Making Development Work in India: March-April 2013

TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY
MOVE CLOSER TO COMMERCIAL

20
GENERATING RIVER DATA
TO AID PLANT OPERATIONS
24
RADAR: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL
FOR MEASURING RESERVOIR LEVEL
30
Making Development
Work in India
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In India, demand for electricity is sky-
rocketing. Before the hydropower plant
in Omkareshwar on the Narmada River
was connected to the grid, the local
population sometimes had just 15 min-
utes of electricity per day. Since then, a
continuous supply of electricity has
been ensured.
With more than 140 years experience
in the eld of hydropower and high
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continue delivering excellence in hydro-
power in the years to come.
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A Voith and Siemens Company
Renewable Energy
for India.
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www.hydroworld.com March-April 2013 / HRW 1
INDIAN HYDROPOWER
ARTICLES
DEPARTMENTS
ADVISORY BOARD
H. Irfan Aker
Dolsar Engineering
Limited, Turkey
Ian M. Cook
ICCL, United
Kingdom
Chris Head
Chris Head & Associates
United Kingdom
Leonard B. Kassana
East African Tea
Trade Association
Kenya
Peter Thomas Mulvihill
Pioneer Generation, Ltd.
New Zealand
Raghunath Gopal
(R.G.) Vartak
AFCONS Infrastructure
Limited, India
Emmanuel
Antwi-Darkwa
Volta River Authority
Ghana
Arturo Gil
Garcia
Iberdrola
Generation
Spain
Liu Heng
International Network on
Small Hydropower
(IN-SHP), People's
Republic of China
Carlos Alberto Knakiewicz
Itaipu Binacional
Brazil
Montri Suwanmontri, PhD
Dr. Montris & Associates
Thailand
Luis C. Vintimilla
Consulting Engineer
Ecuador
Zhang Boting
Chinese Society for
Hydropower Engineering
People's Republic of
China
Roger Gill
Hydro Focus
Pty. Ltd.
Australia
Zhang Jinsheng
China Yangtze
Three Gorges Project
People's Republic of
China
Dr. Terry Moss
Eskom Generation
South Africa
C.V.J. Varma
Council of Power Utilities
and The Dams Society
India
James Yang, PhD
Vattenfall Research
and Development AB
Sweden
MARCH-APRIL 2013
2 Viewpoint:
Hydropowers Positive
European Outlook
4 Briefngs
32 Tech Notes
33 New Hydro
34 Small Hydro
36 Index to
Advertisers
12 Koteshwar: Case Study of
Effcient Development in India
By R.S.T. Sai and D.V. Singh
To conform to a tight schedule, the owner
of the 400 MW Koteshwar project on the
Bhagirathi River in India scrapped many
previous plans and used a hands-on mana-
gerial approach. This enabled the plant to be
commissioned ahead of schedule.
24
Peer Reviewed
20 The Path to Commercialization for Wave and Tidal Power
By Tildy Bayar
As more ocean energy technologies emerge as commercially viable
generation propositions, we explore which technologies are likely
to succeed and why.
24 Determining Monthly Discharge on the
Tapajos River Using a Rainfall-Runoff Model
By Eurico de Carvalho-Filho, Iara P.G. Machado, Humberto Jacobsen
Teixeira, Gabriel S.C. Rocha and Maria Tereza F.R. Campos
To develop a historical fow profle for projects in the Tapajos Riv-
er Basin, a mathematical model was used. Data from this model
flled gaps in data available from rainfow gauging stations.
30 Using Radar to Improve Level Measurement
By Christiano Dalosto Pase and Edson Leandro Tomaselli
To better measure the water level in the reservoir behind Mach-
adinho Dam, plant owner Tractebel Energia installed radar level
transmitters. Their use has increased reliability and eliminated the
need for corrective interventions.
2 HRW / March-April 2013 www.hydroworld.com
Vi e wp o i nt
Vol. 21, No. 2, March-April 2013

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European electricity generator trade group Eurelectric, together with the Hydro
Equipment Association (HEA) and European Small Hydropower Association
(ESHA), have issued a new fact sheet on hydropower because, they believe, its key
role as an enabler of the transition to clean renewable power remains insuffciently
understood among Brussels-based policy makers.
The trade groups argue that hydropower in Europe not only creates economic
value, but at the same time it also increases energy security and local energy supply
and supports both the speed and volume of variable output renewable power entering
the European energy system.
Hydropower is a highly effcient and competitive electricity generation technology
that lies at the heart of the renewable energy family and currently provides 11% of
Europes electricity. With its fexible capability to ease imbalances between demand
and supply, it is already important to our electricity system today. It will become even
more important as the share of variable generation from renewables such as wind and
sun increases, the Eurelectric paper asserts. The group also makes much of hydro-
powers storage capabilities, noting that the total installed storage capacity in Europe
already amounts to more than 180 TWh.
Nonetheless, continued hydropower deployment in the region faces several chal-
lenges, Eurelectric argues. Capital costs are high and there are long permit granting
procedures and construction times. Such a long lead time increases future regulatory
framework uncertainty and investment risk. Moreover, Eurelectric says, administra-
tive barriers and regulatory changes during operation represent additional challenges.
For example, grid fees can disadvantage pumped-storage plants compared with other
competing fexibility options, the trade group says.
In its outlook, Eurelectric fnds that hydropower can and should play a key role
in achieving the EU 20-20-20 climate and renewable energy goals, and it makes a
number of policy recommendations to ensure this happens.
Among the demands is a call to establish appropriate and consistent framework
conditions and for European legislators to create a level playing feld for power genera-
tion from domestic water resources, compared with other electricity production and
storage technologies. Perhaps most telling, Eurelectric adds that a special focus should
be placed on the value of providing fexibility to the electricity system. It is perhaps this
more than any other attribute that sets hydro apart from other renewable energy sec-
tors and that could have a signifcant economic value with the right balancing market
structures in place. And, with the right structures, the possibility of using far more of
Europes hydropower potential becomes all but a certainty.
Chief Editor
Hydropowers Positive
European Outlook
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Alstom also previously supplied two 130 MW reversible
pump-turbine units for the frst phase of the Alqueva project,
which has been operating since 2004.
Hydro activity continues strong in India
Development work is ongoing in several locations in India.
The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) recently upheld
Indias right to divert water from a Neelum River tributary
for National Hydroelectric Power Corporations 330 MW
Kishanganga project, being built by HCC-Halcrow Consortium.
At the same time, Pakistans Water and Power Development
Authority has progressed in its plans to develop the 969 MW
Neelum-Jhelum plant, which would be located downstream from
Kishanganga on the same river system. Fearing that Kishanganga
might reduce the capacity of its Neelum-Jhelum plant by divert-
ing water, Pakistan asked the neutral PCA to resolve the confict
under provisions of the Indus Waters Treaty in 2010.
The court located in The Hague ruled that India was
adhering to the treaty, which stipulates that the frst country to
complete its project will have priority rights to the rivers waters.
Advancing work on other Indian plants
Indias West Bengal state hopes to use hydroelectric projects to
increase its supply of water and energy, according to a master
plan that details potential development along the North and
South Bengal rivers.
The plan, released by the West Bengal State Electricity
Distribution Company (WBSEDCL), said new conventional
and pumped-storage hydro projects in the state could provide
capacity of 6,300 MW. WBSEDCL is in the preliminary stages
of identifying hydropower potential in existing canals and irri-
gation systems, is preparing feasibility reports for conventional
hydro schemes in Darjeeling, and has identifed potential sites
for a 1,000 MW pumped-storage facility in Purulia district.
In addition, development of hydropower projects in sev-
eral Indian states could beneft from the Forest Advisory
Committees (FAC) reversal of a recommendation in February
requiring cumulative impact assessments for three new
hydroelectric plants. Affected by the committees decision are
800 MW Tawang 2 in Arunachal Pradesh, 520 MW Teesta 4 in
Sikkim and 775 MW Luhri in Himachal Pradesh.
FAC said last year that it could not consider giving the projects
Stage 1 environmental clearance until comprehensive hydrology,
ecology, wildlife, sociology and disaster management studies were
complete, although the requirements were relaxed in an effort to
help meet Indias growing demands for power, sources said.
Progress at two hydro plants in Vietnam
Vinacomin Power Holding Corp. has awarded a US$26.6 million
contract to a consortium of Alstom and Hydrochina Huadong
Engineering Corp. to supply turbines and electromechanical
equipment for the 154 MW Dong Nai 5 project in Vietnam.
Alstom said it will design, manufacture, deliver and supervise
the erection of two 77 MW turbine-generator units and related
mechanical and electrical auxiliaries.
The $302 million Dong Nai 5 complex, on the Dong Nai
River, is part of Vietnams Power Development Master Plan VII
and will begin operation in August 2015, Alstom said.
In other news, a consortium of Alstom and Hydrochina
Zhongnan Engineering Corporation signed a $144.76 million
contract with Electricity of Viet Nam in January to provide elec-
tromechanical equipment for the 1,200 MW Lai Chau project.
Alstom is to supply three 400 MW Francis turbine and genera-
tor sets, as well as mechanical and electrical auxiliaries.
Portugal inaugurates Alqueva pumped-storage
project expansion
An extension of Portugals Alqueva pumped-storage plant
has doubled its capacity to 520 MW. The addition called
Alqueva 2 was announced by Energia de Portugal (EDP) in
October 2007 as a means of storing power produced by south-
ern Portugals booming wind sector.
In September 2008, EDP awarded a contract worth
US$138.3 million to a consortium consisting of Alstom,
EFACEC Engenharia S.A. and SMM of Portugal to equip the
Alqueva 2 expansion. Alstom said the group supplied, delivered
and installed two 130 MW reversible pump-turbine units and
other mechanical equipment, which were offcially inaugurated
during a ceremony in January.
Alqueva Dam is the location of the 520 MW Alqueva 2 pumped-storage facility, which
was recently expanded through the addition of two reversible pump-turbine units.
The W
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that we were committed to settling that debt and to demonstrate
that we are bona-fde partners before they could actually enter
into the Batoka project, Chifamba said. Because we have done
so, that has unlocked the project.
Development of Batoka Gorge is seen as crucial for Zimbabwe,
whose industries have been crippled by a lack of available power
and load shedding.
Update on hydro development in Nepal
Production at Nepals 60 MW Kulekhani 1 project was cut in
half by a short circuit in a cable that occurred in February. The
project on the Kulekhani River is the only reservoir-type
hydroelectric plant in the country, according to owner the Nepal
Electricity Authority (NEA).
Kulekhani 1 is intended to provide power for peak demand and
emergencies, although NEA said recent rainfall in the area should
allow other run-of-river facilities to keep pace with demand.
NEA said repairs would take about a week, although a more
permanent replacement cable would be installed as soon as pos-
sible. That process, NEA said, might take months.
In other Nepal hydro news, the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
have agreed to fnance two-thirds of Nepals 140 MW Tanahun
project. JICA and ADB said they will provide $150 million each
after negotiations completed in February. The JICA loan will
carry 0.01% interest with a 40 year payback period, while the
ADB loan has a 1.5% interest rate over 30 years.
Offcial loan documents have not yet been signed.
Sources report the European Investment Bank (EIB) has
expressed interest in fnancing at least part of the Tanahun proj-
ects remaining costs, although offcials said negotiations have
not taken place yet.
The run-of-river project will be built on the Seti River and
could be generating power by 2020, assuming NEA can begin
construction in 2014 as proposed.
RusHydro announces consolidations, objectives for 2013
Russian hydropower project operator JSC RusHydro has
announced it will reorganize the companys hydro engineering
operations by consolidating its three subsidiaries.
As per an in absentia meeting of the RusHydro board of direc-
tors in February, the consolidation aims to improve project
complex effciency and increase the total economic effect through
better usage and planning of hydro engineering resources.
Included in the consolidation are JSC Institute Hydroproject,
JSC Lenhydroproject and JSC Mosoblhydroproject. The three
will now operate under the JSC Incorporation Hydroproject
banner, which will be wholly owned by RusHydro.
According to RusHydro, the three groups have similar
capabilities and functions that often overlap, although Institute
Hydroproject and Lenhydroproject have more expertise in
developing comprehensive and complex hydro engineering
Georgia, USAID agreement to increase
private sector development
A new partnership between the United States Agency for
International Development and the Georgian government is
intended to help spur private development of hydro projects.
USAID and Georgias Ministry of Energy and Natural
Resources signed a letter in January declaring their intent
to implement the program called the Georgian Electricity
Market Model 2015 (GEMM 2015) as a core strategy
for the countrys energy sector. According to Georgia offcials,
GEMM 2015 will promote private development of new hydro-
power construction by giving energy producers easier means of
selling their power to Turkey and other regional markets.
USAID has a history of supporting hydro projects in Georgia
and said GEMM 2015 grew from the response it received dur-
ing previous projects. The hydro electrical power development
project initially started with a series of studies to help identify
potential investors for one of the hydroelectric facilities,
USAID Mission Director Stephen Haykin said. In the course
of doing this, we were trying to attract investors to Georgia. We
got feedback and saw Georgia is in need of changes in policy
structures and institutions.
Georgias Ministry of Energy will seek further input from
the countrys National Energy and Water Supply Regulatory
Commission (GENRC) and local and foreign experts. The
ministry said it hopes to have the new market model formed by
the end of 2014, with implementation to begin in 2015.
Zimbabwe making Batoka Gorge debt repayments
Debts being paid to Zambia from state-owned Zimbabwe
Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) should help pave the way
toward construction of the 1,600 MW Batoka Gorge project.
The US$3 billion plant is being developed by the Zambezi River
Authority, which is jointly owned by Zimbabwe and Zambia.
ZESA Chief Executive Elijah Chifamba told a parliamentary
committee in February that the utility will have paid Zambia
$40 million of its $70 million in debt by the end of March,
allowing development to proceed. Zambians needed to see frst
Batoka Gorge on the Zambezi River will be the site of a 1,600 MW hydro project
jointly owned by Zimbabwe and Zambia.
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When completed in 2019, offcials said about 90% of the
power generated will be exported to Thailand.
In January, governments and organizations used the 19th
Mekong River Commission (MRC) Council Meeting to voice
displeasure with Laos 1,285 MW Xayaburi project. Although
Poyry Energy Business Group was selected in November 2012 to
supervise construction of the US$3.5 billion run-of-river plant,
some members of MRC and their international partners have
expressed concern that the prior consultation process was not
adequately completed. It is our consensus that building dams on
the mainstream of the Mekong may irrevocably change the river
and hence constitute a challenge for food security, sustainable
development and biodiversity conservation, a statement from
MRCs international partners said. These partners which
include the European Union, USA, Australia, New Zealand,
World Bank and Asian Development Bank are concerned that
Laos has not addressed the concerns of other MRC members.
MRC was founded in 1995 and consists of Laos, Cambodia,
Thailand and Vietnam. The council is intended to provide a forum
for cooperative use of the Mekong River, but the Cambodian,
Thai and Vietnamese representatives said Laos did not complete
its due diligence before moving forward with Xayaburi.
At a Special Joint Committee Meeting in April 2011, Vietnam
proposed a 10-year moratorium on decisions regarding main-
stream dams on the Mekong. The Laotian government appeared
to accept Vietnams proposal and announced it would suspend
development of Xayaburi during the 18th MRC Council Meeting
in December 2011, pending further impact studies.
However, in October 2012, the Andritz Group announced it
was awarded a $322 million contract by CH. Karchang Public
Co. Ltd. to supply electromechanical equipment for the plant.
Laos now says a cofferdam will be complete in May, with con-
struction of Xayaburi to begin in full shortly after.
WAPDA moves forward on several projects in Pakistan
Pakistans Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)
began mechanical runs of its 121 MW Allai Khwar project in
February and anticipated power generation by the end of the
month. WAPDA said Allai Khwar was expected to begin com-
mercial operation the frst week of March.
Allai Khwar built on an Indus River tributary of the same
name includes an 88 meter-long by 51 meter-tall concrete
dam, a 2.3 km-long steel-lined tunnel and two 61.5 MW turbines.
The project is the second of three WAPDA high-head hydro-
electric complexes that have been developed in recent years.
Also included are 72 MW Khan Khwar, which went online in
November 2010, and 130 MW Duber Khwar, which WAPDA
said will be commissioned soon.
In related news, WAPDA expects to begin construction of its
122 MW Keyal Khwar plant in April. WAPDA said engineer-
ing design and prequalifcation of frms for civil and electrome-
chanical works must be completed before work can begin, but
projects, while Mosoblhydroproject specialized in small and
medium hydro project developments.
The board also identifed several hydropower-related prior-
ity objectives for 2013, including reliability and modernization
of operating plants, operations and maintenance effciency
improvements, and increased capacity through implementation
of investment projects.
Syrian rebels take control of 824 MW Tabqa project
A group of rebels took control of the 824 MW Tabqa project and
the lake it impounds on the Euphrates River in February. Tabqa
and Lake Assad Syrias largest hydropower plant and biggest
reservoir are in the northeastern Raqqa Province and help
power the contested city of Aleppo.
Sources said the dam seizure comes after Syrian President
Bashar al-Assad has been denying power to rebel-held areas as
a means of turning the population against the insurgent forces.
Syrias government has not confrmed that Tabqa is in rebel
hands, although the United Kingdom-based Syrian Observatory
for Human Rights said the insurgent group had captured both
the powerhouse and areas in the nearby town of Al Tabqa.
Laos: Land lease advances development,
update on Xayaburi
A 32-year land lease will allow investors to continue develop-
ment of the 390 MW Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy project in Laos
Champassak and Attapeu provinces.
The US$830 million plant is a venture of the Laotian govern-
ment (24%), Koreas SK Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd.
(26%), Korean Western Power Co. Ltd. (25%) and Thailands
Ratchaburi Electric Generating Holding PLC (25%).
The group signed a project development agreement with the
Laotian government in November 2008.
Now with a land lease worth about $1 million, construction
of Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy (also spelled Xae Pien-Xae Nam Noi)
is expected to begin in July. The project will create a reservoir
that will cover about 238 hectares in the Xe Kong River Valley
and refects Laos efforts to become the battery of the region.
Tabqa Dam on the Euphrates River in Syria was reportedly taken over by rebels in
February, along with the 824 MW powerhouse and the lake the dam impounds.
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IECs rehabilitations will raise the facilities to modern technical
standards and restore their lost capacity.
Brazil: Continuing to be a hotbed for hydro
Signifcant new hydroelectric development work is ongoing
in Brazil, although the current drought raises questions as to
whether consumer demand can be met by these facilities.
Energy tax reform announced by Brazilian President Dilma
Rousseff in September 2012 will force power distributers to
slash tariffs by 18% for residential customers and more than
30% for industries. The new policy is expected to have a marked
effect on utility company and hydro project operator Eletrobras
budget, with profts projected by some analysts to drop at least
30% through the next year.
To respond, Eletrobras is in the midst of a restructuring plan
it expected to be complete in March. The company says it will
utilize synergies between subsidiaries and propose a framework
for management of generation assets, transmission and distribu-
tion compatible with the new regulatory landscape to cut costs.
In early February, Alstom shipped the frst stay ring to the
373.4 MW Santo Antonio do Jari plant. The company is also sup-
plying Kaplan turbines, generators, hydromechanical and lifting
equipment, a distributed control system and engineering works,
along with erection, supervision and commissioning services.
Santo Antonio do Jari is being built on the Jari River in Brazils
Amazon region. Commissioning is expected for late 2014.
Voith Hydro received a contract for work on this plant in
January, and the company will supply and install a Kaplan S tur-
bine, a generator, automation systems, and related electrical and
mechanical parts. This will expand capacity by about 3.4 MW.
Speaking of new development, in January ANEEL autho-
rized the start of commercial operation for the 10th turbine at
the 3,150 MW Santo Antonio plant. The Santo Antonio com-
plex is on the Madeira River in the Amazon basin. The plant is
part of the 3,750 MW Jirau project, which received an operating
license from Brazils Institute of the Environment and Natural
Resources (IBAMA) in October 2012.
Santo Antonios newest turbine unit adds 69.6 MW to the
plants existing 713.5 MW of capacity. The turbine is the sec-
ond in Santo Antonios Power House II, which is located on the
left bank of the Madeira River. According to operator Santo
Antonio Energia, another 17 turbines will enter commercial
operation in 2013, totaling 27 generating units in production.
Sources report that Brazils dry summer is depriving hydro
plants of water, straining the available power supply and causing
fear that the country will face energy rationing. Brazils national
electrical system operator, ONS, said reservoirs are at 31.61%
capacity in the northeast and 41.24% in the north region.
Meanwhile, the Brazilian Association of Independent Power
Producers said reservoirs for hydro plants in the southeast and
midwest are at 28.9% just 0.8% above the minimum levels
required to meet demand at full load.
that it expects those prerequisites to be completed very soon.
The US$242.6 million Keyal Khwar plant will be located on
Keyal Khwar River, which is a tributary to the Indus River in
the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
These projects are being developed as part of WAPDAs least-
cost energy generation and water storage plan that could include
as many as 26 hydro plants with 21 GW of installed capacity.
Pakistan sees Indus Water Treaty from Pakal Dul plant
Pakistans Punjab Irrigation Department has objected to Indian
plans for a new 1,500 MW plant at Pakal Dul Dam.
Indias proposed Pakal Dul project to be located on the
Marusdar River in Jammu and Kashmir is subject to terms
of the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 because the Marusdar is a
tributary to the Chenab River. Sources said India submitted the
proposal to the Pakistan Commission for Indus Waters, which
forwarded it to the Punjab Irrigation Department for analysis.
According to Indias plan, the Pakal Dul complex would
include a 87,500 m
3
reservoir that would be impounded by a
concrete-faced rockfll dam 1,708 meters high.
The Irrigation Department is concerned that Pakal Dul Dam
could decrease the fow of water into Pakistan, which violates the
treaty. The department has also questioned several design aspects
that, according to Pakistan, are cause not to endorse the project.
Armenia developing, rehabilitating hydro projects
An agreement signed in February at the Armenian National
Assembly will allow for construction of two hydro projects along
the Aras River on the Armenia/Iran border.
The two governments signed agreements in 2007 and 2008
allowing for construction of the 130 MW Meghri and 130 MW
Karachilare (also spelled Gharachilar or Ghare Chiler) plants.
Meghri under construction as of November 2012 will be on
the Armenian side, with Karachilare on the Iranian side.
As per draft laws adopted by the Armenian National Assembly,
Iran will fund construction of the US$400 million Meghri proj-
ect in exchange for the electricity produced until Armenias debt
is repaid. Sources said repayment will likely take 15 years, at
which point Armenia will assume control of the plant.
Construction of the plants is being undertaken by the Farab
Sepasad Co. Each powerhouse will include two 65 MW hydro
turbines. Completion is expected within the next fve years.
EBRD loans to fnance Armenian rehabilitation projects
The European Bank for Reconstruction Development
(EBRD) has provided a US$25 million loan that will help fund
International Energy Corporation (IEC) rehabilitations of
seven hydro projects in Armenias Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade.
The stations are located along the Hrazdan River and have a
total combined capacity of 565 MW, or about 10% of Armenias
annual production. The plants were constructed between 1936
and 1961 and have received little investment since, EBRD said.
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Koteshwar: Case Study of
By R.S.T. Sai and
D.V. Singh
R.S.T. Sai is chairman and
managing director and
D.V. Singh is technical
director and former chief
project offcer of the
400 MW Koteshwar project
with THDC India Limited.
Completing side-by-side construction activities
simultaneously with the help of innovative orga-
nization was one method used to fnish the project
ahead of schedule. Many of these innovations and
managerial strategies could be applied to other
hydropower projects.
Project summary
The Koteshwar project is a vital component of the
larger 2,400 MW Tehri Hydropower Complex,
the frst major attempt to harness the potential of
the Ganges River.
Koteshwar is the most quickly-implemented
hydro project of its type in the nation, according to
sources within the Ministry of Power, which com-
mended the project and its owners and contractors.
Contractor PCL-Intertech LenHydro Consortium
began construction work in April 2007, the frst
two units were commissioned in March 2011, and
the third and fourth units were commissioned in
January 2012 and March 2012, respectively.
I
n an industry often marked by slow progress
and long struggles for project authorization, the
400 MW Koteshwar Hydroelectric Project in India
can provide a model of effective and effcient con-
struction and operation. First proposed in 2000, the
project was under construction in early 2007. Two
of the four generating units were commissioned
just four years later. The progress of the facility can
be credited in large part to hands-on management
practices and construction methodology used by
the plants owner, THDC India Limited.
To overcome a construction delay and fnish
the Koteshwar project in a timely manner, THDC
implemented a unique management methodology
that placed decision-making ability in the hands
of a small committee and those working directly
on the project. This eliminated much of the red
tape that often halts hydropower development.
Additionally, innovative construction techniques
were used to shorten building time and make more
effcient use of available resoures and manpower.
To conform to a tight construction schedule, the owner of the 400 MW Koteshwar project on
the Bhagirathi River (a tributary of the Ganges River) in India scrapped many of its previous
plans and used a hands-on managerial approach. This innovation enabled the plant to be
commissioned ahead of schedule.
I nd i a n Hy d r o p o we r
Photo (above): The reservoir
for the Koteshwar project
is a vital component of the
larger Tehri Hydropower
Complex, which will have a
capacity of 2,400 MW when
complete in 2017.
The Koteshwar project is comprised of
a 97.5 meter-high concrete gravity dam
on the Bhagirathi River, a tributary of
the Ganges River, and a powerhouse at
the toe of the dam on the right bank that
houses four 100 MW turbine-generating
units. Each generator is a vertical shaft,
semi-umbrella type and is coupled to a
Francis turbine. The turbines, generators,
transformers and balance of plant equip-
ment were provided by Bharat Heavy
Electricals Ltd. of New Delhi, India.
Power generated at this plant con-
tributes considerably to the ability of
the Tehri Hydro Complex to provide a
combined peak capacity of 2,400 MW
to the local grid once the fnal phase is
completed. The complex is operating
at a capacity of 1,400 MW. The third
component of the project, the 1,000 MW
Tehri Pumped Storage Plant, is under
construction and is expected to be com-
missioned by2017. Annual energy genera-
tion from Koteshwar is 1,155 GWh based
on 90% water availability.
Water released from the Tehri
Reservoir, situated 20 km upstream of
Koteshwar Dam, is being regulated by the
Koteshwar powerhouse for irrigation pur-
poses. Also, the reservoir impounded by
Koteshwar Dam functions as a balancing
reservoir for the pumped storage plant.
Complex prevailing
conditions and issues
Despite its considerably fast construction
and implementation time (3.5 years as
opposed to the nations average of six to
10 years), the Koteshwar project faced a
number of complex issues that temporar-
ily impeded progress. The innovations
that enabled the project to be completed
early were developed and implemented as
a response to the issues faced.
Major work on the project began on
August 31, 2002, when a US$66 million
contract was awarded to PCL-Intertech
LenHydro, with a scheduled completion
date of May 31, 2006. The frst river
diversion milestone was achieved on
December 28, 2003, only 28 days behind
schedule. Thereafter, the pace of work
team. As a result, work progressed very
slowly up to February 2007, delaying all
other development work past the initially
scheduled completion date.
THDC management had two options:
terminate the work and seek a fresh ten-
der, or take some innovative management
action to streamline the fnances and
resources of the contractor and get the
work done through this company.
Termination was not an ideal option,
as the owner would have to terminate a
signed contract and risk a stay order,
and progress up to that point would be
lost through demobilization of the site.
The project would essentially have to be
restarted from scratch, creating an addi-
tional delay in completion of 18 months to
two years. In addition, THDC would face
a revenue loss of US$80 million per year.
Moreover, delay in completing this
project would jeopardize development
of the pumped-storage project, as the
Koteshwar Reservoir was designed to
be the lower reservoir. In addition, the
delay would result in lost revenue from
the Tehri plant, as it would not be able to
function as a peaking station in the true
sense. Currently, the Koteshwar plant
fulflls the needed water requirement
in the river by running one unit in base
mode. If Koteshwar had not been imple-
mented, Tehri would have to meet this
was sluggish, largely due to the resettle-
ment of families affected and repeated
geological failures on both river banks.
The village Pendaras, where all the
major structures were to be constructed,
was to be completely vacated in March
2005. However, those vacating the land
disturbed the construction activities by
organizing sporadic agitations with vari-
ous motivations, such as seeking employ-
ment with the contracting company.
Offcers and contractors were often man-
handled and physically attacked.
Apart from this, two of the quarries
being used to supply materials for the
dam were in the villages of Mulani and
Gairogisera. The state government relin-
quished control of the last one in 2007,
substantially delaying construction work.
Further, soaring prices of raw materi-
als also created a problem. For example,
the price of steel started increasing, from
US$547 per unit in 2007 to US$948 in
2008. As the prices increased, the proj-
ect contractors did not receive adequate
compensation as per the price adjust-
ment formula in the contract agreement.
The resulting cash-fow problem made
it diffcult for the contractor to procure
materials. Additionally, payments to sup-
pliers and for salaries were not made on
time, promoting an attitude of distrust
toward the project and its development
The powerhouse at the 400 MW Koteshwar hydropower project is located on the toe of the dam on the right
bank and was fully operational in March 2012.
need by running one unit in base mode
around the clock. This means instead of
getting peaking revenue, THDC would
receive normal revenue. With all these
factors considered, THDC management
chose the second option.
Implementation of
effective management
The value of work completed by the civil
works contractor up to March 2007 was
about US$20 million, as compared to a
total contract price of US$66 million. At
this stage, THDC felt that if the avail-
ability of required equipment, material
and workforce could be ensured, the
project could be completed within a
minimal time frame by taking advantage
of the resources/equipment already mobi-
lized by the contractor. Accordingly, the
THDC management board decided to
carry out work at the project by risk and
cost methodology. This meant making
decisions at the site and making payments
to manufacturers, suppliers, transporters
and piece rate workers directly at the
behest of the contractor and on that con-
tractors written requests.
THDCs management team empow-
ered the project team with the decision-
making abilities to cut short the proce-
dural delays. The managing engineer for
civil works was redesignated chief project
offcer (CPO) and was authorized to
procure material, manpower, specialized
work force and spares for maintenance
of tools and equipment. He was also
authorized to induct labor gangs/piece
rate workers and fx their rates, if the con-
tractor failed to do so. Finally, the CPO
was authorized to set targets and directly
distribute incentives to work gangs to
accelerate the pace of work.
To speed progress of the project as a
whole, an empowered committee was
established in March 2007 to ensure there
were plentiful resources available. The
committee was comprised of the CPO
and one member each from the design and
engineering and corporate fnance depart-
ments. Decisions made by the committee
were recorded as meeting minutes and
encouraged more unique developments.
Some of the innovations used at the
site are described below:
Erection of turbines using
a crawler crane
Conventionally, the erection of turbine
parts is achieved with the assistance of
an electrical overhead traveling crane,
which travels on the crane beam cast on
the walls on either side of the machine
hall. The same methodology was planned
for Koteshwar. However, based on the
project requirements, a hydraulic crawler
crane with a maximum lifting capacity of
250 MT was used. The crane was kept on
the downstream side of the powerhouse
in the tailrace channel area.
Erection of such turbine parts as the
draft tube, stay rings and spiral casings
was achieved using a mobile crane while
the other parts were being constructed
simultaneously. Use of this mobile tower
crane enabled the project to engage in
both civil and electromechanical activi-
ties, saving time and setting a new prec-
edent for effcient development.
Using trusses to support the powerhouse
The above-ground powerhouse was con-
structed using roller-compacted-concrete
columns, walls and beam structures.
Conventionally, in a surface powerhouse,
the roof slab is cast after raising the walls
and columns to roof level. Thereafter,
scaffolding erected from ground to roof
level provides support and shuttering for
the slab. In such a case, erection of elec-
tromechanical equipment is delayed until
the scaffolding and shuttering material
can be cleared from around the units.
To construct the powerhouse and
install the units simultaneously, steel
trusses of 21 meter span were constructed
to support the shuttering of the slab. This
made the entire unit area accessible, sav-
ing four months of construction time.
Alternative approach during excavation
Excavation for the penstocks was origi-
nally planned from the downstream side
of the dam near the powerhouse. The
were deemed to have standing approval
of the CMD (Chairman Managing
Director). Such vast powers were vested
with the committee to make administra-
tive, technical and fnancial decisions
required for bringing the project on track
and to develop infrastructure so the proj-
ect could be commissioned. The actions
of the empowered committee drastically
reduced the procedural and regulatory
hang-ups that could slow progress.
Work proceeded quickly. The organiza-
tional set-up of the work site was restruc-
tured to increase effciency. Executives
with proven track records with the Tehri
project were inducted into the new man-
agement team. Four independent sections
were created within the civil works team,
divided by the section each team would
work on (dam, powerhouse, power intake
and switchyard), each headed by an expe-
rienced senior manager.
All of the construction activities at site
were planned and handled by THDC
engineers. Incentives were distributed to
the laborers directly by THDC as they
achieved locally set targets. This ignited
stiff competition between labor groups
deployed at different locations on site,
thus stimulating the pace of work. The
uninterrupted cash fow and timely pay-
ment also boosted morale and confdence
among contractors, workmen and suppli-
ers and resulted in accelerated progress.
The hands-on management strategy
adopted at Koteshwar was an unprec-
edented move in the history of Indian
hydro. When the plant was commis-
sioned, the efforts were lauded by the
government of India.
Innovative construction
The unusual delay and later innovative
methodology adopted for managing
the project required a shift in approach
toward innovative construction tech-
niques to catch up on the tight schedule.
The engineers at the project site dared to
think out of the box and adopt innovative
techniques to replace conventional con-
struction methods. The empowered com-
mittee stood behind these innovations and
essential.
www.marellimotori.com
MarelliMotori
excavated muck would be dumped into
the powerhouse pit for disposal. To work
on both tasks simultaneously, a meth-
odology was developed to forego the
interdependence of both the structures.
Initially, construction of a partition wall
between the powerhouse and stilling
basin was suspended in this area to enable
access from the stilling basin side. Later,
the partition wall was raised, leaving an
opening 8 meters wide by 8 meters tall at
an elevation of 529 meters for carrying
out activities in the powerhouse.
Alternative approach to
service bay area
The only approach to the service bay
and powerhouse area was through a 376
meter-long main access tunnel, with an
inlet at Elevation 570 meters on the right
bank. This area of the right bank had very
unsteady geology, marked by repeated
slope failures. Consequently, excavation
of the tunnel was delayed until June 2007.
To move forward with work despite
this delay, THDC chose to take an alter-
native approach from the downstream
side, through the tailrace channel up to
the service bay area of the powerhouse.
Excavation of the tailrace channel would
be connected with the downstream main
approach of the stilling basin.
Although the main access tunnel was
not fully operational until July 2009
because of the slope failures, service bay
work began in early 2008. This approach
not only helped keep the project ahead
of schedule and provided access for both
men and materials, it also provided a
means for an electrical overhead traveling
crane to be transported to the service bay,
where it was erected in early 2009.
Concreting of generator barrel
Concreting of the generator barrel of Unit
1 was a challenge because there was not
suffcient time to complete the task con-
ventionally. To shorten the length of time
required, THDC decided the discharge
ring, which was to be placed in the turbine
pit after hydraulic testing of the spiral
casing, would be placed after completion
completion of the civil works up to the
top level.
Accelerated reservoir flling and
commissioning of Units 1 and 2
A geological event occurred on December
17, 2010, above the underground diver-
sion tunnel of the project. As a result,
the excavated muck found its way into
the diversion tunnel, blocking the fow
of water. As soon as the blockade was
noticed, all four units of the Tehri plant
located upstream were immediately shut
down to avoid sending any more water
into the Koteshwar powerhouse.
The balance of the civil and hydro-
mechanial works that were pre-requisites
to reservoir impoundment had to be
completed so that water could be passed
downstream through the spillway. The
diversion tunnel gate at Koteshwar was
lowered on January 23, 2011, and water
passed through the spillway on the 27th.
At the time of reservoir impound-
ment, the penstocks of Units 1 and 2
were complete; however, the penstocks of
Units 3 and 4 were not connected to their
spiral casings and were expected to take
more time. This would delay flling the
reservoir and, consequently, could have
delayed commissioning of Units 1 and 2.
To allow for flling the reservoir, the
water fowing through the incomplete
inlet pipes of Units 3 and 4 would have to
be rerouted. Leakage water was routed to
a draft tube by erecting a barrier of steel
plates with stiffeners inside the penstock,
with pipes and gate valves to discharge
the accumulated water behind the plate.
This arrangement made it possible to fll
the reservoir even though the Unit 3 and 4
penstocks were not entirely complete.
Conclusion
Fully operational since March 2012, the
Koteshwar project can be seen as a model
for hydro plant development in India due
to the effective management techniques
that were put into practice. However, suc-
cess could not have been achieved without
the innovation in construction techniques
mentioned above.
of the concreting, which would shave 15
to 20 days off the schedule.
For this to happen, a temporary gallery
nearly 1 meter wide was left around the
stay ring pedestals below the spiral cas-
ing. Once the discharge ring was lowered,
concrete work around it was completed
from this gallery. Meanwhile, the turbine
was erected alongside this work.
As a result, concreting of the Unit
1 generator barrel was completed on
September 26, 2009, in only 57 days as
compared to the planned 75. This was
a great achievement because this activ-
ity conventionally takes as much as fve
months. Nearly one month was saved as
per the schedule and nearly 2.5 months if
it had been completed conventionally.
Arrangement for erection of steel liners
Construction of the steel liners for the
penstocks was to be carried out through
the lower horizontal penstocks, but due to
rock ledge failure and further delay in exca-
vation of the lower horizontal penstocks,
this could not be achieved. To facilitate
the erection of penstocks from the upper
side, the contractor built cement concrete
buttresses between all four penstocks.
The contractor also installed a track-
mounted gantry crane with the rail track
at Elevation 590 meters up to Penstock 4.
The steel liners were constructed with the
help of this arrangement, which prevented
a possible construction delay.
Arrangement of canopy for
simultaneous work
Convent i onal l y, hydromechani cal /
electromechanical construction work is
completed once the civil works have been
completely fnished, which takes a con-
siderable amount of time. To save time,
erection work of the electromechanical/
hydromechanical equipment began after
completing the civil works up to mid-level
only. To do this, workers created a canopy
of steel to facilitate simultaneous working.
Substantial time was saved in the con-
struction of the power intake and draft
tube gates of the powerhouse, which
were ready to house gates even before
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By Tildy Bayar
Tildy Bayar is associate
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Energy World magazine,
a PennWell publication.
9 MW deployed in UK waters and generating
power more than the rest of the world com-
bined. The Crown Estate has awarded leases for
more than 1.8 GW of capacity at nearly 40 sites in
UK waters.
Advancing technology
Of the main marine energy technologies, the tidal
sector is seen as further toward commercializa-
tion than wave energy because tidal technology is
increasingly similar across companies. Growing
standardization is lowering risks for these tech-
nologies as propositions for investors and driving
down costs. Wave energy technologies, on the
other hand, are still fairly diverse, leading to inves-
tor nervousness.
Ed Gill, head of external affairs at renewable
energy development frm Good Energy, termed
tidal energy a potential game-changer for
renewables due to its predictability, in contrast with
variable wind and solar. And, according to Reed,
SeaGens capacity factor at Strangford Lough is
67%, while that of a typical wind turbine is 30%.
Attendees at RenewableUKs Wave & Tidal
2013 event in mid-March said they expect tidal
energy to make a big commercial leap fairly soon.
For example, Ben Child, an engineer in GL
Garrad Hassans Wave Energy Group, predicted
that it could happen as early as next year. And
RenewableUK predicts that commercialization
of the tidal sector is just around the corner and
confdently expects an increase to 100 MW to 200
MW of wave and tidal capacity installed by 2020.
Challenges and risks
Many challenges remain for the sector. For exam-
ple, one Wave & Tidal 2013 conference session
was focused on the specialized installation vessels
that many companies want to develop as soon as
they have the money. But for the moment none
T
hese are heady times for tidal energy, says
Matthew Reed, engineering director at
Marine Current Turbines (MCT). Its all kick-
ing off now, he said in mid-March. Theres a
sense of excitement.
Reed has a lot to be excited about. The Welsh
government has given consent for his Siemens-
owned company to build the 10 MW Skerries Tidal
Stream Array. This is Wales frst commercial tidal
farm and one of the largest to be consented in the
UK, which leads the global wave and tidal market.
Once it is commissioned, the array will consist of
fve 2 MW SeaGen tidal stream turbines in an area
about 1 km off the northwest coast of Anglesey in
North Wales, close to the port of Holyhead, in
water depth of about 20 to 40 meters.
The entire industry is rooting for this project
because it will prove the potential of tidal arrays,
said Reed, who has worked on the SeaGen turbine
for four years, from design through production.
SeaGen is the frst proven full-scale commercial tidal
turbine developed by MCT. A previous project has
been operational in Northern Irelands Strangford
Lough since 2008, using 1.2 MW turbines.
Another project developer, MeyGen, which
is working with Andritz Hydro Hammerfest on
1.4 MW turbines, has secured a lease agreement
from the Crown Estate for the area that lies in
the channel (Inner Sound) between the island of
Stroma and the north-easterly tip of the Scottish
mainland, encompassing about 3.5 km
2
of fast-
fowing water. The companys goal is to deliver a
fully operational 398 MW tidal energy plant by
2020. In 2012, MeyGen secured 253 MW of grid
capacity and began upgrading transmission lines
to provide a 15 MW grid connection point in a new
substation at Gills Bay, scheduled for commission-
ing in July 2014.
A study by trade body RenewableUK identi-
fes 12 full-scale single devices with a capacity of
Tidal Technologies Drive
Commercialization in the UK
Tidal technologies in the UK are closer to commercialization than wave technologies because
of the similarities of tidal unit designs between companies. Together, tidal and wave resources
offer the potential to generate up to 20% of the UKs electricity needs.
Oc e a n/ T i da l /S t r e a m
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exist, even though installation accounts
for one-third of projected project costs.
MCTs Reed agrees that the industry
needs to reduce costs, of which instal-
lation is a good part. Reed says the
SeaGen turbine uses off-the-shelf parts
wherever possible, because avoiding
clever technology avoids extra risk.
And making structures lighter will make
installation easier and cheaper.
The Carbon Trust has predicted that
marine energy could make a meaningful
contribution to the UKs energy mix from
about 2025. But the cost of the energy
generated will need to be reduced by 50%
to 75%, to about 100 (US$149)/MWh,
within this timeline if marine energy
is to compete with offshore wind and
other technologies, the Trust cautions.
RenewableUK highlights challenges such
as delays in getting grid connections for
wave and tidal projects and the high cost
of transmission charges.
Rob Stevenson, vice president of Alstom
Ocean, which has recently produced
leader at insurer JLT Speciality Limited,
said investors require 8,000 operating
hours for proof of the technology, which
requires signifcant investment. Insurers
will cover accidental damage for a proto-
type, he said, but not an electrical fault, i.e.
a problem in the technology itself. Only
when the technology is commercialized
will insurers cover technology problems.
Developers tend to concentrate on the
big contracts, Fairley said, but he has seen
examples of projects gearing up for fnan-
cial close only to discover that the basics
that were put in place years ago arent here
or are wrong. How many projects get held
up because of property rights youd be
amazed. His advice was to get the con-
sents right. Make sure you have the rights
to put in a grid connection. In the early
stages, focus on getting the technology
right, then look up and see the big picture.
Some companies focus on the technology
and assume everything else will fall into
place, but they do this to the detriment of
the project, Fairley cautioned.
electricity in real conditions for the frst
time with its 1 MW tidal turbine, said
that although tidal technology has none
of the variability of solar and wind, policy
uncertainty is a key risk. It has defnitely
hurt the sector, although the latest policy
is more stable, he added.
Nick Murphy, head of wave and tidal
projects at Searoc, identifed a number of
risks to marine projects, including risks
related to weather, mechanical failure,
reputation, and health and safety, as well
as human error. These risks are shared
between the developer, turbine supplier,
supply chain services (subsea cabling
frms, for an example) and investors, and
Murphy said each must be prepared to
shoulder some of the risk.
Ross Fairley, partner and head of renew-
able energy at Burges Salmon, agreed. In
developing complicated projects with a
number of different contracts, its about
everyone accepting that they have to take a
share of the risk, he says.
James Green, renewable energy practice
___________________
Slow and steady
The sectors excitement is tempered by
caution. Slow and steady wins the race
seems to be the dominant viewpoint.
When asked in a conference session about
prospects for speeding up project delivery,
Barry Carruthers, marine development
engineer at ScottishPower Renewables,
seemed to speak for the sector when he
replied, Were in this for 20 to 30 years.
Were in it not just to do it, but to do it
right. Id rather be talking about when we
can do it than talking about Oops, we
didnt do it right.
And Michael Betschart, engineering
manager at Andritz Hydro Hammerfest,
asked whether speeding up project deliv-
ery is actually desirable. Were closer
than weve ever been to commercial
projects, he said, but you dont want
to push your supply chain. The delivery
date isnt the most important aspect.
Abundant resources
The British Isles have 50% of the total
European wave energy resource and
25% of tidal energy resource, and
RenewableUK says these technologies
could generate up to 20% of the UKs
electricity needs, as well as being worth
1.6 billion ($2.38 billion) by 2035.
Studies have estimated the UKs total
tidal range resource at 25 GW to 30
GW, enough to supply about 12% of the
nations current electricity demand. A
energy industry, leading to economies of
scale and learning through experience,
which will lower the strike price for the
second generation of arrays in 2018. Also,
under EMR, contracts would last for 15
years, but RenewableUK argues that this
must be extended to 20 years to give inves-
tors an adequate return, otherwise it says
the strike price would have to be higher.
There are signifcant hurdles that
need to be overcome to ensure the sus-
tained growth of the industry. Wave tech-
nology in particular will need tailored
capital support in the coming years if
we are to maintain pole position in this
promising and strategically important
sector, the trade body said.
Investors are taking note
In more good news for the sectors
imminent boom, the UKs Crown Estate
recently granted an operating license to
the Solent Ocean Energy Centre (SOEC),
a tidal energy testing facility to be built off
the southernmost tip of the Isle of Wight.
The center will feature 20 berths for
use by every kind of tidal technology, said
local councillor David Pugh, and will be
grid-connected. It is planned to feature a
generic anchor that can anchor any device.
When asked whether the island had
decided to invest now because of tidal
energys current momentum toward
commercialization, Pugh answered sim-
ply, Yes.
signifcant chunk of this resource is in the
Severn estuary (which has 8 GW to 12
GW), with the estuaries and bays of the
northwest representing a similar amount
and the east coast a further 5 GW to 6
GW. The Carbon Trusts 2011 Tidal
Current Resource and Economics report
suggests a total of 20.6 TWh/year could
practically be extracted from the 30 key
tidal stream sites in the UK.
Reforms could help or hinder
RenewableUK says that, depending on
how it plays out, the biggest shakeup of
the UKs energy sector for decades, the
Electricity Market Reform (EMR) bill
that is due this summer, could act as a
springboard for the growth of wave and
tidal energy, or it could undermine inves-
tor confdence in marine power at a cru-
cial stage of the industrys development.
EMR is meant to help the UK power
network upgrade to cope with renewable
energy sources.
The most crucial factor, says
RenewableUK, is the level of fnancial sup-
port technologies will receive. The trade
body recommends setting an initial strike
price (also known as the exercise price of
an option) for the frst generation of tidal
arrays at 280-300 ($416-446)/MWh.
For wave technology, the initial strike
price should be 300-320 ($446-476)/
MWh. RenewableUK believes that this
level of support will catalyze the marine
The 10 MW Skerries Tidal Stream Array, Wales frst commercial tidal farm, recently received consent from the Welsh government. It will feature fve 2 MW SeaGen tidal
stream turbines supplied by Marine Current Turbines.
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e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 8 4
By Eurico de Carvalho-
Filho, Iara P.G.
Machado, Humberto
Jacobsen Teixeira,
Gabriel S.C. Rocha
and Maria Tereza F.R.
Campos
Eurico de Carvalho-Filho
and Iara P.G. Machado,
junior engineers with
CNEC WorleyParsons,
develop inventory and
technical feasibility studies.
Humberto Jacobsen
Teixeira, a civil engineer
at the Polytechnic School
of the Sao Paulo University,
specializes in developing
studies and projects in
hydrology, hydraulics
and the environment.
Gabriel S.C. Rocha is a
project manager and
Maria Tereza F.R. Campos,
MBA, is superintendent
with CNEC WorleyParsons
Rocha focuses on hydro
plant studies and Campos
focuses on power projects.
independent reservoirs: evapotranspiration of the
superfcial fow soil, infltration phenomena of the
superfcial fow soil, and groundwater fow. For
each time step, measurements are performed as a
mass balance process, in which total precipitation
is partially intercepted by the vegetation and then
evaporates,
1
while the remaining precipitation is
shared between superfcial soil reservoirs depend-
ing on the soil moisture rate. The infltrated part
of the precipitation goes into the mass balance on
the soil reservoir, while evapotranspiration and
groundwater recharge are derived from another
balance considering the groundwater-soil mois-
ture saturation process.
A Newtonian exponential decay is used to draw
down the superfcial and subterranean fow that
could be combined to generate the discharge from
every gauging station. This allows a comparison
between the calculated and observed discharge.
The parameters could then be calibrated to pro-
vide more adherence to the mathematical model,
as well as preserve statistical factors such as long-
term average and standard deviation.
River basin characterization
The Tapajos River basin is in the north central
region of Brazil, east of the Madeira River basin
and west of the Xingu River basin. Its surface
covers an area of 492,481 km in the states of
Mato Grosso, Para, Amazonas and Rondonia.
According to the regulation adopted by Agencia
Nacional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL), the
Tapajos River basin belongs to Basin 1 (called the
Amazonas River Basin). The Amazonas River
Basin is divided into 10 sub-basins numbered 10
to 19, with Tapajos identifed as sub-basin 17.
The Tapajos River is formed by the confuence
of Juruena and Teles Pires rivers, which together are
responsible for almost 70% of its discharge. From
the point where these two rivers meet, the river
B
razil has more than 110 GW of installed
electric capacity, 77% of which comes from
hydroelectric sources, according to the 2010
National Energy Balance. The country has
unexploited hydro potential of 160 GW, meaning
Brazil has implemented only 35% of the available
total. This makes the Brazilian hydroelectric
market very attractive.
To perform inventory studies of Brazilian
rivers, it is imperative to follow the Electrobras/
MME Inventory Manual, published in 2007. This
manual provides guidelines for these studies to
determine the best alternative for exploring the
hydropower potential of a river basin, maximiz-
ing the energy generated with minimum cost and
environmental impact.
One of the main outputs of this inventory study
is a monthly discharge serial for each dam site
inventories from 1931 until two years before the
study began. This period was defned based on
regulations from the Brazilian Electrical Agency
(ANEEL). These series cannot necessarily be
determined using level or discharge measure-
ments from gauging stations because early data
may not be available, there may be failures in data
capture during certain periods of time because of
the absence of observers or damage to the equip-
ment, or some of the data may be inaccurate. The
alternative to deal with this situation is to use a
rainfall-runoff model to provide the missing data.
This method was applied for the Tapajos River
Basins Inventory Study, which was delivered
in 2010, because there were no gauging stations
installed for this river basin from 1931 to 1972.
The model involves reproducing the physical
process of the hydrological cycle using math-
ematical expressions and algorithms, in situations
where the physical characteristics are represented
as unknown factors. Simply speaking, this model
considers the river basin as three hypothetical and
Determining Monthly Discharge on the
Tapajos River Using a Rainfall-Runoff Model
To develop a historical fow profle for hydro projects in Brazils Tapajos River Basin, a mathemati-
cal model was used. Data from this model flled gaps in measurements available from rainfow
gauging stations, and data generated correlated well with available rainfow measurements.
Hy d r o l o gy
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise. These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy, usefulness,
and overall importance within the
hydroelectric industry.
www.hydroworld.com
stretches 825 km before draining into the
right bank of the Amazonas River. Water
levels and fooding in the fnal stretch
of the Tapajos River are affected by the
backwater of the Amazonas River and
the tidal infuence. The main tributar-
ies of the Tapajos River are the Crepori
and Jamanxim rivers. Figure 1 shows the
Tapajos River basin and its tributaries.
The Juruena River has a drainage
area of 190.931 km and originates in the
slopes of Serra dos Parecis at Elevation
about 700 meters. It receives many tribu-
taries along the 850 km-long stretch to its
confuence with the Arinos River. The
Arinos River originates in Serra Azul
at Elevation about 400 meters. It travels
760 km to join the Juruena River. Its slope
is stressed in the frst 50 km, softening in
the remainder. Arinos and Juruena Rivers
are not considered navigable because of
many obstacles in the riverbeds.
The Teles Pires River originates in
Serra Azul at Elevation about 800 meters,
growing as it fows northwest to its con-
fuence with the Juruena River, where
it forms the Tapajos River at Elevation
about 95 meters. The Teles Pires River
runs a total length of 1.638 km and has a
total area of 141.718 km.
The Tapajos River presents an asym-
metrical shape, with larger tributar-
ies along the right bank, such as the
Jamanxim River, which has a basin area
of 58.633 km. The Arapiuns River is the
largest tributary feeding into the left bank
of the Tapajos River, near its drainage
into the Amazonas River.
The last 100 km of the river before it
fows into the Amazonas River is an estu-
ary, with the distance between the two
banks being more than 20 km. Flow into
the Amazonas River drains through a
channel 1.12 meters wide. This phenom-
enon is related to the backwater effect from
the Amazonas River. The infuence at the
mouth of the Tapajos River results in a
river level oscillation of about 0.4 meters.
All the drainage area of the Tapajos
River presents geomorphologic charac-
teristics of soils of crystalline basement
covered by exuberant vegetation. In this
_________________
The Tapajos River Basin covers an area of 492,481 km
2
. The river is formed by the confuence of the
Juruena and Teles Pires rivers and eventually drains into the right bank of the Amazonas River.
FIGURE 1 Tapajos River Basin
During the period for which infow measurements were available, a comparison to simulated fow
using the rainfall-runoff model shows good correlation.
FIGURE 2 Average Monthly Flow Hydrographs
35.000
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
m
3
/
s
)
0
1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990
Simulated Flow Observed Infow
1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
wet climate with large amounts of precip-
itation, this leads to an extremely dense
drainage. These climate factors lead to
a very positive water balance, with high
specifc yield, emphasizing its aptitude
for multiple uses.
Periods to be generated
using hydrological simulation
To fll in the missing data for the Tapajos
River basin, mathematical modeling of
rain-fow was performed for the time
period ranging from January 1931 to
the phases of the hydrological cycle in a
very detailed manner, while others con-
sider only portions of the phenomenon,
presenting limited applications.
CNEC WorleyParsons developed a
simulation rainfall-runoff model to be
used to translate the monthly precipita-
tion data into the monthly fow data,
using for that expressions and functions
that represent physical processes in the
hydrological cycle.
The transformation process of the
total monthly rainfall into runoff is
represented in the model by 11 physical
parameters. Eight of these represent the
physical characteristics of the basin, and
three represent the conditions in the frst
moment of the simulation. The physical
parameters are: evapotranspiration, the
recession value of runoff and under-
ground fow, water content of soil, feld
factor, soils nominal capacity, runoff
regulation and groundwater recharge.
The model is represented by three
hypothetical reservoirs:
Superfcial (Rsup), which repre-
sents the portions of runoff and superf-
cial discharge;
Sub-superfcial (Rsoil), which
represents the water content in the soil
infuenced by the roots; and
Subterranean (Rsub), which repre-
sents the underground aquifer.
During each precipitation event, a mass
balance is done. Initially, a portion of the
rain is intercepted by the vegetal cover-
age and lost by evaporation. Remnant
precipitated volumes are divided between
runoff and infltration, whose division of
fow is regulated by the water content in
the soil. This implicates that the greater
the water content of the soil, the greater
the portion directed to runoff.
The infltrated portion in the ground
is added to the reservoir to represent the
water content in the soil. In this reser-
voir, water content is updated over time
through the contributions of infltration
and loss of water due to evapotrans-
piration and groundwater recharge.
Groundwater recharge is limited by the
soils feld capacity, which is the water
the beginning of the 1970s. To perform
this modeling, some precedent stages
are necessary. These include preparing
the database for the model, consolidat-
ing drainage areas near the project and
the gauging stations installed in the river
basin before 1971, and consolidating the
average monthly precipitation series for
the period of study.
Simulation model adopted
There are many hydrological simulation
models available. Some of them present
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Flow duration curves charged using data from the rainfall-runoff model
and gauging stations vary slightly more than the comparison of monthly
fow hydrographics shown in Figure 3 but are still close.
FIGURE 4 Flow Duration Curves of Average Monthly Flows
35.000
25.000
30.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

M
o
n
t
h
l
y

I
n
f
o
w

(
m
3
/
s
)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Incidence (%)
60 70 80
Simulated Infow Observed Infow
90 100
Another method of comparing the simulated versus observed infow,
on a monthly basis, also shows good correlation.
FIGURE 3 Monthly Flow Hydrographs
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
V
a
z
o

(
m
3
/
s
)
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Simulated Infow
Observed Infow
Oct Dec Nov
content in the soil below which water does not fow toward
the subterranean reservoir. Both subterranean and superfcial
reservoirs suffer a drawdown in an exponential rate, resulting,
respectively, in basic and superfcial fows.
The storage capacity of these reservoirs adheres to the hier-
archic order described above, where the water content rate in
the soil is the common denominator that governs the portions of
remnant rain to be add in each reservoir.
Simulation model calibration
The model is calibrated through a process of successive tries,
until the differences between the fow hydrographs generated
by the model and the hydrographs observed at the chosen fow
gauging stations are at an acceptable level of error.
Calibration for the period being studied (1975 to 2008)
was established based on research of the common data serial
available for precipitation and fow, resulting in defnition of
the period from January 1931 to December 2008. For model
calibration, the following inputs were considered:
Average monthly precipitation in the basin. Because of the
lack of large periods of observation, precipitation series consid-
ered in the modeler were composed by three points around the
river basin: Diamantino, Vilhena and Alto Tapajos.
Average monthly evaporation (Class A) data. The values
of climatological normals were obtained from the climatologic
station of Itaituba, which represents the climatic conditions of
the Tapajos River. Table 1 presents patterns of evaporation
considered in the model; and
Input parameters of the model. These values were pre-
sented according to the fow gauging station used in the mod-
eler of the Tapajos River.
The portion of the rain intercepted by the vegetation (leaves,
bushes, etc.) is also an important input parameter for the
calibration. In the simulation model, this is calculated through
an equation generated from a parametric study for values of
interception ranging from 3 to 5 mm. Calculations were run to
provide a monthly accounting of the precipitation with values
similar or inferior to daily precipitation values, which represent
the amount of precipitation that remains in foliage and is lost
by evapotranspiration.
For each initial value of interception, a monthly data series
was obtained and correlated with the correspondent value of
monthly precipitation. This correlation originated the adjust-
ment equation between interception and monthly precipitation
for each studied station. From the fve equations, the average
of coeffcients a and b were calculated, generating one equa-
tion for determining the daily interception for each initial
interception value.
The calibration was realized by comparing values of
observed and simulated fows from 1930 to 2008 to the aver-
age monthly fow hydrographs and fow duration of the average
monthly fow. Average, standard deviation and coeffcient of
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Table 1: Monthly Evaporation Data
of Itaituba Climatologic Station
Evaporation
(mm)
January 69.8
February 42.6
March 61.1
April 53.1
May 55.4
June 62.9
July 76.2
August 97.2
September 110.6
October 104.7
November 93.8
December 72.8
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology
determination of the observed series were
considered as well.
Jatoba fow gauging station
The calibration was completed at the
Jatoba station in the Tapajos River, which
covers a drainage area of 387,634 km.
Parameters and graphs related to the
period of calibration, January 1975 to
December 2008, also are presented. This
permits evaluation of the performance of
the rainfall-runoff modeler against this
station. Figure 2 provides a comparison
between monthly fow hydrographs
observed and simulated. Figure 3 pro-
vides a comparison between monthly
hydrographs observed and simulated.
Finally, Figure 4 shows a comparison
between fow duration curves observed
and simulated.
As it is possible to see, the completed
series has the same behavior, temporal
and statistical, as the previous one. This
shows that the model preserves not only
the seasonality of the data series (an
intrinsic characteristic of the regional
climate) but also some statistical param-
eters, thus making them part of the same
statistical universe.
drainage area (catchment area) of both
places. In this case, the series was used
to generate the average monthly fow
at the Sao Luiz do Tapajos and Jabota
hydroelectric plants, two projects on the
Tapajos River that together will have
installed capacity of 8,500 MW and
generate about 40,800 MWh.
Note
1
ANA - Agencia Nacional de Aguas, Sistema
de Informacoes Hidrologicas HidroWeb,
http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br
Conclusion
The use of mathematical modeling
enabled generation of a monthly fow
serial covering January 1931 to December
2008. Data for the more recent period
(1975 to 2008) was replaced by data
generated through correlation between
the three stations previously mentioned,
resulting in a fnal series of monthly fows.
The full series can be transferred
to an axis of hydroelectric develop-
ments placed next to this gauging sta-
tion through the relation between the
30 HRW/ March-April 2013 www.hydroworld.com
Ideas in Action
Measurements of the level of water in the reservoir behind
Machadinho Dam have been problematic since the hydropower
plant for which it impounds water began operating in 2002. At
this plant, called Machadinho Carlos Ermirio de Moraes, the
level measuring system that was used until 2011 consisted of
submersible pressure-resistant hydrostatic probes: one each
for reservoir level, upstream level, the generating units after
the trashracks and the tailrace level. Constant accumulation
of residues, mostly wood, in the reservoir interfered with the
measurements and resulted in errors and constant corrective
interventions, such as removing the probe for cleaning, reset-
ting the sensor positioning, or replacing the probe. To correct
this ongoing problem, radar level transmitters were installed
in 2011. Use of these transmitters has corrected the previously
stated problems, increasing reliability of the measurements and
eliminating corrective interventions.
Understanding the situation at Machadinho
This facility is on the Uruguai River between Piratuba (Santa
Catarina) and Maximiliano de Almeida (Rio Grande do Sul) in
Brazil. The plant, which is owned by Consorcio Machadinho
and operated by Tractebel Energia S.A., contains three
380 MW turbine-generating units, for total installed capacity of
1,140 MW. The project was commissioned in 2002 is controlled
via a digital system operated from the central control room.
The level measuring system was one of the frst systems to
become operational at the plant, which enabled the reservoir to
be flled August 28, 2001.
Level monitoring was needed to allow the project owner
to measure the tailrace, intake, and reservoir levels, as well as
determining hydraulic losses at the trashracks covering the three
turbine intakes, specifcally those caused by accumulation of
wood. Correct measurements are invaluable, as they are needed
to detect the amount of waste accumulated on the trashracks.
When preset levels of waste accumulation are reached, an alert
is sent to the control center so that the operator can reduce the
power dispatched to the generating units, reducing the fow
and decreasing the head loss until the alert in the control center
turns off. The operator also can convert the unit to synchronous
compensating mode, which makes the waste trapped in the
trashracks foat away. The fnal action is to remove the wood
using a giant claw mechanicsm. This is vital to avoid a system
overload, which could cause severe damage to the power plant.
The original level measuring system made use of submers-
ible pressure-resistant hydrostatic probes, manufacturered by
Brazil-based Hytronic, as a primary sensor. This type of sensor-
ing is regularly used at hydropower plants in Brazil.
However, several problems arose, the most critical one being
inaccuracies in calculation of head loss at the trashracks. These
racks, placed at the entry to the penstock for each unit, pre-
vent the passage of solid materials, such as branches and wood
trunks, through the turbines. Passing these materials could
result in damage to the turbines and wicket gates that would be
costly to repair and result in extensive downtime for the unit.
The continuous accumulation of wood and other waste mate-
rial on the trashracks results in partial or complete obstruc-
tion, which increases the pressure over the rack and results in
greater head loss. Head loss is calculated by comparing the res-
ervoir water level with the level past the trashracks of each unit.
The difference in elevation between these two measurements,
minus the portion corresponding to the dynamic pressure, dem-
onstrates the head loss.
Defning the problem
The more waste accumulates on the surface of the trashrack, the
larger the head loss here. At Machadinho, the admissible maxi-
mum value for head loss based on the design of the trashracks is
3.5 mca (meters in water column). Once this limit is surpassed,
the trashrack can suffer structural damage and may even by
pulled into the penstock.
To prevent head loss, the water column between the trashrack
Using Radar to Improve Level Measurement
at the Machadinho Plant
Installing a new monitoring system that utilizes radar to measure water levels in
the reservoir signifcantly increased the accuracy of the measurement.
and reservoir must be reduced, and this can only be accom-
plished by reducing power demands on the generating unit.
This situation leads to a less-than-optimal utilization of the
available hydraulic resource.
The operations and maintenance team evaluated the situation
to determine why measured head loss values with the existing
system were inconsistent. To fnd that, the maintenance team
had to perform a simple procedure that consisted of determin-
ing with a measuring tape the difference in the level in the res-
ervoir and the level past the trashracks of each unit. Comparing
these measures with the value displayed in the control room
revealed the errors.
They determined that several conditions provided the incor-
rect information, including level variation and water quality by
mud impregnation. However, it was determined that the varying
level in the reservoir as a result of the drawdown was the main
contributing factor to measuring errors and the resulting need
for system intervention.
In addition, water quality further worsened the measuring
errors because the mud suspended in the water obstructed the
holes in the submersible probes where the pressure measure-
ments were taken. The structures to which the submersible
probes were installed were also often obstructed by wood, which
changed the water columns level by creating level variations.
Developing a solution
Because of the lack of system reliability and the constant need
for corrective interventions that could vary depending the con-
dition of the reservoir, occurring more than once per week in the
worst situations, Consorcio Machadinho undertook a search for
alternative technologies available for level measurement. Given
the history of failures of the existing system, one of the require-
ments for the solution at Machadinho was a technology that
does not have to stay in direct contact with the water.
Ultrasound, radar and guided radar options were all consid-
ered. Ultrasound sensors did not appear to be workable because
most of the available options did not have the range needed
(40 meters) for this application, and external temperatures are
known to interfere with ultrasound signals, thus affecting the
measurement accuracy.
To use a guided radar system at Machadinho, a wave guide,
which is a metal guide that links the sensor to the water level,
would have to be installed. In addition, this guide would be
in constant contact with the water, a factor the operators were
hoping to avoid.
Given the limitations of these methods, radar was chosen
as the most suitable measurement option for the needs of the
project. A radar level transmitter operates according to the
microwave irradiation principle: by propagating electromag-
netic waves. The instrument receives a portion of the energy
refected off the surface of the environment being measured.
The time it takes the signal to travel from is the waves refection
distance, defned as the distance from the radar sensor to the
surface of the water.
The output is a miliampere signal that gives a distance in
meters from the sensor to the water surface. In the control
system used, we confgure the lowest possible level (the largest
distance in meters from the radar) and the highest possible level
(the smallest distance in meters from the radar).
For example, the minimum level in cote (comparison to sea
level, or zero meters) at the tail race is 372.90 meters. The radar
sensor shows that there is a 40 meter distance between the sen-
sor and the water surface.
We do the same thing with the maximum level, which is
397.15 meters. As the tailrace level cannot be increased to this,
the sensor installation cote is set at the maximum level. With
this information, the distance in meters from the radar to the
surface level can be translated in the right cote.
Because these waves do not propagate mechanically, they are
immune to temperature variations. In addition, the radar sen-
sors allow an application over a wide range of distances, reach-
ing more than 50 meters.
Signifcant results
The hydrostatic sensor installed after each unit trashrack,
upstream sensors and tailrace water level sensors were replaced
with new radar transmitters. A number of infrastructure
improvements were required to allow installation of the new
sensors. According to operational requirements, the radar trans-
mitter must be installed at least 60 cm from any walls, avoiding
interference in the radar beam.
In total, fve radar transmitters were installed: one to measure
tailrace level, another to measure reservoir level, and one for
each generating unit to measure the level past the trashracks. It
took us one week to prepare the civil and supports structures,
and after that, one afternoon to start up and confgure the radar
transmitter. The units were not taken offine for the installation.
The radar transmitter measuring system has been operating
for two years at Machadinho. During this time, the plant opera-
tors have observed a signifcant improvement in the precision
and reliability of measurements. The hydrostatic sensors pre-
sented a scale accuracy rate of 0.25% and resolution of 0.015%;
the new system provided a signifcant gain in full-scale accuracy
of 0.01% and resolution of 0.003%.
This improvement has added great value to the plants opera-
tions, as it provides precise and reliable information for each unit
and prevents unnecessary waste of resources otherwise avail-
able for power generation. The new system has also positively
impacted the maintenance schedule for the plant. Before the
improvements, 260 hours were dedicated to corrective main-
tenance and system adjustments in a fve-year span. Once the
system was adopted, corrective interventions dropped to zero.
By Christiano Dalosto Pase, electrical engineer, and Edson
Leandro Tomaselli, electrical engineer, Tractebel Energia S.A.
Tech Notes
For more technical news, check out the
Technology and Equipment tab at
IEA report predicts status of
renewables through 2017
Renewable electricity growth should
accelerate from 2011 to 2017, expanding
by 1,840 TW, compared with growth of
1,160 TWh from 2005 to 2011. Global
renewable electricity production was
4,540 TWh in 2011 and should reach
almost 6,400 TWh in 2017. These are
just some fndings in Medium-Term
Renewable Energy Market 2012 released
by the International Energy Agency.
Non-hydro renewable development is
becoming increasingly widespread, with
growth shifting beyond traditional support
markets in Europe, the report indicates.
Of the 710 GW of global renewable
electricity capacity additions expected
from 2011 to 2017, China accounts for
270 GW, the USA 56 GW, India 39 GW,
Germany and Brazil 32 GW each. In 2017,
non-OECD countries should account for
65% of hydropower generation and almost
40% of non-hydro generation.
Hydro production has grown by
630 TWh since 2005, and in 2011 it
accounted for 80% of total renewable
generation. Hydropower will remain the
largest contributor, but its share should
diminish, dropping to an anticipated
70% in 2017. From 2011 to 2017, hydro-
power generation is expected to grow
120 TWh per year, pushing total capacity
to 1,200 GW from 1,070 GW in 2011.
Hydropower represents an eco-
nomically attractive source of renewable
energy in countries with good resource
potential. Hydropower deployment can
scale up renewable generation and meet
power needs in emerging and developed
countries while providing the fexibility
needed to integrate a projected large
amount of variable renewable electricity.
Growth is expected to occur in: China,
110 GW; Brazil, 21 GW; OECD Europe,
19 GW; Africa, 14 GW; and India 13 GW.
IEA says this new annual publication
provides a key benchmark, assessing the
current state of play of renewable energy,
identifying the main drivers and barriers
to deployment, and projecting renew-
able electricity capacity and generation
through 2017.
The report can be purchased for prices
starting at 80 (US$105), depending on
format and number of people accessing, at
www.iea.org/w/bookshop/add.aspx?id=432.
Online worldwide renewable
energy map available
An interactive map of renewable energy
throughout the world is available from
the REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy
Network for the 21
st
Century).
The map, at www.map.ren21.net,
allows user to search by technology,
including hydropower and ocean energy.
Once a technology is chosen, users can
refne the search by topic:
Policies, which covers fnancial
incentives, public fnancing and regula-
tory policies;
Targets, which are primary energy,
fnal energy, electricity, heating/cooling
consumption, heating/cooling, transport,
rural energy and not specifed;
Shares, which are primary energy,
electricity production, fnal energy,
electricity consumption, heating/cooling
production, heating/cooling consumption
and heating/cooling;
Installed capacity;
Energy production; and
Renewable energy economy, which
covers jobs and manufacturing.
Selecting installed capacity provides
results in 89 countries, from Argentina
to Zambia. Choosing Mozambique pro-
vides information on all the above topics
and indicates total installed renewable
electricity capacity in 2009 (most recent
data available) of 2.179 GW and total
installed hydropower capacity in 2010 of
2,308 MW.
Users also can click on a specifc coun-
try and get data on all of the topics.
REN21 connects governments, inter-
national organizations, industry associa-
tions, and science and academia. Its goal
is to facilitate knowledge exchange, policy
development and joint action toward a
rapid global transition to renewable energy.
IHA partners with China Society
for Hydropower Engineering
The International Hydropower Assoc-
iation and China Society for Hydropower
Engineering (CSHE) have announced a
collaboration that will lead to establish-
ment of an IHA National Offce in China.
IHA said CSHE is Chinas leading
hydropower organization, with 40,000
individual members, 203 corporate mem-
bers and 22 provincial hydroelectric engi-
neering societies. CHSE will work to pro-
mote IHAs Hydropower Sustainability
Protocol, which has been adopted by
organizations in 28 countries.
Vietnam to investigate dam
safety after recent incidents
Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan
Dung has called for improvements to the
countrys dam safety protocol, partially
in response to incidents and concerns
associated with hydro plants in 2012.
If a new piece of legislation is approved,
project owners and operators will be sub-
ject to dam safety standards established
by Vietnams Ministry of Industry and
Trade. Penalties include fnes of up to
about US$10,000, with the potential for
operating licenses to be revoked if safety
checks and repairs are not completed.
This and other measures are expected to
be submitted for approval in the second
quarter of this year.
Operations may be suspended at
plants operating in violation of safety
regulations, and resettlement zones
will be checked to assess living condi-
tions. Dungs declaration also included
measures for a more stringent project
approval process.
New Hydro
For more ocean/tidal/stream news, see
the Hydro Project Activity tab at
Tocardo, Repsol form partnership
for marine power development
Hydrokinetic turbine manufacturer
Tocardo International and oil and gas
conglomerate Repsol have formed a part-
nership intended to help further offshore
tidal energy development.
Repsol reported that it has about
1,200 MW of offshore wind concessions
in the UK and sees its new partner-
ship with Tocardo as an opportunity to
expand its New Energy Ventures unit,
which focuses on initiatives in renewables
and bioenergy.
Expansion of Cherbourg
testing site announced
The Raz Blanchard tidal power test site
near Cherbourg in northwestern France
will receive a 35 hectare expansion,
thanks to a US$96.2 million
plan unveiled by the Ports of
Normandy Authority.
PNA, which owns the ports
of Caen-Ouistreham and
Cherbourg, said the decision to
increase Raz Blanchards size
came after Electricite de France
and Alstom moved their off-
shore wind turbine operations to
Cherbourg in 2012.
PNA said the development
will use reclaimed land to the
ports east and north, extending
the port into the outer harbor in
the process.
Work on the project is expected to be
complete in 2016.
UK might reconsider Severn
Estuary tidal power proposal
Parliaments Energy and Climate Change
committee is taking another look at a
plan that would result in a US$40 billion
electricity-generating barrage placed
across the Severn Estuary.
Halfren Powers proposed Severn
Estuary tidal power project could pro-
duce as much as 5% of the UKs energy,
according to a scheme that was previously
rejected by Parliament in October 2010.
The government has since said, how-
ever, that the Severn River is open for
private tidal power development to help
the UK meet its 15% renewable energy
by 2020 goal, leading some to push for
reconsideration of the scheme now.
Halfrens proposal modifed slightly
from the one rejected in 2010 would
create an 11 mile-long (18 km) barrage
between the Vale of Galmorgan and
Somerset. The barrage would be dotted
with more than 1,000 tidal turbines.
The plan was rejected in 2010 largely
due to environmental concerns, although
developer Hafren says its new scheme is
more fsh-friendly and would reduce the
amount of inter-tidal mudfats that would
be lost for feeding birds.
Sources said a special Act of Parliament
would have to be passed for the plan to
become a reality.
Belgium considers ring island
energy storage scheme
Belgian offcials are considering the
construction of an offshore hydroelectric
energy storage project to help the country
wean off nuclear power by 2025.
The project referred to as the ring
island or energy atoll plan by offcials
would be built off Belgiums northern
coast near Zeebrugge, and includes the
construction of a 3 km-long, horseshoe-
shaped island that would have a 30 meter-
deep reservoir in its center.
Pumped-storage turbines would be
installed in the open end of the horseshoe,
giving the hydro project a total generating
capacity of about 300 MW.
The project would mainly be used to
help store the countrys vast amount of
wind capacity, which, as of 2011, equated
to more than 1 GW. The excess wind
power will be used to pump water from
the interior of the horseshoe into the sea.
That water will then pass back into the
reservoir by running through the hydro
turbine units when needed, allowing the
island to serve as a battery much like con-
ventional pumped-storage facilities.
Belgiums federal energy regulator,
Elia, said the project is still undergoing
feasibility studies but could be completed
within seven years if approved.
Crown Estate to invest in
wave, tidal development
The Crown Estate is consid-
ering an investment of up to
US$32 million in wave energy
and tidal energy projects in
the UK. The decision to invest
followed analysis of a report
issued in 2012 that suggested a
large potential for wave and tidal
energy development in the UK.
The Crown Estates invest-
ment will be in cooperation with
other development companies
and government grants and will help fund
development of two projects with a capac-
ity of more than 3 MW.
To be eligible, potential projects must
have gained or be in the process of get-
ting the proper consents and grid con-
nection agreements, as well as a Crown
Estate lease agreement. A fnal decision
on investment will be made by early 2014.
Belgiums ring island energy storage scheme will have pumped-storage
turbines at the open end of the horseshoe, with a capacity of 300 MW.
Small Hydro
For more small hydro news, see the Hydro
Project Activity tab at
BHEL inaugurates second of two
turbines at Tajikistans Varjob
Indian manufacturer Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited (BHEL) has
completed the rehabilitation and mod-
ernization of Tajikistans 9.5 MW
Varjob plant.
The Varjob project owned by
Tajikistans national power company,
Barqi Tojik previously included a pair
of 3.67 MW turbine-generator units.
BHEL replaced those with two 4.75 MW
units as part of a renovation, modern-
ization and upgrade contract that was
funded by the Indian government.
Varjobs frst new unit was commis-
sioned in November 2012, with the sec-
ond being offcially inaugurated in early
January 2013.
Cubujuqui project in
Costa Rica now online
Costa Rican utility Coopelesca has
begun commercial operation of its
22.8 MW Cubujuqui project.
Located in Horquetas de Sarapiqui, the
hydropower project is a turnkey operation
jointly supplied by Voith Hydro Brazil
and Voith Hydro India and features two
11.4 MW Francis turbines.
The project was constructed to help
meet Costa Ricas growing demand for
energy resources.
Brazils 15.5 MW Barra do Rio
Chapeu project commissioned
An Eletrobras-owned small hydroelectric
project in Brazils Santa Catarina state
came online in January.
The 15.5 MW Barra do Rio Chapeu
plant is a joint venture between
Eletrobras subsidiary Eletrosul and
German development bank Kreditanstalt
fur Wiederaufbau, which announced the
partnership in December 2008.
Barra do Rio Chapeu is on the Braco
do Norte River and is one part of the Sao
Bernardo complex. Also included are the
Itarare, Joao Borges and Pinheiros hydro
facilities, which, along with Barra do
Rio Chapeu, will have a total combined
capacity of more than 50 MW.
Albanian government approves
construction of three projects
Albanias territorial regulation body
granted licenses in January for the con-
struction of three small hydroelectric
projects: 6 MW Stavec, 3.6 MW Strava
and 400 kW Qafezeze.
The Stavec scheme will cost
US$4.8 million and be constructed by
Stravaj Energy in Albanias Librazhd
region. The $11.32 million Strava will be
developed by investment company Koka
in the Bulqiza region, and Qafezeze will
be constructed by Caushi K. in Librazhd
at a cost of about $500,000.
Suweco announces development
of nine projects in Philippines
Renewable energy developer Sunwest
Water and Electric Co. (Suweco) has
announced a US$220.3 million plan to
build nine small projects with a combined
capacity of less than 50 MW on the
Philippines Panay Island.
Included in Suwecos plans are the
15 MW Main Klan, 8 MW Villasiga 1,
9.4 MW Villasiga 2, 3 MW Upper Aklan
West Tributary, 3 MW Lower East
Aklan Tributary, 2.4 MW Middle West
Tributary, 2 MW Guiamon San Ramon,
3 MW Dalanas and 2.1 MW Tibiao
hydroelectric stations.
The run-of-river plants will be con-
structed along the Paliuan River in
Filipino states Antique and Aklan, with
work expected to be completed within the
next fve years.
SSE to renovate
2.4 MW Storr Loch plant
Scotlands Storr Lochs project will
receive a US$2.41 million refurbish-
ment that will extend the plants life by
renovating its generators, switchgear and
control gear.
Storr Lochs was constructed in the
early 1950s and is served by a cable-
powered railway because the steepness
of the location made a road unfeasible.
The project is owned by Scottish and
Southern Energy.
Work on the project is expected to
begin and end in 2014.
Renovation work on the 2.4 MW Storr Loch hydro plant in Scotland will include refurbishing the generators,
control gear and switchgear.
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Water is generally a source of fasci-
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ANDRITZ HYDRO GmbH
Eibesbrunnergasse 20, 1120 Vienna, Austria
Phone: +43 50805 5, Fax: +43 50805 51015
contact-hydro@andritz.com http://hrw.hotims.com RS #22

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TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

MOVE CLOSER TO COMMERCIAL

Vol. 21, No. 2, March-April 2013

4 HRW / March-April 2013 www.hydroworld.com

Worthington Products is the trusted choice in over 47

High Performance Hydro Products & Services

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Russias premier event dedicated to the

Part of Indias most important power-related event.

The largest dedicated event for the global

Latin Americaspremierevent focused on the

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