Asphalt Lab

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA
SCHOOL OF BUILDING & LAND MANAGEMENT
Construction Management Programme (C3M)
Materials Laboratory
Concrete Mix Design
Semester 2
3rd Year
Tutor: Mr. Joseph Aryee
Group Members
Horace Davis
ID# 0410636
Auline Smith
ID#0412670
Franz Hoilett
ID# 0504288
Jamie Goodhart
ID# 0503644
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With the help of Mrs. E. Burrowes and Mr. G. Roomes (the construction Lab Technician), who
displayed unwavering patience and understanding when assisting us to carry out the various
laboratory tests; she was always approachable even though sometimes our questions were
repeatedly asked. We are especially grateful for her kind words of encouragement when we were
in despair. In addition, we would also like to thank Mr. J Aryee, for his input as our tutor and for
providing us with the fundamental start that was needed to do this project.
Introduction
Construction of highway involves huge outlay of investment. A precise engineering design may
save considerable investment; as well a reliable performance of the in-service highway can be
achieved. Two things are of major considerations in this regard pavement design and the mix
design. This lab emphasizes on the mix design considerations. To create a suitable Asphalt Mix
Design which will give the asphalt all the necessary properties of flexibility, durability, and
workability, without sacrificing resistance to permanent deformation.
Asphalt concrete mixes should be designed to meet the necessary criteria based on type of
roadway, traffic volumes, intended use, i.e., overlay on rigid or flexible pavements, and the
season of the year the construction would be performed. Each State's mix design criteria should
be as follows.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this project is to create a suitable Asphalt Mix Design which fulfills all the necessary
properties of flexibility, durability, and workability, without sacrificing resistance to permanent
deformation. .
THEORY
Pavements are built-up surfaces which provide a smooth surface for the safe passage of vehicle
under any weather condition and also distribute vehicular loads to the underlying sub grade.
There are two types of pavements:
Flexible Pavements
Rigid Pavements
The Flexible Pavements loads are transmitted downward from one layer to the next; starting
from the base layer, to the sub base layer and finally to the sub grade. The Base layer is located
immediately below the wearing surface of the pavement and its main function is to increase
stiffness, reduce fatigue, distribute loads through the given thickness of the pavement and
provide drainage for the pavement. One factor which plays a very integral role in the ability of
the base layer to distribute load is the Optimum moisture content. Optimum moisture content,
in short, represents the amount of water content which will produce the maximum material
density. Optimum moisture content is usually plotted against density of material on a graph. The
density of the material at the Optimum moisture content is known as the Maximum Dry Density.
The Sub base layer is located between the Base layer and the Sub grade layer. The Sub base
layer serves as a substitute for the sub grade layer, in terms of strength, where the sub grade is
extremely weak. The sub base also provides resistance to capillary action and prevents frost
action in the pavement. The design of the sub base may be affected by the mount of traffic
expected, position of water table and also the type of soil within the sub grade and its condition.
The sub grade is the natural ground on which the entire pavement rests. Its function is to provide
the necessary bearing capacity for the load that is transferred to it by the pavement. The
performance of the pavement is directly related to the strength of the sub grade. Factors affecting
its performance include; density, moisture content, eases of compaction, permanency of
compaction and drainage. The sub grade can be strengthened by soil stabilization, water
pumping and the implementation of good drainage systems.

In Rigid Pavements, loads are transmitted directly to the sub grade layer. Rigid Pavements are
usually constructed using Portland cement concrete due to the high modulus of elasticity and
rigidity the pavement. The basic type of concrete pavement consists of a mixture of coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate, Portland cement, water and admixtures. They are mostly used for
highways subjected to severe service conditions such as urban highways, rural highways and
runways.
Pavements are classified according to the type of surfacing materials used. The Bituminous
surface treatment and Portland cement concrete surface treatment, but for this project emphasis
will be placed on the bituminous surfacing materials.
Bitumen can be described as a black sticky or viscous substance used as an adhesive or water
proof on buildings and road construction. It consists of hydro carbon and three derivatives which
are soluble in carbon dio sulphate and are soften gradually when heated. The hydrocarbons that
make up bitumen can generally be made up of the following:
Asphaltenes
Resins
Oils
Asphaltenes are large, high-molecular-weight hydrocarbon fractions precipitated from asphalt by
a designated paraffinic naphtha solvent at a specified solvent-asphalt ratio. Asphaltenes have a
carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 0.8. Asphaltenes constitute the body of the asphalt. Resins are
hydrocarbon molecules with a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of more than 0.6 but less than 0.8.
Resins affect the adhesiveness and ductility properties of asphalt. Oils are hydrocarbon
molecules with a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of less than 0.6. Oils influence the viscosity and flow
of the asphalt.
The term bituminous binder includes coal tar, natural asphalt and bitumen obtained from
petroleum crude (petroleum bitumen). Tars with suitable properties are now not widely available.
It is obtained by refinery processes from petroleum. Bitumen can also be found in natural
deposits or as a component of naturally occurring (native) asphalt which is associated with
mineral matter.
Native asphalt occurs when petroleum rises to the earths curst and the volatile oils are
evaporated. These native asphalts were found in pools and asphalt lakes. One of the more
well-known deposits of native asphalts is the Trinidad Lake deposit on the island of Trinidad
off the north coast of South America. Before the development of the processes for producing
asphalt cement from crude petroleum products, native asphalts were the only sources of supply
for early pavement projects. The first asphalted pavement was built in 1869 in London, England.
A year later construction of road and street pavements began in the United States in Newark,
New Jersey.
With the invention of the automobile, which required smooth all-weather pavements, the demand
for asphaltic pavements grew. Thus, the process for producing asphalt cement from crude
petroleum products grew, which led to the development of modern asphalt cement.
Asphalt cement is a valuable by-product obtained when petroleums are processed to obtain
gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil (diesel and lubricating) and other asphalt products. There are three
types of petroleum found in the earths crust:
Asphaltic-base crude oils
Paraffin-base crude oils
Mixed-base crude oils.
Asphaltic-base crude oils are used to derive Asphalt cement by a straight-run distillation process.
Asphalt cement may also be obtained from mixed-base crude oils but the process is very
complicated.
Bituminous products may be obtained form paraffin-base crude oils by a destructive distillation
process involving chemical changes. These bituminous materials should not be classified as
asphalt.
Asphaltic concrete is made up of mixture of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, mineral filler and
bitumen, well proportioned in order to minimize cost by producing the most suitable asphaltic
concrete yields a pavement that is stable, durable, flexible and skid resistant. It is not always
possible to optimize all four properties; thus, compromises are often made.
Pavements have certain properties:
Stability
Durability
Flexibility
Skid resistance
Stability relates to strength and the ability of the pavement to resist deformation under
application of loads. Stability is directly related to the distribution of loads by point-to-point
contact of the aggregate particles. The characteristic of the Aggregate also plays an important
part on the stability of the pavement. Hard, dense aggregates can withstand more vehicular loads,
and crushed angular particle shape aggregates with a rough surface texture contribute to stability
by their bonding (interlocking) with the help of the cohesiveness supplied by the asphalt cement.
Durability is the resistance of the pavement to disintegration under traffic loads, as it remains
smooth during summer heat and un-cracked in the cold clime, resisting the effects of
freeze/thaw. The more protection of the aggregate receives from the asphalt cement; the greater
its durability. Not only in terms of coating its particles, but filling the voids within as well, thus
keeping out water.
Flexibility is the ability of a pavement to withstand deflections and bending without cracking.
Skid resistance is a form of stability there are two categories that cause slippery pavements;
Pavement bleeding and Aggregate polishing. Pavement bleeding occurs when too few voids are
left in the mix and traffic loads compact the pavement on a hot day, forcing asphalt to the surface
of the roadway. This action covers the exposed rough aggregate and the pavement becomes
slippery. With voids in pavements as low as or 1 percent, slippery pavements will not occur,
however, most specifications require 2 or 3 percent air voids to prevent surface bleeding.
Aggregate polishing results after a pavement receives continuous wear form traffic and the
surface aggregates polish, forming a slippery pavement. Polishing can be reduced by using
relatively hard aggregates.
As mentioned earlier it is very hard achieve all properties, hence sacrifices have to be made.
Example, by maximizing durability, both stability and skid resistance are compromised. Stability
is compromised when thick coatings of asphalt are placed over the aggregates and causes the
bonding between aggregates and asphalt cement to lessen (as the aggregates tend to float in the
asphalt). Skid resistance is compromised as axle loads tend to compact a pavement which has
more asphalt than needed to cover the aggregates, causing bleeding of the asphalt and thereby
creating a slippery surface.
This project however will emphasize on Asphalt mix Design and not road construction.
The design of hot mixes are mainly a matter of selecting and proportioning ingredients to obtain
the desired finished construction properties i.e. the proper size and gradation of coarse and fine
aggregates, filler and the bitumen grade. The aim is to find an economical blend and gradation
of aggregates and asphalt (within the specification limits) that yields a mix to have:
Enough asphalt to ensure a durable, compacted pavement by thoroughly coating, bonding and
waterproofing the aggregate.
Enough mix stability to satisfy the demands of traffic without distortion or displacement.
Voids in the total compacted mix sufficient that will permit a slight amount of added compaction
under traffic loading without bleeding or loss of stability. However, the volume of voids should
be at a minimum to keep out harmful air and moisture content.
Enough workability to allow placement and proper compaction of the paving mix without any
segregation.
There are four essential specifications which give an indication of the mix properties: The voids
in mineral aggregates (VMA), Air voids, Marshall Stability and Flow.
The Marshall Stability and flow are determined from the experiment. During the mixing
procedures asphalt mix is compacted in a cylindrical mould and cured under required conditions.
The resulting briquette is then loaded and its strength to failure (stability) and its deformation
(flow) are measured.
The voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) ensures that the aggregate grading is not too dense.
Aggregate grading which is too dense will prevent adequate coating of the particles which is
essential for the stability and durability of the mix. Within the VMA, there has to be air voids
which will allow for some compaction of the pavement, without forcing asphalt to the surface,
creating problems such as bleeding and low skid resistance.
After the aggregates meeting the specifications have been selected, the optimum asphalt cement
content is determined. Asphalt cement is the most expensive constituent of the mixed; therefore
its conservation will be very economical.
The optimum asphalt cement is usually found through varying the asphalt cement contents by
increments of 0.5%, (by weight) typically commencing at 4.0% through to a maximum of 10%.
It is not normally necessary to take more than five (5) different asphalt cement contents. Trial
mixes are then done at these selected AC contents and the following parameters are measured:
Marshall Stability,
Flow,
Bulk density of compacted briquettes,
Maximum Relative density,
Air voids
Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA).
The results of the parameters are then plotted against the AC contents and the optimum AC
content selected based on the following specified criteria:
The Medium air voids,
The maximum bulk relative density of briquettes
The maximum stability.
The average AC content is then used to check for compliance with the six specifications to
ensure that they are met before making a decision to accept this average as the optimum asphalt
cement content.
THE STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

AIM:
To determine the penetration of semi-solid and solid bituminous material
APPARATUS
Penetration Apparatus
Penetration needles
Sample container (metal)
Thermometer
Water bath
Transfer dish (500 ml)
Timer
THEORY
The penetration test is used as a measure of consistency, by measuring at a fixed temperature.
Higher values of penetration indicate softer consistency. The sample is melted and cooled under
controlled conditions. The penetration is measured with a penetometer by means of which a
standard needle is applied to the sample under specific conditions.
A needle of standardized dimensions is allowed to penetrate into a sample of the bitumen under
normal conditions at temperature of 28oC, under a load of 100g, for a time of 5 seconds. The
amount of indentation, in units of 0.1mm, is termed the penetration.
FLASH POINT TEST

AIM:
To determine the flash point of asphalt or bitumen, using of the Cleveland Open Cup apparatus.
APPARATUS
Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus
Bunsen flame with LPG supply
Thermometer
THEORY
The flash point test is done in order to determine the temperature at which the asphalt will ignite.
Bitumen with a low flash point usually indicates contamination by other fuel oils of lower
boiling point. Using asphalt with a flash point at road pavement temperatures will result in a road
surface that will easily ignite under pavement conditions. Also, the flash point test is done to
ensure safety in the lab, since the asphalt will be handled at high temperatures. If the temperature
at which the asphalt is being handled exceeds the flash point, the asphalt becomes a potential
hazard for burns and for poisoning by way of the inhalation of noxious substances.
Other tests that give characterization of bituminous materials are: - Specific Gravity, Ductility,
Float Test, Stiffness Modulus, Sampling Bituminous Materials, Fraass breaking Point and
Viscosity. Laboratory tests include the loss on heating test and the rolling thin film oven test.
No detailed consideration of these other tests is given in this report. Suffice it to say that these
tests, if carried out, must be referenced to an appropriate standard, the latest version of which
must always be fully complied with. Also, it is assumed that there is familiarity with the tests for
suitability and properties of aggregates.
SOFTENING POINT TEST

This is the second method of defining hardness or consistency is to determine the temperature at
which a fixed consistency occurs. The test is carried out by recording the temperature, at which
the bitumen softens sufficiently to allow a steel ball, placed on a sample of the bitumen, to fall a
fixed distance, when the bath temperature is raised at a specified rate.
No change in the physical state of the bitumen occurs and the softening point must not be treated
as the melting point. Softening points can vary from 25oC to 120oC.
APPARATUS
Bunsen flame with LPG supply

Thermometer
Shield
Glass container
Ring apparatus
Water bath
THE MARSHALL TEST

AIM:
To measure the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens (briquettes) of bituminous
paving mixtures loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. The bulk
relative density of the compacted Marshall briquettes will also be measured.
THEORY
The Marshall Mix design procedure is probably the most widely used method of bituminous mix
design. It is governed by ASTM C1559 (Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures
Using Marshall Apparatus). This method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic
flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixtures loaded on the lateral surface by
means of the Marshall apparatus. This method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt
cement, asphalt cutback or tar and aggregate up to 1 inch (2.54 cm) maximum size.
This method is used in the laboratory mix design of bituminous mixtures. Specimens are
prepared in accordance with the method and tested for maximum load and flow. Bituminous
paving sections cored from pavements or prepared by other methods may also be tested for
maximum load and flow using the Marshall apparatus. Density and void properties may also be
determined on specimens prepared in accordance with this method.
A compressive force is applied to the surface of asphaltic concrete samples, prepared by
hammering. This compressive force, at a constant rate of loading was applied so that the increase
in load was incremental and even, causing deformation of the sample. The stability is defined as
the maximum load developed before the sample collapses. The deformation at this point is called
the flow value.
APPARATUS
Specimen Mold
Specimen Extractor Disc
Mixing Pot
Compaction Pedestal
Mold Holder
Loading Jack
Hot Plate or oven
Compaction Hammer
Trowel
Heat Resistant Gloves
Thermometers
Balance
Hot Water Bath
Flow Meter
Filter Discs
Scoop
Small metal containers
Specimen mould holder
Breaking head
MATERIAL
Blended coarse aggregate
Fine Aggregate
Filler
Bitumen
PROCEDURE:
Aggregates were first sieved and weighed out to attain the require variations in size for the mix.
Aggregates, filler and the mold were then placed in the oven and left to dry for 24 hours at
105oC to 110oC.
All essential mixing equipment that would come in contact with either the asphalt cement, AC,
or the subsequent asphaltic concrete mix was placed on the hot plate and brought to a operating
temperature of 93oc to 149oC.
Using a pre-determined AC content of 4.5%, the Mass of AC needed was calculated.
The aggregates were then removed from the oven and place within a mixing bowl and dry mixed
thoroughly. After the aggregates were thoroughly mixed, they were placed on the balance and
the pre-determined quantity of bitumen was poured (as described in step 5).
The mixing bowl was transferred to the hotplate and the dry mix/ bitumen was blended, avoiding
spillage, until aggregate thoroughly coated with bitumen.
* Note Steps 4 7 must be executed quickly, accurately and cautiously to minimize heat loss and
avoid injury at all cost by wearing the right protective apparel.
The mold was taken from the oven and placed on the compaction pedestal (a filter paper disc
was placed in the bottom of the mold) and the blend transferred into it. After the entire batch was
placed in the mold it was spaded vigorously with a heated knife, 15 times around the perimeter
and 10 times over the interior.
The blended components were pored unto a filter paper disc placed within the compacted mold,
and with the compaction hammer held as near to vertical as possible, 50 blows were applied to
the top of the specimen.
The mold was then turned over and another filter paper disc placed on top of the specimen, and
step 9 was repeated.
After 24 hours of cooling, the briquette was extracted from the mold and placed to stand on a
smooth surface.
The briquette was measured for height and diameter along four axes in each case and weighed in
air.
The briquette was weighed in water, using a balance, trestle and water bath at 25oC. It was then
weighed at saturated surface dry condition.
The briquette was placed in the hot water bath at 60oC and left for 30 minutes to attain the
working temperature.
* In order to get the desired and accurate results, it was ensured that the following steps were
completed within 30 seconds.
The briquette was removed from the hot water bath, lightly towel dried and placed in the
Marshall apparatus where it was positioned and crushed to determine the stability and flow of the
specimen. The reading was then recorded and the briquette sent to disposal.
RESULTS AND CALCULATION:

Mass of aggregate used to obtained Marshall Briquette;
[Table 1.0]
Aggregate Size / Type
Mass (g)
Coarse aggregate 19mm 12.70mm
120
Coarse aggregate 12.70mm 9.50mm
240 [total of coarse agg. 684]
Coarse aggregate 9.50mm 2.36mm
324
Sand
450
Filler
60
Total
1,194.00
Height (mm)
66.70
65.00
65.20
65.00
Average = 65.50
1. Mass of asphalt cement to produce AC content of 5.5%

AC content 6.0% =
AC content 6.0% =
Mass of AC
x 100
Mass of AC +Total mass of aggregate
Mass of AC
x 100
Mass of AC + 1194
6.0(Mass of AC + 1194)
= 100Mass of AC
6.0Mass of AC + 7,164
= 100 Mass of AC
7,164 = 100 Mass of AC 6.0Mass of AC
7,164 = 94 Mass of AC
7,164/94 = Mass of AC
76.21 g
= Mass of AC
Given data below;

[Table 1.1]
Apparent relative density of asphalt cement
1.010
Bulk relative density of coarse aggregate
2.60
Bulk relative density of fine aggregate
2.64
Apparent relative density of filler
2.73
2. Calculation for the bulk relative Density of aggregates

Gsb = P1 +P2 +.Pn
P1 +P2 +.P3
G1
G2
Gn
Where, Gsb = bulk relative density for the total aggregate

P1, P2, Pn = percentage by weight of aggregate 1, 2, n; and
G1, G2, G3 = bulk relative density of aggregates 1, 2, n.
Percentage by weight of aggregate:
[Table 1.2]
Coarse aggregate (P1)
684 x 100
1,194
57.29
Fine aggregate (P2)
450 x 100
1,194
37.69
Filler (Pn)
60 x 100
1,194
5.03
Therefore,
Gsb =
57.29 + 37.69 + 5.03
57.29 + 37.69 + 5.03
2.60
2.64
2.73
= 100.01
38.15
= 2.62
Gsb
3. Calculation for the Theoretical Gmm at 5.5 % AC.

Gmm = Pmm
Ps + Pb
Gsb
Gb
Gmm =
94+ 6.0
2.62 1.01
=
100
100
41.818
Gmm = 2.391
4. Calculation of the effective relative density of aggregate.

Gse = Pmm Pb
Pmm - Pb
Gmm
Gb
= 100 6.0
100 - 6.0
2.391
1.01
= 94.00
35.88
Gse = 2.62
5. Calculation of the maximum relative density for each AC content.
Gmm = Pmm
Ps + Pb
Gse
Gb
=
100
94 + 6.0
2.391
1.01
=
100
41.818
Gmm = 2.391
6. Calculation of Bulk relative density (Gmb) of the compacted specimens.

[For AC content at 4.5%]
Gmb
Gmb
Mass in air
(Mass of S.S.D Mass in water)
1,199.4
(1200.5 696.5)
1,199.4
504
2.378
7. Calculation of the percent voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) in the compacted

paving mixture.
VMA = 100 - Gmb Ps
Gsb
VMA =100 - (2.378 x 94)

2.62
=100 85.318
VMA =14.682%
8. Calculation of air voids in compacted mixture.
Pa
= 100 x Gmm-Gmb
Gmm
= 100 x 2.391 - 2.378

2.391
Pa = 0.543%
9. Summary of Marshall Mix Design Data.
Flow
AC (Pb)
in air
in water
ssd
Bulk S.G.
Air Voids
VMA
Measured
pmm
gsb
gb
4.07
4.5
1193.7
696
1198.3
2.376
2.789
13.377
13.83
100
2.62
1.01
1.81
4.5
1200.2
696.5
1206.2
2.355
3.678
14.170
24.99
4.89
4.5
1186.3
683.3
1189.4
2.344
4.117
14.560
8.95
3.59
Mean
1193.400
691.933
1197.967
2.358
3.528
14.036
15.923
3.46
5
1199.5
699.8
1201
2.393
1.374
13.222
10.15
3.05
5
1188.6
692.8
1190.9
2.386
1.662
13.475
6.32
4.71
5
1217.8
714.9
1221.7
2.403
0.976
12.871
7.24
3.74
Mean
1201.967
702.500
1204.533
2.394
1.337
13.189
7.903
3.62
5.5
1197.1
690.2
1198.5
2.355
2.230
15.054
10.89
5.57
5.5
1202.5
693.3
1204.4
2.353
2.327
15.139
10.38
4.58
5.5
1194.6
706.6
1195
2.446
(1.542)
11.778
10.38
5.59
Mean
1198.067
696.700
1199.300
2.385
1.005
13.990
10.550
4.26
6
1199.41
696.5
1200.5
2.380
0.543
14.682
8.32
5.57
6
1195
689.8
1195.5
2.363
1.180
15.218
10.82
5.55
6
1212.4
705.5
1213.5
2.387
0.195
14.373
8.74
5.13
Mean
1202.270
697.267
1203.167
2.376
0.639
14.757
9.293
4.76
6.5
1194.9
686.3
1196.8
2.341
1.406
16.469
7.86
4.92
6.5
1194.1
687.3
1196.4
2.346
1.201
16.296
13.66
4.76
6.5
1194.4
687.4
1195.9
2.349
1.059
16.176
5.36
4.81
Mean
1194.467
687.000
1196.367
2.345
1.222
16.314
8.960
4.5
Gmm
2.445
Gmb
2.376
Ps
95.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
13.377
Pa
2.789
4.5
Gmm
2.445
Gmb
2.355
Ps
95.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
14.170
Pa
3.678
4.5
Gmm
2.445
Gmb
2.344
Ps
95.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
14.560
Pa
4.117
5
Gmm
2.427
Gmb
2.393
Ps
95.0
Gse
2.620
VMA
13.222
Pa
1.374
5
Gmm
2.427
Gmb
2.386
Ps
95.0
Gse
2.620
VMA
13.475
Pa
1.662
5
Gmm
2.427
Gmb
2.403
Ps
95.0
Gse
2.620
VMA
12.871
Pa
0.976
5.5
Gmm
2.409
Gmb
2.355
Ps
94.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
15.054
Pa
2.230
5.5
Gmm
2.409
Gmb
2.353
Ps
94.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
15.139
Pa
2.327
5.5
Gmm
2.409
Gmb
2.446
Ps
94.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
11.778
Pa
(1.542)
6
Gmm
2.391
Gmb
2.380
Ps
94.0
Gse
2.620
VMA
14.619
Pa
0.481
6
Gmm
2.391
Gmb
2.363
Ps
94.0
Gse
2.620
VMA
15.218
Pa
1.180
6
Gmm
2.391
Gmb
2.387
Ps
94.0
Gse
2.620
VMA
14.373
Pa
0.195
6.5
Gmm
2.374
Gmb
2.341
Ps
93.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
16.469
Pa
1.406
6.5
Gmm
2.374
Gmb
2.346
Ps
93.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
16.296
Pa
1.201
6.5
Gmm
2.374
Gmb
2.349
Ps
93.5
Gse
2.620
VMA
16.176
Pa
1.059
10. See graphs [stability, flow, air voids and VMA]
DISCUSSION AND OBSERVATION

The processes involved in Asphalt Mix Design are very through and tedious. They demand a lot
of time, concentration and patience to fully understand and carry out the various tests.
Furthermore, if the components used in the mix are not up to standard it may affect asphalt
design. Angular shape aggregate is known to promote bonding between its surface and that of the
cement paste. The rough texture of the aggregate will increase skid resistance by protruding
through the bituminous layer to make contact with tires.
The Asphaltic concrete mix was designed to withstand the destructive effects of imposed stresses
due to vehicular loads and inclement weather conditions (specifically the elements of heat, cold
and water). The requirements for a good mix were kept in mind in order to optimize the
properties of skid resistance, durability, flexibility and stability for the situation at hand.
Maximum mix density for the intended void content is determined by the optimum bitumen
content rated against the voids in mineral aggregate, Vma, to ensure that air voids are not
reduced. If the void content is too low, the pavement will lose its ability to absorb imposed loads
and to bounce back from compressive forces applied, thus, flexibility will be compromised.
During the mixing operation care was taken to work at constant speed to insure that test, was
carried out at a fixed temperature to ensure consistency.
It was observed that the bitumen started to harden with the decrease in temperature during the
mixing operation, and immediately thereafter.
Overall the results obtained from the test were satisfactory as the stability and flow was within
the range of the given specification. From the graphs (stability, flow, MRD, BRD and VMA) the
AC% was found to be 4.91, 5.15, 5.1, 5.8 and 5.88 respectively. The result obtained for the air
voids fell below the lowest mean value on the graph, so a value for AC% could not be obtained.
This may have been a result of the sample being so well compacted that air voids were minimal.
CONCLUSION
The main object of this project was to obtain an economical blend and gradation of aggregates
and Asphalt within specification limits. We could not obtain a value for the optimum AC% as
one of the results (air voids) could not be plotted on the graph, so it can be concluded that the
sample fell below the specifications for asphaltic cements.
RECOMMENDATIONS
When doing your mix design ensure that calculations are checked and cross-checked to insure
accuracy, as this will affect the results of your mix design.
Also make sure that equipment is in good working condition.
Individual should have some knowledge of test being carried out.
Ensure safety when carrying out the test by wearing and using proper gears and equipment.
When carrying out the test pay special attention to the specifications given.
Used only samples that meet specifications, to save economically.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Derucher, Kenneth N., (1998). Materials for Civil & Highway Engineers. Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
Jackson, Neil, Dhir, Ravindra K., (1996). Civil Engineering Materials. Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire: Palgrave Publishers Ltd.
Krebs, R. D., AND Walker, R. D.,(1971). Highway Materials. New York: McGraw Hill Book
Company.
Blankson, M., (2003) Compiled UTECH Materials Laboratory Notes. Kingston, Jamaica:
UTECH
School of Building and Land Management.
Penetration Apparatus
Diagram (above)
The Marshall Test
The Softening Point (Ring & Ball) Test
Flash Point Apparatus
PAGE
Asphalt mix design project
Page
PAGE
Where,
Gmm = Maximum specific gravity of paving mixtures
Pmm = Total loose mixture percent by total weight of mixture=100%

Ps = Aggregate percent by weight of mixture
Pb = asphalt percent by weight of mixture
Gse = average effective specific gravity of aggregate
Gb = specific gravity of asphalt
Where,
VMA = voids in mineral aggregates
(percent of bulk volume)
Gsb = bulk relative density of aggregate
Gmb = bulk specific gravity of compacted mixture
Ps = aggregate, percent by total weight of mixture
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Asphalt Lab

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Asphalt Lab

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UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA

SCHOOL OF BUILDING & LAND MANAGEMENT

Construction Management Programme (C3M)

Concrete Mix Design

Tutor: Mr. Joseph Aryee

pumping and the implementation of good drainage systems.

THE STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

FLASH POINT TEST

SOFTENING POINT TEST

Bunsen flame with LPG supply

THE MARSHALL TEST

RESULTS AND CALCULATION:

1. Mass of asphalt cement to produce AC content of 5.5%

Given data below;

2. Calculation for the bulk relative Density of aggregates

Where, Gsb = bulk relative density for the total aggregate

3. Calculation for the Theoretical Gmm at 5.5 % AC.

4. Calculation of the effective relative density of aggregate.

6. Calculation of Bulk relative density (Gmb) of the compacted specimens.

7. Calculation of the percent voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) in the compacted

VMA =100 - (2.378 x 94)

8. Calculation of air voids in compacted mixture.

= 100 x 2.391 - 2.378

DISCUSSION AND OBSERVATION

The Softening Point (Ring & Ball) Test

Flash Point Apparatus

Pmm = Total loose mixture percent by total weight of mixture=100%

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