Sharif University of Technology Electrical Engineering Department

V hi l Ad h Vehicular hoc N Networks t k

By: Neshat Etemadi Nes e d Rad d Masoumeh Moradian

Student term paper in the course: Wireless Communication Networks Instructor: Dr. S.Jamaloddin Golestani Spring semester,2009-2010 semester 2009 2010

Outline

Introduction VANET applications IEEE 802.11p(WAVE)

802.11a modification in PHY layer 802.11e in MAC layer

Routing protocols in VANET Conclusion References

2
23:09

Introduction
VANET applications li ti IEEE 802.11p(WAVE)

802.11a 802 11 modification difi ti i in PHY l layer 802.11e in MAC layer

Routing protocols in VANET Conclusion R f References

3
23:09

History

In 1999,the U.S. FCC allocated 75MHZ of DSRC spectrum at 5.9GHZ 5 9GHZ to be used exclusively for V2V and V2I communications.

[1]
4
Introduction 23:09

MANET VS. VANET: HIGH NODE MOBILITY AND FAST TOPOLOGY CHANGES.
MANET:Mobile Ad-hoc Network VANET:Vehicular Ad-hoc Network

[2]
5
Introduction 23:09

NOTE:

The p primary yp purpose p is to enable p public safety y and applications. Private services are also permitted. The amount amo nt of information is relatively relati el small. small The transmission reliability reliability, latency and packet dissemination are fundamental.
6

Introduction

23:09

Introduction

VANET applications
IEEE 802.11p(WAVE)

802.11a 802 11a modification in PHY layer 802.11e in MAC layer

Routing protocols in VANET Conclusion References

7
23:09

VANET APPLICATIONS:

Road safety y applications: pp

Reduced/avoid accidents Alert the driver without taking the control of the vehicle Free F of f charge h

[3]
VANET applications 23:09

Traffic efficiency application

Reduce traffic Propose real-time alternative routes Some of them should be free of charge

[3]
VANET applications 23:09

Value added service applications

Multimedia/Internet services Finding parking place In general not free of charge for the user

[3]

10
VANET applications 23:09

V2V based VANET

[1] V2R based VANET

11
VANET applications 23:09

[4]

[1]
12
VANET applications 23:09

Introduction VANET applications

IEEE 802.11p(WAVE)

802.11a 802 11a modification in PHY layer 802.11e in MAC layer

Routing protocols in VANET Conclusion References

13
23:09

IEEE 802.11 P(WAVE)

Service channel(SCH) ( ) and Control channel(CCH) ( ) intervals

[5]

14
IEEE 802.11p 23:09

802.11a 802 11 modification difi ti for f VC in i PHY l layer. 7channels(10MHZ)(can combine 2 channels for additional bandwidth) )

[6]

15
IEEE 802.11p 23:09

RTS/CTS HANDSHAKING

[5]

16
IEEE 802.11p 23:09

802.11 e in MAC layer

[7]

17
IEEE 802.11p 23:09

Backoff after successful transmission

[8]

Backoff after unsuccessful transmission

18
IEEE 802.11p 23:09

AC parameters in WAVE:

[9]
19
IEEE 802.11p 23:09

Introduction VANET applications IEEE 802.11p(WAVE)

802.11a modification in PHY layer 802.11e in MAC layer

Routing protocols in VANET

Conclusion References
20
23:09

ROUTING IN VANET
o

Find the best route to destination

Destination is out of range of source Multi hop p transmission is needed

o

Many protocols are represented for MANETS In VANET:

Dynamic nature of nodes Restricted area of mobility and obstacles

o

Main challenge:

Find and maintain a route

23:09

21

Routing in VANET

CLASSIFICATION OF VANET ROUTING

PROTOCOLS

22
Routing in VANET 23:09

AD HOC ROUTING
Ad

hoc protocols are topology-based topology based : Ad d hoc oc o on-demand de a d d distance s a ce vector ec o
RREQ source destination

Reactive, proactive and hybrid A reactive ad hoc protocol

AODV O

RREP

[10]
Routing in VANET 23:09

23

AD HOC ROUTING

Due to high velocity of nodes

links are frequently removed AODV is unable to make routes fast using g speed p and location information constructs a new route before lifetime ends

PRAODV: link lifetime prediction

PRAODVM: maximum predicted lifetime path

the shortest path is not selected

24
23:09

Routing in VANET

POSITION-BASED ROUTING
o

Using position info. in routing decisions

Global Positioning system (GPS)

GPSR: G S based o on g greedy eedy routing ou g

Forwards the message to the closest neighbor to destination Encounters local minimum
GF fails

25

[11]
Routing in VANET 23:09

POSITION-BASED ROUTING (GPSR)

Perimeter

mode: right right-hand hand rule for making progress in local minimum
Picks the next anticlockwise edge

[11]
Routing in VANET 23:09

26

POSITION-BASED ROUTING (GPSR)

Perimeter mode works in p planar g graphs p

z u D

w x
[11]
Routing in VANET

Right-hand rule results in the tour xu-z-w-u-x

27
23:09

POSITION-BASED ROUTING (GPSR)

elimination of crossing g edges g to make p planar graphs

z u D

Remove (w,z) from the graph

w x
[11]
Routing in VANET 23:09

28

POSITION-BASED ROUTING (GSR)

GPSR

is not suitable for VANET:

Due to obstacles and mobility in city environment, longer paths and higher delays Performance degrades due to make planar graph packets get forwarded to wrong direction
GSR

: aid of street map

Sender determines the junctions that should be traversed using shortest path algorithm greedy routing between junctions better average delivery in city scenarios
Routing in VANET 23:09

29

POSITION-BASED ROUTING (GPCR)

GPCR

: no need to street map and source routing

Nodes know if they are located in the junction This info. are sent within a beacon message Higher delivery ratio than GPSR
[12]
Routing in VANET 23:09

30

CLUSTER-BASED ROUTING
o

COIN: nodes are grouped in clusters

Cluster head is responsible for routing and cluster management An important issue: Stability of clusters rerun clusters imposes overhead and delay
o

COIN uses vehicular dynamics and driver intentions in cluster head election

[15] [ ]
31
Routing in VANET 23:09

BROADCAST ROUTING
Flooding:

exponential use of bandwidth with increase in network size Variety y of applications pp in VANET use broadcasting BROADCOMM:

Highway is divided in virtual cells Cell reflectors are located near the center Cell reflectors are in charge of broadcasting
32

Routing in VANET

23:09

GEOCAST ROUTING
Geocast

routing: location-based location based multicast

routing Most of g geocast routings g are based on directional flooding Example p :

all the nodes in transmission range cache the packet for a time interval They Th send d If they th dont d t h hear i in th the ti time i interval t l More distance results in less waiting The node in border forwards the packet
Routing in VANET 23:09

33

Introduction VANET applications IEEE 802.11p(WAVE)

802.11a 802 11a modification in PHY layer 802.11e in MAC layer

Routing protocols in VANET

Conclusion
References
34
23:09

CONCLUSION

We have introduced Vehicular Ad hoc Networks and its main applications. Vehicles can communicate with each other directly or through th h road d side id stations. t ti IEEE 802.11p (WAVE) is specified for VANETs. IEEE 802 802.11e 11e is used in MAC layer with 4 Access Categories. Generally routing protocols should be suited to different environments like cities or highways. Type of applications also determine the level of latency provided by protocols protocols.
23:09

35

Conclusion

Position-based Position based protocols have better performance in comparison with topology-based ones. Cluster-based p protocols are less sensitive to network size and mobility.

36
Conclusion 23:09

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

37
23:09

Introduction VANET applications IEEE 802.11p(WAVE)

802.11a 802 11a modification in PHY layer 802.11e in MAC layer

Routing protocols in VANET Conclusion

References
38
23:09

REFERENCES
o

[1] Yi Qian Qi 1, 1 Kejie K ji Lu L 2 2, and dN Nader d Moayeri,A M i A secure VANET MAC protocols for DSRC applications, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Puerto Rico Rico, May 2008 [2] Menouar Hamid ,Lenardi Massimiliano,Reseaux VANETs et norme 802.11p,Hitachi Europe ,Sophia Antipolis lab ,Jan 2008. 2008 [3] Frank Kargl, Vehicular Communication and VANETs, Ulm University,2006. [4] M Marica i A Amadeo, d Cl Claudia di C Campolo, l A Antonella ll M Molinaro, li Giuseppe Ruggeri, A WAVE-compliant MAC Protocol to Support Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Non-Safety Applications,2009IEEE Applications 2009IEEE
23:09

39

References

[5] Cristina Cocho, Analysis and Development of TDMA Based Communication Scheme for Car-to-Car and Car-toInfrastructure Communication Based on IEEE802.11p and IEEE1609 WAVE Standards,March 2009. [ ] Martin Mller, [6] , WLAN 802.11p p Measurements for Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) DSRC Application Note,2009. [7] Stefan Mangold, SunghyunChoi, Guido R.Hiertz, Ole Klein,Analysis e , a ys s o of IEEE 80 802.11e e for o QoSSuppo QoSSupport t in Wireless e ess LANs,December 2003. [8] Jeffrey W. Robinson,Tejinder S. Randhawa, Saturation Throughput Analysis of IEEE 802.11e Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function, IEEE journal on selected areas in communications, VOL. 22, NO. 5, June 2004. [9] Draft Amendment to STANDARD FOR Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - LAN/MAN Specific Requirements, y 2005. Janunary
40
23:09

References

[10] www-csag.ucsd.edu/teaching/cse291s03/.../AdHocDDiffusion.ppt [11]www.radford.edu/~nsrl/creu0809/Presentations/GPSR.ppt [12]www.cs.uiuc.edu/class/fa07/cs598jh/.../GeographicRoutin g pp g.ppt [13] Kevin C. Lee, J. Haerri, Enhanced Perimeter Routing for Geographic Forwarding Protocols in Urban Vehicular Scenarios, Scenarios , AutoNet '07, 07, Washington, DC, Nov. 2007 [14] Kevin C. Lee,Uichin Lee, Survey of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ,book chapter, UCLA,2009 [15] Fan Li,Yu Li Yu Wang, Wang Routing Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey, IEEE vehicular technology magazine ,June 2007 [16] Boon-Chong Seet, Genping Liu, A-STAR: A Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Strategy for Metropolis Vehicular Communications, IFIP NETWORKING'2004, pp. 989-999, Athens,. Greece, December 1-5, 2004
41

o o

References

23:09

[ ] Mimoza Durresi, Arjan [17] j Durresi. Emergency g y Broadcast Protocol for Inter-Vehicle Communications, Proceedings of the 2005 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems [18] Tarik Taleb, Mitsuru Ochi, An Efficient Vehicle-Heading Based Routing Protocol for VANET Networks, IEEE WCNC, vol. 4, Apr. 2006 [19] Jeremy Blum, Azim Eskandarian, Mobility Management in IVC Networks, In Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles. Symposium, 2003 [20] M. Sun, W. Feng, T.-H. Lai, K. Yamada, H. Okada, and K. Fujimura, GPS-based message broadcasting for inter-vehicle communication, in ICPP 00: Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Parallel Processing, 2000.

42
References 23:09