(h.10-19) (h.10-20)
A
B
C
O


PB
A
B

PB
B
B


PB
C
B
ZB
A
B
ZB
B
B
ZB
C
B

w
w w
PB
C
B PB
A
C
B
A
PB
B
B ZB
BC
B
ZB
AB
B ZB
CA
B
A


B


CB
Tai ni Y
hoc , i
xng hoc
khng i
xng
w
w
EB
1
B EB
2
B
A * PB
1
*
B * PB
2
*
C
(h.10-21) (h.10-22)
. .






Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
148
Vi B
f
B la argumen cua tng tr pha hay goc lch pha gia in ap pha va dong
in pha.
T o thy vi mach ba pha i xng ch cn dung mt watmet o cng sut
mt pha nh hnh (h.10-19) nu co trung tnh, nh hnh (h.10-20) nu khng co trung
tnh; sau o nhn 3 a ra cng sut ca mach ba pha.
Trong thc t thng o trang thai mach ba pha i xng bng cac lng dy,
nn ta dn ra cng thc tnh cng sut theo cac lng dy UB
d
B, IB
d
B :
+ Vi mach ni Y co UB
d
B = 3 UB
f
B ; IB
d
B = IB
f
+ Vi mach ni co UB
d
B = UB
f
B ; IB
d
B = 3 IB
f
B
Nh vy ca hai cach ni u co UB
d
BIB
d
B = 3 UB
f
BIB
f
B nn
P = 3UB
f
BIB
f
BcosB
f
B = 3 UB
d
BIB
d
BcosB
f
B
Q = 3UB
f
BIB
f
BsinB
f
B = 3 UB
d
BIB
d
BsinB
f
B (10-11)
Ui vi mach ba pha ba dy i xng hoc khng i xngU : ta co th s dung cng
thc tnh toan va o cng sut tin li sau y nh hnh (h.10-22) :
Ta thy th h thng in ap dy bng hai ngun S tng ng
U E ; U E BC
.
2
.
AC
.
1
.
= =
Cac ngun tng ng se phat ra cng sut bng cng sut tiu thu trn tai :
( ) 12 - 11 I , U R I , U R P P P B
^
BC
.
C
A
^
AC
.
2 E 1 E tai

= + =
t y thy co mt cach o cng sut na la ni watmet nh hnh (h.10-22), dong in
qua watmet la dong in dy, in ap trn watmet la ap dy th tng ch s cua 2
watmet se la cng sut cua ca mach ba pha. Phng phap o cng sut nh vy thng
goi la phng phap 2 watmet. Cng sut cua ca mach ba pha bng : P = PB
1
B + PB
2
B
Ta co th chng minh iu o t : C
~
B
~
A
~ ~
S S S S + + = = P + jQ

= + = + =
+ = + =
+ = + + =
B
^
BC
.
E
A
^
AC
.
E
B
^
BC
.
A
^
AC
. ~
B
^
C
.
B
.
A
^
C
.
A
.
B
^
C
.
A
^
C
.
B
^
B
.
A
^
A
. ~
B
^
A
^
C
.
B
^
B
.
A
^
A
. ~
I U R I U R P nn jQ P I U I U S
I ) U U ( I ) U U ( I U I U I U I U S
jQ P ) I I ( U I U I U S

T y thy rng dung phng phap nay khi thoa man quan h : 0 I I I
C
.
B
.
A
.
= + +
Uo cng sut phan khang mach ba pha i xng bng 1 watmetU : nh hnh (h.10-
23)

A
C B
UB
BC
B
IB
A

90P
0
P -
Ba pha
i
xng
A *
B *
C
w
(h.10-23)
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
149
Ch s o = UB
BC
BIB
A
Bcos(

A BC I , U ) = UB
BC
BIB
A
Bcos(90P
0
P - ) = UB
d
BIB
d
Bsin =
3
Q

Vy Q : cng sut phan khang cua mach ba pha i xng bng ch s dung cu
o nhn vi 3 .
V du : cho mach in ba pha i xng nh hnh (h.10-24) co ap dy ngun
220V, tng tr tai 50<70P
0
P .
Xac nh s ch cac watmet, tnh cng sut tiu thu trong mach.
Gia thit V 0 220 U
AB
.
= , V 120 220 U
o
BC
.
= , V 120 220 U
o
CA
.
= , V 60 220 U
o
AC
.
=
pha dong la 70 4 , 4
70 50
0 220
Z
U
I
0
0
AB
.
AB
.
=

= =
suy ra dong dy t quan h i xng :

o
30 j
AB
.
A
.
e . I 3 I

= = 3 eP
-j70
PeP
-j30
P.4,4 = 7,62<-100P
0
P

B
.
I = 3 eP
-j70
PeP
-j30
PeP
-j120
P.4,4 = 7,62<-220P
0
P = 7,62<140P
0
P
Ch s watmet :
[ ]
[ ]
) W ( 332 70 cos 4 , 4 . 220 ) I , U cos( I U P
) W ( 292 ) 140 120 cos 62 , 7 . 220 ) I , U cos( I U P
) W ( 1288 ) 100 ( 60 cos 62 , 7 . 220 P
} I , U Re{ ) I , U cos( I U P
o
AB AB
AB AB 3
0 0
B BC
B BC 2
0 0
1
A
^
AC
.
A AC
A AC 1
= = =
= = =
= =
= =

PB
2
B co tr s m v mc ngc cc cun ap, dong watmet nn watmet se quay
ngc; mun oc c ch s cn hoan v 2 cc cua cun ap hoc cun dong.
Ta c cng sut tiu thu theo phng phap 2 watmet :
P = PB
1
B + PB
2
B = 1288 - 292 = 996(W)
Cng sut tnh theo 1 watmet : P = 3PB
3
B = 3.332 = 996(W)
Tu truong quay trong may din :
Ta a bit mi cun dy co dong in hnh sin chay qua u tao ra trong no
mt t trng p mach. Bng giai tch chng minh c nu cung cp mt h thng
w
w
PB
3
B
A
ZB
BC
B
ZB
AB
B
IB
AB
B
ZB
CA
B
w
UB
AB
B
UB
CA
B UB
BC
B
120P
0
60P
0
h(1-24)
A
B
C
IB
A
IB
B
IP
'
PB
2




.
.

.
.
. .
UB
AC
B
.B
PB
1
PB
2
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
150
dong in ba pha i xng lch nhau trong thi gian 1/3 chu ky vao ba cun dy cua
may in t lch nhau trong khng gian goc 120P
0
P th se hnh thanh mt t trng quay
trong may in nh la t hp cac t trng p mach.
Ta m ta s hnh thanh t trng quay bng vic xet mt may in Stato co 3
dy qun AX, BY, CZ ging ht nhau t lch nhau trong khng gian goc 120P
0
P, cac
dy qun nay c cung cp bi h thng dong in ba pha i xng (tc cac dong
lch nhau v thi gian 1/3T). Trong tng cun dy se tao ra cac t trng cac pha BB
A
B,
BB
B
B , BB
C
B ( la cac t trng p mach)
Tng hp t trng cac pha se c t trng chung cua may. Biu din quan
h gia cac t trng nh hnh ve (h.10-26)
tin ta coi mi cun dy gm hai thanh dn - may gm 3 cun dy 6 thanh
dn :
Cung cp vao 3 cun dy AX,
BY, CZ h thng cac dong in i
xng theo th t iB
A
B , iB
B
B, iB
C
Bnh hnh
(h.10-25). Ta xet t trng may
cac thi im :
+ Thi im t = 0 , dong qua
cac pha la :
iB
A
B = IB
m
B sr1 dong qua pha A
at gia tr IB
m
B tao trong cun dy
pha A t cam pha at BB
A
B = BB
m
B co
chiu vung goc vi truc dy qun pha A.
con iB
B
B = iB
C
B = -
2
I
m
dong qua pha B va C at gia tr
2
I
m
tao trong pha B, pha C t
cam BB
A
B = BB
C
B=
2
B
m
co phng vung goc vi truc dy qun tng pha B,C.
T trng tng trong may luc nay la C B A B B B B

+ + = : ta co th cng ba
vect C B A B , B , B

c

B nh hnh (h.10-26a)
Lu y dong pha A la iB
A
B = IB
m
B quy c chiu i t X n A
iB
B
B = iB
C
B = -
2
I
m
nn chiu ngc lai i t B n Y, C n Z nh hnh ve (h.10-
26a)
Cng cac vect C B A B , B , B

ta c t trng tng trong may tai t = 0 la
m
B
2
3
B =

co phng trung phng A B

la phng co dong ang cc ai.

Co th xac nh c chiu

B bng cach coi may luc nay thanh hai cc t : t

o dung quy tc xac nh c chiu t trng chung trong may.
Tng t nh vy xet t = T/3 : dong pha B at cc ai iB
B
B = IB
m
B tao t trng
pha B la BB
B
B = BB
m
Bco phng vung goc vi truc cun dy pha B, dong iB
B
B chay t Y n
T/3 2T/3 T
t O
i iB
A
iB
B
iB
c
(h.10-25)
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
151
B. Dong pha A, C at iB
A
B = iB
C
B = -
2
I
m
chay t A n X, va t C n Z tao nn t trng
pha A va C co tr s : BB
A
B = BB
C
B=
2
B
m
, co phng vung go vi truc dy qun pha va
pha C, tng hp 3 t trng tai thi im nay c t trng tng co tr s
m
B
2
3
B =

va co chiu trung chiu t trng pha B la pha ang co dong cc ai nh

hnh (h.10-26b)









Xet 2T/3 : dong pha C at cc ai iB
C
B = IB
m
B tao ra t trng BB
C
B = BB
m
Bco
phng vung goc truc pha C. Dong pha A, B at iB
A
B = iB
B
B = -
2
I
m
chay t A n X, va t
B n Y tao nn t trng BB
A
B = BB
B
B=
2
B
m
co phng vung goc truc pha A, B tng
hp 3 t trng tai thi im nay c t trng tng trong may co tr s
m
B
2
3
B =

va co phng trung phng C B

la pha ang co dong cc ai nh hnh

(h.10-26c)
Nh vy phng cua t trng tng trong may lun lun thay i trong khng
gian. C sau thi gian t = T/3 th t trng quay c mt goc khng gian 120P
0
P, nh
vy sau mi chu ky T th t trng quay c 1 vong, ma tn s cua dong in la f,
nn tc quay cua t trng la n = t vong/phu f 60 sec / vong f
T
1
= = vi may co
mt i cc nh v du trn.
Nu may co p i cc th phut / vong
p
f 60
n =
Khi cung cp vao may h thng ngun ba pha th t A, B, C th ta c t
trng quay theo chiu kim ng h; nu ta thay i th t hai pha th se tao c t
trng quay ngc lai. y chnh la cach ao chiu quay cua ng c in.
Ta thy trong v du trn t trng quay co tr s
m
B
2
3
B =

= const va quay vi
tc n = 60f (v/p) = const ; t trng quay nh vy goi la t trng quay tron.
+
+
+
Z B
X A
Y C
BB
B
BB
C
BB
A
BB

+
Z B
X A
Y C
BB
C
BB
B
BB
A
BB

+
+
+
Z B
X A
Y C
BB
B
BB
C
BB
A
BB

+
+
(h.10-26b) (h.10-26a) (h.10-26c)
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
152
T v du ta cung rut ra c iu kin tao nn t trng quay la phai co t
nht hai cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian mt goc nao o va dong chay qua
chung phai lch nhau v thi gian.
ng dung vic tao ra t trng quay ( ma khng phai dung ng c s cp nao
tao ra ) ngi ta ch tao ra cac loai ng c in - la ng c c dung ph bin
trong cuc sng, trong cng nghip va san xut...
May in vi 3 cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian goc 120P
0
P cung cp cho
no mt h thng dong ba pha i xng , trong may c tao ra t trng quay lam phat
sinh cac dong cam ng trong cun dy rto, tao s quay roto vi tc nB
1
B < n goi la
ng c in khng ng b.
Ngi ta cung vn dung s hnh thanh t trng quay lam ng c in 1
pha no co 2 cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian nhng hai cun dy u c
cung cp t mt pha nn mun hai dong lch nhau v thi gian th mt cun dy c
ni tip thm vao mt tu in. Ta goi cun ni tu la cun khi ng. Vi ng c co
mt pha cc nho ngi ta dung vong ngn mach trn mi cc thay th tu khi ng.